Presentation on the topic of the formation of the ancient Russian state. Presentation on the theme "formation of the ancient Russian state". Oleg's treaty with Byzantium

hereditary variability

organisms

Variability is inherent in all organisms and is observed even in genetically closely related individuals with similar or common conditions of life and development. for example, in twins, members of the same family, strains of microorganisms and vegetatively reproducing organisms.

Any features of the organism are subject to variability, whether it be morphological, physiological or biochemical signs. It can affect both quantitative (metric) features (for example, the number of fingers, vertebrae, body weight and size) and qualitative (for example, eye color, skin color)

There are several types of variability:

Hereditary (genotypic) and non-hereditary (phenotypic, paratypic).

• Individual (difference

between individuals) and group (between groups of individuals, for example, different populations of a given species).

Qualitative and quantitative.

Directed and non-directional.

Hereditary and non-hereditary variability

Hereditary variability is due to the occurrence different types mutations and their combinations in subsequent crosses.

In each sufficiently long-existing set of individuals, various mutations spontaneously and undirectedly arise, which are later combined more or less randomly with different hereditary properties already existing in the set.

Combinative variability - variability that occurs due to the recombination of genes during the fusion of gametes. Main reasons:

independent segregation of chromosomes during meiosis;

a random meeting of sex gametes, and as a result, a combination of chromosomes during fertilization;

recombination of genes due to crossing over.

Mutational variability - variability caused by the action of mutagens on the body, resulting in mutations (reorganization of the reproductive structures of the cell). Mutagens are physical (radiation radiation), chemical (herbicides) and biological (viruses).

Individual and group variability

Individual variability - variability inherent in a given individual (individual), manifesting itself simultaneously (in different tissues, etc.) or in the process of individual development.

Group variability

Differences between individual groups within the same species (eg, between biotypes, jorda nonas, etc.).

Qualitative and quantitative variability

Qualitative variability - variability due to variation in qualitative traits (color, etc.), encoded, as a rule, by one or more genes (oligogenes)

Quantitative variability - variability of quantitative (polygenic) traits, characterized, as a rule, by a continuous set of values ​​for these traits.

Undirected, or indefinite, variability occurs regardless of the nature of the factor that caused it, and the changing attribute can change both in the direction of strengthening and in the direction of weakening. However, it is not massive, but single. There are two types of indeterminate variability, combinative and mutational.

Thank you for your attention!!!

slide 3

Variability forms

• Hereditary, or genotypic, variability - changes in the characteristics of an organism due to a change in the genotype. It, in turn, is subdivided into combinative and mutational. Combinative variability occurs due to the recombination of hereditary material (genes and chromosomes) during gametogenesis and sexual reproduction. Mutational variability occurs as a result of changes in the structure of hereditary material.
• Non-hereditary, or phenotypic, or modification, variability - changes in the characteristics of an organism that are not caused by a change in the genotype.

slide 5

mutation theory

1. Mutations occur suddenly, abruptly, without any transitions.
2. Mutations are hereditary, i.e. persistently passed down from generation to generation.
3. Mutations do not form continuous series, they are not grouped around an average type (as with modification variability), they are qualitative changes.
4. Mutations are non-directional - any locus can mutate, causing changes in both minor and vital signs in any direction.
5. The same mutations can occur repeatedly.
6. Mutations are individual, that is, they occur in individual individuals.

slide 6

• The process of occurrence of mutations is called mutagenesis, and the environmental factors that cause the appearance of mutations are called mutagens.

Slide 7

According to the type of cells in which the mutations occurred, there are

• Generative mutations occur in germ cells, do not affect the characteristics of a given organism, and appear only in the next generation.
• Somatic mutations occur in somatic cells, manifest themselves in a given organism and are not transmitted to offspring during sexual reproduction. Somatic mutations can be saved only by asexual reproduction (primarily vegetative).

Slide 8

According to the adaptive value, mutations are

• Useful - increase vitality.
• Lethal - causes death.
• Semi-lethal - reduce viability.
• Neutral - do not affect the viability of individuals.

Slide 9

According to the nature of the manifestation of mutations can be

• Dominant (manifested more often).
• Recessive (appearing less often).
• If a dominant mutation is harmful, then it can cause the death of its owner in the early stages of ontogeny.
• Recessive mutations do not appear in heterozygotes, therefore, they remain in the population in a “latent” state for a long time and form a reserve of hereditary variability.
• When environmental conditions change, carriers of such mutations can gain an advantage in the struggle for existence.

Slide 10

According to the level of hereditary material in which the mutation occurred, they distinguish

• Gene mutations
• Chromosomal mutations
• Genomic mutations

slide 11

Gene mutations

• These are changes in the structure of genes.
• Since a gene is a section of a DNA molecule, a gene mutation is a change in the nucleotide composition of this section.
• Gene mutations can occur as a result of:

1) replacement of one or more nucleotides with others;

2) insertion of nucleotides;

3) loss of nucleotides;

4) nucleotide doubling;

5) changes in the order of alternation of nucleotides.

• These mutations lead to a change in the amino acid composition of the polypeptide chain and, consequently, to a change in the functional activity of the protein molecule. Due to gene mutations, multiple alleles of the same gene arise.
• Diseases caused by gene mutations are called gene diseases (phenylketonuria, sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, etc.). The inheritance of gene diseases obeys the laws of Mendel.

slide 12

Chromosomal mutations

• These are changes in the structure of chromosomes. Rearrangements can be carried out both within the same chromosome - intrachromosomal mutations (deletion, inversion, duplication, insertion), and between chromosomes - interchromosomal mutations (translocation).

slide 13

Intrachromosomal mutations

• Deletion - loss of a section of a chromosome
• Inversion - rotation of a chromosome segment by 180 °
• Duplication - doubling of the same part of the chromosome
• Insertion - permutation of the site

Slide 14

Intrachromosomal mutations

1 - a pair of chromosomes; 2 - deletion; 3 - duplication; 4, 5 - inversion; 6 - insertion.

slide 15

Interchromosomal mutations

• Translocation is the transfer of a segment of one chromosome or an entire chromosome to another chromosome.
• Diseases caused by chromosomal mutations are classified as chromosomal diseases.
• Such diseases include the "cat's cry" syndrome (46, 5p-), the translocation variant of Down's syndrome (46, 21 t2121), etc.

slide 16

Genomic mutations

• A genomic mutation is a change in the number of chromosomes. Genomic mutations result from disruption of the normal course of mitosis or meiosis.
• Haploidy - a decrease in the number of complete haploid sets of chromosomes.
• Polyploidy - an increase in the number of complete haploid sets of chromosomes: triploids (3n), tetraploids (4n), etc.
• Heteroploidy (aneuploidy) is a multiple increase or decrease in the number of chromosomes. Most often, there is a decrease or increase in the number of chromosomes by one (less often two or more).

Slide 17

heteroploidy

• Most probable cause heteroploidy is the nondisjunction of any pair of homologous chromosomes during meiosis in one of the parents.
• In this case, one of the formed gametes contains one less chromosome, and the other contains one more.
• The fusion of such gametes with a normal haploid gamete at fertilization leads to the formation of a zygote with a smaller or a large number chromosomes compared to the diploid set characteristic of this species: nullosomy (2n - 2), monosomy (2n - 1), trisomy (2n + 1), tetrasomy (2n + 2), etc.

Slide 18

Artificial obtaining of mutations

• In nature, spontaneous mutagenesis is constantly going on, but spontaneous mutations are a rather rare occurrence, for example, in Drosophila, a mutation of white eyes is formed with a frequency of 1: 100,000 gametes.
• Factors whose impact on the body leads to the appearance of mutations are called mutagens. Generally, mutagens are divided into three groups.
• For the artificial production of mutations, physical and chemical mutagens are used.

Slide 19

Slide 20

• induced mutagenesis has great importance, since it makes it possible to create valuable source material for breeding, and also reveals ways to create means of protecting humans from the action of mutagenic factors.

View all slides

Slavs in antiquity

Middle of the 1st millennium AD
Great Migration
Height
numbers
Slavs
from the Oder to the middle reaches of the Dnieper
Western
Southern
Settlement IV-VIII centuries.
Balkans
Oriental
Military
democracy
Appearance
nobility

Slavs
moved
to Eastern Europe
in two ways -
north and south.
Northern route:
Pomorie -
Ilmen-lake
and Volkhov,
upper reaches of the Dnieper,
Oka
Southern route: Danube -
Carpathians - Dniester,
Southern Bug, middle
Dnieper, Pripyat.

The interaction of the Slavs with the indigenous population of Eastern Europe

Agricultural
skills
Baltic
tribes
?
Slavic
tribes
Experience
existence
in taiga conditions
Agricultural
skills
Finno-Ugric
tribes
Why did the Slavic aliens not meet
fierce resistance of the indigenous people?
The resettlement of the Slavs took place peacefully, because. population density
was low, there was a lot of free land and enough for everyone.

East Slavs -
these are 12 unions of tribes.
Find them on the map
Tribal unions wore
not consanguineous,
but territorial and political in nature.
NORTH
Slovenian Ilmen
krivichi
WEST
Volynians
white
Croats
CENTER
clearing
Drevlyans
Dregovichi
northerners
SOUTH
Tivertsy
convict
EAST
radimichi
Vyatichi

Agriculture among the Eastern Slavs

Agriculture
slash and fire
Translation
1. Cut down trees
2. Burn the trees
3. Uproot the roots
4. Loosen the ground
5. Sow the grain into the ashes
6. Use the plot
to exhaustion 6–8 years
7. The site is abandoned
for 15–20 years
1. Burn the grass
2. Loosen the ground
3. Sow the grain into the ashes
4. Use the plot
to exhaustion 3–4 years
5. The site is abandoned
before recovery
fertility
(from 2 to 8 years old)

1–2. Solid wood shovel
3. Shovel with iron blade
4. Solid wood hoe
5. Iron Hoe
6. Iron fitting for
wooden shovels
7. Two-tooth wooden fork

Agricultural tools of the Eastern Slavs

Harrow-bitch.
Such a harrow loosened the top layer
soil fertilized with ash after
burning grass or trees.
Novgorod rake XII-XV centuries.
Old Russian sickles of the 10th–13th centuries.
Scythe with a handle XIII century.
Spit X-XIII centuries.

Beginning of the transition to a two-field

In the 8th century in the forest-steppe zone
the transition to a two-field begins.
Sohi
The earth is plowed with a plow, harrows
wooden harrow.
After 1 year of sowing field 1 year
resting under the steam
restoration of soil fertility.
The site is in continuous use.
?
Ralo
What caused the transition to a two-field?

The main occupation of the Slavs
Agriculture
Clearing the ground from under
forests: separate families
Or the whole community?
by the whole community
Plots of cleared land
processed jointly
Or individual families?
individual families
Who owns the harvest?
Individual families
The dwellings are designed for the entire
genus or individual families?
For individual families

The social system of the Slavs in the VIII-IX centuries.

Is there a difference in wealth
between dwellings?
All dwellings are approximately
are the same
Who owns the hunting
and fishing grounds?
Whole community
Do the Slavs have
in the VIII-IX centuries. private
own?
What community exists
among the Slavs in the 8th–9th centuries: ancestral
or neighbor?
Private property
exists
Is there an inequality
within the community?
Inequality within the community
Not yet
There is a transition from
tribal community to the neighboring

Eastern Slavs in the VI-VIII centuries.

The basis of the economy is agriculture
The lowest link of the social
organizations - rope (neighborly
community)
People's Assembly - veche.
The basis of the ruling layer -
squad (military
nobility, subject to the prince)
To keep your squad
princes collected tribute from
free community members
slash and fire
system
shifting
system
+ cattle breeding
+ hunting
+ fishing
+ beekeeping
+ crafts
+ trade
Baltic
sea
Constantinople
What was the name
this trade route?
Black
sea

Trade on the way from the Varangians to the Greeks

Slaves, skins, fish,
metals, amber
Scandinavia
?
What was traded
on the way from Varyag
to the Greeks?
Rus
Honey, wax, furs, salt,
wine, jewelry,
silk, brocade
honey, wax,
fur, leather,
slaves
Byzantine
empire
Weapons, guilt,
jewelry,
silk, brocade

Paganism

Religion based on the deification of the forces of nature
Paganism
Major gods
Perun - god of thunder and war
Veles - god of cattle
Dazhdbog - god of the sun
Svarog - god of sky and fire
Stribog - the god of the wind
Rod - the god of fertility
Mokosh - the goddess of the feminine
needlework
Magi?
Temple?
Charm-skates

State - power,
public interest
and regulating relations between people,
relying on military force
State signs:
Territory
Sovereignty
(independent exercise of power)
public authority
(power separated from the people)
Taxation

Improving the tools of labor
and production skills, transition
to the manufacturing industry
Transition
to individual
labor
Appearance
surplus
emergence
private
property
Opportunity
exploitation
Transition
from generic
communities
to the neighboring
emergence
inequalities
Appearance
in society
conflict
interests
Necessity
maintaining
order
Predatory
hiking
to foreign lands
Necessity
protection from
enemy raids
The appearance of leaders
and squads
The appearance of people
able to support
their power by force
Education
states

Signs of the state in Rus'

?
What were the prerequisites for the emergence of the state
at Eastern Slavs towards the end of the ninth century?
The squad is the simplest apparatus of state power
(combatants are both advisers and warriors).
Tribute - primitive taxation
The territory subject to tribute is the territory of the state,
over which its sovereignty extends.
In the middle of the ninth century Eastern Slavs have
tribal reigns - "pre-states"

Formation of the Old Russian state

The Varangian prince Rurik became prince in Novgorod in 862.
Education
Old Russian state
In the ninth century there were two main centers
education of Old Russian
state - Novgorod (capital
Slovenian, Krivichi, Chudi and Vesi) and
Kyiv (the capital of the glades).
In 882 prince of novgorod Oleg
captured Kyiv and united
East Slavic lands
single state.
Norman theory?
Rurik (862-882)
Oleg (882-912)

Against the Norman theory

The Eastern Slavs already
There were bodies that
prototype of state
institutions (prince, squad, veche).
Prerequisites
Foreigner's invitation
as ruler is
emergence of the state
indicator of readiness for
the formation of the state.
Private property
Large tribal superunions
property
Eastern Slavs formed already in
inequality
VIII-IX centuries (around Novgorod and Kyiv).
External threats (Scandinavia,
tribal community
Khazaria) pushed for unity.
replaces the neighbor's
Varangians, having given the ruling dynasty,
The need to fight back
quickly merged with the Slavs.
external enemies
Nevertheless, the Varangians played a significant role
in the formation of the ancient Russian state

Tribute

Until 945 tribute from the conquered
tribal unions gathered
through polyudya (with
November to April).
In 945, after the death of the prince
Igor (912-945) his widow,
Princess Olga (945-964)
introduced lessons (the amount of tribute) and
established graveyards (places
tribute collection).
polyudie
cart
K.V. Lebedev.
polyudie

polyudie

What is the meaning of polyude from the point
view of strengthening power?
?
Polyudie -
demonstration to tributaries
forces of the princely squad.
Tribute collection is the most
frank expression
reign of the Kievan princes
over dominating tribes.

The main directions of the foreign policy of Kievan Rus

?
With what countries and peoples
neighbored Kievan Rus?
The neighbors of Kievan Rus were: from the north-west - the Normans
and Lithuanian tribes (Yotvingians, Samogitians and Aukstaits),
from the west - Poland (Polyakhs),
from the southeast - the Khazar Khaganate and nomads (Pechenegs),
from the south - the Byzantine Empire.
The most important in the IX - early X centuries. had a relationship
with the Khazars, steppe nomads and especially Byzantium.

Slavs and the Khazar Khaganate

?
How did the relationship develop
Slavs with the Khazar Khaganate
in the 8th-9th centuries?
The Khazars took tribute from the Slavs,
living east of the Dnieper:
Vyatichi, Radimichi, northerners.
At the end of the ninth century Oleg conquered
northerners and radimichi, and they became
tributaries of the Kyiv princes ("Not
give it to the Khazars, but give it to me!”).
The border of the Khazar Khaganate.
The boundary of the settlement of the Slavs.

Rus' and nomads

From the east and southeast
Rus' was constantly threatened
nomad raids.
In the lower reaches of the Dnieper
merchant caravans
threatened by the Pechenegs,
wandering in one day
horse path from Kyiv.
Nomad raid.
Modern drawing.

Rus' and Byzantium

?
Byzantine
jewelry
products
What attracted the Varangians
and Slavs in Byzantium?
Varangians and Slavs were
barbarians, they were struck
unprecedented wealth
Byzantium.
The quest to capture these
wealth encouraged them
raid
to Byzantium as well
as in the III-V centuries. Germans
raided
to the Roman Empire.
Byzantine
jewelry
products

Rus' and Byzantium

Slavic boat.
?
What does Slavic look like?
combat boat?
On the drakar - a Viking ship.
On such boats the Vikings
and the Slavs descended
on the way "From the Varangians to the Greeks"
and plundered the Black Sea
coast of Byzantium.
In 860, according to the testimony
byzantine chroniclers,
Russ besieged
Constantinople.
The siege continued
a week, after which the Russians,
taking rich gifts,
retreated from the walls of the city
and sailed north.
Russians - most likely,
not Slavs, but Normans.

Oleg's campaign against Tsargrad

Slavs on the march.
Hood V.A. Nagornov.
?
In 907 Oleg made
trip to Tsargrad
(Constantinople).
The chronicle says
what's on the trip
everyone participated
slavic tribes,
including streets,
Tivertsy and Vyatichi,
and Oleg's flotilla
totaled
2 thousand ships.
Consider what historical information
can be extracted from the chronicle story,
And what is clearly unreliable in it?

Oleg's campaign against Tsargrad

Oleg chose the right time
for raid: byzantine
the fleet fought the Arabs
away from Constantinople.
When the Russians approach
the Greeks blocked the entrance
to the Golden Horn
massive chain,
making it inaccessible
for enemy ships.
Plan of Constantinople.

Oleg's campaign against Tsargrad

Walls of Constantinople. Reconstruction.
Apparently the Russians used
portage technique: put the rooks
on the rollers and rolled them up to the walls,
startling and frightening the unaccustomed
to such a spectacle of the Greeks.
chronicle
says that
by order of Oleg
his warriors pulled out
boats on the shore
put them
on wheels and lifting
sails, moved
to the walls of Tsargrad.
?
How do you think,
what happened
In fact?

Oleg's campaign against Tsargrad

Rooks of Prince Oleg near the walls of Constantinople.
The Byzantines, seeing
that they can't
stand against
Oleg's troops
agreed
pay tribute to him
12 hryvnia
on a paddle
for 2000 ships.

After that, peace was concluded between the Russians and Byzantium.
The empire undertook to send tribute to the largest Russian
cities: Kyiv, Chernigov, Pereyaslavl, Lubeck, Rostov.
Russian ambassadors received the right to live in Byzantium at the expense of
imperial treasury unlimited time.

Oleg's campaign against Tsargrad

Russian merchants
could live
in Byzantium at the expense
treasury for six months.
Empire
pledged
supply the Russians
on the way back
food, sails,
Rooks of Prince Oleg near the walls of Constantinople.
anchors and
Miniature from the Radziwill chronicle of the 13th century.
ropes.
Russian merchants received the right to trade in Byzantium,
"not washed in clothes in anything."
?
What did the last clause of the contract mean?
and what was its significance?

Oleg's treaty with Byzantium

At the conclusion
Byzantine treaties
kissed the cross, and Oleg
and his companions
swore by Perun,
Veles and weapons.
Oleg nails a shield to the gates of Constantinople.
Hood. I.K. Bodarevsky.
Last quarter XIX V.
?
What does this say
taking an oath?
On the paganism of Russians.
Leaving Constantinople, Oleg nailed his shield to the gate
Byzantine capital as a sign of reconciliation and friendship.

Oleg's treaty with Byzantium

In 911 arrived in Constantinople
Oleg's embassy, ​​which signed
a new treaty that added
agreement of 907
The parties proclaimed: “Yes, we love
each other from all the soul and pleasure.
The treaty provided for punishment
for the crimes of the Greeks against
Russians and Russians against the Greeks,
shipwreck assistance,
mutual ransom of captives,
mutual return
runaway slaves.
What is especially interesting
List of Radzivilovskaya
the last clause of the contract?
chronicle, telling
about Oleg's campaign against Tsargrad.
?

Oleg's treaty with Byzantium

The contract of 911 included
article on allied aid
Byzantium from Rus'
and about the Russian service
in the Byzantine troops.
?
Vikings in the service of Byzantium.
Modern drawing.
What relationship
empires with Russia it says?
The Byzantines hired Russians
(Varangians) for service
in the imperial troops.
It was typical
for empire interaction
with the barbarian peoples.

Igor's campaign against Constantinople.

In 941, 30 years later
after Oleg's contract
with Byzantium,
Kyiv prince Igor
went on a hike
to Constantinople.
Trip failed:
near the capital
Byzantine fleet
burned Russian boats
"Greek fire"
"Greek fire" - a combustible mixture based on oil, sulfur,
saltpeter, resins and, possibly, oil, which was not extinguished by water.
Barrels and vessels with an ignited mixture were thrown at enemy
ships or in fortresses with throwing weapons.

Igor's campaign against Constantinople

The flame that engulfed the boats
and thrown into the sea
people inspired the Russian
warriors are so terrified
that when you return home
they told like
the Greeks attacked them
heavenly lightning.
Igor's battle with the Byzantines.
Hood. V. Ivanov.
Three years later, in 944,
hiring additional
Varangian army and
Pecheneg army,
Igor again undertook
trip to Tsargrad.

Igor's campaign against Constantinople

Byzantine ambassadors ask for peace.
Miniature from the Radziwill Chronicle.
Emperor sent
to Igor ambassadors
with words:
"Don't go to the city,
but take a tribute
south was Oleg,
give and more
to that tribute.
The prince turned
to the squad
for advice.
The squad replied: “What more do you want - without fighting, take
gold, and silver, and curtains? Who knows who will prevail, whether we,
is it? Behold, we do not walk on the earth, but on the depths of the sea.”
Taking tribute, Igor returned to Kyiv.

Igor's treaty with Byzantium

Conclusion of a peace treaty.
Miniature from the Radziwill Chronicle.
?
What does the exchange mean?
embassies and signing
agreements not only in Tsargrad,
but also in Kyiv?
In 944 the Byzantine
ambassadors arrived in Kyiv
to conclude a new
peace treaty.
After that the Russians
ambassadors went
to Constantinople,
where the contract was approved
emperor and then
arrived in Kyiv
second Byzantine
embassy and contract
has been approved
prince of Kyiv.

Igor's treaty with Byzantium

In Igor's contract
with Byzantium
many
agreement conditions
Oleg 907–911
However, Russian ambassadors
and the merchants could not
now winter
in Byzantium, but should
Vacation of Russian ambassadors from Constantinople.
Miniature from the Radziwill Chronicle.
were coming back
home within
one navigation.
There was a limited number
fabrics bought by Russian merchants.
Russian merchants lost their right
duty-free trade in Byzantium.

Igor's treaty with Byzantium

Rus' has committed
attack Chersonese,
don't take land
at the mouth of the Dnieper,
defend Chersonese
from nomad attacks
- Black Bulgarians.
Conclusion of a peace treaty
between Russia and Byzantium.
Miniature from the Radziwill Chronicle.
Rus' pledged to help
Byzantine troops:
“Do you want to start our kingdom from you warriors (warriors)
against those who oppose us, let us write to your great prince,
and send it to us as much as we want.”
?
What do these articles of the treaty indicate?

Diplomacy of Princess Olga

Holy
Equal-to-the-Apostles
Duchess Olga
(baptism).
Hood. S.A. Kirillov.
A new stage in relations between Russia
and Byzantium came
under Princess Olga.
In 957 (according to other sources in 955)
Olga herself went
to Constantinople for a visit.
There she was baptized, and
baptized her by the patriarch, and by the godfather
the emperor himself spoke.
The princess was received in Constantinople
with great respect,
which testified
about the growth of the prestige of Rus'.
The Russo-Byzantine alliance established in 944 strengthened.

Foreign policy (IX-X centuries)

Main directions
Defence from
Pecheneg raids
and other nomads
peoples
Hiking:
to Byzantium (907,
911 (Oleg), 941, 944 (Igor), 970-971 (Svyatoslav)
to Bulgaria (967, Svyatoslav)
to Khazaria (964-965, Svyatoslav)
Russian-Byzantine
treaties 907, 911 and
944

1. Which of the named persons did the Russian princes consider
the ancestor of his dynasty?
1) Askold
3) Rurik
2) Dira
4) Oleg

2. The activities of Prince Oleg include
1) education
Old Russian
center in Kyiv
states
With
2) the adoption of Christianity by Russia
3) creation of the first code of laws Ancient Rus' –
"Russian Truth"
4) the introduction of lessons and churchyards

Review the diagram and
complete the tasks.
3. Write a title
detour
lands,
undertaken
princes
With
goal
collection
tribute
By
route
pictured
on
scheme.
Answer:

Review the diagram and
complete the tasks.
4. Write a title
the city designated
number "1" on the diagram.
Answer:
5. Write a title
Union of Slavic
tribes living
on the lands
indicated on the diagram
number "2".
Answer:

6. What judgments related to this scheme,
are true? List three of the six
proposed.
1) for the first time a detour along the route indicated on
scheme,
committed
prince
Rurik
2) Prince Igor was killed during a similar detour in
earth,
designated
on
map
figure
"3"
3) detour by the prince of possessions along this route,
committed
With
november
By
April
4) an attempt to collect additional tribute during such
detour in 945, led to an uprising and the murder of the prince
5) the composition of the tribute collected during the detour included
fur, honey, wax, linen
6) the unit of taxation of tribute was a certain
area of ​​arable land

Homework

1. When the Slavs appeared in Eastern Europe? WITH
what peoples and tribes are they there
met?
2. What were the most important lessons Eastern
Slavs in the VI-VIII centuries? Why these classes
formed the basis of the Slavic economy?
3. Describe
essence
And
peculiarities
ancient Russian statehood.
4. Tell us about the activities of the first Russians
princes (Oleg, Igor, Olga, Svyatoslav).

Prince Vladimir (980-1015)

Adoption
Christianity
(988)
Gain
southern
borders
(Pechenegs)
Ladder
transmission system
authorities
(began to take shape
under Svyatoslav,
took shape
under Yaroslavichi)
Novgorod, Polotsk,
Turov, Vladimir Volynsky, Smolensk,
Rostov, Murom,
Tmutarakan,
land of the drevlyans

Significance of adopting Christianity

Strengthening the unity of the country and
central government
Elimination of separatism
separate lands and addition
all-Russian self-consciousness
The development of feudal
relations
Growth in international prestige
Cultural development
(writing, iconography,
frescoes, stone architecture,
schools...)
V. Vasnetsov
Baptism of Vladimir
Patriarch of Constantinople
Church
hierarchy
Metropolitan of Kyiv
Bishops
tithe
Hilarion - the first
Russian (1051)

The heyday of Kievan Rus (the end of the 10th - the middle of the 12th centuries)

Compilation of the first collection
laws (Russian Truth)
Interstate dynastic
marriages
In 1054 the Cumans appeared
Defeat of the Pechenegs (1037)
The heyday of culture (St. Sophia Cathedrals
in Kyiv and Novgorod, Spassky Cathedral in
Chernihiv, "Golden Gate" in
Kyiv…)
Yaroslav the Wise
(1019-1054)
Reconstruction
MM. Gerasimov

Russian Truth - the first set of laws of the Old Russian state

Brief
Is it true
True Yaroslav
1016
st.1-18
The Truth of the Yaroslavichs
1072
st.19-41
God's judgment?
True Yaroslav and
Yaroslavichi
art.1-52
Spacious
Is it true
early 12th century
Charter
Vladimir Monomakh
art.53-121
Protection of the property of the inhabitants of Rus', especially the property of princes
Vira - fine
Verv - community
for a crime
blood feud replacement
Outcasts - expelled
from the community
Rumors -
witnesses

The social structure of Kievan Rus

owned in o h and n and m and
Nobility (feudal lords): princes, boyars (combatants), church
People are free rural and urban population
Smerdy - semi-free community members who carried duties
in relation to the prince (?)
Ryadovich - a person obliged to perform work on
agreement (“row”) with his master
Procurement - a person working in the household of a feudal lord for a loan
("kupu")
Kholop - slave
Chelyad - slaves-prisoners of war

Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125)

1097 - Lyubech congress: "Let each one keep his fatherland"
Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125)
The final
edition of Russian Pravda
Victories over the Polovtsy
Strengthening the central
authorities
After the death of Mstislav
Vladimirovich (1125-1132)
"the whole Russian land was irritated"
Cap of Monomakh

Homework

1.What are
were
causes
acceptance
Russia
Christianity? What is the significance of this event?
2. Tell us about the reign of Yaroslav the Wise.
3. Describe
Monomakh.
governing body
Vladimir

among the Eastern Slavs

• Teacher Zhilionene S.V.

Lesson plan

1. Prerequisites for the creation of the Old Russian state.

2. The emergence of princely power among the Eastern Slavs.

3. Education of state centers.

4. Formation of the Old Russian state. His organization

Assignment for the lesson

• What is the essence of the Norman and anti-Norman theories of state formation in Rus'?

Prerequisites for the creation of the Old Russian state.

How and when does the state appear?

• Improvement of tools
• Increasing productivity and creating surpluses
• The emergence of inequality and exploitation of some people by others
• The emergence of classes

State formation

“Behold the Tale of the temporal (past)

years, where did the Russian land come from

State:

• Control
• Territory
• Laws
• Border
• Army
• taxes

Ancient Rus'

The emergence of princely power among the Eastern Slavs.

Some tribes of the Eastern Slavs began to invite armed detachments of the Rus, led by commanders - princes, for a small fee. Hired warriors began to be called Varangians. They were good sailors and had rich military experience. During the wars, they led the people's militias of the Slavs, passing on the wisdom of military art to them.

• The state of Rus was created by the Vikings.
• The word Rus is of Varangian origin.
• The Slavs were weak enough to create a state themselves.
• (The founders of this theory were the German scientists Bayer, Schlozer and Miller).

Lomonosov (anti-Norman) theory of state formation Kievan Rus

1. The word "Rus" is of Russian origin.

Not a single Scandinavian chronicle records the formation of the Russian state by the Normans.

In Rus', by the time the Varangians were called, there were already state formations: Kuyaba (Kyiv), Slavia (Novgorod) and Artania (it is supposed to be on the site of the old Ryazan).

The path from the Varangians to the Greeks

In the 9th century, foreign trade began to play an increasingly important role in the life of the Eastern Slavs. People whose main occupation was trade were called merchants. The path from the Varangians to the Greeks: r. Neva - Lake Ladoga - r. Volkhov-lake Ilmen-r. Lovat - portage to the tributaries of the Dnieper - r. Dnieper - Black Sea. The final destination is rich Byzantium.

The path from the Varangians to the Greeks

The final destination is rich Byzantium. Trade in Byzantium

The path from the Varangians to the Greeks

With the development of trade in the central tribal settlements leading to the Black and Baltic Seas, special points began to take shape, where people began to bring their goods.

Trading in Novgorod

The path from the Varangians to the Greeks

The occupation of trade was profitable, but very dangerous and difficult, because the merchant caravans were attacked by the Pechenegs, who settled in the steppes of the Black Sea region.

Pechenegs

The calling of the Varangians

According to The Tale of Bygone Years (translated by D. S. Likhachev):

“In the year 6370 (862 according to modern chronology). ... And they went across the sea to the Varangians, to Rus'. Those Varangians were called Rus, as others are called Swedes, and others are Normans and Angles, and still other Gotlanders, - like these. The Russians said Chud, Slovenes, Krivichi and all: “Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no dress in it. Come reign and rule over us." And three brothers with their clans were elected, and they took with them all of Rus', and they came

The calling of the Varangians

To end internal conflicts, representatives of the Slavic and Finnish tribes decided to invite the prince from outside (“And deciding for ourselves: we will look for the prince, who would own us and dress us by right”). In a number of later sources, the appearance of the Varangians, their subsequent expulsion and the beginning of inter-tribal strife is associated with the death of the Novgorod prince (or mayor) Gostomysl, after whose death a period of anarchy began in the confederation of tribes. According to the same sources, various candidates were proposed at the inter-tribal gathering - "from the Varangians, or from the glades, or from the Khazars, or from the Dunais." According to the presentation of the Joachim Chronicle, the authenticity of which historians question, Gostomysl indicated before his death that he should be succeeded by the son of his middle daughter Umila, who was married to the prince of one of the tribes of the Western Slavs Gotslav. This son was Rurik. According to the brief and most authoritative presentation of the Tale of Bygone Years, it was decided to go looking for the prince across the sea, to the Varangians-Rus.

The calling of the Varangians.

Artist V.M. Vasnetsov

The calling of the Varangians

and the eldest, Rurik, sat in Novgorod, and the other, Sineus, on Beloozero, and the third, Truvor, in Izborsk. And from those Varangians the Russian land was nicknamed. Novgorodians are those people from the Varangian family, but before they were Slovenians ... "

Sineus and Truvor - the legendary brothers of the Varangian Rurik, called to reign in Novgorod; two years later, Sineus and Truvor died, and Rurik assumed sole power.

Sineus and Truvor

Izborsk, Novgorod, Beloozero

Aldagemor (old Ladoga)

The Varangian prince Rurik responded to the invitation of the Slavs. He settled with his squad in the city of Ladoga. So in the northwestern lands a large association (principality) arose, the center of which would later be built by Rurik in 864. New city - Novgorod

Ladoga

Public entity centered in Novgorod

Rurik, after the death of the brothers Sineus and Truvor, built a fortress on the site of modern Novgorod. And it was in 864. And in 2009, Veliky Novgorod celebrated 1150 years (according to the first mention of Novgorod in the Nikon Chronicle in 859)

Prince Oleg

In 879, Rurik died in Novgorod and his relative Oleg became the new prince.

Prince of Novgorod (since 879) and Kiev (since 882), unifier of Ancient Rus'. Expanded its boundaries, dealt the first blow to Khazar Khaganate, concluded agreements beneficial for Rus' with the Greeks.

The legendary commander about whom Pushkin wrote:

"Victory glorified your name: Your shield is on the gates of Constantinople.

The calling of the Varangians.

Artist V.M. Vasnetsov

Prince Oleg

Public education centered in Kyiv

In the first third of the 9th century, the Varangian princes Askold and Dir traveled along the great trade route to the capital of Byzantium, Constantinople. When they went down the Dnieper, they saw a city spread over three hills. It was Kyiv. They liked the city and they stayed there to rule.

So in the 9th century in the Dnieper region a second public education with the center in Kyiv.

Ancient Kyiv

Oleg, having gathered a large army, set off on a campaign to the south. Along the way, he subjugated the Krivichi. Approaching Kyiv, he tricked the princes Askold and Dir out of the city and killed them. Kyiv Oleg declared "the mother of Russian cities", the capital of his lands. As a result of the unification of the two main centers of the Eastern Slavs - the southern one headed by Kiev and the northern one headed by Novgorod - a state was formed that received the name Rus.

The murder of Askold and Dir

Prince Oleg:

• united North and South;
• subjugated the Drevlyans
• subjugated the Krivichi
• conquered the Khazars
• made a trip to Tsargrad

Pechenegs

All the tribes that recognized

the power of the Kyiv prince,

entered into an agreement with him

in which they committed

pay tribute.

From November to March, the prince, together with his retinue, traveled around the subject tribes and collected dues.

polyudie

We will answer the questions:

1. What prerequisites for the creation of the Old Russian state do you know?

2. How did the princely power of the Eastern Slavs?

3. Tell us about the formation of state centers among the Eastern Slavs.

4. What was the organization of the Old Russian state?

1 slide

2 slide

The purpose of the lesson: To consolidate the concept of the state Consider the theories of the emergence of the state among the Slavs Find out the causes and prerequisites for the emergence of the state Think: do you agree with the Norman theory of the origin of the state? Concepts: polyudie, prince, boyars, governor.

3 slide

The concept of the state (try to give a concept using your knowledge) The state is a Territory that has borders Protection of borders Regulator of relations between people Unified management system Unified laws (customs) functions

4 slide

5 slide

The city is a center of trade, crafts, a tribal center, a fortress (palisade, citadel) Protection of merchant caravans Maintaining order in the city

6 slide

Tribal (trade) centers Kyiv - glade Chernihiv - northerners Smolensk, Polotsk - Krivichi Lyubech - Rodimichi Novgorod - Slovene Ilmen

7 slide

Varangians (Normans - northern people) In the Slavic lands Routsi (Rus, dew) - the name of the Varangians by the Finns and Slavs

8 slide

The role of the Varangians in the Slavic lands Tribute: Chud, Merya, Ilmen Slovene Krivichi Trade Trading places (settled) Hired warriors (Varangians), salaries Rulers (princes) collecting tribute Led the militias, Taught the art of war Judges in intertribal disputes

9 slide

“In the year 6370 (862). They expelled the Varangians across the sea, and did not give them tribute, and began to rule themselves. And there was no truth among them, and generation upon generation stood up, and there was strife among them, and they began to fight with themselves. And they said to themselves: "Let's look for a prince who would rule over us and judge by right." And they went across the sea to the Varangians, to Rus'. Chud, Slavs, Krivichi and all said: “Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no order in it. Come reign and rule over us." And three brothers volunteered with their clans, and took all of Rus' with them, and came to the Slavs, and the eldest sat, Rurik - in Ladoga (Novgorod - built) and the other, Sineus - on Belo-ozer, and the third, Truvor - in Izborsk . And from those Varangians the Russian land was nicknamed. RURIK (? - d. 879) - Varangian, Prince of Novgorod (862-879) and the founder of the princely dynasty of Rurik in the Russian state. Annalistic founder of the statehood of Rus'. Varangian prince Rurik (northwestern lands)

10 slide

“... And Rurik had two husbands, not his relatives, but the boyars, and they asked for leave to Tsargrad with their kind. And they set off along the Dnieper, and when they sailed by, they saw a small city on the mountain. And they asked: "Whose town is this?" The local residents answered: “There were three brothers: Kyi, Shchek and Khoriv, ​​who built this town and disappeared, and we are sitting here, their descendants, and pay tribute to the Khazars.” Askold and Dir remained in this city, gathered many Varangians and began to own the land of the meadows. Rurik then reigned in Novgorod. Varangian princes Askold and Dir ( southern lands)

11 slide

Formation of state centers Novgorod Kyiv Rurik - the construction of Novgorod Askold (took the title of Khakan): the ruler of Kyiv freed the struggle against the Drevlyans, Pechenegs, Bulgars from the Khazar dependence

12 slide

The formation of the Old Russian state of Kievan Rus - 882 Oleg's campaign to the south: the subjugation of the Krivichi The murder of Askold and Dir Kyiv - "the mother of Russian cities" (the capital of the lands) - Why? Defeat of the Drevlyans Defeat of the Khazars

13 slide

In 882, Oleg undertook successful campaigns against Smolensk and Lyubech. After that, he went down the Dnieper to Kyiv, where the princes were the tribesmen of Rurik, the Varangians Askold and Dir. Oleg lured them to his boats and, having announced to them: “You are not a prince, nor a princely family, but I am a princely family,” and, presenting Rurik’s heir, the young Igor (“You are not princes and not a princely family, but I am a princely family. And this is the son of Rurik") and ordered to kill Askold and Dir. Kyiv seemed to Oleg convenient for its location, and he moved there with a retinue, announcing: "Let Kyiv be the mother of Russian cities." Thus, he united the two main centers of the Eastern Slavs (northern and southern). For this reason, it is Oleg, and not Rurik, who is sometimes considered the creator of the Old Russian state (Kievan Rus). Let's go to the source

14 slide

Organization of the management of Russia polyudie Kyiv Grand Duke(head of state) Druzhina Advisers of the prince, comrades-in-arms tribute militia of the governor of the city of Veche people's assembly Thousand head of the militia squad Local princes Elected elders

15 slide

Think. Which theory of the origin of the state seems to you more correct? Norman Centrist Slavic The Old Russian state was created by the Vikings with the voluntary consent of the Slavs. The Varangians are more educated and more organized than the Slavs: they are recognized as representatives of a more developed world. The Varangians are invited to Rus' as a “third”, reconciling force. But! The Old Russian state arose as a result of the long independent development of the Slavic society. The presence of the Varangians in Rus' and their role in the formation of the Old Russian state are denied. The Varangian origin of the first Russian princes is denied.

16 slide

Summing up The formation of the state of Kievan Rus is a natural result of the decomposition of tribal relations Accelerated by an external threat Preserves elements of tribal governance (tribal princes, elders)

17 slide

Let's check ourselves Question №1 The Old Russian state arose as a result of a long independent development of the Slavic society. Approved by …………………... theory. Question number 2 Detour by the prince of Kyiv with a retinue of their lands to collect tribute. Is called? .... Question No. 3 Varangians are more educated and more organized than the Slavs: they are recognized as representatives of a more developed world. Approved by ………………..........theory Question No. 4 At the head of the squad was a military leader…………………. Question No. 5 What is the name of the city self-government body…….. Question No. 6 Who led the all-Russian militia? Question number 7 Who were the prince's advisers .... Centrist polyudie Norman prince veche voivode retinue

18 slide

Vakhabova Olga Vladimirovna Teacher of history, social studies, 1st quarter of the category State municipal Penkovskaya basic comprehensive school