Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky were combat Russian sailors: both in 1788-1790. participated in four battles against the Swedes. The voyage of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky is the beginning new era in the history of Russian navigation
The purpose of the expedition
Route and map of the round-the-world expedition of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky Do the first circumnavigation in history Russian fleet. Deliver-pick up goods from Russian America. Establish diplomatic contacts with Japan. Show the profitability of direct trade in furs from Russian America to China. Prove the benefits of the sea route from Russian America to St. Petersburg in comparison with the land route. Conduct various geographic observations and Scientific research along the route of the expedition.
The composition of the expedition
The expedition started from Kronstadt on July 26 (August 7), 1803. under the direction of , who was 32 years old. The expedition included:
- Three-masted sloop "Nadezhda", with a displacement of 450 tons, a length of 35 meters. Acquired in England specifically for the expedition. The ship was not new, but endured all the difficulties of circumnavigating the world. The total team size is 65 people. Commander - Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern.
- Three-masted sloop "Neva", displacement 370 tons. Bought there specifically for the expedition. He endured all the difficulties of circumnavigating the world, after he was the first Russian ship who visited Australia in 1807. The total number of the ship's crew is 54 people. Commander - Yury Fedorovich Lisyansky.
Emperor Alexander I personally inspected both sloops and allowed them to raise military flags Russian Empire. The emperor took over the maintenance of one of the ships at his own expense, and the Russian-American Company and one of the main inspirers of the expedition, Count N.P. Rumyantsev, took over the costs of operating the other.
The sailors were all Russians - this was Kruzenshtern's condition
Expedition results
And in July 1806, with a difference of two weeks, the Neva and Nadezhda returned to the Kronstadt raid, making the whole trip in 3 years 12 days. Both of these sailboats, like their captains, have become world famous. The first Russian round-the-world expedition had a huge scientific significance on a global scale. The studies conducted by Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky had no analogues.
As a result of the expedition, many books were published, about two dozen geographical points were named after famous captains.
On the left is Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Right - Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky The description of the expedition was published under the title "Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships Nadezhda and Neva, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Kruzenshtern", in 3 volumes, with an atlas of 104 maps and engraved paintings, and has been translated into English, French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Italian and Danish.
But the further fate of the sailboats "Nadezhda" and "Neva" was not very successful. All that is known about the Neva is that the ship visited Australia in 1807. "Hope" also died in 1808 off the coast of Denmark. In honor of the sloop Nadezhda, the Russian training sailing vessel, the frigate Nadezhda, was named. And the name of her truly great captain is the legendary barque Kruzenshtern.
A film about the first round-the-world trip of Russians
The film "Neva" and "Hope". The first Russian voyage around the world. Channel "Russia"
Filming took place in locations associated with the expedition. These are 16 geographical points - from Alaska to Cape Horn. The viewer will get a clear opportunity to assess the magnitude of the accomplishments of Russian sailors. Filming also took place on the sailing ship Kruzenshtern. Instruments, household items, maritime traditions - everyone will be able to imagine themselves as a participant in the campaign, feel the hardships that have fallen to their lot.
For the first time, engravings made by members of the expedition and brought to life with the help of computer graphics will be shown. Some scenes were filmed in specially built pavilions and stylized as a movie from the beginning of the 20th century. For the first time, diaries of participants in the voyage will also be heard: they are read in the film by the peers of the heroes - famous actors.
The narrative of the journey is not limited to the historical film genre. The description of the voyage is interspersed with a story about today's most important stopping points of the expedition.
Domestic navigators - explorers of the seas and oceans Zubov Nikolai Nikolaevich
2. Round-the-world voyage of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky on the ships Nadezhda and Neva (1803–1806)
2. Round-the-world voyage of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva"
The main tasks of the first Russian round-the-world expedition of Kruzenshtern-Lisyansky were: delivery to Far East cargoes of the Russian-American company and the sale of furs of this company in China, the delivery of an embassy to Japan, which had the goal of establishing trade relations with Japan, and the production of associated geographical discoveries and research.
For the expedition, two ships were bought in England: one with a displacement of 450 tons, called the Nadezhda, and another with a displacement of 350 tons, called the Neva. Lieutenant Commander Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern took command of the Nadezhda, Lieutenant Commander Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky took command of the Neva.
The crews of both ships, both officers and sailors, were military and recruited from volunteers. Krusenstern was advised to take several foreign sailors for the first round-the-world voyage. “But,” writes Kruzenshtern, “I, knowing the predominant properties of Russian, which I even prefer to English, did not agree to follow this advice.” Kruzenshtern never repented of this. On the contrary, after crossing the equator, he noted a remarkable property of a Russian person - it is equally easy to endure both the most severe cold and the burning heat.
71 people sailed on the Nadezhda and 53 people on the Neva. In addition, the astronomer Horner, the naturalists Tilesius and Langsdorf, and the doctor of medicine Laband participated in the expedition.
Despite the fact that Nadezhda and Neva belonged to a private Russian-American company, Alexander I allowed them to sail under a military flag.
All preparations for the expedition were carried out very carefully and lovingly. On the advice of G. A. Sarychev, the expedition was equipped with the most modern astronomical and navigational instruments, in particular chronometers and sextants.
Unexpectedly, just before setting sail, Kruzenshtern was given the task of taking to Japan Ambassador Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov, one of the main shareholders of the Russian-American Company, who was supposed to try to establish trade relations with Japan. Rezanov and his retinue fit on the Nadezhda. This task forced us to reconsider the work plan of the expedition and, as we will see later, resulted in the loss of time for the Nadezhda to sail to the shores of Japan and stop in Nagasaki.
The very intention of the Russian government to establish trade relations with Japan was quite natural. After the Russians entered the Pacific Ocean, Japan became one of Russia's closest neighbors. It has already been mentioned that even the Spanberg expedition was tasked with finding sea routes to Japan, and that the ships of Spanberg and Walton were already approaching the shores of Japan and conducted friendly barter with the Japanese.
It happened further that on the Aleutian island of Amchitka around 1782 a Japanese ship was wrecked and its crew was brought to Irkutsk, where they lived for almost 10 years. Catherine II ordered the Siberian governor-general to send the detained Japanese home and use this pretext to establish trade with Japan. Lieutenant Adam Kirillovich Laksman, elected as a representative for the negotiations of the Guard, on the transport "Ekaterina" under the command of navigator Grigory Lovtsov, set off from Okhotsk in 1792 and spent the winter in the harbor of Nemuro on the eastern tip of the island of Hokkaido. In the summer of 1793, at the request of the Japanese, Laxman moved to the port of Hakodate, from where he traveled by land for negotiations to Matsmai - main city islands of Hokkaido. During the negotiations, Laxman, thanks to his diplomatic skill, was successful. In particular, paragraph 3 of the document received by Laxman stated:
“3. The Japanese cannot enter into negotiations on trade anywhere, except for the one assigned to this port of Nagasaki, and therefore now they only give Laxman a written form with which one Russian ship can arrive at the aforementioned port, where Japanese officials will be located who will have to negotiate with the Russians on this subject. ". Having received this document, Laxman returned to Okhotsk in October 1793. Why this permission was not used immediately remains unknown. In any case, Nadezhda, together with Ambassador Rezanov, was supposed to go to Nagasaki.
During the stay in Copenhagen (August 5-27) and in another Danish port, Helsingør (August 27-September 3), cargoes were carefully shifted on the Nadezhda and on the Neva and the chronometers were checked. The scientists Horner, Tilesius and Langsdorf invited to the expedition arrived in Copenhagen. On the way to Falmouth (southwest England), during a storm, the ships parted and the Neva -14, and the Nadezhda -16 September arrived there.
Nadezhda and Neva left Falmouth on September 26 and on October 8 anchored in Santa Cruz Bay on the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands), where they stayed until October 15.
November 14, 1803 "Nadezhda" and "Neva" for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet crossed the equator. Of all the officers and sailors, only the commanders of the ships, who had previously sailed as volunteers in the English fleet, crossed it before. Who would have thought then that seventeen years later the Russian warships Vostok and Mirny, making a round-the-world voyage in high southern latitudes, would discover what the sailors of other nations could not - the sixth continent the globe- Antarctica!
On December 9, the ships came to the island of St. Catherine (off the coast of Brazil) and stayed here until January 23, 1804, to change the fore and main masts on the Neva.
Rounding Cape Horn, the ships parted on March 12 during a storm. In this case, Kruzenshtern appointed successive meeting places in advance: Easter Island and the Marquesas Islands. However, on the way, Kruzenshtern changed his mind, went straight to the Marquesas Islands, and on April 25 anchored off the island of Nuku Hiva.
Lisyansky, unaware of such a change in route, went to Easter Island, stayed with him under sail from April 4 to 9, and, without waiting for Kruzenshtern, went to the island of Nuku-Khiva, where he arrived on April 27.
The ships stayed off the island of Nuku Hiva until May 7. During this time, a convenient anchorage was found and described, called the port of Chichagov, and the latitudes and longitudes of several islands and points were determined.
From the island of Nuku Hiva, the ships went north and on May 27 approached the Hawaiian Islands. Kruzenshtern's calculations to purchase fresh provisions from local residents were unsuccessful. Kruzenshtern stayed off the Hawaiian Islands under sail on May 27 and 28, and then, in order not to delay his task of visiting Nagasaki, he went straight to Petropavlovsk, where he arrived on July 3. Lisyansky, anchored off the island of Hawaii from May 31 to June 3, went according to plan to Kodiak Island.
From Petropavlovsk, Kruzenshtern went to sea on August 27, went south along eastern shores Japan and then the Van Diemen Strait (south of Kyushu) from Pacific Ocean to the East China Sea. September 26 "Hope" anchored in Nagasaki.
Rezanov's embassy was unsuccessful. The Japanese not only did not agree to any treaty with Russia, but did not even accept gifts intended for the Japanese emperor.
On April 5, 1805, Krusenstern, finally leaving Nagasaki, passed through the Korea Strait, ascended the Sea of Japan, which was then almost unknown to Europeans, and put on the map many notable points of the western coast of Japan. The position of some points was determined astronomically.
On May 1, Krusenstern passed through the La Perouse Strait from the Sea of Japan to the Sea of Okhotsk, carried out some hydrographic work here, and on May 23, 1805, returned to Petropavlovsk, where Rezanov's embassy left Nadezhda.
Round-the-world voyage of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky on the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" (1803-1806).
On September 23, 1805, Nadezhda, after reloading the holds and replenishing provisions, left Petropavlovsk on the return voyage to Kronstadt. Through the Bashi Strait, she proceeded to the South China Sea and on November 8 anchored in Macau.
"Neva" after parking at the Hawaiian Islands went, as already mentioned, to the Aleutian Islands. On June 26, Chirikov Island was opened, and on July 1, 1804, the Neva anchored in Pavlovskaya Harbor of Kodiak Island.
Having fulfilled the instructions given to him, having carried out some hydrographic work off the coast of Russian America and having accepted the furs of the Russian-American Company, Lisyansky on August 15, 1805 left Novo-Arkhangelsk also for Macau, as was previously agreed with Kruzenshtern. From Russian America, he took with him three Creole boys (Russian father, Aleut mother) in order for them to receive in Russia special education, and then returned to Russian America.
October 3 on the way to Canton, in the northern subtropical Pacific Ocean, we saw a lot of birds. Assuming that some unknown land was nearby, proper precautions were taken. However, in the evening, the Neva still ran aground. At dawn we saw that the Neva was near a small island. Soon it was possible to get off the shallows, but the Neva was again struck by a squall on the stones. Refloating, raising the cannons thrown into the sea with floats to lighten the ship, delayed the Neva in this area until October 7th. The island in honor of the commander of the ship was named Lisyansky Island, and the reef on which the Neva was sitting was the Neva reef.
On the way to Canton, the Neva withstood a severe typhoon, during which it received some damage. A significant amount of fur goods was soaked and then thrown overboard.
On November 16, rounding the island of Formosa from the south, the Neva entered the South China Sea and on November 21 anchored in Macau, where the Nadezhda was already anchored at that time.
The sale of furs delayed the Nadezhda and the Neva, and only on January 31, 1806 did both ships leave Chinese waters. Subsequently, the ships passed through the Sunda Strait and on February 21 entered the Indian Ocean.
On April 3, being almost at the Cape of Good Hope, in cloudy weather with rain, the ships parted.
As Kruzenshtern writes, “on April 26 (April 14, old st. N. 3.) we saw two ships, one on NW, and the other on NO. We recognized the first one as the Neva, but as the Nadezhda went worse, the Neva soon fell out of sight again, and we didn’t see it until our arrival in Kronstadt.
Kruzenshtern appointed the island of St. Helena as a meeting place in case of separation, where he arrived on April 21. Here Kruzenshtern learned about the break in relations between Russia and France, and therefore, having left the island on April 26, in order to avoid meeting with enemy cruisers, he chose the path to the Baltic Sea not through the English Channel, but to the north of the British Isles. On July 18–20, Nadezhda anchored in Helsingør and on July 21–25 in Copenhagen. On August 7, 1806, after an absence of 1,108 days, Nadezhda returned to Kronstadt. During the voyage, Nadezhda spent 445 days under sail. The longest passage from St. Helena to Helsingør lasted 83 days.
The Neva, after parting with the Nadezhda, did not go to St. Helena, but went straight to Portsmouth, where she stood from June 16 to July 1. Settling on a short time on the roadstead of the Downs and in Helsingor, the Neva arrived in Kronstadt on July 22, 1806, having spent 1090 days in the absence, of which 462 days were under sail. The longest was the passage from Macau to Portsmouth, it lasted 142 days. No other Russian ship made such a long sailing trip.
The health of the crews on both ships was excellent. During the three-year voyage on the Nadezhda, only two people died: the envoy's cook, who was ill with tuberculosis even when he entered the ship, and Lieutenant Golovachev, who shot himself for an unknown reason while staying off St. Helena. On the Neva, one sailor fell into the sea and drowned, three people were killed during a military skirmish near Novo-Arkhangelsk, and two sailors died of accidental illnesses.
The first Russian circumnavigation was marked by significant geographical results. Both ships, both in a joint voyage and in a separate one, all the time tried to arrange their courses either in such a way as to pass along the still “untrodden” paths, or in such a way as to pass to the dubious islands shown on old maps.
There were many such islands in the Pacific Ocean at that time. They were charted by brave sailors who used poor navigational tools and poor methods. It is not surprising, therefore, that the same island was sometimes discovered by many navigators, but placed under different names in different places on the map. Especially large were the errors in longitude, which on old ships was determined only by reckoning. So, for example, longitudes were determined during the voyage of Bering - Chirikov.
On "Nadezhda" and "Neva" there were sextants and chronometers. In addition, relatively shortly before their voyage, a method was developed for determining longitude on ships from the angular distances of the Moon from the Sun (in other words, the “method of lunar distances”). This greatly facilitated the determination of latitudes and longitudes at sea. And on the "Nadezhda" and on the "Neva" they did not miss a single opportunity to determine their coordinates. So, during the voyage of the Nadezhda in the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk, the number of points determined astronomically was more than a hundred. Frequent definitions geographical coordinates points visited or seen by the expedition members are a great contribution to geographical science.
Due to the accuracy of their calculation, based on frequent and accurate determinations of latitudes and longitudes, both ships were able to determine the directions and speeds of sea currents in many areas of their navigation by the difference between the numbered and observed places.
The accuracy of the reckoning on the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" allowed them to "remove from the map" many non-existent islands. Thus, upon leaving Petropavlovsk for Canton, Kruzenshtern arranged his courses with the expectation to follow the paths of the English captains Clerk and Gore and inspect the space between 33 and 37 ° N. sh. along the 146° east meridian. Near this meridian, several dubious islands were shown on their maps and on some others.
Lisyansky, on leaving Kodiak for Canton, arranged his courses in such a way as to cross the then almost unknown spaces of the Pacific Ocean and pass through the area in which the English captain Portlock in 1786 noticed signs of land and where he himself, on the way from the Hawaiian Islands to Kodiak, saw the sea otter. As we have seen, Lisyansky eventually succeeded, albeit much to the south, in discovering Lisyansky Island and the Kruzenshtern Reef.
Continuous and thorough meteorological and oceanological observations were carried out on both ships. On the Nadezhda, in addition to the usual measurements of the temperature of the surface layer of the ocean, the Six's thermometer, invented in 1782, was used for the first time for deep-sea research, designed to measure the highest and lowest temperatures. With the help of this thermometer, the vertical distribution of temperatures in the ocean was studied in seven places. In total, deep temperatures, down to a depth of 400 m, were determined in nine places. These were the first in the world practice to determine the vertical distribution of temperatures in the ocean.
Particular attention was paid to observations of the state of the sea. In particular, the bands and patches of the rough sea (rips) created at the meeting of sea currents were carefully described.
The glow of the sea was also noted, at that time still insufficiently explained. This phenomenon was investigated on Nadezhda as follows: “... they took a cup, put several sawdust in it, covered it with a white thin, double-folded handkerchief, on which they immediately poured water scooped from the sea, and it turned out that many dots that glowed when the handkerchief was shaken; the filtered water did not give the slightest light ... Dr. Langsdorf, who tested these small luminous bodies through a microscope ... discovered that many ... were real animals ... "
Now it is known that the glow is created by the smallest organisms and is divided into constant, arbitrary and forced (under the influence of irritation). The latter is discussed in the description of Kruzenshtern.
The descriptions of the nature and life of the population of the areas visited by Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky are very interesting. Of particular value are the descriptions of the Nukukhivs, Hawaiians, Japanese, Aleuts, American Indians and inhabitants of the northern part of Sakhalin.
On the island of Nuku Hiva, Krusenstern spent only eleven days. Of course, in such a short time, only a cursory impression could be created about the inhabitants of this island. But, fortunately, on this island, Kruzenshtern met an Englishman and a Frenchman who lived here for several years and, by the way, were at enmity with each other. From them, Kruzenshtern collected a lot of information, checking the stories of an Englishman by polling a Frenchman, and vice versa. In addition, the Frenchman left Nuku Khiva on the Nadezhda, and during the further voyage, Kruzenshtern had the opportunity to replenish his information. All sorts of collections, sketches, maps and plans brought by both courts deserve special attention.
Kruzenshtern, during his voyage in foreign waters, described: the southern coast of the island of Nuku Hiva, the southern coast of the island of Kyushu and the Van Diemen Strait, the islands of Tsushima and Goto and a number of other islands adjacent to Japan, the northwestern coast of Honshu, the entrance to the Sangar Strait, and also the western coast of Hokkaido.
Lisyansky, while sailing in the Pacific Ocean, described Easter Island, discovered and put on the map Lisyansky Island and the reefs of the Neva and Kruzenshtern.
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky were not only brave sailors and explorers, but also excellent writers who left us descriptions of their voyages.
In 1809–1812 Kruzenshtern's work "Traveling around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships" Nadezhda "and" Neva "in three volumes with an album of drawings and an atlas of maps" was published.
The books of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky were translated into foreign languages and for a long time served as navigation aids for ships sailing in the Pacific Ocean. Written on the model of Sarychev's books, they, in terms of content and form, in turn, served as a model for all books written by Russian navigators of subsequent times.
It should be emphasized once again that the voyages of the Nadezhda and the Neva pursued purely practical goals - scientific observations were made only along the way. Nevertheless, the observations of Krusenstern and Lisyansky would do credit to many purely scientific expeditions.
It is necessary to say a few words about some of the malfunctions, which, unfortunately, somewhat darken from a purely maritime point of view the brilliant first voyage of Russian sailors around the world.
The fact is that it was not by chance that two ships were sent to this expedition. Just as when organizing the sea expeditions of Bering - Chirikov and Billings - Sarychev, it was believed that the ships, sailing together, could always help each other in case of need.
According to the instructions, the separate voyage of the Nadezhda and the Neva was allowed only for the duration of the Nadezhda's visit to Japan. This was justified by the fact that Japan, according to the previous agreement, allowed only one Russian ship to enter Japan. What actually happened?
During a storm near Cape Horn, the Nadezhda and the Neva parted ways. Kruzenshtern did not go to the agreed in advance, in case of separation, meeting place - Easter Island, but went straight to the second agreed meeting point - the Marquesas Islands, where the ships met and went on together to the Hawaiian Islands. From the Hawaiian Islands, the ships went again separately, performing various tasks. The ships met again only in Macau, from where they went together to the Indian Ocean. Not far from Africa, the ships again lost sight of each other during a storm. In such a case, the island of St. Helena was appointed as the meeting place, where the Nadezhda entered. Lisyansky, carried away by the record for the duration of sailing, went straight to England. Kruzenshtern was wrong in not going to Easter Island, as was due. Lisyansky was also wrong in not going to St. Helena. References to separations due to the storm are not very convincing. Storms and fogs off the coast of Antarctica are no less frequent and strong than in the Indian Ocean, and meanwhile, as we shall see later, the ships of Bellingshausen and Lazarev never parted while rounding Antarctica.
This text is an introductory piece. From the book Pirates of the British Crown Francis Drake and William Dampier author Malakhovskiy Kim VladimirovichChapter Five The last circumnavigation of the world Enter into a share with Goldney, who contributed about 4 thousand pounds. Art. in a new enterprise, there were many willing from the most famous families of Bristol. Among them were merchants, and lawyers, and the alderman of Bristol Batchelor himself. I contributed my share and
From the book Domestic Navigators - Explorers of the Seas and Oceans author Zubov Nikolai Nikolaevich6. Golovnin's circumnavigation on the sloop "Kamchatka" (1817-1819) In 1816, it was decided to send a warship to the Far East with the following tasks: different materials and supplies to the ports of Petropavlovsk and Okhotsk, 2) to examine the state of affairs of the Russian-American company
From the book Three trips around the world author Lazarev Mikhail Petrovich11. Round-the-world voyage of M. Lazarev on the frigate "Cruiser" (1822-1825) and the voyage of Andrey Lazarev on the sloop "Ladoga" to Russian America (1822-1823) 36-gun frigate "Cruiser" under the command of Captain 2nd rank Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev and the 20-gun sloop Ladoga, which
From the book The first Russian voyage around the world author Kruzenshtern Ivan Fyodorovich13. Kotzebue circumnavigating the world on the sloop "Enterprise" (1823–1826) The sloop "Enterprise" under the command of Lieutenant Commander Otto Evstafievich Kotzebue was entrusted with the delivery of goods to Kamchatka and cruising to protect Russian settlements on the Aleutian Islands. At the same time
From the book Notes of a sailor. 1803–1819 author Unkovsky Semyon Yakovlevich14. Wrangel's round-the-world voyage on the Krotkiy transport (1825–1827) The Krotkiy military transport (90 feet long) specially built for the upcoming voyage under the command of Lieutenant Commander Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel, who had already completed a round-the-world voyage
From the author's book15. Stanyukovich's round-the-world voyage on the sloop Moller (1826-1829) Following the example of the previous round-the-world voyages, in 1826 it was decided to send two warships from Kronstadt to protect the fisheries in Russian America and to deliver cargo to the port of Peter and Paul. But
From the author's book16. Litke's circumnavigation of the world on the Senyavin sloop (1826–1829) The commander of the Senyavin sloop, which went on a joint circumnavigation with the Moller sloop, captain-lieutenant Fyodor Petrovich Litke circumnavigated the world as a midshipman on the Kamchatka in 1817–1819 years. Then
From the author's book17. Gagemeister's round-the-world voyage on the Krotkiy transport (1828–1830) The military transport Krotkiy, which returned from a round-the-world voyage in 1827, was again sent in 1828 with cargoes for Petropavlovsk and Novo-Arkhangelsk. It was commanded by Lieutenant Commander
From the author's book19. Shants' circumnavigation on the transport "America" (1834–1836) The military transport "America", which returned in 1833 from the circumnavigation and was somewhat redesigned, on August 5, 1834, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Ivan Ivanovich Shants, again left Kronstadt with loads
From the author's book20. Juncker's circumnavigation of the world on the Abo transport (1840–1842) The Abo military transport (128 feet long, with a displacement of 800 tons) under the command of Lieutenant Commander Andrei Logginovich Junker left Kronstadt on September 5, 1840. Going to Copenhagen, Helsingor, Portsmouth, to the island
From the author's book2. Kruzenshtern's voyage on the ship "Nadezhda" in the Sea of Okhotsk (1805) The ship of the Russian-American company - "Nadezhda" under the command of Lieutenant Commander Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on July 3, 1804. Overloaded and restocked
From the author's book3. Swimming Lisyansky on the ship "Neva" in the waters of Russian America (1804-1805) The ship of the Russian-American company "Neva" under the command of Lieutenant Commander Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, leaving Kronstadt together with the "Nadezhda" on July 26, 1803, came to Pavlovsk harbor of the island
From the author's bookM. P. LAZAREV’S AROUND THE WORLD VISION ON THE VESSEL “SUVOROV”
From the author's book From the author's bookJOURNEY AROUND THE WORLD IN 1803, 1804, 1805 AND 1806 ON THE SHIPS "NOPE" AND "NEVA" observations were made
The discoveries of Russian travelers are amazing. Let's bring in chronological order short descriptions seven most significant round-the-world trips of our compatriots.
The first Russian round-the-world trip - Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky's round-the-world expedition
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky were combat Russian sailors: both in 1788-1790. participated in four battles against the Swedes. The voyage of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky is the beginning of a new era in the history of Russian navigation. The expedition started from Kronstadt on July 26 (August 7), 1803 under the leadership of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, who was 32 years old. The expedition included:
- Three-masted sloop Nadezhda. The total team size is 65 people. Commander - Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern.
- Three-masted sloop "Neva". The total number of the ship's crew is 54 people. Commander - Yury Fedorovich Lisyansky.
The sailors were all Russians - this was Kruzenshtern's condition
In July 1806, with a difference of two weeks, the Neva and Nadezhda returned to the Kronstadt raid, making the whole trip in 3 years 12 days. Both of these sailboats, like their captains, have become world famous. The first Russian round-the-world expedition was of great scientific importance on a world scale.
As a result of the expedition, many books were published, about two dozen geographical points were named after famous captains.
On the left is Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Right - Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky The description of the expedition was published under the title "Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships Nadezhda and Neva, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Kruzenshtern", in 3 volumes, with an atlas of 104 maps and engraved paintings, and has been translated into English, French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Italian and Danish.
And now, answering the question: "Which of the Russians was the first to circumnavigate the world?", You can easily answer.
Discovery of Antarctica - round-the-world expedition of Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev
Aivazovsky's work "Ice Mountains in Antarctica", based on the memoirs of Admiral Lazarev In 1819, after a long and very thorough preparation, the southern polar expedition set off from Kronstadt on a long voyage, consisting of two sloops of war - Vostok and Mirny. The first was commanded by Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen, the second - by Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev. The crew of the ships consisted of experienced, seasoned sailors. There was a long journey to unknown countries. The expedition was given the task of how to fully penetrate further to the south in order to finally resolve the question of the existence of the southern mainland.
The expedition members spent 751 days at sea, covered more than 92 thousand kilometers. 29 islands and one coral reef have been discovered. The scientific materials she collected made it possible to form the first idea of Antarctica.
Russian sailors not only discovered a huge continent located around South Pole, but also carried out the most important research in the field of oceanography. This branch of spiders was just in its infancy at that time. F. F. Bellingshausen was the first to correctly explain the causes that cause sea currents (for example, the Canary), the origin of the algae of the Sargasso Sea, as well as coral islands in tropical regions.
The discoveries of the expedition turned out to be a major achievement of Russian and world geographical science of that time.
And so January 16 (28), 1820 is considered - opening day of Antarctica. Bellingshausen and Lazarev, despite dense ice and fogs, passed around Antarctica at latitudes from 60 ° to 70 ° and irrefutably proved the existence of land in the region of the south pole.
Strikingly, the evidence for the existence of Antarctica was immediately recognized as outstanding. geographical discovery. However, later scientists argued for more than a hundred years what was discovered. Was it the mainland, or just a group of islands covered by a common ice cap? Bellingshausen himself never spoke about the discovery of the mainland. It was possible to finally confirm the continental character of Antarctica only in the middle of the 20th century as a result of lengthy studies using sophisticated technical means.
Cycling around the world
On August 10, 1913, the finish of the round-the-world bicycle race took place in Harbin, which was passed by a 25-year-old Russian athlete Onisim Petrovich Pankratov.
This journey lasted 2 years 18 days. Pankratov chose a rather difficult route. The countries of almost all of Europe were included in it. Leaving Harbin in July 1911, the courageous cyclist arrived in St. Petersburg at the end of autumn. Then his path ran through Koenigsberg, Switzerland, Italy, Serbia, Turkey, Greece and again through Turkey, Italy, France, Southern Spain, Portugal, Northern Spain and again through France.
The Swiss authorities considered Pankratov crazy. No one would dare to cycle through the snow-covered rocky passes, which are accessible only to experienced climbers. Overcoming the mountains for a cyclist cost no small effort. He crossed Italy, passed through Austria, and Serbia, and Greece and Turkey. He had to sleep just under starry sky, from food he often had only water and bread, but he still did not stop the journey.
Crossing the Pas de Calais by ship, the athlete crossed England on a bicycle. Then, having also got to America on a ship, he again got on a bicycle and traveled the entire American mainland, adhering to the route New York ─ Chicago ─ San Francisco. And from there by ship to Japan. Then he crossed Japan and China on a bicycle, after which Pankratov reached the initial point of his grandiose route ─ Harbin.
On a bicycle, a distance of more than 50 thousand kilometers was covered. To make such a trip around the earth, Onesimus was offered by his father
Pankratov's round-the-world trip was called great by his contemporaries. The Gritsner bicycle helped him to circumnavigate the world, during the trip Onisim had to change 11 chains, 2 handlebars, 53 tires, 750 spokes, etc.
Around the Earth - the first space flight
At 9 o'clock. 7 min. Moscow time, the Vostok satellite took off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Having made a flight around the globe, he returned safely to Earth after 108 minutes. On board the spacecraft was a major pilot-cosmonaut.
The weight of the spacecraft-satellite is 4725 kilograms (excluding the last stage of the launch vehicle), the total power of the rocket engines is 20 million horsepower.
The first flight took place in automatic mode, in which the astronaut was, as it were, a passenger of the ship. However, at any moment he could switch the ship to manual control. Throughout the flight, two-way radio communication was maintained with the astronaut.
In orbit, Gagarin conducted the simplest experiments: he drank, ate, made notes with a pencil. "Putting" the pencil next to him, he accidentally discovered that he instantly began to float away. From this, Gagarin concluded that it is better to tie pencils and other objects in space. He recorded all his feelings and observations on the on-board tape recorder.
After the successful completion of the planned research and the completion of the flight program at 10 o'clock. 55 min. Moscow time, the satellite ship "Vostok" made a safe landing in a given area Soviet Union- near the village of Smelovka, Ternovsky district, Saratov region.
The first people who met the astronaut after the flight were the wife of a local forester Anna (Anikhayat) Takhtarova and her six-year-old granddaughter Rita. Soon the military from the division and local collective farmers arrived at the scene. One group of military men guarded the descent vehicle, while the other group took Gagarin to the location of the unit. From there, Gagarin reported by phone to the commander of the air defense division:
I ask you to tell the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force: I completed the task, landed in a given area, I feel good, there are no bruises or breakdowns. Gagarin
The charred descent module of Vostok-1 was covered with a cloth immediately after Gagarin's landing and taken to Podlipki, near Moscow, to the regime territory of the Royal Design Bureau-1. Later, it became the main exhibit in the museum of the rocket and space corporation Energia, which grew out of OKB-1. The museum was closed for a long time (it was possible to get into it, but it was rather difficult - only as part of a group, by prior letter), in May 2016 the Gagarin ship became publicly available, as part of the exhibition.
First round-the-world voyage of a submarine without surfacing
February 12, 1966 - launched a successful trip around the world two nuclear submarines Northern Fleet. At the same time, our boats passed the entire route, the length of which exceeded the length of the equator, in a submerged position, not surfacing even in the little-studied regions of the Southern Hemisphere. The heroism and courage of the Soviet submariners were of outstanding nationwide importance and became a continuation of the combat traditions of the submariners of the Great Patriotic War.
25 thousand miles were covered and at the same time the highest degree of secrecy was shown, the duration of the voyage took 1.5 months
To participate in the campaign, two serial production submarines were allocated without any modifications. Project 675 K-116 missile boat and the second Project 627A K-133 boat with torpedo armament.
In addition to its enormous political significance, it was an impressive demonstration of the scientific and technological achievements and military power of the state. The campaign showed that the entire World Ocean has become a global launching pad for our nuclear submarines, armed with both cruise and ballistic missiles. At the same time, it opened up new opportunities for maneuvering forces between the Northern and Pacific Fleets. More broadly, it can be said that in the midst of " cold war"The historical role of our fleet was to change the strategic situation in the oceans, and the Soviet submariners were the first to do this.
The first and only voyage in the history of solo circumnavigations, made on a pleasure dinghy 5.5 meters long
On July 7, 1992, Evgeny Alexandrovich Gvozdev on the Lena yacht (micro class, only 5.5 meters long) from Makhachkala set off on his first solo circumnavigation. On July 19, 1996, the journey was successfully completed (it was 4 years and two weeks). This set a world record - the first and only voyage in the history of single circumnavigation of the world, made on an ordinary pleasure dinghy. Evgeny Gvozdev set out on a long-awaited round-the-world trip when he was 58 years old.
Surprisingly, the ship did not have an auxiliary engine, walkie-talkie, autopilot and stove. But there was a coveted "sailor's passport", which the new Russian authorities issued to the yachtsman after a year of struggle. This document not only helped Yevgeny Gvozdev to cross the border in the direction he needed: in the future, Gvozdev traveled without money and without visas.
On his journey, our hero experienced a severe psychological shock after a collision with treacherous Somali "guerrillas" who robbed him cleanly at Cape Ras Hafun and almost shot him.
His entire first trip around the world can be summed up in one word: "contrary". The chance of survival was too small. Yevgeny Gvozdev himself sees the world differently: it is a world similar to a single brotherhood good people, a world of complete disinterestedness, a world without barriers to global circulation ...
In a balloon around the Earth - Fedor Konyukhov
Fedor Konyukhov was the first in the world to circle the Earth in a balloon (on the first attempt). A total of 29 attempts were made, and only three of them were successful. During the trip, Fedor Konyukhov set several world records, the main of which is the duration of the flight. The traveler managed to fly around the Earth in about 11 days, 5 hours and 31 minutes.
The balloon was a two-level design combining the use of helium and solar energy. Its height is 60 meters. A gondola was attached below, equipped with the best technical devices, from where Konyukhov piloted the ship.
I thought that I committed so many sins that I would burn not in hell, but here
The journey took place extreme conditions: the temperature dropped to -40 degrees, the balloon fell into a zone of strong turbulence with zero visibility, and also a cyclone with hail and strong wind passed. Due to complex weather conditions equipment failed several times and Fedor had to manually troubleshoot.
During the 11 days of the flight, Fedor hardly slept. According to him, even a moment of relaxation could lead to irreversible consequences. In moments when it was no longer possible to fight sleep, he took a wrench and sat down over an iron plate. As soon as the eyes were closed, the hand let go of the key, which fell on the plate, making a noise, which caused the aeronaut to instantly wake up. At the end of the journey, he did this procedure regularly. He almost exploded at a great height when he mistakenly began to interfere different kinds gas. It's good that I managed to cut off the ignited balloon.
During the entire route, air traffic controllers from various airports around the world helped Konyukhov as best they could, clearing the airspace for him. So he flew over the Pacific Ocean in 92 hours, crossed through Chile and Argentina, rounded the storm front over the Atlantic, passed the Cape of Good Hope and safely returned to Australia, from where he began his journey.
Fedor Konyukhov:
I flew around the Earth in 11 days, it is very small, it must be protected. We have no idea about this, we, people, are only at war. The world is so beautiful - explore it, learn
In the history of the first half of XIX century, a number of brilliant geographical studies are known. Among them, one of the most prominent places belongs to Russian round-the-world travel.
Russia in early XIX For centuries, it has been a leader in organizing and conducting round-the-world voyages and ocean research.
The first voyage of Russian ships around the world under the command of lieutenant commanders I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky lasted three years, like most of the round-the-world voyages of that time. With this journey in 1803, a whole era of remarkable Russian round-the-world expeditions began.
Yu.F. Lisyansky received an order to go to England to buy two ships intended for circumnavigation. These ships, Nadezhda and Neva, Lisyansky bought in London for 22,000 pounds sterling, which was almost the same in gold rubles at the exchange rate of that time.
The price for the purchase of "Nadezhda" and "Neva" was actually equal to 17,000 pounds sterling, but for the corrections they had to pay an additional 5,000 pounds. The ship "Nadezhda" has already counted three years from the date of its launch, and the "Neva" is only fifteen months old. "Neva" had a displacement of 350 tons, and "Nadezhda" - 450 tons.
In England, Lisyansky bought a number of sextants, compasses, barometers, a hygrometer, several thermometers, one artificial magnet, chronometers by Arnold and Pettiwgton, and more. Chronometers were tested by Academician Schubert. All other instruments were Troughton's work.
Astronomical and physical instruments were designed to observe longitudes and latitudes and orient the ship. Lisyansky took care to purchase a whole pharmacy of medicines and antiscorbutic drugs, since in those days scurvy was one of the most dangerous diseases during long voyages. Equipment for the expedition was also purchased from England, including comfortable, durable clothing suitable for various climatic conditions for the team. There was a spare set of underwear and dresses. Mattresses, pillows, sheets and blankets were ordered for each of the sailors. The ship's provisions were the best. The crackers prepared in St. Petersburg did not spoil for two whole years, just like saltonia, whose ambassador with domestic salt was produced by the merchant Oblomkov. The Nadezhda team consisted of 58 people, and the Neva of 47. They were selected from volunteer sailors, who turned out to be so many that everyone who wanted to participate in a round-the-world trip could be enough to complete several expeditions. It should be noted that none of the crew members participated in long-distance voyages, since in those days Russian ships did not descend south of the northern tropic. The task that confronted the officers and the expedition team was not easy. They had to cross two oceans, go around the dangerous Cape Horn, famous for its storms, and rise to 60 ° N. sh., to visit a number of little-studied coasts, where sailors could expect uncharted and undescribed pitfalls and other dangers. But the command of the expedition was so confident in the strength of its "officers and ratings" that it rejected the offer to take on board several foreign sailors familiar with the conditions long-distance voyages. Of the foreigners in the expedition were naturalists Tilesius von Tilenau, Langsdorf and astronomer Horner. Horner was of Swiss origin. He worked at the then famous Seeberg Observatory, the head of which recommended him to Count Rumyantsev. The expedition was also accompanied by a painter from the Academy of Arts.
The artist and scientists were together with the Russian envoy to Japan, N.P. Rezanov, and his retinue on board the large ship - Nadezhda. "Hope" was commanded by Kruzenshtern. Lisyansky was entrusted with the command of the Neva. Although Kruzenshtern was listed as the commander of the Nadezhda and the head of the expedition for the Naval Ministry, in the instructions handed over by Alexander I to the Russian ambassador to Japan, N.P. Rezanov, he was called the chief head of the expedition. This dual position was the cause of the conflict between Rezanov and Krusenstern. Therefore, Kruzenshtern repeatedly sent reports to the Directorate of the Russian-American Company, where he wrote that he was called upon by the highest order to command the expedition and that "it was entrusted to Rezanov" without his knowledge, to which he would never have agreed that his position "does not consist only to look after the sails, "etc. Soon, relations between Rezanov and Krusenstern escalated so much that a riot broke out among the crew of the Nadezhda.
The Russian envoy to Japan, after a series of troubles and insults, was forced to retire to his cabin, from which he did not leave until his arrival in Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka. Here Rezanov turned to Major General Koshelev, a representative of the local administrative authorities. An investigation was appointed against Kruzenshtern, which took on an unfavorable character for him. Considering the situation, Kruzenshtern publicly apologized to Rezanov and asked Koshelev not to give further progress to the investigation. Only thanks to the courtesy of Rezanov, who decided to stop the case, Kruzenshtern avoided major troubles that could have fatal consequences for his career.
The above episode shows that discipline on the Nadezhda ship, commanded by Krusenstern, was not up to par if such a high and special person as the Russian envoy to Japan could be subjected to a number of insults by the crew and the captain of the Nadezhda himself. It is probably no coincidence that the Nadezhda was in a very risky position several times during her voyage, while the Neva only once landed on a coral reef and, moreover, in a place where she could not be expected. by cards. All this suggests that the generally accepted idea of the leading role of Krusenstern in the first Russian round-the-world trip is not true.
Although the first part of the journey to England, and then across the Atlantic Ocean, bypassing Cape Horn, the ships were supposed to make together, but then they had to separate at the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands. Nadezhda, according to the expedition plan, was to go to Kamchatka, where she was to leave her cargo. Then Kruzenshtern should have gone to Japan and brought the Russian ambassador N.P. Rezanov there with his retinue. After that, "Nadezhda" was supposed to return to Kamchatka again, take a load of furs and take it to Canton for sale. The path of the Neva, starting from the Hawaiian Islands, was completely different. Lisyansky was supposed to go "and northwest, to Kodiak Island, where the main office of the Russian-American Company was located at that time. The Neva was supposed to winter here, and then she was supposed to take a load of furs and deliver it to Canton, where she was appointed meeting of both ships - "Neva" and "Nadezhda". From Canton, both ships were supposed to head to Russia past the Cape of Good Hope. This plan was carried out, albeit with retreats caused by storms, which separated the ships for a long time, as well as lengthy stops for necessary repairs and food replenishment.
The naturalists who were present on the ships collected valuable botanical, zoological and ethnographic collections, observations were made of sea currents, temperature and density of water at depths of up to 400 m, tides, ebbs and barometer fluctuations, systematic astronomical observations to determine longitudes and latitudes and established the coordinates of the whole a number of points visited by expeditions, including all the harbors and islands where there were moorings.
If the special tasks of the expedition in the Russian colonies were successfully completed, then the same cannot be said about that part of the expedition plans that was connected with the organization of an embassy to Japan. The embassy of N.P. Rezanov was unsuccessful. Although he was surrounded by attention and all kinds of signs of honor and respect upon arrival in Japan, he failed to establish trade relations with this country.
On August 5, 1806, the Neva arrived safely at the Kronstadt raid. The cannon salutes of the Neva and the return volleys of the Kronstadt fortress rang out. Thus, the Neva stayed at sea for three years and two months. On August 19, the Nadezhda arrived, which was in a round-the-world voyage for fourteen days longer than the Neva.
The first Russian round-the-world voyage marked an epoch in the history of the Russian fleet and provided world geographical science with a number of new information about little-explored countries. A whole series of islands that were visited by Lisyansky and Kruzenshtern were only recently discovered by navigators, and their nature, population, customs, beliefs and economy remained almost completely unknown. Such were the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands, discovered in 1778 by Cook, less than thirty years before they were visited by Russian sailors. Russian travelers could observe the life of the Hawaiians in its natural state, not yet changed by contact with Europeans. The Marquesas and Washington Islands, as well as Easter Island, have been little explored. It is not surprising that the descriptions of the Russian round-the-world travel made by Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky aroused the keenest interest among a wide range of readers and were translated into a number of Western European languages. The materials collected during the journey of the "Neva" and "Nadezhda" were of great value for the study of the primitive peoples of Oceania and the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. Our first Russian travelers observed these peoples at the stage of tribal relations. For the first time, they described in detail the peculiar, ancient Hawaiian culture with its immutable taboo laws and human sacrifice. The rich ethnographic collections collected on the ships "Neva" and "Nadezhda", together with descriptions of the customs, beliefs and even the language of the Pacific islanders, served as valuable sources for studying the peoples inhabiting the Pacific islands.
Thus, the first Russian round-the-world trip played a big role in the development of ethnography. This was greatly facilitated by the great observation and accuracy of the descriptions of our first round-the-world travelers.
It should be noted that numerous observations of sea currents, temperature and water density, which were carried out on the Nadezhda and Neva ships, gave impetus to the development new science- oceanography. Prior to the first Russian round-the-world voyage, such systematic observations were not usually made by navigators. Russian sailors proved to be great innovators in this respect.
The first Russian round-the-world voyage opens up a whole galaxy of brilliant round-the-world trips made under the Russian flag.
During these trips, excellent cadres of sailors were created, who gained experience in long-distance navigation and high qualifications in difficult sailing fleet the art of navigation.
It is interesting to note that one of the participants in the first Russian circumnavigation of the world, Kotzebue, who sailed as a cadet on the ship "Nadezhda", subsequently himself carried out an equally interesting circumnavigation on the ship "Rurik", equipped at the expense of Count Rumyantsev.
The expedition on the ships "Neva" and "Nadezhda" paved the route of a new route to the Russian North American colonies. Since then, they have been supplied with the necessary food and goods by sea. These continuous long-distance voyages revived colonial trade and in many respects contributed to the development of the North American colonies and the development of Kamchatka.
Russia's maritime ties with the Pacific became stronger, and foreign trade developed significantly. A number of valuable observations along the long-distance navigation routes, the first Russian round-the-world voyage, laid a solid scientific foundation for the difficult art of long-distance navigation.
Afanasy Nikitin is a Russian traveler, Tver merchant and writer. He traveled from Tvrea to Persia and India (1468-1474). On the way back he visited the African coast (Somalia), Muscat and Turkey. Nikitin's travel notes "Journey Beyond Three Seas" is a valuable literary and historical monument. He is noted for his versatility of observations, as well as religious tolerance, unusual for the Middle Ages, combined with devotion to the Christian faith and native land.
Semyon Dezhnev (1605 -1673)
Outstanding Russian navigator, explorer, traveler, explorer of the North and Eastern Siberia. In 1648, Dezhnev was the first among the famous European navigators (80 years earlier than Vitus Bering) who managed to pass the Bering Strait, which separates Alaska from Chukotka. A Cossack ataman and fur trader, Dezhnev actively participated in the development of Siberia (Dezhnev himself married a Yakut Abakayada Syuchyu).
Grigory Shelikhov (1747 - 1795)
Russian industrialist who geographical research northern islands Pacific Ocean and Alaska. He founded the first settlements in Russian America. The strait between about. Kodiak and the North American mainland, a bay in the Sea of Okhotsk, a city in the Irkutsk region and a volcano in the Kuriles. A remarkable Russian merchant, geographer and traveler, nicknamed "Russian Columbus" by G. R. Derzhavin, was born in 1747 in Rylsk Kursk province in a bourgeois family. Overcoming the space from Irkutsk to the Lama (Okhotsk) Sea was his first journey. In 1781, Shelikhov created the Northeast Company, which in 1799 was transformed into the Russian-American Trading Company.
Dmitry Ovtsyn (1704 - 1757)
Russian hydrographer and traveler, led the second of the detachments of the Great Northern Expedition. Produced the first hydrographic inventory of the coast of Siberia between the mouths of the Ob and Yenisei. He discovered the Gydan Bay and the Gydan Peninsula. Participated in the last voyage of Vitus Bering to the shores of North America. A cape and an island in the Yenisei Bay bear his name. Dmitry Leontyevich Ovtsyn was in the Russian fleet from 1726, took part in the first voyage of Vitus Bering to the shores of Kamchatka, and by the time the expedition was organized, he had risen to the rank of lieutenant. The significance of Ovtsyn's expedition, like that of the rest of the detachments of the Great Northern Expedition, is extremely great. Based on the inventories compiled by Ovtsyn, maps of the places he explored were prepared until the beginning of the 20th century.
Ivan Kruzenshtern (1770 - 1846)
Russian navigator, admiral, led the first Russian round-the-world expedition. For the first time mapped most of the coast of about. Sakhalin. One of the founders of the Russian geographical society. The strait in the northern part bears his name. Kuril Islands, the passage between about. Tsushima and the islands of Iki and Okinoshima in the Korea Strait, islands in the Bering Strait and the Tuamotu Archipelago, a mountain on Novaya Zemlya. On June 26, 1803, the ships "Neva" and "Nadezhda" left Kronstadt and headed for the coast of Brazil. This was the first passage of Russian ships to the southern hemisphere. On August 19, 1806, during a stay in Copenhagen, a Danish prince visited a Russian ship, who wished to meet Russian sailors and listen to their stories. The first Russian circumnavigation was of great scientific and practical importance and attracted the attention of the whole world. Russian navigators corrected in many points English cards considered to be the most accurate at the time.
Thaddeus Bellingshausen (1778 - 1852)
Thaddeus Bellingshausen - Russian navigator, participant in the first Russian circumnavigation of the world by I.F. Kruzenshtern. Leader of the first Russian Antarctic expedition that discovered Antarctica. Admiral. His name is given to the sea off the coast of Antarctica, the underwater basin between the continental slopes of Antarctica and South America, islands in the Pacific, Atlantic oceans and the Aral Sea, the first Soviet polar station on about. King George in the South Shetland Islands. The future discoverer of the southern polar continent was born on September 20, 1778 on the island of Ezel near Arensburg in Livonia (Estonia).
Fyodor Litke (1797-1882)
Fyodor Litke - Russian navigator and geographer, count and admiral. Head of the round-the-world expedition and research on Novaya Zemlya and the Barents Sea. Discovered two groups of islands in the Caroline chain. One of the founders and leaders of the Russian Geographical Society. The name of Litke is 15 points on the map. Litke led the nineteenth Russian round-the-world expedition for hydrographic studies of little-known areas of the Pacific Ocean. Litke's voyage was one of the most successful Russian circumnavigations in history and was of great scientific importance. The exact coordinates of the main points of Kamchatka were determined, the islands were described - Karolinsky, Karaginsky, etc., the Chukchi coast from Cape Dezhnev to the mouth of the river. Anadyr. The discoveries were so important that Germany and France, arguing over the Caroline Islands, turned to Litka for advice on their location.
