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The first decades of the 20th century are a time of wars and struggles, external and internal. Our country, and with it the St. Petersburg province, survived three wars and three revolutions 1904 - war with Japan 1905 - Bloody Sunday 1914 - war with Germany 1917 - Socialist revolution The uprising of the indignant population was brutally suppressed 1918 - Civil War
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In the first place in all Russian politics in the first half of the reign of Emperor Nicholas II were the questions of the Far East. The main obstacle to Russian dominance in Far East was Japan
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A sudden attack by the Japanese fleet on the Russian squadron on the outer roadstead of Port Arthur on the night of January 27 (February 9), 1904, without an official declaration of war, led to the disabling of several of the strongest ships of the Russian squadron and ensured the unhindered landing of Japanese troops in Korea in February 1904 of the year. In May 1904, taking advantage of the inaction of the Russian command, the Japanese landed their troops on the Kwantung Peninsula and cut off the railway communication between Port Arthur and Russia. The siege of Port Arthur was started by Japanese troops by the beginning of August 1904, and on January 2, 1905, the garrison of the fortress was forced to surrender. The remnants of the Russian squadron in Port Arthur were sunk by Japanese siege artillery or blown up by their own crew.
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For help Pacific Fleet A squadron of ships was sent from the Baltic Sea. She died. Everyone knows the feat of the cruiser "Varyag" The cruiser "Varyag" - armored cruiser 1st rank of the 1st Pacific squadron of the Russian Navy in 1901-1904 Member of the famous battle at Chemulpo (1904).
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There are many heroic pages in the history of the Russian fleet. But it was the cruiser "Varyag" that forever remained in the people's memory as a symbol of Russian fearlessness, self-sacrifice and military prowess. Back in 1904, Russian sailors refused to surrender to the enemy, so as not to disgrace the honor of the St. Andrew's flag. The Varyag entered the battle with 14 ships of the Japanese squadron ... The Varyag was flooded. The commander of the cruiser Vsevolod Fedorovich Rudnev, one of the brilliant Russians naval officers
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Upstairs you, comrades, all in their places The last parade is coming. Our proud "Varangian" does not surrender to the enemy, Nobody wants mercy! All the pennants curl and the chains rattle, Lifting the anchors upstairs. The guns are preparing for battle in a row, Shining ominously in the sun. From the harbor of the faithful we go into battle, Towards the death that threatens us. For the Motherland in the open sea we will die, Where the yellow-faced devils are waiting! Whistles and rumbles and rumbles all around, The thunder of cannons, the hiss of shells. And our fearless and proud "Varangian" became Like a pitch hell. Bodies tremble in agony. The thunder of cannons and the noise and groaning. And the ship is engulfed in a sea of fire, The minutes of farewell have come. Farewell, comrades, with God - hurrah! The boiling sea below us. We didn’t think, brothers, yesterday that we would die under the waves. Neither a stone nor a cross will say where we lay down For the glory of the Russian flag, Only the waves of the sea will glorify the heroic death of the "Varyag" alone!
Slide 7
The events of January 9 (22), 1905, better known as Bloody Sunday - the execution by government troops of a peaceful procession of St. Petersburg workers to the Winter Palace to petition Tsar Nicholas II. The procession was prepared by the organization "Assembly of Russian Factory Workers of St. Petersburg", created by the priest G. A. Gapon.
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January 9 - Bloody Sunday
On January 9, about 140,000 workers took to the streets of St. Petersburg. An appeal to Nicholas II, in which there were such lines: “We have become impoverished, we are being oppressed, .. people do not recognize us, they treat us like slaves ... There is no more strength, Sovereign ... That terrible moment has come for us when death is better, than the continuation of unbearable torments. Look without anger ... at our requests, they are directed not to evil, but to good, both for us and for You, Sovereign!" The appeal listed the requests of the workers, for the first time it included demands for political freedoms, the organization of the Constituent Assembly - it was practically a revolutionary program. On January 9, a peaceful procession to the Winter Palace was scheduled. Gapon assured that the tsar should go out to the workers and accept an appeal from them.
Slide 9
January, about 140 thousand workers took to the streets of St. Petersburg. The columns headed by G. Gapon went to the Winter Palace. The workers came with their families, children, festively dressed, they carried portraits of the king, icons, crosses, sang prayers. Throughout the city, the procession met armed soldiers, but no one wanted to believe that they could shoot. Nicholas II was in Tsarskoye Selo that day, but the workers believed that he would come to listen to their requests. When one of the columns approached the Winter Palace, shots suddenly rang out. The first dead and wounded fell. The people who held the icons and portraits of the tsar firmly believed that the soldiers would not dare to shoot at them, but a new volley struck, and those who carried these relics began to fall to the ground. The crowd mixed up, people rushed to run, there were screams, crying, new shots. G. Gapon himself was shocked no less than the workers.
Slide 10
On the streets of the capital that day, from 130 to 200 workers died, the number of wounded reached 800 people. The police ordered not to give the corpses of the dead to their relatives, they were buried secretly at night. The tragic events of January 9 in St. Petersburg became the day of the beginning of the first Russian revolution, which swept all of Russia.
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World War I
Germany entered World War I on August 1, 1914, declaring war on Russia. World War I is one of the largest armed conflicts in the history of mankind. 33 states participated in this war.
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The war went on for three years. It led to a sharp deterioration in the lives of the civilian population. The soldiers were tired and did not want to fight, deserted from the front, taking rifles and cartridges with them. All these events forced Nicholas II to abdicate, the Provisional Government was formed, which did nothing for the people.
A lot of interesting events contains the history of Russia. The 20th century is a new era in the annals of our state. As it began with an unstable situation in the country, so it ended with it. Over these hundred years, the people have seen great victories, and great defeats, and miscalculations of the country's leadership, and tyrants in power, and, conversely, ordinary leaders.
Russian history. 20th century. Start
How did the new era begin? It would seem that Nicholas II is in power, everything seems to be fine, but the people are revolting. What does he lack? Of course, factory legislation and the solution of the land issue. These problems will be the main causes of the first revolution, which will begin with the execution at the Winter Palace. A workers' demonstration for peaceful purposes was sent to the tsar, but a completely different reception awaited it. The first Russian revolution ended with the violation of the October Manifesto, and the country again plunged into confusion. The second revolution led to the overthrow of the sole reign - the monarchy. The third - to the establishment of a Bolshevik policy in the country. The country turns into the USSR and the communists rise to power: under them, the state flourishes, overtakes the West in economic indicators, and becomes a powerful industrial and military center. But suddenly the war ...
Russian history. 20th century. Trial by war
During the twentieth century there were many wars: this is the war with Japan, when royal power showed its failure to the full, and the First World War, when the successes of Russian soldiers were extremely underestimated; this is an internal civil war, when the country plunged into terror, and the Great World War II, where the Soviet people showed patriotism and courage; this is the Afghan one, where young guys died, and the lightning-fast Chechen one, where the toughness of the militants knew no bounds. The history of Russia in the 20th century was filled with events, but the main one is still the Second World War. Do not forget about the Moscow battle, when the enemy was at the gates of the capital; about the Battle of Stalingrad, when soviet soldiers turned the tide of the war; about the Kursk Bulge, where Soviet technology surpassed the powerful "German machine" - all these are glorious pages of our military history.
Russian history. 20th century. The second half and the collapse of the USSR
After the death of Stalin, a fierce struggle for power begins, in which the extraordinary N. Khrushchev wins. Under him, we were the first to fly into space, created a hydrogen bomb and almost led the whole world to nuclear war. Many crises, the first visit to the United States, the development of virgin lands and corn - all this personifies his activities. After was L. Brezhnev, who also came after the conspiracy. His time is called the "era of stagnation", the leader was very indecisive. Yu. Andropov, who replaced him, and then K. Chernenko, were hardly remembered by the world, but M. Gorbachev remained in the memory of everyone. It was he who "destroyed" a powerful and strong state. The instability of the situation at the turn of the century played its role: as it all began, so it ended. Default, dashing 90s, crisis and deficits, the August coup - all this is the history of Russia. The 20th century is a difficult period in the formation of our country. From political instability, from the arbitrariness of power, we have come to a strong state with a strong people.
In the first decades of the 20th century, Shchukin's tastes changed somewhat: he became interested in the post-impressionists - Cezanne, Van Gogh and Gauguin. Then Matisse, the founder of Fauvism, became his favorite, to whom he ordered two unique panels for his house - “Music” and “Dance”. Finally, in prewar years Shchukin also saw Picasso. By this time, his collection had almost tripled: if in 1906 there were 80 paintings in it, then in 1913 there were 222 of them. Matisse introduced Shchukin to Picasso. Crespel names the first paintings acquired by the Russian collector from Picasso, and correctly points out that by 1917 there were already “no less than fifty” such acquisitions. However, at the same time, he is silent about the main thing: in the period from 1908 to 1914, Picasso was able to overcome poverty, gain recognition and rent a fashionable apartment on Montparnasse Boulevard only thanks to the money of Shchukin, who royally paid him for paintings that no one had bought before ...
Shchukin was not a businessman from art, and therefore it is hardly appropriate to write about him under the heading "Traders and Speculators". Being an ardent promoter of the new art, he turned his luxurious mansion into a museum, where he himself became a guide. Later, when, after October, the new government nationalized both his house and his collection, and he himself ended up abroad, Sergei Ivanovich uttered the noblest words, inaccurately conveyed by Crespel: “... I collected not only and not so much for myself, but for my country and of his people. Whatever is on our land, my collection must remain there.”
Speaking about the collection of Ivan Abramovich Morozov (1871–1921), one cannot fail to say a few words about his elder brother. Mikhail Morozov, who had the characteristic nickname "Gentleman", a pupil of the Moscow Imperial University, a person who is fond of, tried his hand not only in commerce, but also in the literary field. But his main passion was collecting paintings, which he took up from the age of twenty. Leading Russian painters met in his mansion, among them Vrubel, Serov, Korovin, Pasternak. Their canvases, as well as the works of Surikov, Golovin, Levitan, adorned the walls of Mikhail's rooms. Later, he became interested in the French - Manet, Degas, Renoir, Gauguin. In this environment, Mikhail's brother-weather Ivan grew up, in 1903 he took over the baton of gathering. In that year, he acquired the first painting by Sesley, then the collection began to grow rapidly. Morozov's main suppliers were the Parisian marshans Durand-Ruel and Vollard. In 1907-1908, Vollard sold eight paintings by Gauguin to a Russian collector, including their famous "Night Café in Arles", and later gave him his no less famous "Cubist" portrait by Picasso. Ivan Abramovich declared Cezanne his favorite artist, whose canvases he bought at every convenient occasion. Then, like his rival Shchukin, he became interested in Matisse. However, in fairness, it should be said that the word “rival” is hardly appropriate here: both collectors lived peacefully, never trying to infringe on each other, but rather complementing each other. If Shchukin chose “Music” and “Dance” by Matisse to decorate his mansion, then Morozov turned to Bonnard and Denis, the leaders of the “Nabids”, for the same purpose. And Denis decorated Morozov's house with a unique monument of decorative art - a set of twelve panels "The History of Psyche".
The Far Eastern knot of contradictions, the formation of the Entente, the struggle of the Entente with the German bloc in the 10s. XX century, the world on the eve of the First World War.
End of the 19th century was marked by the end of the struggle of the great (erzhavs) for the division of the world and the first wars for its redistribution. By the time the division of the world was completed, England became the undisputed leader, over whose possessions “the sun never set” 5. France became the second colonial power. The old colonial powers Spain and Portugal weakened , they were pressed by strong bosses.Among those who most aggressively pressed on them were the USA, Germany and Japan, late for the colonial division of the world and in late XIX V. actively trying to tear off the colonial pie from those who could not protect their possessions.
The United States occupied the Hawaiian Islands in 1893, and in 1898 took advantage of the uprising in Cuba and took it by force from Spain, which had previously refused to sell it to the Americans for $ 100 million. At the same time, the United States took away Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines from the Spaniards which were claimed by Germany. Thus, the United States opened the era of wars for the redivision of the world. At the same time, the main goal of the United States was China as a huge market for American products. However, it was already divided between England, France and Russia. In September 1899, Secretary of State (“SHA Hay addressed notes to all colonial powers proclaiming the doctrine of “ open doors” or “equal opportunities.” The British, French, Germans, Japanese and Italians agreed with the US proposal, but Russia took an evasive position, which predetermined the formation of an anti-Russian coalition in the Far East.
Germany, more aggressively than others, claimed a share of the colonial pie, considering itself unfairly deprived. The Germans bought the Carolines, Marianas and Palau from Italy, and also received a small concession in China. They claimed more, but England and France strongly objected. Kaiser Wilhelm was extremely annoyed and was looking for an opportunity to strike at his opponents.
Japan lagged behind in its development and only at the very end
19th century managed to create a navy, which allowed her to declare her claims to Korea and North China, where Russian influence was strong. Japan's claims were encouraged by Britain and the United States, who wished to weaken Russia's position in Korea and China's northeastern province of Manchuria. Russian Foreign Minister Muravyov understood the weakness of Russia's position in the Far East, with which there was no permanent communication, and began to seek an alliance with France. At the same time, Russia began the construction of the CER. In the summer of 1901, extreme militarists (the Katsura cabinet) came to power in Japan, and in 1902 they signed an alliance treaty with England directed against Russia. The treaty freed Japan's hands, and on January 8, 1904, she began a war against Russia. Japan was in a hurry to start a war before Russia completed the construction of the CER. In addition, she feared a rapprochement between Russia and England. The support of the United States, which wanted to weaken Russia in the Far East, was also beneficial for Japan. England pushed Japan to war, fearing that Russia could enlist the support of France in the Far East, which, under the terms of the Anglo-Japanese treaty, obliged England to fight on the side of Japan.
The creation of an Anglo-Japanese alliance against Russia in a certain sense suited Germany and Austria-Hungary, since it diverted Russian forces to the Far East. At the same time, these two powers did not want the strengthening of England and Japan at the expense of Russia, therefore, when the Japanese began a war against Russia, its rear in Europe and the Balkans turned out to be covered by Germany and Austria-Hungary. Russia lost the war and, in the Peace of Portsmouth, lost concessions in Korea and Manchuria, was forced to cede to Japan the Liaodong Peninsula with Port Arthur and the Far East in China, South Sakhalin, the right to fish in the Sea of Okhotsk, the Bering Sea and the Sea of Japan.
For Russia, the Treaty of Portsmouth became a national disgrace. ! 1, lr Nicholas II agreed to it only because Russia
"seemed on the eve of the revolution of 1905.
In Japan, the peace conditions were also considered a disgrace. The Japanese expected to receive from Russia 1,200 million yen indemnities and all of Sakhalin. However, Russia flatly refused to pay the indemnity. The war ruined Japan, the treasury was empty, and its creditors - England and the United States believed that Russia was already sufficiently weakened in the Far East and at sea (Tsushima), and refused Japan loans. It was under these conditions that Japan signed a peace treaty on September 5, 1905.
Along with the knot of contradictions in the Far East, the situation in Europe was no less complicated, where relations between England and Germany became more and more conflicted. The interests of the two powers subsided clashed all over the world. England was extremely worried about the growth of the naval power of Germany, which in 1900 passed a law on the fleet, clearly encroaching on the English naval superiority. IN South Africa, where in 1886 the richest gold placers were discovered, a conflict began between the Afrikaners, or Boers, supported by Germany, and the English colonists, who rushed to the new Klondike. England simply provoked the Boers to war, and in 1899 it began. For three years the country fought hard battles, and only in 1902 did the Boers agree to sign a peace, having negotiated internal autonomy for themselves. All this time, the Germans secretly supplied the Boers with weapons, which aggravated relations between England and Germany to the extreme.
England was even more worried about the acquisition by Deutsche Bank in 1899 of a concession for the construction railway from Istanbul to Baghdad. Deutsche Bank's initiative was supported by Chancellor Wilhelm II, which caused a storm of indignation in London and St. Petersburg. Russia was frightened by the strengthening of Germany in the zone of the Bosphorus - Dardanelles, while London suspected Germany of intending to settle on the near approaches to India and seize Palestine and Mesopotamia, which England already considered almost her possessions. France also could not come to terms with this, as it feared for the Levant, which she was already mastering and in whose economy she had already invested about 200 million francs.
The struggle with Germany pushed England to rapprochement with her eternal rival - France. The English king Edward VII was increasingly afraid of Germany and hated William II, considering him a presumptuous upstart. It was he who pushed the government towards an alliance with France. In turn, William II spoke of Edward VII as a parquet shark, a lover of wearing and flaunting fashionable clothes and nothing more. It really was so, but Eduard, no doubt, was also talented statesman. He, like Wilhelm, delved into all state affairs, although he could not do this.
In France, Foreign Minister Delcasset was a champion of rapprochement with England. On April 8, 1904, the two powers signed an agreement on “cordial agreement '" - the Entente. In fact, it was about the policy of the two countries regarding Egypt, Morocco, Siam, Gibraltar and the Suez Canal. Germany was not mentioned in a single word in the text of the agreement , But in Berlin it was regarded as clearly anti-German, since Germany claimed part of Morocco and understood that Gibraltar and the Suez Canal would be closed to the passage of its navy.In response, Berlin began to look for approaches to Nicholas II, offering to conclude an alliance treaty.His text was prepared, but on the eve of its signing, the Russian tsar offered to show it to the French, which was humiliating for the Germans.Wilhelm, in a letter to his chancellor Bülow, called Nicholas "a rag who did not want to conclude an agreement without the agreement of the Gauls."Wilhelm's personal meeting with Nicholas II in July 1905 The city also did not prompt the tsar to make an alliance with Germany.On the contrary, Russia's course towards rapprochement with Germany was changed and negotiations with England on the partition of spheres of influence in Asia. In August 1907 such an agreement was signed in St. Petersburg. Thus arose the Tripartite Agreement, or triple Entente, consisting of England, France and Russia. She was also opposed by the tripartite alliance in the person of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, which, however, was a staggering member of this alliance. The formation of the Entente, of which England was the central link, meant that the Anglo-German contradictions turned out to be so deep that England, in order to resolve them, neglected the contradictions with Russia and France.
After the formation of the two blocs, England and Germany launched an arms race. Germany tried to catch up with England,
The latter considered this a threat to her vital interests. In the Ligust of 1908, King Edward VII visited William II with a chain to persuade him to limit the construction of military courts. Kai-;sr Germany behaved implacably, and the visit of the English king ended with mutual threats to start a war.
The naval rivalry between England and Germany was supplemented by a number of other antagonisms. Having received a concession for the Baghdad railway, Germany laid the route of the future road through the regions of northern Mesopotamia, in which British and American oil companies, while exploring for oil, found it. The terms of the concession allowed Germany to engage in economic activities in the two-hundred-meter exclusion zone on both sides of the road. Sultan Ottoman Empire Abdul Hamid II, saving her from collapse, made a bet on Germany and Austria-Hungary, primarily because of their Russophobic course. He considered Russia the patroness of the Christians of the empire, who were regarded by the Sultan as the “fifth column” of Russia and the West as a whole. Germany climbed straight into the Middle East, which angered not only England, but also Russia.
Austria-Hungary, an ally of Germany, sought to take over the Slavic states of the Balkans, with which Russia could not agree. It was clear to the leaders of the Entente states that if Austria-Hungary took over the Balkans, it would be impossible to stop Germany's advance into the Middle East, and then the Middle East. Therefore, the antagonism between the Entente and the German bloc in the Balkans escalated to the limit by the end of the first decade.
England took all measures to prevent the construction of the Baghdad railway. With her help and support, in July 1908, a coup d'etat took place in Turkey, called the "Young Turk Revolution", during which the Sultan was forced to adopt a constitution, in accordance with which elections were held, and the Anglophile Kamil Pasha headed the new government of Turkey. It seemed that England had won. Sultan Abdul Hamid was deposed, and the new Sultan
In 1913, the old weak-willed Mshmsd V was appointed. However, in 1913 Germany played the game in Turkey and installed the Germanophile Shevket-iasha as first vizier, who invited the German military mission to Turkey and granted Germany new concessions.
Even more complex were the Balkan contradictions, especially between Austria-Hungary and Russia. Russian military agent Colonel Izvolsky made desperate efforts to prevent the Balkans from falling under the control of Austria-Hungary. However, in 1909 the latter bought sovereignty over Bosnia and Herzegovina from Turkey for 2.5 million pounds. Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria began to prepare for the war with Turkey, which began in October 1912. The Turkish army suffered a crushing defeat. The troops of the Balkan allies captured most of European Turkey, and the latter sued for peace. Bulgaria and Serbia failed to take full advantage of the fruits of their victory. Peace terms with Turkey became a compromise between the great powers. At the same time, the first Balkan war strengthened the positions of the Entente, as it strengthened Serbia, the enemy of Austria-Hungary. The latter tried in every possible way to tear Bulgaria away from Serbia. Russian Foreign Minister Sazonov tried to prevent a break in relations between Bulgaria and Serbia, relying primarily on Serbia. The Bulgarian Tsar Ferdinand embarked on the path of rapprochement with Austria-Hungary and in June 1913 he started a war with former allies - Greece and Serbia. Austria, inciting the Bulgarians to war and promising them help, did not dare to attack Serbia. But Turkey took the side of Greece and Serbia, and Bulgaria was defeated. The Treaty of Bucharest, signed on August 10, 1913, deprived Bulgaria of all its conquests and part of its ancestral lands, which offended the Bulgarians for a long time.
First decade of the 20th century for the world industry was characterized by incredible progress in science and technology. The world was entering the age of steel, oil, electricity and chemistry. The development of technologies for the production of durable steel grades opened up the possibility of building completely new machines: the steam engine was replaced by an internal combustion engine.
12 early. This led to the development of petrochemistry and, first of all, the production of new types of liquid fuels. Those states that possessed these technologies were able to produce new types of weapons. Deposits of iron ores, chromium, nickel, natural rubber, oil fields became the object of the coveted interests of the great powers. For their possession, they were ready to fight until the war. In Europe, by the end of that decade, Germany overtook Great Britain in steel production, and Krupp's factories brewed the world's strongest steel. However, the United States was ahead of everyone, which, together with Canada, produced more steel than England. France and Germany. Russia lagged far behind in steel production, it still smelted iron and was just starting to produce good grades of steel. This led to its lagging behind in mechanical engineering.
German industry had outgrown its raw material base and needed new sources of raw materials. Particularly acute was the question of Germany's access to sources of oil, which she did not have. The oil fields were owned by the USA, England, Holland, Russia and Romania. The struggle for oil was becoming a geopolitical issue.
France by 1914 produced only a sixth of the amount of steel that Germany produced. The development of France's heavy industry was hampered by an acute shortage of coking coal, which Germany had in abundance. The German Ruhr was the longed-for dream of the industrialists of France.
Electric motors were introduced into production at a colossal pace. The leaders were the USA, Germany and Holland. By the end of the decade in Germany, about 25% industrial enterprises switched to electric traction, while in England only 10%, in other countries even less. Thus, Germany pulled ahead in all respects, and it became a need to stop it. national security, primarily for the leader of the Entente - England.
