Home front workers. Home front workers of the Great Patriotic War. The life of children during the Great Patriotic War Children and women in factories in WWII

“It was not forced child labor, it was salvation, because they were fed, there was a special attitude and supervision. Someone lived at the plant, this was especially practiced in besieged Leningrad. After all, the city not only fought and held the defense, but also enterprises were working. Some ammunition was even taken out to " mainland"- for the blockade ring. Children at the plant received a card not as dependents, but as a worker. It was warm there, that is, not empty frozen apartments in which stoves heated furniture. These are at least some conditions."

Conditions at the factory were indeed better. Instead of the prescribed 200 grams of bread, the guys received as many as 500.

In those days it was considered to be full. So most teenagers themselves sought to master any profession. But still, the main reason for the work was not the material component. Children and teenagers tried to make their own contribution to the defense of the country, military historian Boris Yulin explains:

“It was not the responsibility of teenagers and was not a matter of survival. Of course, in this way it was possible to improve their nutrition and the nutrition of their families. But the most important thing was the opportunity to somehow participate in the defense of their homeland. Therefore, people went to factories with great hunting."

Most often, the guys worked on lathes. It did not require special experience or education, but it needed a lot of endurance. At the same time, the children themselves did not perceive these hours as hard labor and did not pretend to be heroes, military historian Boris Yulin continues:

“It was what is called the mass heroism of the home front workers. That is, the person did not perform any special feats. The feat was that a teenager goes and works at the factory all day. evacuated to the east, to Siberia and the Urals. This is what is called a daily feat."

Such a daily feat made it possible to increase the pace of production as soon as possible. By the end of 1942, Soviet enterprises reached its pre-war level.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution
higher professional education
"KUBAN STATE UNIVERSITY"

(FGBOU VPO "KubGU")

Department of History and Methods of its Teaching

COURSE WORK

THE USE OF THE LABOR OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS BY THE SOVIET AUTHORITY DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

The work was completed by: ____________________________ I. Volkova

(signature, date)

Branch of FGBOU VPO "KubSU" in Slavyansk-on-Kuban

Specialty 050401.65 "History" with additional specialty 050402.65 "Jurisprudence"

Scientific adviser:

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor _________________________E.V. Manuzin

(signature, date)

Standard controller:

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor _____________________________________

(signature, date)

Slavyansk-on-Kuban 201 4

CONTENT

Introduction……………………………………………..……………………………….3

1 Children and adolescents in wartime………………………………..8

1.1 From the desk to the machine - the policy of the Soviet government

regarding the use of the labor of children and adolescents in the rear………………8

1.2 Organization of education for working children and teenagers,

improving their qualifications…………………………………………………...12

2 Soldiers of the labor front - children and adolescents……………………………….25

2.1 Labor of children and adolescents in industry………………………………..25

2.2 The labor of children and adolescents in agricultural work……………...30

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….37

List of sources used………………………………………………..39

INTRODUCTION

The relevance of research. There are still many blank spots in the history of the Great Patriotic War. One of the problems that have not been properly investigated is the use by the Soviet authorities of the labor of children and adolescents during the war years of 1941-1945. It was the children and teenagers, who in those terrible years were under 18 years old, who took upon themselves the hardships of heavy rear work in production, in agricultural work. The need to involve children in work in production was a forced step, which, on the one hand, was explained by the needs of the front, and on the other hand, by the lack of labor resources among the adult population, due to participation in hostilities. The colossal contribution that the youngest representatives of the military generation made to the cause of victory today needs to be studied by modern historians on a new methodological basis, since its importance cannot be overestimated.

Historiography of the problem. In the existing extensive historiography about the Great Patriotic War, one can single out a separate direction represented by historical works on the issues under study. The study of military childhood in general and the work of children and adolescents in particular in Soviet historiography was strongly influenced by ideology. This influenced research priorities and analysis of military events, the interpretation of the source base and the choice of scientific terminology. Much attention was paid to the heroism and patriotism of children and adolescents in the rear.

A significant number of works revealed and popularized various forms of helping children to the front: raising funds for the defense fund, for the construction of military equipment, sending warm clothes for front-line soldiers, helping their families, the Timur movement and other initiatives. Soviet researchers described the work of schoolchildren at enterprises, collective farms and state farms, participation in the construction of defensive structures.

Much attention was paid to describing the leading role of the Komsomol in organizing the patriotic upsurge of Soviet children.

The history of the labor feat of children and adolescents was reflected in the generalizing works on the history of the CPSU and the history of the Komsomol, which were also published during this period of the 60-80s. However, the presentation of historical facts was distorted by party ideology.

In the late 90s, the Nauka publishing house published a new popular science work in 4 books, The Great Patriotic War. 1941-1945: Military Historical Essays". In this multi-volume history of the war, the actual extent of the use of child and adolescent labor in wartime was revealed. In the 1990s, the historiography of the Great Patriotic War was replenished with new, unbiased works, scientific articles and dissertations. In them, the authors revealed previously uncovered facts of the labor exploits of children and adolescents in general and in particular in the regions of the Russian Federation.

In 2004, the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences published the fundamental collective scientific work "War and Society, 1941-1945." in 2 books edited by Academician G.N. Sevostyanov. On the basis of modern historiography, the team of authors focused on studying the life of various social groups in Soviet society during the war years and their heroic deed.

New works of researchers consider previously unknown facts of the fate of young participants in the war from a new angle of a new historical paradigm. Also in recent years, studies have appeared that reveal the conditions of life during the war and the psychological state, work and study, other circumstances of the life of Soviet children and adolescents in the occupied territory of the USSR, which were not paid attention to in the historiography of previous years.

The object of the study is the labor assistance of children and adolescents during the war period of 1941-1945.

The subject of the study is the conditions and legal foundations for the work of children and adolescents at various stages of the Great Patriotic War.

The chronological framework covers the period 1941-1945. This is predetermined by the fact that the events that are studied in the work completely coincide with the time of the Great Patriotic War.

The geographical boundaries of the study cover the territorial boundaries of the USSR in 1941-1945.

The purpose of the work is to analyze the situation of children and adolescents in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War and the policy of the Soviet government regarding them.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following research tasks:

To characterize the main vectors of the policy of the Soviet government regarding the use of the labor of children and adolescents in the rear;

Investigate the use of child and adolescent labor by the Soviet authorities;

Reveal the importance of child labor in the economy of the war period.

The practical significance of the results obtained lies in the fact that the factual material accumulated in the study, theoretical provisions, conclusions and generalizations significantly expand modern knowledge on the social aspects of the Great Patriotic War.

Methodological basis research is a set of general scientific and special principles of research: objectivity, historicism, comprehensiveness. The application of such principles oriented the author to a comprehensive approach to the study of the problem, impartiality of assessments, the use of only reliable information, the disclosure of historical patterns, the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships. The methodological principles outlined above also determined the methodological research tools adequate to them, the basis of which was the theory of knowledge. The author used general scientific research methods: analysis, synthesis, grouping, typification. The leading place belongs to special methods: problem-chronological, comparative-historical, and also historical-biographical.

Source base. The course work used a wide range of documents and materials of 1941-1945, in particular: Directive of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks to the party and Soviet organizations of the front-line regions "On the mobilization of all forces and means to defeat the fascist invaders" dated June 29, 1941 ; Decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On the working hours of workers and employees in wartime" of June 26, 1941, the Decree of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions "On the expansion of individual gardening among workers and employees in 1942" of January 5, 1942

Numerous collections of documents are of great scientific value for studying the labor of children and adolescents in wartime. .

The source base used in the course work made it possible to more fully reflect the labor activity of children and adolescents, the means and methods for implementing the state's labor policy in relation to underage workers during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.

Practical significance. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the analytical materials presented in it, scientific conclusions and generalizations can be used in the preparation of training courses on recent history Russia for secondary schools.

The structure of the work: the work consists of an introduction, two sections, a conclusion and a list of references.

1 Children and adolescents in wartime conditions

1.1 The problem of providing the war economy of the USSR with labor resources

Since the beginning of the war, significant production forces were attracted to the Red Army, as a result of which its strength increased during the war from 5 million. up to 11.3 million Human. However, this had a negative impact on military production, since there were practically no workers left in the rear. The front demanded more and more military equipment, which was used in combat operations, and therefore it became necessary to attract the unconscripted population to work for the front. Strengthening the defensive power of the army and the construction of defensive structures required the involvement of simply a huge number of workers. This task, in the conditions of the occupation of significant territories of the country by the enemy, seemed impossible. Many Soviet people remained in the territory temporarily occupied by the enemy, were driven away to Nazi Germany.

The problem of providing the war economy of the USSR with labor resources was very acute. During the war years, there were real changes in the balance of labor resources, labor organization, wage structure .

At that moment, the Soviet government faced two most important tasks: the first was to provide social production with the necessary labor resources, replacing the workers who had gone to the front with reserves; second, the new cadres were supposed to raise labor productivity to unprecedented heights. These tasks were difficult to implement, because by attracting the population that remained in the rear, and these were women, the elderly, the disabled and children (!) The task of qualified personnel, and hence labor productivity, was not solved. People who have never worked in heavy industry, women, children - they all did not have the proper qualifications and therefore their work did not give high productivity. .

The entire industry of the country was evacuated to the east and the task of professional personnel was solved due to the fact that the workers moved with the enterprise to the rear areas. These were mainly women, youth and adolescents, as well as men who were not fit to serve in the army for health reasons, pensioners, invalids of labor and war.

Youth, children and teenagers actively participated in production for the front. Their number increased during the war years, and this significantly compensated for the lack of workers in factories and plants. So, in most enterprises, the main working category was precisely the youth. So, if in 1939. the proportion of workers and employees under the age of 18 was 6% of the total number of workers and employees employed in industry, then in 1942. it increased to 15%. At the same time, the proportion of workers and employees aged 18-49 decreased from 85% in 1939 to 73% in 1942.

Adolescents from 14 to 17 years old, employed in industry, construction and transport by the end of 1945, were 10.5% of the total number of employees. They worked with great desire, but were physically weak and tired quickly. Therefore, it often happened that two teenagers worked on the same machine and replaced each other every hour or two. .

The authorities undertook a planned redistribution of labor resources from the food, light and local industries. Food and light industry workers were sent to the heavy industry. 69 thousand people for leading construction projects, 59 thousand people for the military industry. Also, workers who were freed from work in connection with the reduction of staff, the conservation of construction, at the enterprises of the defense industry, the administration employed in large enterprises. In order to retain qualified personnel in the military industries, cadre workers were exempted from mobilization into the army and were considered to be mobilized into the defense industry. For the entire period of the war, they could not leave their combat post on the labor front.

The Soviet government used administrative measures in order to obtain a result expressed in increased labor productivity. To use the full potential of the available labor resources, in accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of June 26, 1941 “On the working hours of workers and employees in wartime”, the duration of the working day was increased, planned and preferential holidays were exchanged, and mandatory overtime work was introduced lasting from 1 to 3 hours a day. These measures, promptly implemented by the administration of enterprises, made it possible already at the beginning of the war to increase the utilization of production capacities by the forces that were available. In order to rationally distribute labor resources at defense enterprises, on June 30, 1941, the Committee for Accounting and Distribution of Labor was created under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

By 1942, the civilian population of the territories occupied by the Nazi invaders, the period of the greatest occupation according to Soviet statistics, the population of the country was about 130 million people against 194.1 million people on January 1, 1940. The total number of workers and employees in the national economy of the country has decreased from 31.2 million workers and employees in 1940. to 18.4 million people in 1942, including in industry - from 11 million to 7.2 million people, which was 59 and 65.5% of the 1940 level.

In agriculture, too, there was a labor problem. If in 1941 the loss of the male part of the rural population was compensated for by 77.4%, then in 1942. - only by 1/3, mainly due to women, the elderly and adolescents. There were battles on the sown lands of the collective farms and the collective farmers suffered huge personnel and agricultural losses. In 1943 - 1944. this loss of human resources in the collective farms was almost not compensated. The total number of workers in the countryside decreased due to their involvement in large enterprises. The village worked according to the residual principle.

In order to fill the military economy of the country in incredibly difficult conditions with human resources, the Soviet government administratively attracted able-bodied and unemployed residents of the city to work in industry, rural residents who remained in the villages to work on collective farms.

It was a forced measure, but despite its rigidity, it was fundamentally different from the mobilization, which was also carried out in particular in Nazi Germany. They also looked for opportunities to use labor to obtain a victorious result. The Nazis met the urgent labor needs of the war economy through the use of forced labor from forcibly driven workers from occupied states and prisoners of war.

For the Soviet people, who sought to hasten the defeat of the enemy, work in favor of the front became the most important social cause. The patriotic upsurge of the population that accompanied labor mobilization attracted women, the elderly, children and teenagers to the enterprises. They voluntarily worked in excess of the norm in favor of the front in order to bring victory over the enemy closer with their selfless work.

From the first days of the war, the slogan “Let's replace our fathers, brothers, husbands, sons at work!” became popular for home front workers! It was the patriotic mood of the workers that was of great importance for ensuring the normal operation of plants and factories. The maximum attraction of labor resources already in 1943 gave not only an increase in the number of workers and employees in the national economy (over 1 million people compared to 1942 amounted to about 19.4 million people), but also an increase in labor productivity, at the cost of unprecedented efforts .

Only in 1943, 1,320 thousand people entered factories and factories, restoration work. The statistics of the Committee for the Accounting and Distribution of Labor under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR from 1942 to July 1945 indicate that 12 million people were involved in large enterprises of the defense industry and construction sites for restoration work, and in transport. This figure includes more than 3 million people attracted for permanent work in industry, construction and transport. people, more than 2.1 million people into the system of labor reserves, as well as more than 6.7 million people for seasonal and temporary work .

After the liberation of Soviet territory from the enemy, the Soviet state sent the necessary human resources to the liberated regions. The reserves for providing the restored enterprises with workers were the mobilization of the population not employed in social production, organizational recruitment, public conscription, especially Komsomol members, as well as the deployment of a patriotic movement among women.

1.2 From the desk to the machine - the policy of the Soviet government regarding the use of the labor of children and adolescents in the rear

With the outbreak of World War II, changes took place in the lives of ordinary Soviet teenagers. Adolescents from the age of 14 were forced into the reformed system of training skilled workers. By the legislative acts of the Soviet state, already in 1940, all students of the labor reserves were mobilized, and after graduating from school and FZU they were required to work for 4 years at a fixed enterprise. For violating the rules established by law, minors were held criminally liable for up to one year and sent to labor colonies. . Adolescents who remained at school were actively involved in defense and physical education work. So, already during the 1940-1941 school. years, only in the Stalin region were circles and sections in various sports and military training, which covered 134,518 schoolchildren. This, on the one hand, contributed to the militarization of young people, and, on the other hand, prepared them for possible extreme conditions even before the start of the war15.

The Great Patriotic War affected all spheres of life of the younger generation (personal, educational, public, etc.). Young residents experienced psychological trauma, they were left without proper parental care, living conditions worsened, they were assigned duties that were unusual for them, so the children grew up beyond their age. The attention of the state to the military and physical training of children and adolescents has increased even more. In accordance with the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of July 2, 1941, students from the age of 8 received skills in using air defense equipment in special classes. The number of defense circles of the Society for Assistance to the Defense of the Chemical Construction of the USSR (OSOAVIAKHIM) increased. So, schoolchildren in 1941-1942. massively passed the norms for defense badges: “Ready for sanitary defense”, “Voroshilovsky shooter” and “Young Voroshilovsky shooter”, “Air and chemical defense” .

On October 2, 1940, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On the State Labor Reserves of the USSR"17 was adopted. The State Labor Reserves of the USSR, the system of organized training of new workers from urban and rural youth, was designed to create the necessary labor reserves for the branches of the national economy. One of the main goals of the Soviet government at that stage was the systematic mass training of skilled workers and the organization of their distribution.

Three types of educational institutions were established in 1940 to train skilled workers at large industrial enterprises. These are vocational schools with a 2-year term of study for the training of skilled metal workers, metallurgists, chemists, miners, oil workers, workers for maritime transport, communications enterprises and railway; schools with a 2-year training period for training assistant machinists, locksmiths for the repair of steam locomotives and wagons, boilermakers, foremen for road repairs, and other complex working professions of railway transport; factory training schools (FZO) with a 6-month training period for training workers in mass professions, primarily for the coal, mining, metallurgical, oil and construction industries .

The state took upon itself the full material support of all students. As early as May 1941, educational institutions graduated 250,000 young workers for industry, construction, and railway transport. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, the front demanded replenishment, and regular workers went there directly from the machine.

In the autumn of 1941, in preparation for October, the first Komsomol youth front-line brigades appeared. According to a special government decision, from the beginning of 1943, training and production workshops began to open at some schools and orphanages, where schoolchildren carried out special orders for the front. "Gulliver's" were the production standards in the fields where children worked: thousands of hectares of mowed bread, thousands of bundled sheaves, tons of milled grain.

From 4 o'clock in the morning until 10 o'clock in the evening, the working day continued in the sowing, and during the harvesting, night threshing was not uncommon. Most junior schoolchildren went out to the fields to collect spikelets. The successes of the Soviet military economy were achieved at the cost of mobilizing the maximum of the country's human and material resources. At the end of June 1941, mandatory overtime work of up to three hours was introduced, and vacations were cancelled. In December 1941 at military enterprises, all employees were declared mobilized, unauthorized leaving the enterprise was equated with desertion in the army .

Due to the constant shortage of workers in production, construction, state farms and collective farms, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR issued a decree "On the mobilization of the able-bodied population for the wartime period." From May 1942, they began to accept 14-year-old teenagers for industrial training, setting a six-hour working day for them. Much attention was paid to on-the-job training of personnel. Adolescents aged 14-17 often did not leave their jobs for days. By the end of the war in industry, construction and transport, they accounted for 10.5% of the total number of employees. And in collective farms this percentage was even higher20.

The restructuring of the Soviet economy on a war footing was completed within one year. Its main goal was to achieve a decisive military-technical superiority over the enemy.

1.3 Organization of studies for working children and adolescents, improvement of their qualifications

One of the biggest economic problems that the Soviet government tried to solve during the war, as outlined above, was the increase in labor productivity. New untrained personnel came to the industry, as they say because of the desk. At first, labor productivity was kept at a consistently low level and output increased due to the massive use of overtime, the abolition of vacations, and a large number of unskilled personnel, consisting of minors, children, and women. Further, radical measures were needed in order not to keep labor productivity at a low but stable level, but to ensure its growth at a rapid pace. The production of new products and the mechanization of production required trained personnel. Outdated equipment, manual labor, as well as low-skilled workers have led to a decrease in labor productivity. It is worth considering that pre-war production had obsolete equipment, as engineering enterprises that produced new high-performance machine tools were switched to the production of military products. There was practically no automation and complex mechanization. Modernization required financial investments, and the administration of factories raised production by increasing the proportion of manual labor. It should be noted that the level of labor productivity grew every year during the war and amounted to 180% compared to 1940, 139% in 1943, and 142% in 1944. The growth factor was the selfless work of workers and engineers. in factories, factories, mines. In industry as a whole, the growth of labor productivity in 1942 amounted to .

In the first period of the war, the output of industrial output increased due to the increase in working hours and the introduction of new possibilities. In 1943-1945. - mainly due to the growth of labor productivity, as well as the restoration of enterprises in the territory liberated from the enemy.

The highest growth rates of labor productivity were achieved in the military industry. If in two years (from May 1942 to May 1944) in the industry as a whole, labor productivity increased by 40%, then in the tank industry - by 43%, in aviation - by 47%, in the ammunition industry - by 54% .

The modernization of enterprises during the war was still carried out. Production lines and conveyor production systems were introduced in assembly, machining and procurement shops; preferential material and technical supply of military production, including new types of high-performance machine tools; creation of normal reserves and modernization of a part of the equipment.

With the departure of experienced workers to the active army, the bulk of the working cadres were workers with lower ranks and little work experience. Therefore, during the war years, the Communist Party and the Soviet government showed great concern for the training and retraining of personnel.

The training of newcomers to the production of workers was one of the central problems during the war years. Individual-team training in the training of new personnel - this was on-the-job training. This form of education contributed to the fact that young workers of enterprises, construction sites and transport mastered new professions and improved their skills directly at work. The main and undoubted advantage of vocational training was that this form greatly contributed to an increase in the efficiency of the use of labor resources.

During the war, the training of workers for industry took place in two periods. The first, associated with a massive influx of new workers, was characterized by continuous training of newcomers in the most necessary and elementary methods of work. It was something without which enterprises could not function normally. The second period came when these new wartime cadres stabilized to a certain extent and acquired some production skills. Beginners, as a rule, were put on independent work only after they have mastered the necessary minimum of knowledge. Then the task of improving the skills of new personnel came to the fore.

At the first stage, the main form of training new staff of operational workers was individual or team training directly at the workplace. It was precisely the widest application of this form of industrial training that made it possible in a short time to train millions of new workers who had joined socialist industry. In the second period, training in special training workshops and other forms of vocational training began to play a significant role.

Such the most massive form of training new cadres of workers as on-the-job training required a huge number of "teachers". This problem was solved by widely involving in the training of young people the bulk of cadre, skilled workers with practical and life experience. It was they who provided invaluable assistance in the mass training of young people. Personnel workers involved in training, as a rule, received a certain remuneration, the amount of which was established depending on the timing and quality of training. .

In the course of individual apprenticeship under the guidance of experienced masters of their craft, young workers mastered complex production operations for several months, and training was combined with the performance of production tasks. After the students mastered the specialty, they passed tests, according to the results of which the qualification commission assigned them ranks.

Along with individual apprenticeship, the brigade method of training has become widespread. especially large positive value had the creation of Komsomol youth brigades, which usually consisted of two or three skilled workers and several newcomers. In the brigades, newcomers not only received qualifications, but, like all members of the brigade, mastered one or two additional specialties, which allowed the brigades to fulfill and overfulfill the production program with fewer workers. .

The most important form of advanced training was targeted short-term courses for the practical study of any one specific topic. The program of targeted courses was designed for several lessons, usually within 10-15 hours.

The pace of training new personnel and advanced training during the war years significantly exceeded the pre-war level. If in 1940 1,950 thousand workers and employees were trained, then in 1941-1945. annually, an average of 2,672 thousand people were trained in new professions, i.e. 37% more. In 1940, 1,655,000 workers and employees improved their qualifications, and during the war period, an average of 2,556,000 people improved their skills annually, or 55% more. Thanks to the extensive development of individual brigade apprenticeships, the organization of courses and Stakhanov schools, in 1941 2,765 thousand workers mastered their specialty and improved their professional skills; - 3772 thousand, in 1943. - 5134 thousand. workers. In 1941 - 1945. 11.3 million people were trained on the job, more than 9 million people improved their skills .

During the Great Patriotic War, a significant part of the able-bodied population was withdrawn from social production. At the same time, a vital task for the country was the widespread deployment of military production to ensure that additional personnel were required. .

The total number of workers and employees in the national economy of the country has decreased significantly - from 31.8 million. people in the first half of 1941 to 22.8 million people in the second half of the year. By the beginning of 1942, it was already a little over 18 million people. .

To ensure production in wartime, it was necessary to solve two main tasks: to find additional labor resources capable of replacing the workers who had gone to the front, and not to reduce labor productivity. This turned out to be quite a difficult problem. Labor Code of the RSFSR, which has been in force since 1922. provided for labor relations only on a voluntary basis. Labor service could be applied only as a necessary measure to combat natural disasters or to fulfill the most important state tasks. Forced labor was also authorized to be used by the authorities on the basis of special resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) or bodies authorized by it. The conditions of the war dictated the need for tough decisions, and already with the outbreak of hostilities, the Soviet authorities issued a number of laws and by-laws that granted the right to all local authorities of the regions, additional rights in martial law. Attracting citizens to labor service to perform defense work, protect communications, facilities, communications, power plants, power grids and other critical facilities, to participate in the fight against fires, epidemics and natural disasters; declare labor and auto-drawn service for military needs (clause 3). on the basis of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council (SC) of the USSR of June 22, 1941 "On martial law" .

The possibility of attracting citizens to labor service was expanded by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of August 10, 1942 "On the procedure for attracting citizens to labor service in wartime." Citizens who were involved in labor service could perform it both at the place of their main residence and beyond its borders. The decree established age limits for men from 16 to 55 years old for women - from 16 to 45 years old. However, in order to help the front, the country, many children went to work from the age of 14.

Together with forced labor service, as well as a forced measure, labor mobilization was used for the needs of the national economy. .

Mobilization civilian population to enterprises was carried out in stages, starting from the end of 1941.

In order to hold accountable citizens who did not want to work and could arbitrarily leave their place of work, a measure of responsibility was introduced by the Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces of December 26, 1941 . All those working on the basis of this decree were considered mobilized and the hours of their work and rest were strictly regulated.

However, the forces of the population were still not enough, and in February 1942, all able-bodied men from 14 to 55 and women from 14 to 50 years old were to be mobilized. Pupils of grades 6-10 of incomplete secondary and secondary city schools, students of technical schools and universities were recruited to work in collective farms, state farms and MTS. Teenagers who lived in countryside starting from the age of 14, they began to be involved in agricultural work on state farms without fail .

Schools and schools of the Main Directorate of Labor Reserves systematically prepared new cadres of workers for industry, construction and transport from urban and rural youth. At the beginning of the war, the schools and schools of the labor reserve system were forced to practice early graduation of students to the detriment of their theoretical training. In subsequent years, as a result of strengthening the material base of schools and schools, as well as replenishing them with qualified teaching staff, the quality of student training improved.

In 1941 - 1945. 2,475 thousand skilled workers were trained through FZO schools, trade and railway schools, including 685 thousand people in trade, railway and mining schools, 1,790 thousand people in agricultural mechanization schools and vocational schools for agricultural mechanization. This system of vocational education, time-tested, during the war years, to a large extent, contributed to solving the problem of the reproduction of skilled labor.

Thus, the Soviet government solved the problem of ensuring the expanded reproduction of skilled workers.

The involvement of schoolchildren, pupils and students in work at enterprises and agricultural work created difficulties in obtaining or education. This significantly changed the order of the educational process. Education was organized in two or even three shifts, which could last up to 8 hours, and the study of basic school disciplines was reduced to a minimum. In addition, the terms of training, the functions and content of the activities of educational institutions have changed. Schools and vocational schools had the task of preparing students at an accelerated pace for work in production and in the national economy to fulfill defense orders. There was a military need to train new personnel and retrain or retrain old ones. .

This task was best solved through mass training by the individual-team method. Thus, they were trained in 1941 - 1945. at least 85% of all new workers in industry, construction and transport32 The training lasted from one to three months, so that 14-year-old teenagers admitted to enterprises as apprentices were accepted to the main job after three months of training33.

Since 1943, according to the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of August 21, 1943 "On urgent measures to restore the economy in areas liberated from German occupation", vocational schools were created in which the training period was 4 years. They were attended by children of 12-13 years old, who, as a result of hostilities, were left without parents. Enough to enter a vocational school primary education. The state took full responsibility for their maintenance .

The fulfillment of production plans and tasks dictated by wartime was recorded by the Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces of June 26, 1941 "On the working hours of workers and employees in wartime" The decree provided the directors of enterprises in industry, transport, agriculture and trade with the right to establish how for all workers and employees of enterprises, and for individual shops, sections and groups of workers and employees, mandatory overtime work lasting from one to three hours a day. It was indicated that persons under the age of 16 could be involved in mandatory overtime work lasting no more than 2 hours a day. .

For students of individual and team training aged 14 to 16, the working day, both during the period of study and for subsequent work at enterprises, was set at a duration of six hours.

According to the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of August 10, 1942 "On the Procedure for Involving Citizens in Labor Service in Wartime," citizens were involved in labor service for a period of up to two months with a working time of eight hours a day and three hours of mandatory overtime .

Along with measures to increase the material interest of all workers, the state also established more stringent measures aimed at strengthening labor discipline.

The Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of June 26, 1940 "On the transition to an eight-hour working day, to a seven-day working week and on the prohibition of unauthorized departure of workers and employees from enterprises and institutions" prohibited the unauthorized departure of workers and employees from state, cooperative and public enterprises and institutions, as well as unauthorized transfer from one enterprise to another or from one institution to another. For absenteeism without a valid reason and for unauthorized departure from the enterprise, from the institution, criminal liability was provided. At this time, many children and teenagers could not withstand the workload and ran away. For escape or violation of labor discipline, both adult workers and children were severely punished on an equal footing with adults. .

To tighten labor discipline, the Decree differentiated between the concepts of labor discipline, labor offenses and labor crimes. This made it possible to further tighten measures to combat desertion. Even minors guilty of unauthorized leaving (desertion) were punished by imprisonment for a term of 5 to 8 years.

2 Soldiers of the labor front - children and adolescents

2.1 Labor of children and adolescents in industry

Providing industrial enterprises labor force became one of the priorities of the Soviet government. Most of the adult male population fought on the fronts. Significant human losses, the forced displacement of the able-bodied population to Germany and the occupation of large territories by the enemy created conditions when there was practically no one to work at a factory or construction site. Large enterprises worked under martial law. This, first of all, was reflected in the situation of workers who could not arbitrarily leave their workplace or refuse, quit it. Weekends have been cancelled. An irregular working day was established. In particular, the heads of enterprises received the right, if necessary, to work for 3 hours for an adult worker and for 2 for a teenager from 16 years old. Only in hazardous industries were exceptions established. A teenager's work day could last several days. Ivan Shalov, was mobilized to the plant at the age of 14. He said that he once worked 29 hours in a row, for which he was awarded 24 hours of rest and an "improved" lunch, which included soup, wheat porridge, tea and 200 gr. of bread. Sasha Belyaeva, who became a member of the Perm City Council after the war, worked as a turner at a factory during the war as a teenager. She recalled that often their shop did not go home - she spent the night right at the plant: in the stokers, in the toilet on boxes. For advanced work, she was awarded normal shoes and material for the dress. From February 1942, all men from 16 to 55 years old and women from 16 to 45 years old were mobilized mainly for large defense-building enterprises that produced aircraft structures, heavy armored vehicles, small arms and shells, as well as for metallurgical, chemical and fuel plants. Mobilization was the main source of labor reserves and affected about 12 million people. Almost half of these citizens were involved in restoration work, as well as almost 3 million. was involved in constant work in the industry. The number of workers began to replenish when part of the occupied territory was liberated. The mobilization was total and historians are right who claim that the workers created a labor front. All efforts were aimed at defeating the enemy .

Children began to be drafted into enterprises, like adults into the army. Perm Engine Plant No. 19 im. Stalin, who produced aircraft engines, in the early forties employed about 8,000 teenagers. Most were 14-16 years old, although they met even younger: they took on auxiliary work from the age of 11. Children and adolescents, on their own initiative, took part in various patriotic movements. Archival materials allow us to assert that there were many teenagers among thousands of civilians at the construction of defensive structures .

Under the conditions of labor shortage, the enterprises were given all possible assistance by teenagers, who, along with adults, stood at the factory machines. Girls and boys - pioneers and Komsomol members collected winter things and gifts for the soldiers of the Red Army. Children assisted medical workers in servicing the wounded, in organizing their meals, distributing gifts, organizing concerts, writing letters, reading books. Wanting to help the front, children and teenagers massively participated in subbotniks and Sundays, and the money they earned was transferred to the country's Defense Fund. So, in August 1941. More than 300,000 boys and girls worked at the first All-Union Komsomol Youth Sunday Work in the Stalin Region alone41. In addition, targeted fundraising for the construction of military equipment, to help children of front-line soldiers and orphans, subscriptions to state loans, and the distribution of money and clothing lotteries took place among young students. So, in 1942, schoolchildren of the Voroshilovograd region signed a state loan in the amount of 523,220 rubles, collected 363,985 rubles. for the construction of tank columns "Pioneer" and "Komsomolets". Subscribed 114453 rub. money and clothing lottery . Children and teenagers took an active part in collecting scrap metal for the front.

Decisions on the use of child labor were made by the authorities in an extremely difficult military situation, when soldiers were needed for the front, and there were no able-bodied men left in the rear. Women and children came to the machines. Teenagers replaced their parents in production: they began to work at enterprises, factories, collective farm fields. Young workers were then 13-15 years old, and so that they could work at the machines, they needed footrests. Teenagers did not have professional skills, they could only do rough work. Many were weak and underdeveloped physically due to malnutrition and harsh working conditions. But besides them, there was no one to work .

It is interesting that many of the workers at that historical moment did not realize the nature and intensity of their work, did not see an alternative to other behavior, treated it as the only possible one. Only after decades did many of them begin to treat their work as heroic. Anisya Vasilievna Limonova, a resident of the Kirov region, recalled in a letter: “I started working on the collective farm early, I had to learn how to do everything ..., I did all the work for an adult. As soon as I was 16 years old, a summons came to go to the forest for harvesting ... It's hard to remember and it's hard to imagine how I, just a girl, sawed by hand with a saw, and dragged huge logs ... There were no working conditions then, hungry, barefoot. It is characteristic that the authors of such letters, most often, do not try to explain the motives for such hard work. For them, the main motive is necessity. Taisiya Ivanovna Semenova described her work as follows: “And during the war years, from the age of 11, together with her mother, she went to work, did all adult work... They worked without sparing themselves, without considering an adult or a child Perhaps the most capacious definition of the reasons for the necessary high productivity of labor is contained in a letter from a resident of the city of Murmansk, Galina Andreevna Alyokhina. During the war, she worked in the Kirov region: “Although we were children, the demand was like from adults, because there was a war, and old people remained in the villages and we are children.” An analysis of such letters shows that, brought up in a socialist spirit, young home front workers were mainly guided in their work by national priorities. The main need that determined the motives of labor was victory in the war, which made it possible to return to a normal, safe, peaceful life. Defense of the Motherland and family, moral principles, subordination and subordination - a kind of value system, formed by the social practice of the functioning of Soviet society in the pre-war period. The war, as an emergency, activated these behavioral moral imperatives. It is interesting that material remuneration for work as a motive for labor became relevant for workers only “after the fact”. It was not until decades later that many heroes of the home front realized the full significance of their work and began to demand more insistently deserved material compensation for mental and physical costs. As a resident of the Lyskovsky district of the Gorky region, V.V. Nikitina (born 1927): “Almost all of the men went to the front. And it was necessary to grow and harvest bread. Everyone worked - both old and young. Nobody was at home. Great hopes were pinned on us - schoolchildren of 8-9 grades ... We dropped our hands from fatigue, we wanted to sleep and eat, and not to see the sheaves. We waited impatiently for the threshing machine to break, so that we could take a nap right on the shock for at least an hour. .

Not material reward, but the state's recognition of selfless labor has become a powerful impetus for labor activity for the majority of workers. For success in work, the authorities awarded teenagers the Order of the Red Star. This caused a high emotional upsurge in their minds45.

The authorities tried to constantly maintain in the minds of the working people an element of analogy between military duty and the obligation to clearly fulfill production tasks. The feeling of significance for the common cause of the labor of each person was also a necessary volitional impulse for active labor. Duty, duty - these concepts, thanks to school and pioneer education, were perceived by many as natural moral and legal characteristics of labor behavior. Examples of irresponsibility that had a negative impact on labor activity and labor results show the nature of the attitude towards them on the part of "responsible" citizens. No matter how we evaluate the essence and consistency of Soviet communist morality today, it must be recognized that in the conditions of the Great Patriotic War, it was precisely this that became a powerful spiritual incentive for selfless intensive work in factories, factories, collective farms and state farms. Responsibility for the country, for a given obligation, a solemn promise, an oath, a sense of duty to the Motherland - these definitions, far from exhausting the concept of communist morality, were perceived by the majority of workers as real moral imperatives that largely determine labor behavior. That is why the deviation from these norms was characterized not only as dangerous for the defense of the state, but also as a socially unacceptable style of behavior. After analyzing the factors that formed the spiritual image of a civilian during the Great Patriotic War, and the main motivations for his behavior, it is possible to reconstruct those features of his spiritual portrait that contributed to the organization of resistance to the enemy, thanks to the presence and development of which, the state achieved victory in the war. In addition, it is possible to identify features that are opposite to the constructive ones, which were suppressed by the state, since they could potentially interfere with the organization of defense.

The working hands of teenagers and women literally dragged the country's economy during the war years. The total percentage of underage workers in certain industries reached limits from 15 to 23%, but in some plants and factories it exceeded 60–70%. .

In hostilities, new types of weapons were tested and the industry was focused precisely on their release. Tanks T-34 aircraft, guns, etc. - in the last years of the war, they outnumbered the weapons of the enemy. Improved the quality of weapons and their quantity. In the successes of the Soviet front there was a huge contribution of children and adolescents, who won the victory with their work.

2.2 Labor of children and adolescents in agricultural work

The Patriotic War posed such exceptionally difficult tasks for socialist agriculture as the uninterrupted supply of the army and rear with the main types of food, and industry with agricultural raw materials; export of grain, agricultural machinery from threatened areas, evacuation of livestock.

The solution of the food and raw material problems was complicated by the fact that at the beginning of the war a number of the largest agricultural regions captured by the enemy fell out of the country's economic circulation. In the territory temporarily occupied Nazi German troops, before the war, about 40% of the total population of the country lived, 2/3 of which were villagers; there were 47% of the cultivated area, 38% of the total number of cattle and 60% of the total number of pigs; produced 38% of the pre-war gross output of grain and 84% of sugar .

Part of the agricultural machinery, livestock, horses and agricultural products remained in the temporarily occupied regions. The productive forces of agriculture have undergone monstrous destruction. The fascist invaders ruined and plundered 98 thousand collective farms, 1876 state farms and 2890 machine and tractor stations, i.e. more than 40% of the pre-war number of collective farms, MTS and over 45% of state farms. The Nazis captured and partially drove to Germany 7 million horses, 17 million cattle, 20 million pigs, 27 million sheep and goats, 110 million poultry.

A significant part of the remaining material and technical base of collective farms, state farms and MTS (more than 40% of tractors, about 80% of cars and horses) was mobilized into the army. Thus, 9,300 tractors from the collective farms and state farms of Ukraine, almost all diesel tractors and several thousand tractors with a total capacity of 103,000 horsepower, were mobilized into the army. With. from the MTS of Western Siberia, about 147 thousand working horses, or almost 20% of the total horse population, from the collective farms of Siberia. By the end of 1941, 441.8 thousand tractors remained in the MTS (in 15-strong terms) against 663.8 thousand that were available in the country's agriculture on the eve of the war.

The energy capacity of agriculture, including all types of mechanical engines (tractors, cars, electrical installations, as well as draft animals in terms of mechanical power), decreased to 28 million liters by the end of the war. With. against 47.5 million liters. With. in 1940, or 1.7 times, including the capacity of the tractor park decreased by 1.4 times, the number of trucks - by 3.7, live tax - by 1.7 times .

With the outbreak of hostilities, deliveries to agriculture of new machines, spare parts, as well as fuel, lubricants and building materials, and mineral fertilizers were sharply reduced. Loans for irrigation and other construction have been significantly reduced.

All this caused a sharp deterioration in the general condition of the fixed assets of production of collective farms, state farms, MTS and reduced the degree of mechanization of agricultural work.

The significant reduction in the able-bodied population in the countryside could not but affect agricultural production. The war drew the most efficient category of agricultural producers to the front, to industry and transport. As a result of mobilization in the army, for the construction of defensive structures, in the military industry and for transport, by the end of 1941 the number of able-bodied people in the countryside had decreased by more than half, compared with 1940. In the first year of the war, the number of able-bodied men in agriculture decreased by almost 3 million people, in 1942 - by another 2.3 million, in 1943 - by almost 1.3 million people. Particularly difficult for agriculture was the departure of machine operators from collective and state farms to the army. In total, during the war years, up to 13.5 million collective farmers, or 38% of rural workers, left for the army and industry as of January 1941, including 12.4 million, or 73.7%, men and over 1 million women . Significantly reduced labor resources of state farms .

All these factors have complicated the solution of the food and raw material problems to the extreme. In order to replenish qualified agricultural personnel, on September 16, 1941, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution on teaching agricultural professions to students in senior classes of secondary schools, technical schools and students of higher educational institutions. By July 1942, in 37 autonomous republics, territories and regions of the RSFSR, more than 1 million schoolchildren graduated from courses for machine operators, of which 158,122 people received the specialty of a tractor driver, 31,240 - a combine driver. These cadres rendered great assistance to the collective farms, state farms and the MTS.

Rural workers throughout the war provided the front and rear with raw materials and agricultural products. In the villages, as in the cities, the male population went into the active army. All agricultural work was carried out by women, children and teenagers.

Teenagers worked in the fields, on farms next to their mothers, older brothers and sisters. In the country as a whole, more than 20 million children and adolescents - villagers have become the main labor force in agriculture. During the war years, they worked out more than 585 million workdays . Pioneers and Komsomol members helped to sow, process vegetable crops, and harvest crops on collective farms. So the pioneers of the village of Borisovo, Moscow Region, in 1941 weeded 34 hectares of beets, 12 - carrots, 60 - clover and about 30 hectares of orchards, and in 1941-1942, 185 thousand pioneers of the Moscow Region worked out 12 million 30 thousand m. workdays. ending school courses tractor-combiner drivers guys and girls became active participants in the harvest. In the majority of not only rural schools in 1941-1942. Circles for the study of agricultural machinery and agricultural technology were created.

Brigades of teenagers were created for harvesting grain already in June 1941. Provision of food and medical care was entrusted to local authorities. Children worked all daylight hours, and sometimes even at night for 12-14 hours. It was noted that irregular working hours teenagers worked on their own initiative .

In the difficult years of the war, when almost the entire large part of the country was occupied by the enemy, it was very important not to lose the grown crops and to keep the harvested for the front. Therefore, since 1942, the involvement of students in agricultural work has taken on the character of labor mobilization. By a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of March 10, 1942, the spring vacation period was canceled for students in grades 5-10, and the academic year was shortened by 10 days . By the decree of the People's Commissar of Education of April 28, 1942, in order to increase the effectiveness of the work of schoolchildren in agriculture, a militarized daily routine was introduced.

Pioneers and schoolchildren worked even more actively in 1942. “Now,” Pravda reported on June 27, “most schools are empty. Schoolchildren are in the fields. They serve the Motherland and help fight for the harvest.” . In 1942, 5 million schoolchildren were involved in weeding, hilling and feeding potatoes and vegetables, they produced over 145 million workdays. In 38 regions of the country, more than 190,000 schoolchildren in 1942 completed courses for tractor and combine operators, participated in sowing and harvesting.

Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated April 13, 1942 "On the procedure for mobilizing the able-bodied population of cities and rural areas for agricultural work in collective farms, state farms and MTS students of grades 6-10 of incomplete secondary and secondary urban schools, students of technical schools and universities who were recruited to work on collective farms, state farms and MTS, the length of the working day was set from 6 to 8 hours, depending on their age and nature of work .

Each able-bodied collective farmer and collective farm woman considered it her duty to work out not only the mandatory minimum of workdays per year (up to 150 in the cotton regions, up to 120 for all other regions of the USSR), but also to do more than the norm. As in industry, local authorities could raise (up to 20%) or lower (depending on local conditions) the number of workdays. Children and adolescents aged 12–16 were required to work at least 50 days a year. They recorded their results in work books, which were given to them by the administration of collective farms. .

The proximity of victory over the enemy depended on the quick solution of the military-economic task - the strengthening and organization of the rear, the subordination of the entire economy to the interests of defeating the enemy. The unity of the front - the armed forces and the labor front - the rear, in which the entire population of all ages was involved, became the basis for victory over the enemy. The victory was common, obtained both on the battlefields and on the labor front. Soviet children and teenagers rendered great help on their own.

The conditions of occupation made the work of agriculture difficult. However, collective-farm rural youth, children and adolescents were the main sources of labor efforts. It should be noted that in 1942-1943. 1380.9 thousand people from rural areas were involved in industry and transport. Having been trained in FZO schools and vocational schools, they joined the ranks of the working class. We are talking about almost 2094, 3 thousand. a man from a collective farm village. In the whole country for 1941-1945, the collective farms provided the army, industry and transport with 38% of able-bodied citizens. According to the Central Committee of the Komsomol, which were announced at the IX Congress of the Komsomol in March 1949, up to 50% of all workdays worked out in agriculture in 1941-1942. accounted for adolescents and young adults. In 1943-1944. this figure approached 70%59. At the cost of great efforts The victory of the Soviet people over the fascist invaders was predetermined. Victories at the front can be viewed as a long-term result of intensive work expected by workers. The successes of the Red Army at the front served as a direct confirmation of the efficiency and effectiveness of selfless labor. Information about positive changes at the front gave intensive work the character of a common contribution to the cause of the Victory. The external threat factor, manifested in a sense of danger, was an effective motivational factor. The quantity, quality and nature of information about the situation at the front affected the consciousness of a person with a characteristic effect: the lack of information caused anxiety, reports about the abandonment of territories by the Soviet troops, about the defeats of the Red Army - a sense of danger. Such feelings reduce motivation. Information about the victories caused a labor upsurge, because, firstly, it reduced the feeling of danger, secondly, it increased the hope for a speedy end to the war and the return to civilian life, and thirdly, it produced a sense of belonging to the common success. Brought up in a socialist spirit, the young home front workers were mainly guided in their work by national priorities. Duty, duty, these concepts, thanks to school and pioneer education, were perceived by many as natural moral and legal characteristics of labor behavior. Responsibility for the country, for a given obligation, a solemn promise, an oath, a sense of duty to the Motherland - these definitions, far from exhausting the concept of communist morality, were perceived by the majority of workers as real moral imperatives that largely determine labor behavior.

CONCLUSION

The results of the course work should indicate the solution of research problems. Thus, we have studied the state of the problem of using the labor of children and adolescents by the Soviet authorities during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.

In an extremely difficult military situation, when soldiers were needed for the front, and there were no able-bodied men left in the rear, the Soviet government decided to use child labor. Children and adolescents replaced their parents in production: they began to work at enterprises, factories, and collective farm fields. Teenagers did not have professional skills, they could only do rough work. Therefore, already in the first years of the war, vocational schools were opened, in which children of 12-13 years old, left as a result of hostilities without parents, studied. The state took full responsibility for their maintenance. Also, the training went on without interruption from production in the conditions of labor mobilization. These measures were applied to solve the main tasks of strengthening the labor rear and securing the front. Forced labor service, including for minors, punitive measures for violators of labor discipline, an increase in the working day in production and workdays in agricultural work, all these measures applied during the Great Patriotic War by the Soviet authorities to children and adolescents are inhumane and undemocratic from the point of view of the Convention on rights of the child, however, these measures were dictated by wartime and the authorities needed to quickly and effectively solve various problems. The objectivity of the historical view of the problem appeals in favor of the authorities of the Soviet state.

At the same time, it should be noted that the majority of adolescents quite consciously performed a labor feat in the rear. For children and adolescents, this was the only way to help their fatherland and the army. That is why propaganda became the most important lever of influence of the Soviet government on the working population, including adolescents and children. Information about the victories caused a labor upsurge. strengthened the hope for an early end to the war and a return to civilian life, produced a sense of belonging to the common success. Brought up in a socialist spirit, the young home front workers were mainly guided in their work by national priorities. Duty, duty, these concepts, thanks to school and pioneer education, were perceived by many as natural moral and legal characteristics of labor behavior. Responsibility for the country, for a given obligation, a solemn promise, an oath, a sense of duty to the Motherland - these definitions, far from exhausting the concept of communist morality, were perceived by the majority of workers as real moral imperatives that largely determine labor behavior.

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