There are three languages ​​in Crimea. Are Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar languages ​​leaving Crimean schools? Russian language in Crimea

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Linguistic composition of the population

In the Republic of Crimea itself, according to the 2014 census, 81.68% of the population of the region or 1,502,972 people out of 1,840,174 who indicated their native language named Russian as their native language; Crimean Tatar language -  9.32% or 171,517 people; Tatar language - 4.33% or 79,638 people; Ukrainian language - 3.52% or 64,808 people; Armenian language - 0.29% or 5376 people; Azerbaijani language - 0.12% or 2239 people; Belarusian language - 0.09% or 1700 people; gypsy language - 0.09% or 1595 people; Turkish language - 0.06% or 1192 people; Moldovan language - 0.04% or 703 people; Greek - 0.02% or 434 people. In terms of language proficiency in the republic, according to the 2014 census, they stand out respectively: Russian - 99.79% or 1,836,651 people out of 1,840,435 who indicated language proficiency, Ukrainian - 22.36% or 411,445 people, English - 6.13 % or 112,871 people, Crimean Tatar language - 4.94% or 90,869 people, Tatar language - 2.75% or 50,680 people, Uzbek language - 1.66% or 30,521 people, German language - 1.09% or 20,132 people, Turkish - 0.45% or 8305 people, French - 0.30% or 5529 people, Armenian - 0.27% or 4988 people, Belarusian - 0.25% or 4620 people, Polish - 0.17% or 3112 people, Azerbaijani - 0.13% or 2320 people, Tajik - 0.10% or 1932 people, Italian - 0.10% or 1831 people, Spanish - 0.09% or 1726 people, Moldovan language - 0.09% or 1682 people, Greek language - 0.07% or 1315 people, Georgian language - 0.07% or 1225 people, Romany language - 0.06% or 1148 people, Arabic language - 0.06% or 1092 people, Kazakh language - 0.06% or 1086 people, Bulgarian language - 0.05% or 959 people.

According to the 2014 census, among Russians in the republic, 99.82% called Russian their native language, and 0.14% Ukrainian - 0.14%. Among Ukrainians, 78.59% said Russian was their native language, and 21.35% said Ukrainian. Among the Crimean Tatars, 74.18% named Crimean Tatar as their native language, 20.27% - Tatar, and 5.46% - Russian. Among the Tatars, 74.18% called Tatar their native language, and 23.08% Russian - 23.08%. Among Belarusians, 90.63% called Russian their native language, 9.15% - Belarusian, and 0.20% - Ukrainian. Among Armenians, 55.21% called Armenian their native language, 44.38% - Russian. Among the Karaites, 93.17% called Russian their native language, 6.02% - Karaites, and 0.60% - Ukrainian. Among the Krymchaks, 95.48% called Russian their native language, 3.39% - Krymchak, 0.56% - Tatar, and 0.56% - Crimean Tatar.

According to the 2014 census, among Russians in the republic, 99.89% speak Russian, 19.49% speak Ukrainian, 1.15% German, 0.12% Polish, 0.11% Tatar, etc. Among Ukrainians, 99.78% speak Russian, 44.57% speak Ukrainian, 1.22% speak German, 0.37% speak Polish, etc. Among the Crimean Tatars, 99.55% speak Russian, 38.86% speak Crimean Tatar, 13.63% Ukrainian, 13.53% Tatar, 2.14% Turkish, 0.53% German, etc. Among the Tatars, 99.69% speak Russian, 39.94% - Tatar, 9.17% - Ukrainian, 1.35% - Turkish, 1.01% - Crimean Tatar, 0.43% - German, etc. Among Belarusians, 99.91% speak Russian, 18.40% - Ukrainian, 18.26% - Belarusian, 1.33% - German, 0.58% - Polish, etc. Among Armenians, 99.55% speak Russian, 46.08% Armenian, 15.34% Ukrainian, 1.95% Azerbaijani, 1.14% German, 0.52% Turkish, and 0.47% Tatar. , Crimean Tatar - 0.22%, etc.

Intercensal dynamics 1989-2014

Dynamics of the linguistic composition of Crimea (with Sevastopol) in 1989, 2001 and 2014

Census 2001

The main languages ​​of the Crimean peninsula according to the 2001 census

Census 1979

Census 1897

Story

In the past, in different periods history of Crimea, other languages ​​also played a significant role on its territory (Greek, Italian, Armenian, Turkish-Ottoman language).

Presumably, on the territory of the Crimea, the oldest of the present known languages, was Cimmerian. The Cimmerians were driven back to the peninsula by the Scythians. However, between 280-260 years. BC e. and the Scythians themselves were forced to take refuge in the Crimea from the invasion of the Sarmatians. During this period, the traditional division of Crimea into coastal Greek-speaking regions and inland steppe zones took shape, which included Taurus Scythia and where, until the middle of the 3rd century. n. e. the Scythian language dominated. Then the Goths invaded the inner steppe Crimea, settling mainly in the foothills of the Crimean mountains, where the Crimean-Gothic language persisted until the 18th century. At the same time, Greek was preserved as the native language of the Greeks, and was also used as a second language by many inhabitants of the peninsula until the end of the 17th century. The gradual Turkification of the peninsula began after the Mongol-Tatar invasions of the 13th century. By the end of the 15th century, Turkic-speaking had also spread in the foothills of the Crimea, including the Principality of Theodoro. Only in the southern coastal regions did the predominantly Greek, Italian and Armenian languages. By the end of the 18th century, Turkic speech had spread everywhere: even the remnants of the Christian population of the peninsula switched to the Crimean Tatar language. However, the heterogeneous Turkic dialects of the peninsula during this period could be called the Crimean Tatar language very conditionally, since they belonged to different typological subgroups.

As part of Ukraine

As part of independent Ukraine (1995-2014), the main three languages ​​(Russian, Ukrainian, Crimean Tatar) were used in the education system and office work, although in unequal volumes. For example, a speech in the Crimean Tatar language in the Verkhovna Rada was first heard only in 2012, after the adoption of the law on regional languages. Under the conditions of independent Ukraine, there has been a tendency towards the gradual displacement of the Russian language from the official written sphere in the republic, with a parallel command-and-administrative introduction of the Ukrainian language into the education and office work system.

Language policy within Ukraine

Ukrainization of the school education system

The issue of introducing the Ukrainian language on the peninsula in Soviet institutions, schools, the press, radio, etc. was first raised almost immediately after the transfer of Crimea to the Ukrainian SSR. This was done at the Crimean Regional Party Conference on March 10 by delegate Sushchenko. The Ukrainization of 1995-2014 achieved the greatest success precisely in the system school education Republic of Crimea. The initiator of more intensive Ukrainization of Crimean schools was Ivan Vakarchuk. Given the almost total Ukrainization of the education system in Kyiv, the demand for Ukrainian-language education in the AR increased, outpacing supply. The reason for this was the desire of the Crimeans to continue their education in Kyiv or other Ukrainianized or actively Ukrainianized universities in Ukraine. In the 2010/11 academic year, 167,677 students studied in general educational institutions of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, of which 148,452 (88.5%) were predominantly in Russian, 13,609 (8.1%) in Ukrainian, and received education in Crimean Tatar 5,399 (3.2%) people. At the peak of Ukrainization, in the 2011/12 academic year, 8.1% of schoolchildren in the republic received the entire school education program in Ukrainian, which roughly corresponded to the proportion of those who consider Ukrainian as their mother tongue (10%). By 2012/2013, this share has decreased by 0.5%. . At the same time, Ukrainian-language subjects were actively introduced into formally Russian-speaking schools, which actually turned them into bilingual ones, with a gradually decreasing predominance of the Russian language. But the forced Ukrainization of the late 2000s also caused protests by the Russian-speaking population, as well as resistance from the republican authorities of the Vasti. In turn, on December 13, 2008, Minister of Education Ivan Vakarchuk criticized the universities of Crimea and the Minister of Education of Crimea Valery Lavrov for the fact that only 5% of disciplines in Crimean universities were taught in Ukrainian. A feature of the Ukrainization of the Crimean education system was its urbanized nature: in countryside There was not a single Crimean peninsula educational institution with Ukrainian as the language of instruction.

Languages ​​of instruction at school

In the 2012/2013 academic year in secondary general education schools AR Crimea (without students of special schools (boarding schools) and special classes organized at general education schools) 89.32% of students received education in Russian, 7.41% - in Ukrainian, 3.11% in the Crimean Tatar language, except In addition, 0.15% were educated at English language. In the 2014/2015 academic year, according to the Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Crimea, there was a decrease in the number of students in the Crimean Tatar language from 5,406 to 4,740 people, and the number of students in the Ukrainian language decreased especially sharply - from 12,867 to 1,990 people. There are 15 schools in the republic with the Crimean Tatar language of instruction (2,814 students). In addition, 62 schools of the republic have classes with the Crimean Tatar language of instruction, 1,926 students study in them. The Ukrainian language is studied as a subject in 142 classes; classes with education in Ukrainian, for the fall of 2014, there are 20 schools, and there are no schools with education only in Ukrainian.

Russian language in Crimea

The linguistic picture of the Crimean peninsula is characterized by the predominance of the Russian language. According to the 2001 census, among the native languages, in addition to Russian (77.0%), Crimean Tatar (11.4%) and Ukrainian (10.1%) languages ​​were also noticeably present. During the period of being a part of Ukraine, there was a characteristic disproportion between nationality and the language of use (native language), as well as their use in the education system and office work. During this period, there was a tendency to gradually push the Russian language out of the official written sphere in the republic, with a parallel command and administrative introduction of the Ukrainian language into the education and office work system. Although, according to a survey conducted in 2004 by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS), the vast majority use the Russian language for communication - 97% of the total population of Crimea.

After 2006, a number of local city councils declared Russian as a regional language. However, these decisions were often of a declarative nature and/or met with fierce resistance from the Kyiv authorities, who continue to pursue a policy of Ukrainization, especially in the field of education and film distribution . It is noteworthy that the Crimean Rada did not consider the application of the law on regional languages ​​of 2012, saying that it did not add anything new to the existing provisions of the Constitution.

After the entry of Crimea into the Russian Federation, according to the Constitution of the Republic of Crimea adopted in April 2014, 3 state languages ​​were proclaimed in the new subject of the Russian Federation: Russian, Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar.

According to the results of the census of the population in Crimean federal district 2014 , the absolute majority of the population of the peninsula called

15:10 - REGNUM

In Crimean schools, the number of children who have chosen Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar languages ​​for education is decreasing. If in the 2012-2013 academic year 10.5% of schoolchildren studied in the Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar languages, then in 2015-2016 - a little more than 3%, the correspondent reports. IA REGNUM.

According to the Ukrainian public service statistics, in the 2012-2013 academic year in secondary general education schools in Crimea (excluding students from boarding schools and special classes organized at general education schools), 89.32% of students received education in Russian, 7.41% - in Ukrainian, 3, 11% studied in Crimean Tatar, and 0.15% studied in English. At the same time, the Ukrainian department does not disclose real numbers.

According to the Ministry of Education, Science and Youth of the Republic of Crimea, in the 2013-2014 academic year ( Last year education in Crimean schools school curriculum Ukrainian Ministry of Education) in the Crimean Tatar language, 5,500 schoolchildren studied on the peninsula, in 2015 - 4,835 people. At the beginning of 2015—2016 school year the ministry called the figure - 5083 children (2.76% of Crimean schoolchildren). “Compared to the last academic year (2014-2015), the number of students in classes with the Crimean Tatar language of instruction has increased by 188 people,” the ministry said in September 2015.

Ukrainian was the language of instruction in 2013-2014 for 12.6 thousand children in Crimea. In 2015, only 894 children studied there, which was 0.5% of the total number of students in the republic. In September 2015, the ministry quoted a figure of 949 students at the start of the school year.

The Ministry of Education of the Republic recalled that the choice of the language of instruction is the right of parents, and if they use this right, then schools are looking for an opportunity to meet the demand. “In the Republic of Crimea, in accordance with the law on education, parents themselves determine the language of instruction for their children, that is, they must write a statement stating what language the child should be taught in,” the department noted. “Now parents are writing such applications, and the full data on the number of students and schools where Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar languages ​​are the languages ​​of instruction will be processed by the Ministry of Education of the Republic after the start of the school year, in September,” the press service reports.

Fluctuations in the popularity of the Crimean Tatar language among schoolchildren are difficult to explain. “Perhaps parents simply do not know that they have the right to come and write an application for the education of their child on mother tongue", the ministry said. The Ukrainian language in the republic has simply lost its relevance: the Ukrainian military left Crimea with their families, Ukrainian language is no longer required for Crimean applicants to enter Ukrainian universities, since there is no longer a need to enter there. In addition, Ukrainian is the only state language in Ukraine; all paperwork and even instructions for medicines in pharmacies are in it; until 2014, Crimean children were forced to learn it.

Recall that now there are three official languages ​​in Crimea: Russian, Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar. The Crimean Ministry of Education assures that textbooks and manuals for all three languages enough.

In March 2014, the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea adopted a declaration of independence, and at a later referendum, the majority of its participants voted in favor of joining Russia. After the republic became part of Russia, Russian, Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar were officially proclaimed the state languages ​​of Crimea.

Some statistics and facts

• Greek and Italian, Armenian and Turkish-Ottoman languages ​​played a significant role on the territory of the peninsula in different periods of history.
• Almost 84% of the inhabitants of Crimea during the 2014 census called Russian their native language.
• 7.9% prefer Crimean Tatar in communication, 3.7% prefer Tatar, and only 3.3% Ukrainian - only 3.3%.
• The survey showed that almost 80% of Ukrainians living in Crimea consider Russian as their native language.

Russian and Russians

The Russian language in Crimea is the main language for the vast majority of the inhabitants of the peninsula. This trend took shape in the middle of the 19th century, and since then Russian in the Crimea has had a long and complex history. It lost its position as the state language in 1998, when only Ukrainian was enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine as the only state language of Crimea. language problem was one of many that aroused the desire of the inhabitants of the republic to hold a referendum on joining Russia.

Modern realities

Today in Crimea, there are three languages ​​on equal terms, which is guaranteed by the opportunity to choose to study at school in one of them. Favorable and comfortable conditions for recreation have been created for tourists from other regions of Russia in Crimea - menus in restaurants, price tags in shops, and street and road signs are made in Russian.
Service staff of hotels speaks Russian and Ukrainian, sightseeing tours and memorable places can also be ordered from any state languages Crimea.

Shortly before the referendum, March 12, 2014, "Crimean information Agency" solemnly announced that "in Crimea, two languages ​​will receive state status":

In Crimea, Russian and Crimean Tatar languages ​​will receive state status. Rustam Temirgaliyev, First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, announced this today at a press conference in Simferopol.

According to him, after the all-Crimean referendum, if the population votes for joining Russia, Crimea will receive the status of a republic and will officially be public education. “We will have the right by the decision of the Crimean Parliament to give the status of the state language to those main languages ​​that function on the territory of Crimea. The Russian language and the Crimean Tatar language will become such languages. They will receive state status,” the Deputy Prime Minister noted.

In addition, he stressed that the government guarantees the free use of the Ukrainian language in Crimea.

A month has passed since the annexation - and April 11, 2014 in the new subject Russian Federation The Republic of Crimea adopted a new Constitution.

Under pressure from “self-defense” and officials, the director of the Ukrainian gymnasium in Simferopol quit

Do children learn Ukrainian literature in schools?

Can an application to the court be submitted in Ukrainian or Crimean Tatar?

And to receive court documents in your native language?

Should I submit the form to the tax office in Crimean Tatar?

Are the forms generally duplicated in three languages? Well, let's say in the mail? Or receipts in banks, for housing and communal services, telephone?

Tags, labels, signs in stores and offices are duplicated in three languages?

Menus in restaurants?

And the ubiquitous "Entrance / Exit" signs?

Will a Crimean Tatar be sold a bus ticket if he addresses the cashier in his native language at the box office?

Maybe at least bus schedules at bus stations are duplicated in three languages? What about signs on public transport?

Maybe newspapers are published in Ukrainian? There are several editions in the Crimean Tatar language - oh, what happiness!!

How many books in 2014 were published in Crimea in the Ukrainian language?

At least the new Constitution of Crimea and the Constitution of the Russian Federation were published in the Crimean Tatar language?

Are there safety instructions at enterprises in three state languages?

Do state offices issue certificates in three languages?

Television and radio is Ukrainian - well, at least a few programs?

News of Crimea and Russia can be listened to in Ukrainian? It turns out that you can - on the Crimean Tatar TV channel ATR. However, it is under threat of closure. But this is common practice. In Russia.

In 2012, the Ukrainian-Russian film "Haytarma" was released in the Crimean Tatar and Russian languages ​​about the eviction of the Crimean Tatars. In 2013, the film received several prestigious awards in Ukraine and Russia.

Interestingly, in Yalta now they will shoot films in the Ukrainian language? For example, about how valiant local residents under the protection of "little green men" blockaded Ukrainian military bases; how did Julius Mamchur lead his unarmed unit at the muzzle of machine guns in Belbek? Does the budget of the Russian Crimea provide funds for the support of the Ukrainian film industry? - as it is written in the same Constitution of Crimea:

3. The principle of diversity of cultures is recognized in the Republic of Crimea, their equal development and mutual enrichment are ensured. (Article 10)

4. In the Republic of Crimea, equal conditions are created and ensured for the preservation and development of the cultures of all the peoples living in it. (article 37)

What a wonderful Constitution is now in the Crimea! - is it true?

Do cinemas sometimes show films in Ukrainian? Or maybe with subtitles in Crimean Tatar?

In Simferopol there is the Crimean Academic Ukrainian Musical Theatre. Well, this is not Khukhr-Mukhr, but the real one Academic!

Oops! There is no theater.

Already gone. :(

What is going on with "Prosvita" in Crimea now? They completely destroyed this damned Crimean and Sevastopol b e derovskaya gang, is it a bunch of Ukrainian bourgeois nationalists, or is it still a little bit alive?

And what about the Majlis?

Why Refat Chubarov and Mustafa Dzhemilev are not allowed to go to the Crimea, to their homeland? Afraid? Are they terrorists? Are they insidious and vicious pests? Or are they foshizdy? Or (oh, Allah!) are they right-wing?!

On December 31, Petro Poroshenko congratulated the people of Ukraine on the New Year - and said a few phrases in Russian and Crimean Tatar. Really - pride and for Ukraine, and for the president.

It is sad, of course, that for such a simple thing the multinational Ukrainian people had to go through so many trials...

Well, in Crimea, did anyone congratulate the Crimeans at the second and third state? Maybe Aksenov? or Konstantinov? Well, or maybe he said or wrote a few words in Ukrainian?

In general, do all Crimean officials know the three state languages ​​and can answer questions from residents in these languages?

Lawyers will defend Crimean Tatar in his native language? Or will the court need an interpreter? Who will hire this translator and at whose expense?

The site of the State Council of Crimea is made in only one language - guess which one at a time.

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

The list of these rhetorical questions and eloquent examples can be greatly expanded...

So what are the THREE official languages ​​in Crimea?

On paper, it is.

Especially for Crimea.Realities

During the years of Russian occupation, the number of children studying the Ukrainian language in Crimea has decreased tenfold. But the Russian authorities do not see this as a problem, explaining this situation only by a decrease in the interest of the Crimeans in one of the state languages ​​of the peninsula.

Head of the Kremlin-controlled State Committee for Interethnic Relations and Deported Citizens Zaur Smirnov On September 19, 2017, at a press conference in Simferopol, he said that no one oppresses the Ukrainian language in Crimea. “We all understand very well that there is no oppression of the Ukrainian language. We all know why interest in it has declined - because it was planted before. There is no pressure from the authorities. It’s just that the Ukrainian language in Crimea will have to start over,” he stressed.

How can one talk about the "planting" of the Ukrainian language, if there were only 8 schools teaching in Ukrainian on the entire peninsula?

However, the occupying authorities once again turn everything upside down. How can one talk about “planting” the Ukrainian language in Crimean schools, if there were only 8 schools teaching in Ukrainian on the entire peninsula? If out of 209,986 students (as of September 1, 2013), only 13,688 children (6.5%) studied in Ukrainian. With such a “plantation”, the number of classes with the Russian language of instruction exceeded the number of classes with the Ukrainian language by 9 times (7731 versus 829).

True, the Ukrainian language was mandatory for all schoolchildren, starting from the 1st grade. But it was studied only as a subject, while in the vast majority of Crimean schools, teaching was conducted in Russian. In addition, 206,866 children (99.2%) studied Russian as a subject, and 18,020 students (8.6%) studied Crimean Tatar.

At the same time, only 8 schools with the Ukrainian language of instruction and 15 with the Crimean Tatar language functioned on the entire peninsula (including Sevastopol). Russian was taught in 414 schools in Crimea (66% of the total number of Crimean schools).

One of the state languages ​​of the peninsula actually ended up in the position of an outcast in Crimea

​According to the Russian-controlled Ministry of Education, Science and Youth of Crimea, as of September 1, 2016, 192.3 thousand children were studying in the territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Of these, only 371 children (0.2%) received secondary education in Ukrainian. Thus, over the three years of Russian power, the number of children studying in Ukrainian has decreased by 37 times, the number of schools where teaching is conducted in Ukrainian has decreased by 8 times (from 8 to 1), and the number of Ukrainian classes in Crimea has fallen by almost 30 times (from 829 in 2013 to 28 in 2016). Add to this almost one hundred percent training in Russian in the system of special and higher education and get a real picture that completely refutes the words of the occupying authorities in Crimea. But after the annexation of Crimea, one of the state languages ​​of the peninsula, which was recognized as such by the occupying authorities themselves, actually ended up in the Crimea in the position of an outcast.

The Russian authorities, citing such figures, talk about the fact that the Crimeans do not want to learn the Ukrainian language. However, this is far from being the case - school administrations, under various pretexts (heavy workload, lack of teachers, premises, etc.), refuse to teach Ukrainian to children even as a subject, not to mention the opening of Ukrainian classes.

The only thing that is allowed so far is to study the language as an elective, which 12,892 children (6.7%) do. But if these children are ready to spend their free time on additional classes, then it is quite obvious that they would be happy to learn the Ukrainian language in the classroom. But the Crimean authorities controlled by the Kremlin have deprived them of this opportunity.

Crimean authorities are trying to reduce the amount of Ukrainian language in order to complicate the process for children to enter universities in mainland Ukraine

It is possible that one of the reasons why the Russian authorities in Crimea are restricting the study of the Ukrainian language in every possible way was the expansion of opportunities for applicants from the peninsula by Ukraine. In 2017, there were 2,604 state-funded places in Kyiv for Crimeans in various universities of the country. And although the final results of the admissions campaign for Crimeans enrolled in the universities of mainland Ukraine have not yet been summed up, even the preliminary results speak of a small increase in students from Crimea in Ukrainian universities.

At the same time, Crimean universities about the shortage of budget places, which is quite obvious - young people understand the futility of studying on the peninsula, preferring to travel either to mainland Ukraine or to neighboring Russia. Therefore, the Russian authorities in Crimea are trying by all means to reduce the amount of the Ukrainian language in order to further complicate the process of admission to universities in mainland Ukraine for children.

As a result, a paradoxical situation is emerging on the peninsula - the study of the language of the second largest nation of Crimea has been reduced to almost nothing. The Ukrainian language itself has not yet fallen under a complete ban, but the tabooing of all Ukrainian makes even its study a matter if not dangerous, then extremely undesirable.

Evgenia Goryunova, Crimean political scientist

The views expressed in the "Opinion" section convey the point of view of the authors themselves and do not always reflect the position of the editors