We all live on the beautiful planet Earth, about which humanity has already learned a lot, but even more is still hidden from us and is waiting in the wings until a person’s desire for knowledge reveals all the secrets of our world.

General information about the planet Earth

Let's remember what we know about planet Earth. Earth is the only inhabited planet in our solar system, even more so, the only one on which there is life. The Earth is the third planet in a row, if you count from the Sun, before the Earth there are two more planets Mercury and Venus. The Earth rotates around the Sun and the tilt of the axis of rotation relative to the Sun is 23.439281 °, thanks to this tilt we can observe the change of seasons throughout the year. The distance from the earth to the sun is 149,600,000 km, in order for a stream of light to overcome the distance from the Sun to the Earth, it needs 500 seconds or 8 minutes. Our planet also has a satellite, the Moon, which revolves around the Earth, just as the Earth revolves around the sun. The distance from the Earth to the Moon is 384400 km. The speed of the Earth in its orbit is 29.76 km/sec. The Earth makes a complete revolution on its axis in 23 hours 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds. For convenience, it is considered that there are 24 hours in a day, but in order to compensate for the remaining time in the calendar, one more day is added every 4 years and this year is called a leap year. A day is added in the month of February, which usually has 28 days, in a leap year 29 days. There are 365 days in a year and 366 days in a leap year, this is a full cycle of seasons (winter, spring, summer, autumn).

Earth dimensions and parameters

Now let's fast forward from space to the planet Earth itself. In order for life to arise on the planet, there must be many factors and conditions that create a favorable habitat for countless living organisms inhabiting the Earth. In fact, the more we learn about our common house, the more clearly we understand how complex and perfect the planet Earth is. There is nothing superfluous, everything has its place, and everyone has an important role to play.

The structure of the planet Earth

There are 8 planets in our solar system, 4 of which are planets terrestrial group and 4 to the gas group. Planet Earth is the largest terrestrial planet and has the largest mass, density, magnetic field and gravity. The structure of the Earth is not homogeneous, and conditionally it can be divided into layers (levels): the earth's crust; mantle; core.
Earth's crust - the uppermost layer of the solid shell of the Earth, it, in turn, is divided into three layers: 1) sedimentary layer; 2) granite layer; 3) basalt layer.
Thickness earth's crust can be ranging from 5 - 75 km deep into the Earth. Such a run depends on the places of measurements, for example, at the bottom of the ocean, the thickness is minimal, and on the continents, on mountain ranges maximum. As we have already said, the earth's crust is divided into three parts, the basalt layer was formed first, therefore it is the lowest, followed by the granite layer, which is absent from the ocean floor, and the uppermost sedimentary layer. The sedimentary layer is constantly formed and modified, and man plays an important role in this.
Mantle - the layer following the earth's crust, which is the most voluminous, about 83% of the total volume of the Earth and approximately 67% of its mass, the mantle thickness reaches 2900 km. The upper layer of the mantle, which is 900 km, is called magma. Magma is molten minerals, also the output of liquid magma is called lava.
Core - this is the center of the planet Earth, it consists mainly of iron and nickel. The radius of the earth's core is about 3500 km. The core is also divided into an outer core with a thickness of 2200 km, it has a liquid structure and inner core, whose radius is about 1300 km. The temperature in the center of the nucleus is close to 10,000 °C; on the surface of the nucleus, the temperature is well below 6,000 °C.

Earth shape. Earth diameter. The mass of the earth. Age of the Earth.

If we ask the question, “What is the shape of the Earth?”, We will hear the answer options: round, ball, ellipsoid, but this is not entirely true, a special term Geoid was introduced to denote the shape of the Earth. The geoid is essentially an ellipsoid of revolution. Determining the shape of the planet made it possible to accurately determine the diameters of the planet Earth. Yes, it is the diameters of the Earth due to the irregular shape that they are distinguished by several:
1) the average diameter of the Earth is 12,742 km;
2) the equatorial diameter of the Earth is 12756.2 km;
3) the polar diameter of the Earth is 12713.6 km.

The circumference along the equator is 40,075.017 km, and along the meridian is slightly less than 40,007.86 km.
The mass of the Earth is quite a relative value, which is constantly changing. The mass of the earth is 5.97219 × 10 24 kg. Mass increases due to settling on the surface of the planet space dust, falling meteorites, etc., due to which the mass of the Earth annually increases by about 40,000 tons. But due to the dispersion of gases into outer space, the mass of the Earth is reduced by about 100,000 tons per year. Also, the loss of mass of the Earth is affected by an increase in temperature on the planet, which contributes to more intense thermal movement and leakage of gases into space. The smaller the mass of the Earth becomes, the less its attraction and the more difficult it becomes to keep the atmosphere around the planet.
Thanks to the method of radioisotope dating, scientists managed to establish the age of the Earth, it is 4.54 billion years. The age of the Earth was more or less accurately determined back in 1956, subsequently, with the development of technologies and measurement methods, it was slightly corrected.

Other information about the planet Earth

The surface area of the Earth is 510,072,000 km², of which 361,132,000 km² are covered by water, which is 70.8% of the Earth's surface. The land area is 148,940,000 km², which is 29.2% of the Earth's surface area. Due to the fact that water covers much more of the surface of the planet, it was more logical to call our planet Water.
The volume of the Earth is 10.8321 x 10 11 km³.
The most high point the surface of the earth above sea level is Mount Everest, the height of which is 8848 m, and the deepest place in the oceans is considered Mariana Trench its depth is 11022 m. Well, if we give average values, then the average height of the Earth's surface above sea level is 875 m, and the average depth of the ocean is 3800 m.
Acceleration free fall it is the acceleration of gravity in different parts of the planet will be slightly different. At the equator g= 9.780 m/s² and gradually increases, reaching g=9.832 m/s² at the poles. The average value of the gravitational acceleration is assumed to be g = 9.80665 m/s²
The composition of the atmosphere of planet Earth: 1) 78.08% nitrogen (N2); 2) 20.95% oxygen (O2); 3) 0.93% argon (Ar); 0.039% - carbon dioxide (CO2); 4) 1% water vapor. Other elements from Mendeleev's periodic table are also present in small amounts.
Planet Earth is so big and interesting that, despite how much we already know about the Earth, it never ceases to amaze us with those mysteries and unknowns that we continue to face.

Today, any student who has not skipped geography lessons will be able to answer the question posed in the title of the article. The length of the equator is just over forty thousand kilometers. But far from always people possessed this information, so first we will plunge into history.

The earth stands on three pillars...

Even at the very dawn of human civilization, in the Neolithic era, people began to think about the structure of the world around them, the structure of the Earth. In many ways, their ideas were based on mythology, with the help of which attempts were made to explain the phenomena of nature and the movement of heavenly bodies. In the absence of written sources, modern historians cannot say with accuracy what Neolithic people thought about the structure of the Earth. However, later, after the invention of signs that allow the preservation of ancient wisdom, it became possible to create entire scientific treatises. And in one of the ancient Indian texts, the theory was reflected, according to which the flat Earth rests on three giant whales, and the whales swim in the ocean. What the ocean rests on is not reported in the treatise. But what can we say about ancient people, if even today in the USA, as if confirming the words of Mikhail Zadornov, there is a “Society flat earth”, whose members defend their point of view, and explain the entire space program as a global conspiracy!

From geocentric...

However, with the development of science, three whales ceased to satisfy scientists, and in ancient greece a theory appeared according to which the Earth, which has the shape of a ball, is at the center of the universe, and the Sun, Moon and stars revolve around it. The outstanding astronomer of antiquity, Ptolemy, also adhered to this point of view.

... to the heliocentric theory of the structure of the solar system

Although this theory was a big step forward, it could not explain all the visible changes in the starry sky, so the heliocentric theory was developed in parallel with the geocentric one, but many more years passed until the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus was able to prove its validity.

Equator

The adoption of the heliocentric theory made it possible to define such a concept as the "equator". This is an imaginary line that runs along the surface of the Earth in a plane passing through its center and perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the planet. But if we figured out the definition, then the debate has not subsided so far about how long the equator is. To measure this value, without modern instruments, people had to at least reach this line.

The first sailors

For the first time, navigation arose in the Mediterranean Sea and was a coastal navigation, that is, along the coast, without losing sight of it. However, the Phoenicians soon learned to determine the position of their ship by the stars and were able to break away from the coast. After passing through the Pillars of Hercules (Strait of Gibraltar), they entered the Atlantic Ocean, crossed the equator and circled Africa. One of the proofs of such voyages is the famous White Lady of Brandberg, a cave drawing in Namibia. However, reaching the border between the Northern and Southern hemispheres still did not allow us to determine what the length of the equator is.

Age of Discovery

Soon people became so friendly with the sea-ocean that they began to swim farther and farther away from their native shores. Loud discoveries of new lands and sea routes followed: America, the waterway to India, Australia. And finally, the first trip around the world Magellan. This Portuguese navigator was the first to decide to find out what the length of the equator really is. And he led the expedition, which set itself the task of circumnavigating the globe. But it's all a joke. Ferdinand Magellan really made a trip around the world, but not strictly along the equator, but as the geography of the oceans allowed.

From travelers to scientists

Since it is rather difficult to determine such a value as the length of the equator by direct measurement "on the ground", some scientists decided to find the desired number using mathematical calculations. The ancient Greek mathematician Eratosthenes was the first to undertake such work. At the invitation of the Egyptian king Ptolemy III, he moved to Alexandria, where he soon became the keeper of her library. After a series of complex experiments and calculations, he determined that the length of the Earth's equator is 252,000 stadia. Since Eratosthenes lived and worked in Alexandria, he used Egyptian stages. If we translate them into kilometers familiar to us, then the length of the equator will be 39,690 kilometers, which is quite close to the true value. The error is less than 1 percent, for those times simply amazing accuracy of calculations.

The length of the Earth at the equator through the eyes of modern scientists

Years passed, centuries. Improved measuring instruments and techniques. Mankind went into space and was able to create detailed maps earth's surface. Accordingly, the length of the equator was determined more accurately. The line of zero latitude runs along the earth's surface, which has a height difference relative to the level of the world's oceans from 10,994 meters (Challenger Abyss, Mariana Trench) to 8,848 meters (Mount Chomolungma). And although such sharp changes in heights are not observed directly at the equator, it still makes it very difficult to measure its length. Therefore, for calculations, the average radius of the Earth was taken, which, according to the WGS-84 geophysical standard, is 6378 kilometers 137 meters, which gives an equator length of 40,075 km.

Is the length of the equator a constant value?

And now let's try to answer the question of what is the reason for the discrepancy in the values of the length of the equator between modern scientists and Eratosthenes. Perhaps the whole point is not only in the imperfection of measuring instruments? What if the equator just got longer? Modern scientists adhere to the theory of the structure of the Earth and the drift of continents based on plate tectonics. However, back in 1968, the Soviet geologist Vladimir Larin put forward the theory of the hydride structure of the Earth's core. He suggested that the substance from which our planet was formed contained a large number of atomic hydrogen. It reacted with iron and nickel, which make up the Earth's core, resulting in the formation of hydrides of these elements. As a result of internal processes in the bowels of the planet, the core gradually warms up and hydrogen is released. This leads to a decrease in density and, accordingly, to an increase in the size of the Earth. This theory not only more fully explains the "drift" of the continents, but also makes it possible to explain the formation of mineral deposits, primarily hydrocarbons. So it is quite possible that oil, gas, coal are of abiogenic origin, and their synthesis in the bowels of the planet is still taking place. Moreover, confirmation of the work of the Soviet scientist was also found in ancient Zoroastrian myths, where it is said that in order to increase the surface of the Earth, the gods increased its size three times by one third. This theory, among other things, makes it possible to explain the mass extinction in a short period of time of many species of ancient animals, the so-called Triassic massacre. The most interesting thing is that the increase in the radius of the planet occurs at the present time, by about two centimeters per year. This is confirmed by regular measurements of scientists, but earlier these results could not be explained, except for the absorption of dust from outer space by the Earth. So over time, the length of the equator will increase.

Ecuador is located in the very center of the world. Everyone who comes to this country rushes to the city of San Antonio, which is located near Quito, the capital of Ecuador. Here is a monument symbolizing the Middle of the World. Right under the feet of tourists is the red line of the equator. That is, with one foot they are in the southern hemisphere, where it is winter, and the other in the northern hemisphere, where it is summer. Do you feel the difference when you stand like this, spread out over two worlds? Tourists say no! And the locals feel the difference.

Equator- the main attraction of Ecuador, which is named after this imaginary line that divides the surface of the globe into the southern and northern hemispheres. The main landmark segment is located north of the capital Quito in the town of San Antonio de Pichincha. Everything works here so that a person can realize the greatness of the moment - here it is zero latitude, or, as the Incas used to say, Intinyan. This name, according to some sources, is translated as “the road of the sun”, and some translate it as “the parking lot of the sun”. But as it turned out, there is not one or even two parking lots near the sun, and each has its supporters.

Three hundred meters from the first, main place of designation of the equator - the Middle of the World, there is a museum where another line passes. As the owner of the Intignan Museum Fabian Veira says, he has concrete evidence that his line is more precisely defined. He places a portable sink along the equator line No. 2, pours out a bucket of water and, for clarity, throws in a few leaves. Water goes vertically down without forming a funnel. Fabian then moves the shell to the right of his equatorial line, to the southern hemisphere, and repeats the action. Leaves in the southern hemisphere begin to curl clockwise. Independent experiments can be carried out on a stone - an indicator of the equator, where a nail is driven in. Fabian gives a raw egg and offers to set it on a nail head. The egg does not fall. It's so easy to make tourists believe in your theory! Fabian explains this by the fact that on the equator line, the mutual annihilation of the forces of inertia of Cariolis occurs and the terrestrial forces of gravity decrease. This allows the egg to be balanced so that it rests easily on the head of the nail. But Fabian does not let up and invites tourists to walk along the equator line with eyes closed. The force of gravity will pull you to the southern, then to the northern hemisphere. And yet - on the equator line, you will weigh a kilogram less!

Cristobal Cobo, director of the Kitsato scientific project for the study of the modern, real equator, claims that there is a real, scientifically based equator line that was drawn not so long ago.
Cristobal Cobo:“Experiments with egg, shell and water are all tricks for tourists. There are modern instruments that indicate that the real equatorial line now passes here - where it is drawn according to the latest scientific data.

In the center of the Kitsato project, you can check everything yourself: stand on the freshly painted line and turn on the JPS. The system indicates that the zero parallel passes exactly where you are standing - a few kilometers from the first two lines. Cristobal explains this by saying that over time, the poles shift, and the equator follows them. This is a natural process of change and development of the planet. Everyone has the right to choose their own middle of the world.

The only thing that remains unchanged here is that throughout the whole country the sun rises and sets at the same time all year round. Here day equals night, and at noon objects never cast a shadow. And there are no seasons in Ecuador as such. And this is possible only at the equator. The equator occupies only five percent of the land. But here is a very rich animal and vegetable world.

Ecuador has 11 National Parks, 9 reserves, 4 biological reserves, 1 geobotanical reserve and 10 protected natural areas.
El Cajas National Park in Asuay Province. It was founded in 1996 in the west of the country and has an area of 285.4 square kilometers. Translated from Spanish as "gate to the mountains." Here you can see about 300 fantastic mountain lakes, lagoons and waterfalls. You need to drive carefully - alpacas (llamas) periodically jump out onto the road. Llama wool makes very warm sweaters that protect well from mountain winds. The higher the mountains, the more dizzy from lack of oxygen. It gets cold and very windy. The temperature at an altitude of 4000 meters drops to +4 degrees.

Ecuador's highest point - extinct Chimborazo volcano(Spanish Chimborazo). Its height is 6267 meters, according to some sources - 6310 m. Once, before the beginning of the 19th century, the Chimborazo volcano was considered the highest peak on Earth. Now it cannot be compared with the highest Himalayan peaks, but so far the Chimborazo volcano is the most distant point on the surface from the center of the Earth.

The material is partially taken from the program: “My planet. With Anastasia Chernobrovina"
Photo: Len Langevin, Delphine Ménard and also from the Internet. For questions about authorship, please contact the office of the company

General information about the planet Earth

Let's remember what we know about planet Earth. The Earth is the only inhabited planet in our solar system, in fact, the only one on which there is life. The Earth is the third planet in a row, if you count from the Sun, before the Earth there are two more planets Mercury and Venus. The Earth rotates around the Sun and the tilt of the axis of rotation relative to the Sun is 23.439281 °, thanks to this tilt we can observe the change of seasons throughout the year. The distance from the earth to the sun is 149,600,000 km, in order for a stream of light to overcome the distance from the Sun to the Earth, it needs 500 seconds or 8 minutes. Our planet also has a satellite, the Moon, which revolves around the Earth, just as the Earth revolves around the sun. The distance from the Earth to the Moon is 384400 km. The speed of the Earth in its orbit is 29.76 km/sec. The Earth makes a complete revolution on its axis in 23 hours 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds. For convenience, it is considered that there are 24 hours in a day, but in order to compensate for the remaining time in the calendar, one more day is added every 4 years and this year is called a leap year. A day is added in the month of February, which usually has 28 days, in a leap year 29 days. There are 365 days in a year and 366 days in a leap year, this is a full cycle of seasons (winter, spring, summer, autumn).

Earth dimensions and parameters

Now let's fast forward from space to the planet Earth itself. In order for life to arise on the planet, there must be many factors and conditions that create a favorable habitat for countless living organisms inhabiting the Earth. In fact, the more we learn about our common home, the more clearly we understand how complex and perfect the planet Earth is. There is nothing superfluous, everything has its place, and everyone has an important role to play.

The structure of the planet Earth

In total, there are 8 planets in our solar system, 4 of which belong to the terrestrial planets and 4 to the gas group. Planet Earth is the largest terrestrial planet and has the largest mass, density, magnetic field and gravity. The structure of the Earth is not homogeneous, and conditionally it can be divided into layers (levels): the earth's crust; mantle; core.
Earth's crust - the uppermost layer of the solid shell of the Earth, it, in turn, is divided into three layers: 1) sedimentary layer; 2) granite layer; 3) basalt layer.
The thickness of the earth's crust can be in the range of 5 - 75 km deep into the Earth. Such a run-up depends on the places of measurements, for example, at the bottom of the ocean, the thickness is minimal, and on the continents, on mountain ranges, the maximum. As we have already said, the earth's crust is divided into three parts, the basalt layer was formed first, therefore it is the lowest, followed by the granite layer, which is absent from the ocean floor, and the uppermost sedimentary layer. The sedimentary layer is constantly formed and modified, and man plays an important role in this.
Mantle - the layer following the earth's crust, which is the most voluminous, about 83% of the total volume of the Earth and approximately 67% of its mass, the mantle thickness reaches 2900 km. The upper layer of the mantle, which is 900 km, is called magma. Magma is molten minerals, also the output of liquid magma is called lava.
Core - this is the center of the planet Earth, it consists mainly of iron and nickel. The radius of the earth's core is about 3500 km. The core is also divided into an outer core with a thickness of 2200 km, it has a liquid structure and an inner core with a radius of about 1300 km. The temperature in the center of the nucleus is close to 10,000 °C; on the surface of the nucleus, the temperature is well below 6,000 °C.

Earth shape. Earth diameter. The mass of the earth. Age of the Earth.

The circumference along the equator is 40,075.017 km, and along the meridian is slightly less than 40,007.86 km.
The mass of the Earth is quite a relative value, which is constantly changing. The mass of the earth is 5.97219 × 10 24 kg. The mass increases due to the settling of cosmic dust on the surface of the planet, the fall of meteorites, etc., due to which the mass of the Earth annually increases by about 40,000 tons. But due to the dispersion of gases into outer space, the mass of the Earth is reduced by about 100,000 tons per year. Also, the loss of mass of the Earth is affected by an increase in temperature on the planet, which contributes to more intense thermal movement and leakage of gases into space. The smaller the mass of the Earth becomes, the less its attraction and the more difficult it becomes to keep the atmosphere around the planet.
Thanks to the method of radioisotope dating, scientists managed to establish the age of the Earth, it is 4.54 billion years. The age of the Earth was more or less accurately determined back in 1956, subsequently, with the development of technologies and measurement methods, it was slightly corrected.

Other information about the planet Earth

The surface area of the Earth is 510,072,000 km², of which 361,132,000 km² are covered by water, which is 70.8% of the Earth's surface. The land area is 148,940,000 km², which is 29.2% of the Earth's surface area. Due to the fact that water covers much more of the surface of the planet, it was more logical to call our planet Water.
The volume of the Earth is 10.8321 x 10 11 km³.
The highest point on the earth's surface above sea level is Mount Everest, which is 8848 m high, and the deepest place in the world's oceans is the Mariana Trench, its depth is 11022 m. Well, if we give average values, then the average height of the Earth's surface above sea level is 875 m , and the average depth of the ocean is 3800 m.
Acceleration of free fall, it is also the acceleration of gravity in different parts of the planet will be slightly different. At the equator g= 9.780 m/s² and gradually increases, reaching g=9.832 m/s² at the poles. The average value of the gravitational acceleration is assumed to be g = 9.80665 m/s²
The composition of the atmosphere of planet Earth: 1) 78.08% nitrogen (N2); 2) 20.95% oxygen (O2); 3) 0.93% argon (Ar); 0.039% - carbon dioxide (CO2); 4) 1% water vapor. Other elements from Mendeleev's periodic table are also present in small amounts.
Planet Earth is so big and interesting that, despite how much we already know about the Earth, it never ceases to amaze us with those mysteries and unknowns that we continue to face.

Astronomers from the US and Canada have measured the boundary of the influence of atmospheric winds and the beginning of the impact of cosmic particles. She was at an altitude of 118 kilometers, although NASA themselves consider the boundary of space 122 km. At this altitude, the shuttles switch from conventional maneuvering using only rocket engines to aerodynamic maneuvering with "reliance" on the atmosphere.

up to weightlessness 80 and until the complete end of the atmosphere somewhere around 50,000. The ISS flies at 340 kilometers

soon we will fly with my mother to rest, and so I think that my mother will be in the cockpit .. to educate pilots and teach them to fly the plane correctly. at least when me or dad is driving, she, a person who has never driven a car, always teaches us how to do it right
7 hectares is a square with a side of 700 m (hecto - a hundred).
A lot or a little - depends on the purpose of use. Planting potatoes is just that. You won't go hungry. Not enough for an airport.
For comparison: the football field is not much smaller than a hectare.
10 km by 10 km? God, do you want to open a reserve?
Question. How
What does the day and night side of the Earth look like from a height? What does the sky look like, the sun,
Moon, stars? Answer. From a height, the day side of the Earth is visible very well, well
coasts of continents, islands, large rivers, large reservoirs are distinguishable,
terrain folds. When I flew over our land, I clearly saw
large squares of collective farm fields and one could understand where the arable land and where
meadow. Previously, I had to climb to a height of no more than 15 thousand meters. WITH
the satellite ship can be seen, of course, worse than from an airplane, but still very, very
Fine. During the flight, I had the opportunity to see with my own eyes for the first time
spherical shape of the earth. This is what it looks like when you look at the horizon. Necessary
to say that the picture of the horizon is very peculiar and extraordinarily beautiful. Can
to see the unusually colorful transition from the light surface of the Earth to
a completely black sky with stars visible. This transition is very thin,
like a film-girdle surrounding Earth. She is pale blue. And so
this whole transition from blue to black is unusually smooth and
Beautiful. It's even hard to put it into words. And when I came out of the earth's shadow, then
the horizon looked different. It had a bright orange stripe, which then
changed back to blue and back to deep black. I didn't see the moon. Sun
in space it shines several tens of times brighter than we have on Earth. The stars are visible
very good: they are bright, clear. The whole picture of the sky is much more contrast,
than we see it from our Earth.

Will it do? Oo
Z.Y. did you get banned by google or what??? Oo
Z.Y.S. but by potential field -