By the middle of the 17th century, the consequences of intervention and the Time of Troubles were eliminated, trade ties were revived and strengthened. But the development of trade and crafts was delayed by the township tax - heavy taxes that the government imposed on the population of the township. "Big" people sought to make most of the duties pay "smaller".
The foreign policy measures of the Russian government also contributed to the aggravation of the situation in Pskov. According to the Peace of Stolbov in 1617, Sweden was left with the Izhora and Karelian lands, the population of which was subjected to severe economic, national and religious oppression. The mass exodus of the population to the Russian side begins. By the middle of the XVII century. The number of immigrants reached 50 thousand people. At the request of Sweden, the Russian government promised to pay 190 thousand rubles for the defectors and sell Sweden 12 thousand quarters of bread at the prices of the Pskov grain market. The purchase of bread was entrusted to the Pskov merchant Fedor Yemelyanov. The sale of a large batch of grain led to an increase in the price of bread by one and a half times and served as a direct pretext for the beginning of the uprising. On February 28, many Pskov residents gathered at the all-city hut to write a petition to the tsar about bread. At this time, it became known about the arrival of the Swede Nummens with the treasury for bread. The people of Pskov sent him under guard to the Snetogorsk Monastery. The yard of Fyodor Yemelyanov was looted. In Pskov, a period of dual power began: the governor was still at large, but power in the city actually passed into the hands of an all-city hut. The population of the city was clearly divided into two large groups opposing each other: on the one hand, the townspeople "young" and "thin" people, ordinary archers, gunners, zatinshchiks; on the other hand, the “best” townspeople, archery chiefs, higher clergy, and nobles. Among the “younger” people, the headman of the square clerks Tomila Slepoy, the archer Procopius Koza, the artisans Gavrila Demidov and Mikhail Moshnitsyn enjoyed the greatest authority. The news of the beginning of the uprising in Novgorod inspires the people of Pskov. Power is completely transferred to the all-city hut, headed by the newly elected elders from the "lesser" people - Gavrila Demidov and Mikhail Moshnitsyn. The Pskovites expressed their demands in the Bolshaya Petition. The townspeople demanded that they be protected from harassment by the governors and clerks, reduce taxes, judge the Pskovites in Pskov, and did not call them to Moscow, pay the service people on time and in full.
While the people of Pskov were waiting for an answer to their petition from the tsar, an army under the command of I. Khovansky moved from Novgorod to Pskov. The Pskovites began to prepare for resistance, saying: "the fullness of the fact that Novgorod deceived and entered the city, but they, Pskov, cannot be deceived." The Pskovites use active defense tactics and daily harass Khovansky's troops, who have stopped at the Snetogorsky Monastery. The surrounding peasants are actively helping the Pskovites in the fight against government troops. Of all the Pskov suburbs, only Opochka remained loyal to the tsarist government. "Especially large detachments were created by residents of the Pskov district. They ravaged noble estates, attacked small detachments and troops of Khovansky. I. Khovansky was forced to fight on two fronts.
But the arrival of government troops intensified the activities of the opponents of the uprising in the city itself: the nobles, the clergy, the "best" people of the settlement. Gavrila Demidov was forced to order the arrest of the nobles living in Pskov.
The failures of Khovansky near Pskov forced the government to look for new ways to pacify the city. The issue was discussed at the Zemsky Sobor in July 1650. It was decided to withdraw Khovansky's army from Pskov as soon as the Pskovites agreed to stop resistance. The government was forced to make concessions to Pskov because of the fear of an uprising in other cities. A delegation headed by Bishop Raphael was sent to Pskov for negotiations.
The delegation arrives at a difficult moment for the insurgent Pskov: a long blockade has depleted grain stocks - the “young people” are starving with nothing to feed their livestock, since the pastures are outside the city.
The confiscation of grain and other property from the nobles and the “best” people carried out by the all-city hut leads to an even greater aggravation of the struggle in the city. In the first half of August, the representatives of the "lesser" people in the all-city hut were replaced by the "best", which predetermined the success of Raphael's mission. So at the end of August 1650, the uprising in Pskov ended, but the situation in September-November remained alarming. Until February 1651, the peasant movement continued in the Pskov land. Therefore, the governor did not dare to immediately arrest the leaders of the uprising. It was not until mid-September that Gavrila Demidov, Tomila Slepoy, and Iov Kopyto were arrested. The arrested were sent to Novgorod, and then exiled to the north and to Siberia.
Uprising in Pskov in 1650 // Pskov region in the history of Russia. - 2nd ed., corrected. and additional - Pskov, 2001. - S.42-44.
In the center of the Torgovaya Square, on many old postcards, one can see the chapel "above the murdered", erected in memory of nine landowners who were executed by the rebels in 1650.
On this fragment of the postcard, the chapel with two trees on the sides is visible against the background of the bell tower.
(With some assumption, we can say that in modern Pskov here is the very center of the roadway of the intersection on Lenin Square).
Inscription in the chapel on the square above the slain
In the summer of 7158, from the Nativity of Christ 1650, on July 12, under the Power of the Sovereign, the Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of All Russia, there was a terrible riot in Pskov due to the deception against Boyar Morozov, created by the Novgorod merchant Volk, as if they were going to exterminate all German merchants for agreeing with him. During this rebellion, the Pskov rebels killed nine people of the Pskov Landowners, and named: Feodor Mikhailov, son of Nashchokin, Peter Kirilov, son of Sumorotsky, Yakov Silin, son of Neklyudov, Matthew Fomin and his son Vasily Matveev, Kirilla Ivanov, son of Goryshkin, Judas Pakhomov, son of Seslavin, Bartholomew Prokopiev son of Kharlamov, Yeremey Fedorov, son of Chirkin, and the soldier Ivan was killed with them. (p.306)
History of the Principality of Pskov / Comp. N.F. Levin, T.V. Kruglova. - Pskov: printing region, 2009. - 416 p. - (Pskov Historical Library).
Arakcheev V.A.
Medieval Pskov: power, society, everyday life in the XV-XVII centuries./V.A.Arakcheev. - Pskov, 2004. - 360s., ill.
We offer excerpts from the book dedicated to the uprising of 1650.
Course of events in March - June
In mid-March, power changed in the Pskov Zemstvo hut. Instead of Semyon Menshikov and Ivan Podrez, anti-Moscow-minded Gavrila Demidov and Mikhail Moshnitsyn were elected city elders. In the spring of 1650 the management structure of the insurgent city was formed. Formally, the highest authority was the gathering of the townsman community, called in the sources "world", "osprey" or "host". The townspeople gathered on the square at the Rybnitsa Gates at the site of the old market at the ringing of the bell. “Into the world” read letters brought by envoys from the tsar, metropolitan and Khovansky; before the "world" they announced the content of the letters sent from "the whole of Pskov" to other cities. Operational issues were resolved at meetings of the all-city, or zemstvo, hut. It consisted of zemstvo elders and elected people who were selected according to class.
From the three streltsy orders, three elected people were selected, three priests represented the clergy, the Pskov nobility was represented by the landowner Ivan Chirkin. According to G. Vorontsov-Velyaminov, six townsmen sat in the zemstvo hut, but, judging by the number of hundreds in Pskov, there should have been ten representatives of the townspeople in Pskov. M.N. Tikhomirov wrote that “the structure of the rebellious Pskov is striking in its resemblance to more early time era of Pskov independence. He also compared the mundane gathering with the veche meeting, the all-city hut with the “Lord”, and the all-city elders with the Pskov posadniks. This is, of course, a highly arbitrary comparison. Over the past hundred and fifty years, the Pskovites have lost the traditions of veche self-government - both because of the complete change of the ruling elite in the 16th century and because of the harsh pressure of the Moscow administration. Not a single document of 1650. republican institutions of power were not mentioned, and the Pskovites themselves in the petition called themselves the serfs of the sovereign. The uprising of 1650 was rather identified by contemporaries with the events of the Time of Troubles at the beginning of the 17th century, and in 1651 the Opochetian Cossack Mokeiko Yuryev called it a "vague rebellion" and a "troubled time".
The “vague rebellion” was aggravated by the change of the voivodship administration: on March 25, instead of voivode Sobakin, new head administration Prince Vasily Petrovich Lvov. The change of governor gave the Pskovites a legal opportunity to arrest Sobakin, who became a kind of hostage that guaranteed the immunity of the petitioners sent to Moscow. Already on March 28, in the hut there was a conflict between the new governor and the leaders of the uprising, who demanded that they be given gunpowder and lead. The governor refused to comply with the demand, citing the absence of a threat from abroad. Sagittarius Koza said that the people of Pskov were afraid of the "Moscow frontier": "We have no war with the Germans, but we are those Germans who from Moscow will be up to our heads." Having handed over the keys to the city gates to the elders under the threat of reprisal, the governor actually ceased to influence the situation in the city. On March 30, Prince F.F. Volkonsky arrived in Pskov to investigate the causes of the rebellion. He stopped at the yard of Emelyanov's guest, and this circumstance became the decisive argument for accusing him of treason. Volkonsky was captured in the Trinity Cathedral and severely beaten on the way to the square. The order seized from the sovereign’s envoy began to be read aloud and, having reached the phrase about the execution of “thieves and breeders”, they interrupted the reading due to the fact that a crowd of townspeople and archers tried to grab Volkonsky. The envoy was hit with an axe, arrested and interrogated.
For a long time in Moscow they could not come to a definite opinion on how to deal with the rebellion. Apparently, the Boyar Duma found it necessary to suppress the rebellion military force, and a detachment of governor Ivan Nikitich Khovansky was sent to the North-West to suppress the uprising. Metropolitan Nikon of Novgorod, with whose active assistance the rebellion in Novgorod was suppressed, believed that the government should not seek to unconditionally suppress the uprising and demand the extradition of leaders. Back in early May, Nikon sent his lawyer Bogdan Snazin to Pskov with a proposal to "bring his guilt to the sovereign." In the future, Nikon advocated the complete forgiveness of not only ordinary Pskovites, but also the leaders of the uprising.
On May 12, the Pskov petitioners presented the content of the Great Petition to the tsar and the Boyar Duma. The landowner G. Vorontsov-Velyaminov, who represented the Pskov nobles, stated that they “put them into captivity by petition, because worldly people seized them separately, little by little.” Vorontsov, on the other hand, named the names of the “thieves of breeders”: the square clerk Tomilko Slepy, seven archers led by Proshka Koza, three townspeople, two priests, new nationwide elders Gavrila Demidov and Mikhail Moshnitsyn, three archery Pentecostals, two Cossacks, a priest of St. Marshes of Jacob. Most of the townspeople who sat in the zemstvo hut, according to Vorontsov, "do not stick to theft, they sit in silence." Communication with representatives of the supreme power turned out to be a great temptation, and four of the eight petitioners, led by Vorontsov, went over to the side of the government.
In April, voivode Khovansky suppressed the uprising in Novgorod, and on May 28, his detachment of 2,700 people approached Pskov. Realizing the impossibility of conducting a correct siege of the city with such small forces, Khovansky hurried to take key points on the way to Pskov. To the east of the city, in the Nikolsky Lyubyatovsky Monastery, the governor left 700 people, and in the Snetogorsky Monastery he stood up himself with a detachment of 2 thousand people. Between the churchyard of Lyubyatovo and the Snyatnaya mountain, Khovansky set up a wooden prison, the second prison was placed on the left bank of the Velikaya opposite the Snetogorsky monastery. Pskov was in a difficult situation. On the one hand, it was obvious that the government troops were not able not only to take Pskov by storm, but also to inflict any significant harm on it. There was an opinion in the city about the need to hold out to the end: “Even if a big force came to Pskov, we won’t give up: the cities will not be defeated and taken soon, but we have something to sit in the city with, bread and supplies will be for ten years.” Nevertheless, the leaders of the uprising realized that it would be difficult to hold on without outside help. The connections of the ruling elite with Sweden pushed the townspeople to establish relations with Poland, and already in June, the Pskovites told the nobleman Bestuzhev sent from Khovansky: “You have Germans, and we Pskovians, if there is any unmeasure, then we will have Poles to help us out.” The people of Pskov drew up a letter to the Polish king asking for help, but it provoked a protest from the townsman community and was never sent.
The actions of the rebels became illogical and unmotivated. On the one hand, the excesses, senseless in their cruelty, continued. Twelve nobles sent to Pskov, headed by Savva Bestuzhev, were interrogated in an all-city hut and robbed. Bestuzhev was executed, nine people from his delegation were imprisoned, and two were released to Khovansky. On the other hand, the people of Pskov did not abandon the idea of reconciliation with Moscow, provided that their demands were met. Military operations near Pskov, meanwhile, were taking on an ever wider scale. On June 18, a detachment, consisting of archers and servicemen, tried to destroy one of the Khovansky prisons, but was defeated and retreated to the city under the protection of artillery. The first failures of the Pskovites embittered the leadership of the rebels. The interrogated Kuzmins attributed the following words to Gavrila Demidov, addressed to servicemen: “we will see how you become a bat, but only if you become a bad bat, and we will beat everyone to death.”
The pacification of "troubles"
After another unsuccessful battle on July 12, the situation in Pskov began to worsen. For most townspeople and many archers, the hopelessness of the situation became obvious.
In early August, Gavrila Demidov and Mikhail Moshnitsyn were removed from their posts as all-city elders, and moderate sections of the population came to power in the city, represented by new elders - Mikhail Rusinov, Ankidin Gdovlenin, Lev Bochar and Fyodor Sapozhnik.
Meanwhile, the situation of the city became critical. In his reply dated August 19, Khovansky reported on the establishment complete blockade Pskov. On August 15, he received the long-awaited reinforcements - 1,300 soldiers from Zaonezhsky churchyards, led by Stepan Elagin and Colonel M. Kormikhel. For four days, all roads from the city were blocked, and, as Khovansky wrote, “Pskov was subjected to a strong siege and great crowding, not only what kind of cattle to drive out of the city, it was impossible for any person to get out of the city by any customs ... ". On August 17, an embassy arrived in Pskov Zemsky Cathedral led by Archbishop Raphael, and hostilities ceased. The embassy was met by elected people and the Pskov Bishop Macarius at the Petrovsky Gates with the miraculous icon of the Virgin of the Caves Monastery. On August 17-19, negotiations were underway between the delegation and the people of Pskov about the future kissing of the cross, accompanied by a solemn service in the Trinity Cathedral, reading aloud the royal letter from the cathedral porch. The townspeople were concerned about two things. Firstly, in the royal charter it was written that the Pskovites asked for military assistance from the Polish king and wrote a “leaf” to him. The townspeople at first categorically demanded that this paragraph be excluded from the text of the cross-kissing record, and only on August 19 agreed to leave the “changeable article on the royal list”, but to make a note that “this article was falsely cocked to them.” Secondly, the people of Pskov demanded that Khovansky's troops be withdrawn from the city, and only after the oath of Raphael and the elected officials to do this, after the kiss of the cross, did they agree to re-swear.
The oath, accompanied by a kiss of the cross in the Trinity Cathedral, took place on August 20-24. On August 20, elected people from the Zemstvo hut, Cossacks, gunners, and clerks kissed the cross. On August 21, the archers and elected townspeople from the Pskov hundreds took the oath, who, in the words of Raphael, "listen to the sovereign's decree and listen to us in order to quench the rebellion." However, not everyone “listened” to the tsar’s will: a certain priest Yevsey urged “not to kiss the cross,” but the voices of the opposition were no longer heard. Only after that, ordinary citizens went to the cross-kissing. Until August 24, more than 3 thousand people swore allegiance to the sovereign - mainly heads of families. On the same day, August 24, Khovansky lifted the siege and began to withdraw troops to Novgorod. The key role in pacifying the Troubles was played by Raphael, who formed a delegation of petitioners from the townspeople and service people according to the device. In addition to the new all-city headman Ankidin Gdovlenin, the delegation included one of the city "elders" - Ivan Shamra, who was first mentioned in the materials of the search in 1617 and served as the all-city headman back in 1628.
Thus, the uprising was terminated by reaching a compromise and a complete forgiveness of the guilt of the rebels. It is difficult to say whether the government would have undertaken the arrest of the leaders of the uprising in the autumn of 1650 if they had not taken up the old ways. In the report extract of 1653. contains a story about the anti-government agitation conducted by the former leaders of the uprising in the autumn of 1650. “After the kissing of the cross, the former thieves and breeders of the Pskov archers Proshka Koza, Ievko Kopyto, Mikitka Sorokoum, Ivashka Klobuchkov and their comrades started their former thieves' factory and malicious intent: they began to walk in the city and along the streets day and night in a crowd and conspiring with a gun and talking all sorts of vague old words of their thieves, and Pskov of all ranks of people were taught to slander all sorts of evil deeds and at the former thieves' factory, in order to start a rebellion and bloodshed as before, and they wanted to beat a full bell and cause confusion in the city, and the archers of all the orders of those thieves having caught, they brought me to the congress hut. In total in November 1650. 8 people were arrested: Gavrila Demidov, Tomila Slepoy, Prokofy Koza, Iev Kopyto, Nikita Sorokoum, Ivan Klobuchkov, Boris Shaposhnik, Ofrem Artemyev Semyakov. The arrested leaders of the uprising were taken into custody in the prison of Novgorod, and their families were assigned to stay in the courtyards of the Novgorod suburb.
The uprising of 1650 in Pskov was one of the most acute manifestations social conflicts V Russia XVII V. Arising largely under the influence of opportunistic circumstances related to the extraordinary purchase of grain, the movement in Pskov by April 1650 outgrew the stage of rebellion and took on organized forms. In the course of an armed confrontation with the government army, the leaders of the uprising carried out executions of nobles suspected of treason, temporarily confiscate horses for sorties and partially confiscate grain. The uprising itself was largely a confrontation between the provinces and the capital, where the nature of the claims was determined by the degree of violence used by the center to achieve its goals. All of the above allows us to make an assumption about the direct continuity of the uprising of 1650. and the Troubles of the early 17th century. The leading role of archers in the urban movement, participation in the fight against government troops of the nobles, attempts to contact ruling circles The Polish-Lithuanian states clearly bring us back to the beginning of the 17th century, where we must look for the origins of the rebellion.
The Pskov uprising of 1650 is one of the urban uprisings in Rus' in the middle of the 17th century, which took place in Pskov. The reason for the uprising was the rapid increase in the price of bread, due to the large purchases of grain carried out at that time to fulfill the obligation of the Russian government to supply grain to Sweden as compensation for defectors from the territories ceded to the Swedes under the Stolbovsky Peace of 1617.
History of the uprisingSpeculation in the price of bread in Pskov caused a sharp protest from the predominantly poor stratum of the urban population - peasants, the urban poor and small artisans [source not specified 2603 days]. The unrest began in the 20th of February. Already on February 26-27, the rebels, consisting mainly of small merchants, artisans, archers and the urban poor, sacked the yards of wealthy merchants, Orthodox clergy and urban nobility. The rebels seized and imprisoned the representatives of the Swedish monarch who were in the city.
By the end of March - beginning of April, the rebels completely seized power, arresting all representatives of the city authorities, creating their own bodies - a secular gathering, as well as a Zemsky hut.
The rebels set out their demands on paper, which was submitted to the tsar in Moscow on May 12. In it, the rebels set out a number of demands for reforms of city government and expressed dissatisfaction with the arbitrariness of local officials and Swedish representatives. In response, a punitive detachment led by Prince Ivan Khovansky was sent to Pskov. However, the rebels closed the city gates, fired on the approaching troops from artillery, and during the sortie captured part of the royal convoy. For more than 3 months, Khovansky stood under the walls of Pskov. The rebels made constant sorties and disturbed his detachment, making attempts to burn down the temporary dwellings he had built and preventing the building of a bridge over the river. , wealthy merchants, officials on the other.
The results of the uprisingThe Pskov uprising was not the only one in the Russian state at that time. Peasant uprisings tormented the northwestern counties and continued until February 1651. And although Khovansky's army managed to capture and suppress a similar uprising in Novgorod, the tsar's detachment was exhausted and weak. In addition, unrest did not stop in the suburbs of Pskov. In Moscow itself, they were concerned about the growing tension with Sweden, which could lead to a new war. Therefore, in the summer of 1650, the tsarist government was forced to convene a Zemsky Sobor, at which certain concessions were promised to the rebels.
Representatives of the Zemsky Sobor, headed by Bishop Raphael of Kolomna, arrived in Pskov on August 17. However, by the time they arrived, representatives of the city elite had seized power in the city, and an attempt by the city's lower classes to raise a new uprising on August 20 was unsuccessful. On August 25, the power of the governor was established in the city.
In October, the leaders of the Pskov uprising of 1650 were arrested, tortured and exiled.
February 26, 1650 in Pskov, an uprising begins against the transfer of grain reserves to Sweden to pay off Russia's debts. Soon Novgorod joins him.
Unrest in Pskov began no later than February 24, 1650, and already on February 26, representatives of the township community came to the courtyard of the governor Nikifor Sobakin with a request to delay the issuance of bread to the Swedes from the “sovereign's granaries” - strategic reserves in the Kremlin. Failing to get a clear answer, the people of Pskov turned to the mediation of the Pskov Archbishop Macarius. The meeting of the head of administration, the head of the church and "the whole city" took place on the square near the Trinity Cathedral on February 27. From the way the rebels subsequently set out the course of events in the Bolshaya Petition, it turns out that the crowd of townspeople was led by " the best people”, including zemstvo elders headed by Semyon Menshikov and Ivan Podrez. “We are all hail, as they taught him about that your sovereign’s bread with tears to beat with his forehead, so that he would not give out your sovereign’s Kremsky sovereign and purchased bread to the Svei Germans from the city, and your sovereign Nikifor Sergeevich Sobakin, who entered the Cathedral Church on the porch step, and taught us pilgrims and serfs and your orphans, to threaten the whole world: I will give bread against your royal letters to the Germans, and not to you, Pskovites; you, de, Pskovites, choose the best people from among you, which of you to hang.
And threateningly, he went from the cathedral church of the Holy Trinity to your sovereign pilgrimage and taught the deceivers to the whole world to threaten with exile ... ". The meeting on the cathedral square and the submission of a collective petition were a fateful and at the same time risky action for the people of Pskov. On the one hand, it was an important stage in the development public opinion when even those who doubted the need for a confrontation with the authorities could find themselves under powerful pressure from the community and its leaders. On the other hand, such collective actions were illegal and fell under the articles of the newly adopted code - the Council Code of 1649. The royal charter of May 19 contained a lengthy quotation from the code: in towns and regiments against the voevoda and clerks or against anyone, come en masse and in a conspiracy and they will teach whom to rob or beat, and those people who do this, for that reason they will be executed by death without any mercy. This threat was not empty and carried deep meaning for the people of Pskov, who in the XVI century. at least twice they were expelled from the city to the east of the country. The first "withdrawal" was carried out in 1510 at the time of the annexation of Pskov to Moscow, when at least 300 families of boyars and "living people" were expelled from the city. The second time Pskov guests were deported to Moscow and other cities of the Zamoskovskiy region in 1571 after the capital was devastated by the army of the Crimean Khan.
A similar situation developed in Novgorod, where on March 15 an uprising of townspeople and archers began, the cause of which was also " food crisis arising in connection with the export of grain abroad. The Novgorod events were largely provoked by the outbreak of the uprising in Pskov. On March 21, an acolyte of the Snetogorsk monastery returned from Novgorod, who announced new “rumors” to “all the people”. In the Bolshaya petition, the Pskovites conveyed the speeches of Osip’s servant in this way: “how will your sovereign’s monetary and grain treasury be from Moscow, and they, de, the Svei Germans, will have your sovereign’s fatherland of Veliky Novgorod on Christ’s day, and in Novy de Gorod it is indicated on that day rich people to smoke wine and brew beer and put mead without a call, and weak de sovereign people are ordered to drink from your sovereign treasury until they are drunk, so that everyone will be drunk for that German parish. And de name Pskov on Trinity Day. The next day, on March 22, the Pskov landowner Bogdan Timashev brought new news from Novgorod: “In Veliky Novgorod, the people are rumored to say that the Germans will be under your sovereign fatherland on Christ’s day, and near Novgorod on Nikolin’s day.” In the course of further discussions of the problem of the Swedish danger, the opinion was formed that the last date for the Swedish invasion would be Trinity. Foreigners themselves often became the source of such rumors, and the information passed through many people. The landowner Nikula Peretrutov, who returned from Moscow on March 26, received third-hand information: from a certain Sergei Putimtsev, apparently also a landowner who came to Novgorod from Moscow along with “a German from Rizhenin, and he ... does not know his name ... yes, a German a man among the people said ... ". So, the source of the information was a servant of a German merchant from Riga, whose opinions were conveyed to Nikula Peretrutov by Sergey Putimtsev.
According to the list of 1647/48 in Pskov, there were 1300 archers, summarized in three streltsy orders. The position of the archers was not deplorable; they received a fairly high salary for those times: an ordinary archer from the "novopriborny" received 3 rubles in money, as well as 6 quarters of rye and 6 quarters of oats of grain salary. Veterans received an increase for their services, and the cash salary of the "old" archer was 4 rubles. But the abuses of the local administration nullified the efforts of the central government. Firstly, many of the archers received a monetary salary in 1648/49 and 1649/50. was given in half the amount, and part of the support staff was deprived of it altogether. Secondly, the scheme for issuing monetary salaries was built with a purely beneficial for officials. In the Bolshaya petition, servicemen wrote: “And as a sovereign, your letters of commendation will come to Pskov, and your sovereign’s courtiers and governors and clerks on your sovereign’s indicated terms of that sovereign of your monetary and grain salary will not be issued to us, your lackey, from your sovereign’s treasury, but they give, sire, then your royal salary, striving as a tavern tax farmer, - on holidays, so that your tsar's monetary and grain salary is formed with them, tavern tax-farmers for taverns, and from that, sir, one, okolnichy and governors and clerks accept a big wake-up call to yourself." Thus, the attempts of the governor and the clerks to cash in by receiving bribes from the tavern tax-farmers for the proceeds from the salaries drunk by the archers ultimately caused the active participation of service people in the uprising. In addition, in an attempt to ward off the accusation of withholding salaries, officials spread at least two hoaxes. The first of these was that the state treasury was empty. As the Pskovites conveyed in a petition “speech” of the voivodes and clerks, the latter refused all requests with the following motive: “We don’t listen to letters of commendation; and we won’t give you that from your sovereign’s treasury, but beat de forehead about the shortfall of your sovereign in Moscow, good letters of honor, but we won’t give you, because where does your sovereign’s treasury go to the Germans in Moscow ”... and you, de, are natural serve the sovereign from the water, and from the grass, and from the whip. The clerks in this case had in mind not only the fact of the issuance of indemnity to Sweden for defectors, but also the formation of regiments of the “new order”, a significant part of the personnel of which at first were foreigners. Sagittarians for the whole second half of XVII V. they were extremely jealous of the "reiters and soldiers." The second argument of the governors and clerks was a banal threat of being sent to serve in Siberia, to the ends of the earth about which there were the most fantastic assumptions in Pskov. According to the petitioners, the clerks literally blackmailed the archers in this way: “when you start about your insufficient salary in Moscow ... beat with your forehead, and you will have a sample of Siberia in Moscow, just like your brothers, service people, were sent from Moscow built in the Siberian cities and between the mountains in the abyss. And about that, sir, about your insufficient tsar’s salary to you, sir, in Moscow and in all places we, your serfs, did not dare to beat with our foreheads: we are afraid, sir, of the same references as, sir, your natural sovereign people Muscovites and servicemen of various ranks from Moscow were sent into exile, and many Christian souls were tortured and beaten with clubs, while others were drowned in the water. Before the eyes of a person of the Middle Ages, any remote territory appeared as the threshold of hell.
The focus and center of the Orthodox universe of the Russian people of the XVII century. was the person of the tsar and sovereign of all Rus'. The change of the reigning dynasty during the Time of Troubles had a heavy impact on the prestige of the royal name. The era of the reign of the Rurikids began to be perceived as a standard, and the reign of Ivan the Terrible appeared in historical retrospect as a true "golden age". Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, according to the people of Pskov, no longer inspired fear in foreigners. Townsman Nikita Ievlev brought from Ivangorod a rumor about posters put on public display in Sweden, which depicted the Swedish queen standing with a sword over the "righteous hope" Tsar Alexei. If in a petition addressed to the tsar the Pskovites dared to hint at his lack of authority, then in uncensored conversations they gave full rein to their language. A remarkable scene took place in Pskov during the reading in the city of the royal charter of May 19. Cossack Snyakin told the following during the investigation: “And how they took into account your sovereign’s letter of honor before the people and deducted it to half, and the people, all Orthodox Christians, were silent. And without listening to the end of your sovereign's letter, the zemstvo head Gavrilko Demidov also said an absurd word about you, the great sovereign, which we are afraid to even think about. And I, with my comrades, heard from him, Gavrilka, such an absurd word, and he was taken into account by the beat. And the thieves and rebels who were with him, Gavrilka, for him, Gavrilka, became, and they beat me not on the stomach, to death, with butts and squeaky trunks and tinns, and they threw me dead, Nikifork, into prison. The leader of public opinion was the tsar's uncle N.I. Romanov, whom the people of Pskov asked the tsar to send "for investigation and reprisal" to Pskov. The consciousness of medieval man was built on antinomies (contradictions - ed.), therefore, every positive phenomenon of social life had to have a reverse side, and every hero was opposed by an anti-hero. Such an anti-hero in Russia in the middle of the 17th century. was the shadow ruler of Russia Boris Ivanovich Morozov. With the name of Morozov, the townspeople associated the increase in taxes, abuses of the administration. Morozov was the main target of the participants in the Moscow uprising of 1648. The people of Pskov were also inclined to associate their troubles with him. In a petition addressed to the tsar, the content of the “speeches” of the Swedish citizen Grigory Aminev was stated: “how will the Germans near Pskov, from Moscow, was your sovereign boyar Boris Ivanovich Morozov to rescue, and he was supposed to give Pskov a German without a fight. In the royal charter of May 19, an impressive fragment is dedicated to Morozov's apology. The clerks reminded the Pskovians that it was the uncle of the boyar Vasily Petrovich Morozov who “was under siege in the parish of the king of Svei in Pskov and served time from the king of Pskov.” Boris Morozov himself, as stated in the charter, “being a great sovereign in our uncles, having left his house and friends, he was with us relentlessly, and served us, and guarded our state health strongly, and even here he serves us faithfully and about our and takes care of zemstvo affairs. Comparison of the Great Petition and the reciprocal royal letter allows us to put and solve many questions in a different way. In the emergence and development of the uprising, the decisive role was played by opportunistic circumstances associated with the fears of medieval man. This is the fear of hunger, the fear of a possible war, total distrust of the authorities.
Vladimir Arakcheev, candidate of historical sciences.
Pskov Chronograph - pskovcity.ru
The uprising in Pskov took a particularly acute form after the punitive detachment of Prince. Ivan Nikitich Khovansky. The rebels closed the gates of the fortress wall surrounding the entire city, fired on the approaching troops from artillery, and during the sortie captured part of the convoy. For more than 3 months, Khovansky stood under the walls of Pskov. The rebels went out on sorties several times and disturbed his detachment, making attempts to burn the fences built by him and preventing the building of a bridge across the river. Great.
The demands of the rebels are set out in a petition, which was submitted to the tsar on May 12. Not all those who signed it were ready to stand up for the demands put forward in it: the nobles and boyar children complained to the tsar that they “put them into captivity by petition, because worldly people seized them little by little.” But even among the "worldly" from the very first days, 2 camps were identified: on the one hand - "townsman people, and archers, and Cossacks, and gunners and collars and all sorts of tenant black people" and the "arable peasants" who joined them - these are those who “brought the gil” and went on sorties, on the other hand, “the best townspeople and subsistence people” who “do not advise those gilevs” and “stand in special crowds”.
There were also direct agents of the government in Pskov, among whom the Pskov clergy played an important role. It was headed by Archbishop Macarius, whom the rebels accused of not ordering his orderly people and boyar children to go on guard and on sorties, and who, finally, was arrested for agitation and put in an almshouse, where they kept him in chains for about 15 days. .
In addition to verbal agitation, the clergy also resorted to other methods of influencing the psyche of the rebels - to staging miracles. This side of the activity of the clergy can be well traced on the basis of two “memoirs” of a manuscript collection of the late 17th century, stored in the manuscript section of the Library of the Academy of Sciences and received there from the Pskov collection of F. M. Plyushkin.
One of them is “Remembrance of the sign that appeared from the icon of Our Most Holy Lady Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary in the city of Pskov in the monastery of St. Sergius” was published by the Pskov historian I. I. Vasilev. It tells how in the cell of a clergyman of Sergievsky from the Zaluzhya Monastery on February 5, 1650, “the sign was terrible and filled with horror: the image of the Most Pure Mother of God appeared from the right eye with tears coming out thick, and not like water.” The icon was transferred to the monastery church. On May 11 and 12 (Saturday and Sunday), when Khovansky was completing his investigation in Novgorod and was about to set off to pacify the Pskov rebels, the icon “wept” again. Macarius, "hearing this glorious miracle," organized a procession from the Trinity Cathedral to the Sergius Monastery and solemnly transferred the icon to the cathedral. This icon participated in all religious processions, which Macarius arranged in the besieged Pskov.
The icon gained great fame: legends about a miracle were copied from it and their new editions were composed; in the legends it was written that “by her prayers then in the city of Pskov internecine strife ceased”; the icon was addressed with a prayer “calm down the fear and trembling that is upon us, tame the wrath of God that has come upon us and tame the destruction and strife and rebellions that are in our midst die”; in the troparion and kontakion it was sung: "deliver from internecine strife."
Source: Document on the uprising of 1650 in Pskov/// Historical archive. T. I. M.-L. 1936
Pskov uprising of 1650- one of the urban uprisings in Rus' in the middle of the XVII century, which took place in Pskov. The reason for the uprising was the rapid increase in the price of bread, due to the large purchases of grain carried out at that time to fulfill the obligation of the Russian government to deliver grain to Sweden as compensation for defectors from the territories occupied by the Swedish invaders.
History of the uprising
Speculation in the price of bread in Pskov caused a sharp protest from the predominantly poor stratum of the urban population - peasants, the urban poor and small artisans. The unrest began in the 20th of February. Already on February 26-27, the rebels, consisting mainly of small merchants, artisans, archers and the urban poor, sacked the yards of wealthy merchants, Orthodox clergy and urban nobility. The rebels seized and imprisoned the representatives of the Swedish monarch who were in the city.
By the end of March - beginning of April, the rebels completely seized power, arresting all representatives of the city authorities, creating their own bodies - a secular gathering, as well as a Zemsky hut.
The rebels set out their demands on paper, which was submitted to the tsar in Moscow on May 12. In it, the rebels set out a number of demands for reforms in city government and expressed dissatisfaction with the arbitrariness of local officials and Swedish representatives. In response, a punitive detachment was sent to Pskov under the leadership of Prince Ivan Khovansky. However, the rebels closed the city gates, fired on the approaching troops from artillery, and during the sortie captured part of the royal convoy. For more than 3 months, Khovansky stood under the walls of Pskov. The rebels made constant sorties and disturbed his detachment, making attempts to burn the temporary dwellings he had built and preventing the building of a bridge across the river. The arrival of the tsarist army aggravated the already strained relations in the camp of the rebels between the urban poor, the peasants, the rebel military, artisans on the one hand and the clergy, wealthy merchants, and officials on the other.
The results of the uprising
The Pskov uprising was not the only one in the Russian state at that time. Peasant uprisings tormented the northwestern counties and continued until February 1651. And although Khovansky's army managed to capture and suppress a similar uprising in Novgorod, the tsar's detachment was exhausted and weak. In addition, unrest did not stop in the suburbs of Pskov. In Moscow itself, they were concerned about the growing tension with Sweden, which could lead to a new war. Therefore, in the summer of 1650, the tsarist government was forced to convene a Zemsky Sobor, at which certain concessions were promised to the rebels. Representatives of the Zemsky Sobor, headed by Bishop Raphael of Kolomna, arrived in Pskov on August 17. However, by the time they arrived, representatives of the city elite had seized power in the city, and an attempt by the city's lower classes to raise a new uprising on August 20 was unsuccessful. On August 25, the power of the governor was established in the city. In October, the leaders of the Pskov uprising of 1650 were arrested, tortured and exiled.
1. K. Yakubov, Russia and Sweden in the first half of the 17th century, M., 1897,. pp. 341-366.
2. Tikhomirov M. I. Pskov uprising of 1650
3. K. Yakubov, Russia and Sweden in the first half of the 17th century, M., 1897,. pp. 304, 305.
4. M. Tikhomirov. Pskov rebellion of the 17th century M., 1919, p. 42.
The reason for the uprising was the rapid increase in the price of bread, due to the large purchases of grain carried out at that time to fulfill the obligation of the Russian government to deliver grain to Sweden as compensation for defectors from the territories occupied by the Swedish invaders.
History of the uprising
Speculation in the price of bread in Pskov caused a sharp protest from the predominantly poor stratum of the urban population - peasants, the urban poor and small artisans. The unrest began in the 20th of February. Already on February 26-27, the rebels, consisting mainly of small merchants, artisans, archers and the urban poor, sacked the yards of wealthy merchants, Orthodox clergy and urban nobility. The rebels seized and imprisoned the representatives of the Swedish monarch who were in the city.
By the end of March - beginning of April, the rebels completely seized power, arresting all representatives of the city authorities, creating their own bodies - a secular gathering, as well as a Zemsky hut.
The rebels set out their demands on paper, which was submitted to the tsar in Moscow on May 12. In it, the rebels set out a number of demands for reforms in city government and expressed dissatisfaction with the arbitrariness of local officials and Swedish representatives. In response, a punitive detachment was sent to Pskov under the leadership of Prince Ivan Khovansky. However, the rebels closed the city gates, fired on the approaching troops from artillery, and during the sortie captured part of the royal convoy. For more than 3 months, Khovansky stood under the walls of Pskov. The rebels made constant sorties and disturbed his detachment, making attempts to burn the temporary dwellings he had built and preventing the building of a bridge across the river. The arrival of the tsarist army aggravated the already strained relations in the camp of the rebels between the urban poor, the peasants, the rebel military, artisans on the one hand and the clergy, wealthy merchants, and officials on the other.
The results of the uprising
The Pskov uprising was not the only one in the Russian state at that time. Peasant uprisings tormented the northwestern counties and continued until February 1651. And although Khovansky's army managed to capture and suppress a similar uprising in Novgorod, the tsar's detachment was exhausted and weak. In addition, unrest did not stop in the suburbs of Pskov. In Moscow itself, they were concerned about the growing tension with Sweden, which could lead to a new war. Therefore, in the summer of 1650, the tsarist government was forced to convene a Zemsky Sobor, at which some concessions were promised to the rebels.
Representatives of the Zemsky Sobor, headed by Bishop Raphael of Kolomna, arrived in Pskov on August 17. However, by the time they arrived, representatives of the city elite had seized power in the city, and an attempt by the city's lower classes to raise a new uprising on August 20 was unsuccessful. On August 25, the power of the governor was established in the city.
In October, the leaders of the Pskov uprising of 1650 were arrested, tortured and exiled.
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