On February 1, 1709, a miracle happened on the island of Mas a Tierra in the Pacific Ocean. The sailors of the English ship "Duke" found a dirty, goat-stinking savage in skins, who almost forgot human speech, but remembered some of the Bible, sailors' jargon and obscene English. It was the Scotsman Alexander Selkirk, the real prototype of Robinson Crusoe, who lived on a desert island for almost five years, having managed to establish a life and retain his mind. How did he end up in this Nowhere in the middle of the ocean? It all started with the fact that Alexander had a terrible character. The character of a true Scot.
How to get rid of a subordinate
if he constantly yells and tries to cripple you?
Alexander Selkirk was born in 1676 in a village on the border of the lowland and highland Scottish clans. We can say that from the very beginning he was unlucky: his father, a tanner and shoemaker, drank heavily and often beat his sons. Those, in turn, themselves from an early age were not fools to drink and fight. Alexander fell not far from the apple tree and grew up to be a real brawler. According to one version, it was because of a fight with his brothers and an attempt to beat his father to death that the young man had to leave his father's house and become a sailor.
His indefatigable character and readiness to get into a fight at any moment were combined with a quick mind and skill in sailor affairs. In general, this made him an ideal candidate for a pirate, and Alexander Selkirk quickly became a buccaneer in the service of His Majesty. In the end, he joined the company of an adventurer, traveler and ardent lover of stuffing the Spaniards with lead by the name of William Damper. The future Robinson showed himself well as a buccaneer: he fought zealously during boarding, quickly worked with his head, beer mug and hands, and advanced in the service.
William Damper, expedition organizer
Dumper trusted Alexander, so he put him in charge of one of his ships, the Sink Ports, which was commanded by Captain Stradling. The idea, as it turned out, was not without meaning, because after one of the fights with the Spaniards, Stradling decided to throw Damper with his adventurous ideas and organize his own maritime enterprise with robbery and violence.
Typical buccaneer of those years
The wrecked ship stopped at the Juan Fernandez archipelago to collect provisions and move on. Alexander Selkirk, who had been arguing furiously with the captain all the way, got involved in a new conflict: Stradling preferred to immediately sail on, and his assistant convinced that the ship would sink if it was not repaired. By the way, he turned out to be right, “Sink Ports” really sank from the very first strong wave, and only a small part of the sailors survived, but only to fall into Spanish captivity.
However, before the crash, the captain preferred to leave the order of the sailor who got him on the island of Mas-a-Tierra. The noisy Scot was left with a boat, a musket, gunpowder, a Bible, a bowler hat and some clothes. The next time he will see living people only after 4 years and 4 months.
Island with anomalous content of Robinsons
The uninhabited island of Mas a Tierra, on which Selkirk ended up, is a very peculiar piece of land. This is not just some kind of rock sticking out of the sea, but a place with its own unique history. In 1574, it was discovered by a Spanish navigator, a swindler and, as they would say now, a corrupt official and schemer Juan Fernandez. In fact, the archipelago got its name in honor of him. Juan discovered a real goldmine here: a rookery fur seals, whose fat then cost a fortune.
Fernandez needed start-up capital and so he begged the Spanish crown for finance to colonize the island. He was given money, seeds for crops and tools, as well as about half a thousand Indian slaves. The captain brought all this here and immediately abandoned it, and used most of the money to develop his enterprise for the extraction of seal fat. But it did not work out to create a solid trading empire: on one of the trips, Fernandez caught malaria and died.
What happened to the Indians after that is completely unclear. No traces of their stay were ever found, so there is a possibility that he did not bring anyone here, and all these recorded colonists are just " dead Souls". Theoretically, Fernandez could even throw them overboard along the way as ballast. In history, such cases with too annoying slaves have already happened, and more than once.
But the main thing: the Spanish rogue left here something without which Robinson's life would quickly come to an end. Goats and cats were brought to the island (to catch rats, which were also brought by Europeans).
Now this island is literally called "Robinson's Island".
In addition, Selkirk was not the first to be thrown to the mercy of fate here. Before that, three Dutch volunteers had already tried to survive on the island, and later the Spaniards “forgotten” one Indian servant who managed to live on Mas-a-Tierrai for three years. In 1687, the pirate captain Edward Davis landed here for a couple of years as punishment for nine sailors whom he wanted to teach a lesson for gambling addiction. In general, the history of this island was already filled with Robinsons like no other place in the world. Later, in the 19th century, Mas-a-Tierra would be turned into a prison for political criminals, who would live here in caves in almost primitive conditions. Moreover, two of them will later become presidents of Chile. The island is definitely attractive. interesting stories and non-banal personalities like a magnet.
How to live on a desert island
and observe Scottish customs?
The first thing Alexander Selkirk wanted to do was commit suicide. But at some point, he came to a reasonable conclusion: why shoot a musket at yourself when you can shoot local animals or Stradling (if this dog decides to return). The sailor knew that ships sailed here quite often, and fellow buccaneers periodically swim here in order to replenish water supplies. It seemed that it would only take a few weeks for the British to take him. We already know how long he actually had to wait for the Union Jack on the horizon. Unfortunately for Robinson, the Spaniards just began to actively fight against privateers and almost completely ousted them from this region - now there was especially no one to sail here.
Selkirk could well find traces of human presence here, and goats and cats clearly spoke of the fact that the island was once inhabited by people. At first, he had a hard time, and he did not leave the coast, eating shellfish, turtle eggs and trying to hunt sea lions. Those turned out to be too aggressive and numerous - Alexander seemed to have landed on the lands belonging to the evil pinnipeds natives. He had to escape from their wrath and go deep into the island. There he found that these places were full of unafraid semi-domestic goats. For hundreds of years, they were greatly crushed and decayed, but they were good for meat.
Life and adventures of Robinson Crusoe are largely taken from the life of Selkirk. Unless there was a dog and Friday
Later, Selkirk managed to domesticate some of them, and milk and skins appeared at his disposal. Of these, he managed to sew clothes - the years of life with his father-tanner were not in vain. In addition, we managed to find wild turnips, cabbage and peppers here (most likely, also brought by other Robinsons). In any case, there were not enough domesticated goats, and he had to hunt wild ones. However, the gunpowder supplies ran out, and Selkirk chased animals around the island on his own two feet with a makeshift knife in his hands. He made it by sharpening the metal hoop of one of the barrels that washed ashore. The weapon was lousy, but fearless goats, who did not know predators, were easily given into hands.
Scottish nature showed itself even on a desert island with minimal opportunities for a civilized life. It is not known whether Alexander Selkirk cooked haggis from goat offal (probably yes), but what he did in Scotch was housing. In 2008, archaeologists were able to find traces of two huts built opposite each other by Selkirk.
This was done in the tradition of the Highland shepherds: it is customary to set up not one, but two shacks nearby: for housing and for cooking and storing food. Obviously, this was a necessity where, due to strong winds, the buildings could instantly burn to the ground (even in this case, the shepherd had at least a roof over his head).
Even feral cats were domesticated - without them, all Selkirk's reserves would have been devoured by greedy and embittered rats. So over the years he has more or less adjusted the way of life and made life here bearable. But loneliness tormented him and, in order not to completely lose his mind, the pirate every day read psalms aloud to his goats and cats. Not that even such a shock could make him a religious person, but there were no other hobbies foreseen here.
All these days, Alexander kept his calendar, marking the days lived. Four years later, it turns out that he got confused and noted for himself a couple of extra months of life on the island - apparently, sometimes, having forgotten, he celebrated the same day twice. When all entertainment is limited to reading the Bible, squeezing wild cats and goat hunting, making such a mistake is easy.
Alexander Selkirk is saved
and Daniel Defoe is the best story of his life
Twice ships sailed past the island and twice it was the damned Spaniards. Even in such a situation, Robinson preferred not to mess with them and hid from the possible eyes of the sailors. Considering how many of them he sent to feed the sea creatures, it was not worth waiting for anything other than execution. Finally, in 1709, after four and a half years of ordeal and hardship, he saw the British flag and heard a familiar speech. Perhaps no Scotsman in history rejoiced so much at the arrival of the English.
It turned out that these were not just regular sailors, but the team of that same adventurer William Damper, which once included Selkirk himself. Some of the pirates might even recognize this man, covered in mud and goatskins, as an old comrade who was remembered for his exuberant temper and highland accent. During the years of loneliness, Robinson almost lost his speech skills. He could speak with difficulty, but his scolding and sailor's dialect once again convinced the saviors that they were facing an experienced British privateer, and not some native.
The “savage” was washed, shaved, made his hero, and Captain Woods Rogers, who was in charge of the expedition, immediately announced Selkirk as the governor of the island “colonized” by him in four years. His subsequent life was full of curious events, but they did not come close in terms of brightness of impressions with this dull hell, in which he almost lost his mind from boredom, bleating goats and monotony.
Saving Private Selkirk
Alexander Selkirk arrived in Britain and for some time became a star of almost a national scale: newspapers wrote about him, an idle public and even high society were interested in him. He received a lot of money for those times - 800 pounds sterling - and could afford to live comfortably. The same Captain Woods Rogers, who saved Selkirk, gave him a considerable place in his bestseller of those times " Trip around the world: the adventures of an English corsair.
Alexander often told his story in pubs, but, of course, not everyone believed him, so the quick-tempered Robinson had to use his fists to prove the truth of his words. For some time he cohabited with a lady of dubious moral character, and later married, but to another - a cheerful widowed innkeeper named Francis Candice.
It can be said that bitter experience taught him nothing, and one day he again became a sailor. The former pirate joined the corsair hunters, although in the professional sense there was little difference - sail and board the Spaniards and French. But you can say otherwise: he was disgusted by the land, and drinking companions in pubs seemed not much more interesting than the goats to whom he read psalms on the island of Mas-a-Tierra. On one of these trips along West Africa Alexander Selkirk died of yellow fever, and his body was buried in the waters near Guinea. Restless and rebellious, he did not want to stay on too stable and boring land, and the sea took him forever.
The business of hunting pirates is not much different from piracy itself.
Most likely, before writing his "Robinson Crusoe" in 1719, Daniel Defoe saw Alexander Selkirk and listened to his story. After all, there were too many details in the novel that fit life on the island. To avoid accusations of plagiarism, Defoe sent his hero to the Caribbean and changed his name. In addition, he combined two stories about the lost on the island of Mas a Tierra: the story of Selkirk and the same Indian who lived there long before him. In Robinson Crusoe, the Indian servant, forgotten by the Spaniards, turned into Friday, so it's a stretch to say that he had his own real prototype.
By the way, in the continuation of the adventures of Robinson Crusoe, Defoe described his wanderings in Siberia, China and Southeast Asia. So, for example, in the book the hero spends eight months in Tobolsk, simultaneously studying the customs and life of the Tatars and Cossacks, who seem to the British no less exotic than the tribes of cannibals. It is easy to guess that these stories have nothing to do with Alexander Selkirk and Daniel Defoe, once inspired by the story of a Scottish sailor, just got carried away.
Daniel Defoe's novel about the adventures of Robinson Crusoe remains very popular today. The terrible tragedy that formed the basis of the work became very vital and struck many readers. How many years did Robinson Crusoe spend on the island?
The ship on which the protagonist was sailing suffered a terrible accident, as a result of which all the people on board the ship died. Only Robinson survived. The protagonist spent 12 days at sea, until, finally, he got ashore on an unknown island. For a long time, the main character could not come to his senses. However, having decided that it was necessary to survive, Robinson began to adapt to the local nature - he designed a dwelling for himself, found means of subsistence, even tried to tame local animals. Despite the fact that the island was completely uninhabited, Robinson still manages to survive. How many years will Robinson Crusoe spend on the island?
Crusoe builds three houses for himself, two of which are on the very shore, in case ships suddenly sail and they can be seen. One is in the very depths of the jungle so that you can find food for yourself.
New friend
Considering how much time Robinson Crusoe spent on the island, the main character has already lost count of days and months. One day, Crusoe finds human remains on the other side. Exploring the area, Robinson sees a tribe of natives who have taken two people prisoner. One had already become a dinner for the tribe, and the other was still alive. When the main character decides to save the prisoner, he abruptly takes off and runs towards Robinson's house. Crusoe manages to protect the prisoner, after which he calls him a strange name - "Friday". Friday stays with Crusoe and becomes his friend.
The rescue
How many years did Robinson Crusoe spend on the island before he managed to escape? The work says that, having lived on the island for twenty-five years, a ship suddenly moored to the shore, on which a riot arose. It is on this ship that the protagonist sails with Friday, returning to civilized life.
Returning home, Robinson married, and soon he had three children. The family business at home brought him a huge income. However, after the death of his wife, the main character decides to return to the island. He sells his lands and sails away to those shores that have become his home for all these years.
How many years did Robinson Crusoe spend on the island without losing hope of salvation? Over twenty years. The work teaches readers to never lose hope and faith in the best, shows how important life optimism and the ability to survive in any critical situation.
In the blink of an eye, it became a bestseller and laid the foundation for the classic English novel. The work of the author gave impetus to a new literary direction and cinema, and the name of Robinson Crusoe has become a household name. Despite the fact that Defoe's manuscript is saturated with philosophical reasoning from cover to cover, it has firmly established itself among young readers: "The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe" is usually referred to as children's literature, although adult lovers of non-trivial plots are ready to plunge into unprecedented adventures on a desert island along with the main hero.
History of creation
Writer Daniel Defoe immortalized given name, publishing the philosophical adventure novel "Robinson Crusoe" in 1719. Although the writer wrote far from one book, it was the work about the unfortunate traveler that firmly settled in the mind literary world. Few people know that Daniel not only pleased the regulars bookstores, but also introduced the inhabitants of foggy Albion to such literary genre like a novel.
The writer called his manuscript an allegory, taking philosophical teachings, prototypes of people and incredible stories as a basis. Thus, the reader not only observes the suffering and willpower of Robinson, thrown to the sidelines of life, but also a man who is morally reborn in communion with nature.
Defoe came up with this seminal work for a reason; the fact is that the masters of the word were inspired by the stories of the boatswain Alexander Selkirk, who spent four years on the uninhabited island of Mas-a-Tierra in Pacific Ocean.
When the sailor was 27 years old, he, as part of the ship's crew, went on a voyage to the shores South America. Selkirk was a stubborn and caustic man: the adventurer did not know how to keep his mouth shut and did not observe subordination, so the slightest remark by Stradling, the captain of the ship, provoked a violent conflict. Once, after another quarrel, Alexander demanded to stop the ship and land it on land.
Perhaps the boatswain wanted to scare his boss, but he immediately satisfied the requirements of the sailor. When the ship began to approach the desert island, Selkirk immediately changed his mind, but Stradling was unforgiving. The sailor, who paid for his sharp tongue, spent four years in the “exclusion zone”, and then, when he managed to return to life in society, he began to walk around the bars and tell the stories of his adventures to local onlookers.
The island where Alexander Selkirk lived. Now called Robinson Crusoe Island Alexander ended up on the island with a small supply of things, he had gunpowder, an ax, a gun and other accessories. Initially, the sailor suffered from loneliness, but over time he was able to adapt to the harsh realities of life. Rumor has it that, having returned to the city's cobbled streets with stone houses, the lover of navigation missed being on an uninhabited piece of land. The journalist Richard Style, who loved to listen to the traveler's stories, quoted Selkirk as saying:
“I now have 800 pounds, but I will never be as happy as I was when I had not a farthing in my soul.”
Richard Style published Alexander's stories in The Englishman, indirectly introducing Britain to the man who would be called in modern times. But it is possible that the newspaperman took the sayings from his own head, so this publication is pure truth or fiction - one can only guess.
Daniel Defoe never revealed the secrets of his own novel to the public, so hypotheses among writers continue to develop to this day. Since Alexander was an uneducated drunk, he did not look like his book incarnation in the face of Robinson Crusoe. Therefore, some researchers are inclined to believe that Henry Pitman served as a prototype.
This doctor was sent into exile in the West Indies, but did not accept his fate and, together with his comrades in misfortune, made an escape. It is difficult to say whether luck was on Henry's side. After the shipwreck, he ended up on the uninhabited island of Salt-Tortuga, although in any case, everything could have ended much worse.
Other lovers of novels are inclined to believe that the writer was based on the lifestyle of a certain ship captain, Richard Knox, who lived in captivity in Sri Lanka for 20 years. It should not be ruled out that Defoe turned himself into Robinson Crusoe. The master of the word had a busy life, he not only dipped a pen in an inkwell, but also engaged in journalism and even espionage.
Biography
Robinson Crusoe was the third son in the family and from early childhood he dreamed of sea adventures. The boy's parents wished the offspring a happy future and did not want his life to look like a biography or. In addition, Robinson's older brother died in the war in Flanders, and the middle one went missing.
Therefore, the father saw in the main character the only support in the future. He tearfully begged his offspring to take up his mind and strive for a measured and calm life of an official. But the boy did not prepare for any craft, but spent his days idly, dreaming of conquering the water space of the Earth.
The instructions of the head of the family calmed his stormy ardor for a while, but when young man turned 18, he secretly collected his belongings from his parents and was tempted by a free trip that his friend's father provided. Already the first day on the ship was a harbinger of future trials: the storm that broke out awakened repentance in Robinson's soul, which passed along with inclement weather and was finally dispelled by alcoholic beverages.
It is worth saying that this was far from the last black streak in the life of Robinson Crusoe. The young man managed to turn from a merchant into a miserable slave of a robber ship after it was captured by Turkish corsairs, and also visited Brazil after he was rescued by a Portuguese ship. True, the rescue conditions were harsh: the captain promised the young man freedom only after 10 years.
In Brazil, Robinson Crusoe worked tirelessly on tobacco and sugarcane plantations. Main character The works continued to lament over the instructions of his father, but the passion for adventure outweighed a calm lifestyle, so Crusoe again got involved in adventures. Robinson's colleagues in the workshop had heard enough of his stories about trips to the shores of Guinea, so it is not surprising that the planters decided to build a ship in order to secretly transport slaves to Brazil.
The transportation of slaves from Africa was fraught with the dangers of sea passage and legal difficulties. Robinson participated in this illegal expedition as a ship's clerk. The ship sailed on September 1, 1659, that is, exactly eight years after his escape from home.
The prodigal son did not attach importance to the omen of fate, but in vain: the team survived a severe storm, and the ship leaked. In the end, the remaining crew members set off on a boat that capsized due to a huge shaft the size of a mountain. The exhausted Robinson turned out to be the only survivor from the team: the main character managed to get out onto land, where his long-term adventures began.
Plot
When Robinson Crusoe realized that he was on a desert island, he was overcome by despair and grief for his dead comrades. In addition, hats, caps and shoes thrown ashore reminded of past events. Having overcome depression, the protagonist began to think about a way to survive in this evil and God-forsaken place. The hero finds supplies and tools on the ship, and is also engaged in the construction of a hut and a palisade around it.
The most necessary thing for Robinson was the carpenter's box, which at that time he would not have exchanged for a whole ship filled with gold. Crusoe realized that he would have to stay on a desert island for more than one month or even more than one year, so he began to equip the territory: Robinson sowed the fields with cereals, and tamed wild goats became a source of meat and milk.
This unfortunate traveler felt like a primitive man. Cut off from civilization, the hero had to show ingenuity and industriousness: he learned how to bake bread, make clothes and burn clay dishes.
Among other things, Robinson took pens, paper, ink, a Bible from the ship, as well as a dog, a cat and a talkative parrot, which brightened up his lonely existence. In order to "at least somehow relieve his soul", the protagonist kept a personal diary, where he wrote down both remarkable and insignificant events, for example: "Today it rained."
Exploring the island, Crusoe discovered traces of savage cannibals who travel overland and arrange feasts, where the main dish is human meat. One day, Robinson rescues a captive savage who was supposed to get on the table to the cannibals. Crusoe teaches a new acquaintance English language and calls it Friday, since on this day of the week their fateful acquaintance took place.
During the next cannibal raid, Crusoe, along with Friday, attack the savages and rescue two more prisoners: Friday's father and the Spaniard, whose ship was wrecked.
Finally, Robinson caught his luck by the tail: a ship captured by the rebels sails to the island. The heroes of the work free the captain and help him regain control of the ship. Thus, Robinson Crusoe, after 28 years of living on a desert island, returns to the civilized world to relatives who considered him dead long ago. Daniel Defoe's book has a happy ending: in Lisbon, Crusoe makes a profit from a Brazilian plantation, which makes him fabulously rich.
Robinson no longer wants to travel by sea, so he transports his wealth to England by land. There he and Friday are waiting for the last test: when crossing the Pyrenees, the heroes are blocked by a hungry bear and a pack of wolves, with whom they have to fight.
- The novel about a traveler who settled down on a desert island has a continuation. Book " Further adventures Robinson Crusoe" was published in 1719 along with the first part of the work. True, she did not find recognition and fame among the reading public. In Russia, this novel was not published in Russian from 1935 to 1992. The third book, Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe, has not yet been translated into Russian.
- In the film "The Life and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe" (1972), the main role went to, who shared the set with Vladimir Marenkov and Valentin Kulik. This picture was watched by 26.3 million viewers in the USSR.
- The full title of Defoe's work is: "The life, extraordinary and amazing adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a sailor from York, who lived for 28 years all alone on a desert island off the coast of America near the mouth of the Orinoco River, where he was thrown out by a shipwreck, during which the entire crew of the ship , besides him, perished, with an account of his unexpected release by pirates, written by himself".
- "Robinsonade" is a new genre in adventure literature and cinema that describes the survival of a person or group of people on a desert island. The number of works filmed and written in a similar style cannot be counted, but popular television series can be distinguished, for example, Lost, where Terry O'Quinn, Naveen Andrews and other actors played.
- The main character from Defoe's work migrated not only to films, but also to animated works. In 2016, viewers saw the family comedy Robinson Crusoe: A Very Inhabited Island.
Visiting Robinson Crusoe:
carousel game for middle school students
based on the novel by D. Defoe
February 2, 1709 from Masa Tierra they filmed someone who lived there, alone, for more than four years Alexandra Selkirk, which became the prototype of Robinson Crusoe.
And 10 years later, in 1719. the famous novel Daniel Defoe "The Life and Extraordinary Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe" that is, this book is already over 285 years old. And it cost, having appeared, not at all cheap - 5 shillings. Poor readers had to put aside shillings gradually, because everyone who only knew how to read wished to read the book.
The author of the book was the English writer D. Defoe, who himself had sixty years of excellent adventure life behind him by the time the book was written. He was born in London in 1660, his father was a small merchant, and the young man after graduating from college was preparing for a career as a preacher. As a child, he witnessed the plague and the great fire of London. Inquisitive, courageous, enterprising, Defoe changed many different activities in his lifetime. He traveled a lot in Europe, was in the hands of pirates, tirelessly tried to get rich, was engaged in trade, went bankrupt, went to prison for debts, became rich thirteen times and again poor. Participated in political struggle and even rebellion. For angry pamphlets against the Anglican Church and government, he was subjected to fines, imprisonment and once - an unforgettable humiliation: he stood in the stocks at the pillory. He was also on public service, carried out secret missions - was an English spy in Scotland. He published the newspaper "Review", and also held the posts of treasurer-manager of the royal lottery.
And now, in his declining years, having remained out of politics by the will of circumstances, D. Defoe added to the four hundred works already in his compositional baggage that became the most famous - “The Life and Extraordinary Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe”. At the request of readers, Defoe soon published two sequels: "The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe" and "Serious Reflections in a Lifetime and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe". The sequels no longer had a resounding success and were not worthy of it.
Until now, no one knows: why, at the age of seventy, Defoe left his home in the suburbs of London and hid in a secret shelter. He died April 26, 1731.
Quiz questions:
What country did Robinson Crusoe live in? /England/
When did Robinson Crusoe go on a trip after running away from home?
How old was the hero of the book when did he first go on a sea voyage? /18/
Who was the prototype of R. Crusoe? /Alexander Selkirk/
Where was the uninhabited island where Robinson Crusoe was thrown after a shipwreck? / Off the coast of South America in the Atlantic Ocean /
Where did you spend your first night on the island of R. Crusoe? /On the tree/
Where did Robinson get his tools and a gun from on a desert island? /Sent from a broken ship/
What animals did R. Crusoe take from the ship? /Two cats and a dog/
How did R. Crusoe transport food and things from ship to shore? /on a raft/
Where did Robinson choose a place to live and why? /on the hillside/
What animals were found on the island of R. Crusoe? /goats, turtles, birds/
What edible fruits grew on the island? / Melons, grapes, lemons /
How did R. Crusoe mark the days of his stay on the island? / made notches on a pole /
How did R. Crusoe call the island he landed on? /Isle of Despair/
Which of the first animals on the island was tamed by Robinson Crusoe? /goat/
What was the first thing R. Crusoe made with his own hands? /raft/
What did Robinson take with him when he left the island? /umbrella and hat/
What clothes did Robinson wear? / When shirts and trousers were worn out, he sewed clothes for himself from the skins of animals he had killed /
Why did R. Crusoe sew an umbrella and clothes with fur outside? /so that rainwater drains and does not soak in/
How many boats did Robinson Crusoe build? / Two /
What was the name of Robinson Crusoe's parrot? /Ass/
How many years did the parrot live with Robinson on the island? /26/
What did R. Crusoe use to enter his home? /side ladder/
How many dwellings did R. Crusoe have, what were they made of? /Two; canvas/
What crops did Robinson sow on his island? /rice, barley/
When did Robinson bake his first grain cakes? /on the 4th year of life on the island/
How many years did Friday live with R. Crusoe on the island? /five/
How many years did Robinson stay on the island? /28/
What did Robinson do to scare away the birds that were damaging his crops? / hung the shot birds on a high pole /
What dishes did R. Crusoe use? /clay/
What phrase did R. Crusoe teach the parrot? /Poor, poor Robinson/
How did R. Crusoe call the savage he saved and why? /Friday/
Who did Robinson take with him when he left the island? /Friday and parrot/
Thanks to what did R. Crusoe, living on a desert island, manage to stay alive? / Labor, energy, perseverance /
How did R. Crusoe manage to leave the island? / On a ship whose crew rebelled and they landed on the shore to disembark the captain /
Who did you save on Robinson Island and from what? /2 Savages and one Spaniard from being eaten by cannibals/
What happened to R. Crusoe after he left the island? / Returned to England, got rich, married /
Where did R. Crusoe keep his supplies? /In a cave /
Who, according to the will of his father, was to become r. Crusoe? /lawyer/
What did R. Crusoe make a shovel from? / From iron wood /
What country did Robinson Crusoe live in?
When did Robinson Crusoe go on a trip after running away from home?
How old was the hero of the book when he first went on a sea voyage?
Who was the prototype of R. Crusoe?
Where was the uninhabited island where Robinson Crusoe was thrown after a shipwreck?
Where did you spend your first night on the island of R. Crusoe?
Where did Robinson get his tools and a gun from on a desert island?
What animals did R. Crusoe take from the ship?
How did R. Crusoe deliver food and things from ship to shore?
Where did Robinson choose a place to live and why?
What animals were found on the island of R. Crusoe?
What edible fruits grew on the island?
How did R. Crusoe mark the days of his stay on the island?
How did R. Crusoe call the island he landed on?
Which of the first animals on the island was tamed by R. Crusoe?
What was the first thing R. Crusoe made with his own hands?
What did R. Crusoe take with him when he left the island?
What clothes did Robinson wear?
Why did R. Crusoe sew an umbrella and clothes with fur outside?
How many boats did Robinson Crusoe build?
What was the name of Robinson Crusoe's parrot?
How many years did the parrot live with Robinson on the island?
What did R. Crusoe use to enter his home?
How many dwellings did R. Crusoe have, what did he make them from?
What crops did Robinson sow on his island?
When did Robinson bake his first grain cakes?
How many years did Friday live with Robinson on the island?
How many years did Robinson stay on the island?
Where did Robinson store his supplies?
What did Robinson do to scare away the birds that were damaging his crops?
What dishes did Robinson Crusoe use?
What phrase did Robinson Crusoe teach the parrot?
What did Robinson Crusoe call the savage he saved and why?
Who did Robinson take with him when he left the island?
Thanks to what did R. Crusoe, living on a desert island, manage to stay alive?
How was Robinson able to leave the island?
Who did you save on Robinson Island and from what?
What happened to R. Crusoe after he left the island? /
Who was R. Crusoe to become at the behest of his father?
What did R. Crusoe make his shovel from? /From iron wood/
The plot is likely based on real history Alexander Selkirk, boatswain of the ship "Cinque Ports" ("Senk Por"), which was distinguished by an extremely quarrelsome and quarrelsome character. In 1704, he was landed at his own request on a desert island, supplied with weapons, food, seeds and tools. Selkirk lived on this island until 1709.
In August 1719, Defoe publishes a sequel - " The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe", and a year later -" Serious reflections of Robinson Crusoe", But only the first book entered the treasury of world literature, and it is with it that a new genre concept is associated -" Robinsonade".
The book was translated into Russian by Yakov Trusov and received the title " The Life and Adventures of Robinson Cruz, Natural Englishman"(1st ed., St. Petersburg, 1762-1764, 2nd - 1775, 3rd - 1787, 4th - 1811).
Plot
The book is written as a fictional autobiography of Robinson Crusoe, a Yorker who dreamed of traveling to distant seas. Against the will of his father, in 1651 he left his home and went with a friend to his first sea navigation. It ends in a shipwreck off the English coast, but this did not disappoint Crusoe, and he soon made several voyages on a merchant ship. In one of them, his ship was captured off the coast of Africa by Barbary pirates and Crusoe had to spend two years in captivity until he escaped on a longboat. He is picked up at sea by a Portuguese ship bound for Brazil, where he settled for the next four years, becoming a plantation owner.
Wanting to get rich faster, in 1659 he takes part in an illegal trading voyage to Africa for black slaves. However, the ship is caught in a storm and runs aground off an unknown island near the mouth of the Orinoco. Crusoe was the only survivor of the crew, swimming to the island, which turned out to be uninhabited. Overcome with despair, he rescues all the necessary tools and supplies from the ship before it is completely destroyed by storms. Having settled on the island, he builds himself a well-hidden and protected dwelling, learns to sew clothes, burn clay dishes, sows the fields with barley and rice from the ship. He also manages to tame the wild goats that lived on the island, this gives him a stable source of meat and milk, as well as skins for making clothes. Exploring the island for many years, Crusoe discovers traces of cannibal savages, who sometimes visit different parts of the island and arrange cannibal feasts. On one such visit, he rescues a captive savage who was about to be eaten. He teaches the native English and calls him Friday, as he saved him on that day of the week. Crusoe finds out that Friday is from Trinidad, which can be seen from the opposite side of the island, and that he was captured during a battle between Indian tribes.
On the next seen visit to the island by cannibals, Crusoe and Friday attack the savages and rescue two more captives. One of them turns out to be Friday's father, and the other is a Spaniard whose ship is also wrecked. In addition to him, more than a dozen more Spaniards and Portuguese escaped from the ship, who were in a hopeless situation with the savages on the mainland. Crusoe decides to send the Spaniard along with Friday's father on a boat to bring his comrades to the island and together build a ship on which they can all sail to civilized shores.
While Crusoe was waiting for the return of the Spaniard with his crew, an unknown ship arrived at the island. This ship was captured by the rebels, who were going to land a captain on the island with people loyal to him. Crusoe and Friday free the captain and help him regain control of the ship. The most unreliable rebels are left on the island, and Crusoe, after 28 years spent on the island, leaves it at the end of 1686 and in 1687 returns to England to his relatives, who considered him long dead. Crusoe goes to Lisbon in order to profit from his plantation in Brazil, which makes him very rich. After that, he transports his wealth overland to England to avoid traveling by sea. Friday accompanies him and along the way they have one last adventure together as they fight hungry wolves and a bear while crossing the Pyrenees.
Continuations
There is also a third book by Defoe about Robinson Crusoe, which has not yet been translated into Russian. It is entitled Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe. Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe ) and is a collection of essays on moral topics; the name of Robinson Crusoe was used by the author in order to attract public interest in this work.
Meaning
Defoe's novel became a literary sensation and spawned many imitations. He demonstrated the inexhaustible possibilities of man in the development of nature and in the fight against the hostile world. This message was very much in tune with the ideology of early capitalism and the Enlightenment. In Germany alone, in the forty years that followed the publication of the first book about Robinson, at least forty "Robinsonades" were published. Jonathan Swift challenged the optimism of Defoe's worldview in his thematically related Gulliver's Travels (1727).
In his novel Russian edition The New Robinson Cruse, or the Adventures of the Chief English Navigator, 1781), the German writer Johann Wezel subjected the pedagogical and philosophical discussions of the 18th century to sharp satire.
The German poetess Maria Luisa Weissmann in her poem "Robinson" philosophically comprehended the plot of the novel.
Filmography
| Year | A country | Name | Film Feature | Robinson Crusoe performer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | Robinson Crusoe | silent short film by Georges Méliès | Georges Méliès | |
| USA | Robinson Crusoe | silent short by Otis Turner | Robert Leonard | |
| USA | Little Robinson Crusoe | silent film by Edward F. Kline | Jackie Coogan | |
| USA | Adventures of Robinson Crusoe | silent short series by Robert F. Hill | Harry Myers | |
| Great Britain | Robinson Crusoe | silent film by M. A. Weatherell | M. A. Weatherell | |
| USA | Mr Robinson Crusoe | adventure comedy | Douglas Fairbanks (as Steve Drexel) | |
| USSR | Robinson Crusoe | black and white stereo film | Pavel Kadochnikov | |
| USA | His little mouse Friday | cartoon from the cycle Tom and Jerry | ||
| USA | Miss Robinson Crusoe | adventure film by Eugene Franke | Amanda Blake | |
| Mexico | Robinson Crusoe | film version by Luis Buñuel | Dan O'Herlihy | |
| USA | Rabbitson Crusoe | cartoon from the Looney Tunes cycle | ||
| USA | Robinson Crusoe on Mars | science fiction film | ||
| USA | Robinson Crusoe, US Navy Lieutenant | W. Disney studio comedy | Dick Van Dyke | |
| USSR | The Life and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe | adventure film by Stanislav Govorukhin | Leonid Kuravlyov | |
| Mexico | Robinson and Friday on a desert island | adventure film by René Cardona Jr. | Hugo Stiglitz | |
| USA, UK | Man Friday | parody movie | Peter O'Toole | |
| Italy | Signor Robinson | parody movie | Paolo Vilaggio (Robie) | |
| Czechoslovakia | The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, Sailor of York | animated film by Stanislav Latal | Vaclav Postranetsky | |
| UK, US | Crusoe | adventure film by Caleb Deschanel | Aidan Quinn | |
| USA | Robinson Crusoe | adventure movie | Pierce Brosnan | |
| France | Robinson Crusoe | adventure movie | Pierre Richard | |
| USA | Crusoe | television series | Philip Winchester | |
| France, Belgium | Robinson Crusoe: A very inhabited island | Belgian-French computer-animated film |
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Notes
Literature
- Urnov D. M. Robinson and Gulliver: The fate of two literary heroes / Otv. ed. A. N. Nikolyukin; USSR Academy of Sciences. - M .: Nauka, 1973. - 89 p. - (From the history of world culture). - 50,000 copies.(reg.)
Links
- in the library of Maxim Moshkov
An excerpt characterizing Robinson Crusoe
Vive ce roi vaillanti -[Long live Henry the Fourth!
Long live this brave king!
etc. (French song)]
sang Morel, winking his eye.
Ce diable a quatre…
- Vivarika! Wif seruvaru! sidblyaka…” the soldier repeated, waving his hand and really catching the tune.
- Look, smart! Go ho ho ho! .. - coarse, joyful laughter rose from different sides. Morel, grimacing, laughed too.
- Well, go ahead, go on!
Qui eut le triple talent,
De boire, de battre,
Et d "etre un vert galant ...
[Having a triple talent,
drink, fight
and be kind...]
- But it's also difficult. Well, well, Zaletaev! ..
“Kyu…” Zaletaev said with an effort. “Kyu yu yu…” he drew out, diligently protruding his lips, “letriptala, de bu de ba and detravagala,” he sang.
- Oh, it's important! That's so guardian! oh… ho ho ho! “Well, do you still want to eat?”
- Give him some porridge; after all, it will not soon eat up from hunger.
Again he was given porridge; and Morel, chuckling, set to work on the third bowler hat. Joyful smiles stood on all the faces of the young soldiers who looked at Morel. The old soldiers, who considered it indecent to engage in such trifles, lay on the other side of the fire, but occasionally, rising on their elbows, looked at Morel with a smile.
“People too,” said one of them, dodging in his overcoat. - And the wormwood grows on its root.
– Oo! Lord, Lord! How stellar, passion! To frost ... - And everything calmed down.
The stars, as if knowing that now no one would see them, played out in the black sky. Now flashing, now fading, now shuddering, they busily whispered among themselves about something joyful, but mysterious.
X
The French troops were gradually melting away in a mathematically correct progression. And that crossing over the Berezina, about which so much has been written, was only one of the intermediate steps in the destruction of the French army, and not at all the decisive episode of the campaign. If so much has been written and written about the Berezina, then on the part of the French this happened only because the disasters experienced by the Berezinsky broken bridge French army formerly evenly, here they suddenly grouped at one moment and into one tragic spectacle, which everyone has left in the memory. On the part of the Russians, they talked and wrote so much about the Berezina only because far from the theater of war, in St. Petersburg, a plan was drawn up (by Pfuel) to capture Napoleon in a strategic trap on the Berezina River. Everyone was convinced that everything would actually be exactly as planned, and therefore they insisted that it was the Berezinsky crossing that killed the French. In essence, the results of the Berezinsky crossing were much less disastrous for the French in the loss of guns and prisoners than the Red, as the figures show.
The only significance of the Berezinsky crossing lies in the fact that this crossing obviously and undoubtedly proved the falsity of all plans for cutting off and the validity of the only possible course of action required by both Kutuzov and all the troops (mass) - only following the enemy. The crowd of Frenchmen ran with an ever-increasing force of speed, with all their energy directed towards the goal. She ran like a wounded animal, and it was impossible for her to stand on the road. This was proved not so much by the arrangement of the crossing as by the movement on the bridges. When the bridges were broken through, unarmed soldiers, Muscovites, women with children, who were in the French convoy - everything, under the influence of inertia, did not give up, but ran forward into the boats, into the frozen water.
This endeavor was reasonable. The position of both the fleeing and the pursuing was equally bad. Staying with his own, each in distress hoped for the help of a comrade, for a certain place he occupied among his own. Having given himself over to the Russians, he was in the same position of distress, but he was placed on a lower level in the section of satisfying the needs of life. The French did not need to have correct information that half of the prisoners, with whom they did not know what to do, despite all the desire of the Russians to save them, were dying of cold and hunger; they felt that it could not be otherwise. The most compassionate Russian commanders and hunters of the French, the French in the Russian service could not do anything for the prisoners. The French were ruined by the disaster in which they were Russian army. It was impossible to take away bread and clothes from hungry, necessary soldiers, in order to give them not to harmful, not hated, not guilty, but simply unnecessary Frenchmen. Some did; but that was the only exception.
Behind was certain death; there was hope ahead. The ships were burned; there was no other salvation but a collective flight, and all the forces of the French were directed to this collective flight.
The farther the French fled, the more miserable were their remnants, especially after the Berezina, on which, as a result of the St. Petersburg plan, special hopes were placed, the more the passions of the Russian commanders flared up, blaming each other and especially Kutuzov. Believing that the failure of the Berezinsky Petersburg plan would be attributed to him, dissatisfaction with him, contempt for him and teasing him were expressed more and more strongly. Joking and contempt, of course, was expressed in a respectful form, in a form in which Kutuzov could not even ask what and for what he was accused. He was not spoken seriously; reporting to him and asking his permission, they pretended to perform a sad ceremony, and behind his back they winked and tried to deceive him at every step.
All these people, precisely because they could not understand him, it was recognized that there was nothing to talk about with the old man; that he would never understand the full depth of their plans; that he would answer his phrases (it seemed to them that these were only phrases) about the golden bridge, that it was impossible to come abroad with a crowd of vagabonds, etc. They had already heard all this from him. And everything he said: for example, that you have to wait for provisions, that people are without boots, it was all so simple, and everything they offered was so complicated and clever that it was obvious to them that he was stupid and old, but they were not powerful, brilliant commanders.
Especially after the unification of the armies of the brilliant admiral and the hero of St. Petersburg Wittgenstein, this mood and staff gossip reached its highest limits. Kutuzov saw this and, sighing, shrugged his shoulders. Only once, after the Berezina, did he get angry and write to Bennigsen, who delivered the following letter to the sovereign separately:
“Due to your painful seizures, if you please, Your Excellency, upon receipt of this, go to Kaluga, where you await further command and appointment from His Imperial Majesty.”
But after Benigsen's departure, the Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich came to the army, who made the beginning of the campaign and was removed from the army by Kutuzov. Now the Grand Duke, having arrived at the army, informed Kutuzov about the displeasure of the Emperor for the weak successes of our troops and for the slowness of movement. The Sovereign Emperor himself intended to come to the army the other day.
An old man, just as experienced in court affairs as in military affairs, that Kutuzov, who in August of that year was chosen commander-in-chief against the will of the sovereign, the one who removed the heir and the Grand Duke from the army, the one who, by his power, in opposition to the will of the sovereign, ordered the abandonment of Moscow, this Kutuzov now immediately realized that his time was over, that his role had been played and that he no longer had this imaginary power. And it was not just from court relations that he realized this. On the one hand, he saw that the military business, the one in which he played his role, was over, and he felt that his calling had been fulfilled. On the other hand, at the same time he began to feel physical weariness in his old body and the need for physical rest.
On November 29, Kutuzov entered Vilna - his good Vilna, as he said. Twice in his service, Kutuzov was governor in Vilna. In the rich surviving Vilna, in addition to the comforts of life, which he had been deprived of for so long, Kutuzov found old friends and memories. And he, suddenly turning away from all military and government concerns, plunged into an even, familiar life as much as he was given rest by the passions that boiled around him, as if everything that was happening now and about to happen in the historical world did not concern him at all.
Chichagov, one of the most passionate cut-offers and overturners, Chichagov, who wanted to first make a diversion to Greece, and then to Warsaw, but did not want to go where he was ordered, Chichagov, known for his bold speech with the sovereign, Chichagov, who considered Kutuzov blessed by himself, because when he was sent in the 11th year to conclude peace with Turkey, in addition to Kutuzov, he, convinced that peace had already been concluded, admitted to the sovereign that the merit of making peace belongs to Kutuzov; this Chichagov was the first to meet Kutuzov in Vilna at the castle where Kutuzov was supposed to stay. Chichagov in a naval uniform, with a dagger, holding his cap under his arm, gave Kutuzov a drill report and the keys to the city. That contemptuous respectful attitude of young people towards the old man who had gone out of his mind was expressed to the highest degree in the entire appeal of Chichagov, who already knew the accusations leveled against Kutuzov.
Speaking with Chichagov, Kutuzov, among other things, told him that the carriages with dishes he had recaptured from him in Borisov were intact and would be returned to him.
- C "est pour me dire que je n" ai pas sur quoi manger ... Je puis au contraire vous fournir de tout dans le cas meme ou vous voudriez donner des diners, [You want to tell me that I have nothing to eat. On the contrary, I can serve you all, even if you wanted to give dinners.] - flaring up, said Chichagov, who wanted to prove his case with every word and therefore assumed that Kutuzov was also preoccupied with this. Kutuzov smiled with his thin, penetrating smile and, shrugging his shoulders, answered: - Ce n "est que pour vous dire ce que je vous dis. [I only want to say what I say.]
In Vilna, Kutuzov, contrary to the will of the sovereign, stopped most of the troops. Kutuzov, as his close associates said, unusually sank and physically weakened during his stay in Vilna. He reluctantly took care of the affairs of the army, leaving everything to his generals and, while waiting for the sovereign, indulged in a dispersed life.
Having left with his retinue - Count Tolstoy, Prince Volkonsky, Arakcheev and others, on December 7 from Petersburg, the sovereign arrived in Vilna on December 11 and drove straight to the castle in a road sleigh. At the castle, despite the severe frost, there were about a hundred generals and staff officers in full dress uniform and the guard of honor of the Semyonovsky regiment.
The courier, who galloped to the castle on a sweaty troika, ahead of the sovereign, shouted: "He's on his way!" Konovnitsyn rushed into the hall to report to Kutuzov, who was waiting in a small Swiss room.
A minute later, a fat, large figure of an old man, in full dress uniform, with all the regalia covering his chest, and his belly pulled up by a scarf, swaying, came out onto the porch. Kutuzov put on his hat along the front, took gloves in his hands and sideways, stepping with difficulty down the steps, stepped down from them and took in his hand the report prepared for submission to the sovereign.
Running, whispering, the troika still desperately flying by, and all eyes were fixed on the jumping sleigh, in which the figures of the sovereign and Volkonsky were already visible.
All this, according to fifty years of habit, had a physically unsettling effect on the old general; he anxiously hurriedly felt himself, straightened his hat, and at that moment, as the sovereign, getting out of the sleigh, raised his eyes to him, cheered up and stretched out, filed a report and began to speak in his measured, ingratiating voice.
The emperor glanced at Kutuzov from head to toe, frowned for a moment, but immediately, overcoming himself, came up and, spreading his arms, hugged the old general. Again, according to the old, familiar impression and in relation to his sincere thoughts, this embrace, as usual, had an effect on Kutuzov: he sobbed.
The sovereign greeted the officers, with the Semyonovsky guard, and, shaking the old man's hand once more, went with him to the castle.
Left alone with the field marshal, the emperor expressed his displeasure at the slowness of the pursuit, for the mistakes in Krasnoye and on the Berezina, and told him his thoughts on the future campaign abroad. Kutuzov did not make any objections or comments. The same submissive and senseless expression with which, seven years ago, he listened to the orders of the sovereign on the field of Austerlitz, was now established on his face.
