The history of cereology, a science that studies a mysterious phenomenon, has known both fantastic discoveries and the greatest hoaxes. And often they go side by side, hand in hand.
Cereology- the science that studies the appearance of crop circles (from English word cereal - "cereal crops"). The official birthday of science is August 15, 1980, when an article appeared in the Wiltshire Times that farmer John Scull's field in Wiltshire had found strange round patches of squashed oats. Each circle was about 20 meters in diameter, and the oats in them fell clockwise.
In the photo: The county of Wiltshire in the UK has long held the palm in terms of the number of anomalous phenomena. These amazing circles appeared there in the summer of 2006 and, when summarizing its results, were recognized as one of the most mysterious events.
From 1980 to 1987, about 100-120 circles appeared to the west of London. During this time, the phenomenon has undergone some changes. Along with the circles where the cereals were laid clockwise, there were also those where the stems spun in the opposite direction, and a number of circles had additional rings.
Throughout the 20th century, simple crop circles appeared all over the world, but at first they did not attract much attention - except that the crop owners were forced to calculate the losses. But in 1987 something changed dramatically. The circles are on the offensive! They became more and more, they "added" in size and their location is constantly complicated.
In 1988, at least 120 circles were recorded - as many as appeared in the previous eight years. The following year, this number almost tripled (305 messages) and tripled again by the summer of 1990. Crop circles soon became the number one topic in the British press.
The English rushed into the countryside in droves, trampling down everything in their path. And even the queen during the holidays read a book dedicated to the phenomenon. When journalists got wind of this, “Round Evidence” (as the publication was called) entered the bestseller list.
Whether they are fakes or not, circles in England have become a lucrative business, attracting tourists. Everyone wins here - travel companies that organize trips to the fields or fly over them by helicopters, farmers who charge money from visitors, not to mention souvenir dealers with "circular" symbols.
The phenomenon interested meteorologist Terence Meaden, who suggested that the circles appeared as a result of the formation of an electrically charged tornado or plasma vortex. Unlike ordinary tornadoes, which suck in air near the surface of the earth and lift it up, they are directed downward, narrowing accordingly.
Vortices, sometimes surrounded by a ring of electrified air, descend and form circles in a matter of seconds. Tornadoes require calm atmospheric conditions and undulating terrain typical of Wiltshire and Wessex. Air masses flow over hills that obstruct the movement of air, and similar phenomena occur from their leeward side.
By the early 1990s, circles could no longer be called "circles"; the fields were decorated with complex patterns of stripes and any geometric shapes. In August 1981, in the neighboring county of Hampshire, three more circles were discovered, which appeared near the highway, from where they were perfectly visible. The circles in Wiltshire seemed to be randomly scattered, but these, on the contrary, were located in a straight line.
In the center was a circle with a diameter of 20 meters, and on the sides there were smaller ones - 7.5 meters in diameter. All this still fit into Miden's idea, and in the book "Goddess of Stones" it was developed. According to Meaden, ancient buildings in those parts, like Stonehenge, were erected after the formation of plasma vortices.
Apparently, the ancient Britons considered the circles sacred and therefore chose such places for buildings, burials or religious rituals. Alas, when Meaden's book was published (it happened in 1991), the phenomenon of "circles" turned into God knows what. They could no longer be called "circles". The fields were decorated with complex patterns of stripes and any geometric shapes. Such pictograms could not appear naturally: some mind had a hand in them. But whose - terrestrial or alien?!
Wheat samples taken from circles in Wiltshire, when planted in the laboratory, gave strange shoots. Instead of one stem and one ear, each of the grains sprouted with several shoots (up to six), on which, after the allotted time, the ears ripened.
UFO LEAVING TRACES
Ufologists are well aware that a UFO, descending above the ground or landing, can leave a round trail of crushed, uprooted or damaged vegetation on it. Some UFO tracks were no different from the first, most simple English circles.
Crop circles are even harder to dismiss than UFOs, as they appear regularly and are documented. At the same time, their unknown creator does not copy old samples, each time offering observers a new, original drawing.
For example, on January 19, 1966, Australian farmer George Pedley drove a tractor through a field near Tully, Queensland. Suddenly, his attention was drawn to an object that George identified as a "spaceship" that took off from a small swamp. “It went up vertically, spinning at a monstrous speed,” Pedley recalled. - Having reached a height of about 20 meters, the ship froze, dipped a little, and then again rushed up sharply in a north-westerly direction, gaining fantastic speed.
After a few seconds, he was out of sight." When Pedley approached the place from which the "ship" had risen, he saw a circle with a diameter of nine meters. Inside the circle, the reed stalks were bent or broken in such a way that they were below the surface of the water. “The reed was twisted, as if a monstrous rotational force was acting on it,” the man said.
At the site of the UFO takeoff, Fur discovered five round "bald patches" in which rapeseed was pressed into the ground in a spiral.
And on September 1, 1974, near Langenburg in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan, 36-year-old Edwin Fuhr, while harvesting rapeseed, noticed a metal dome located at a distance of 15 meters from him. Fur got out of the harvester and moved towards the cone, but, approaching the strange object almost closely, the farmer noticed that it was “hanging in the air” at a distance of several centimeters from the ground and was rotating around its axis at a gigantic speed.
He stood for a few minutes in indecision. Fur returned to the harvester. Now he noticed four more similar objects hanging over the swamp. In the next moment, all the objects suddenly shot up into the air. At a height of about 60 meters, they froze for a moment, forming a "ladder", then gray steam or smoke appeared from all of them, and they instantly disappeared behind the clouds.
At the place of "take-off" Fur found five round bald spots in which rapeseed was pressed to the ground in a spiral. “I looked for burns,” he said, “but there were none. Rape is not broken, just crushed and lying on the ground. Some of the plants were already beginning to straighten up."
These and other cases became known long before the journalists told about John Scull's field. Such observations are still taking place today. However, the circles and other traces left by UFOs have a simple shape and do not resemble pictograms in any way. Many cereologists felt that it was necessary to look for a solution to complex drawings in another direction.
CIRCLES AND MEGALITHES
Astronomer Gerald Hocknns, who studied the pictograms on the Salisbury Plain, came to the conclusion that the circles encoded "brilliant, hitherto unknown theorems of geometry, which are not inferior in beauty to classical samples from ancient textbooks." In the 60s of the 20th century, Hawkeyes became famous for processing data about Stonehenge on a computer, proving that the cromlech was not only a religious building, but also an ancient observatory, accurately oriented to such important moments as, for example, sunrise at the equinox .
Priests, using cracks in stone monoliths and special holes, could even predict lunar and solar eclipses. Gerald did not find a direct connection between the pictograms and Stonehenge, but admitted that the circles of the south of England were worthy of study in themselves: if they were made by hoaxers, there was a mathematical genius behind them.
THE EPIDEMIC OF THE "ROUND-WORKING"
Aaron Gerald Hocknes, studied the pictograms on the Salisbury Plain, came to the conclusion that the circles encoded "brilliant, hitherto unknown theorems of geometry, which are not inferior in beauty to classical samples from ancient textbooks." In the 60s of the 20th century, Hawkeyes became famous for the fact that, having processed the data on Stonehenge on a computer, he proved that the cromlech was not only a religious building, but also an ancient observatory, accurately oriented to such important moments as, for example, sunrise at the equinox .
Priests, using cracks in stone monoliths and special holes, could even predict lunar and solar eclipses. Gerald did not find a direct connection between the pictograms and Stonehenge, but admitted that the circles of the south of England were worthy of study in themselves: if they were made by hoaxers, there was a mathematical genius behind them.
It's no secret that "circular work" is a favorite pastime of pranksters around the world. Even researchers who consider circles to be traces of an unknown force admit that more than 80 percent of the studied formations are fiction.
The first unambiguously fake figure in England was registered in 1983. It was commissioned by several journalists. And in 1986, the hoaxers wrote on the field, ignoring the spaces, the words WEARENOTALOME - "We are not alone" with an inverted letter N. True, they did not take into account that the aliens would most likely write "You are not alone."
However, the worst blow came in September 1991, when an interview with two pensioners, Douglas Bauer and David Chorley, appeared in the Today newspaper. The old jokers admitted to being the author of about 250 of the most complex circles and drawings.
The hoaxers' career began in the summer of 1978 when they made the first elementary circle in Wiltshire. Bauer lived in Australia for several years and remembered the hype raised around UFO tracks. In the absence of a cane, along with Chorley, he decided to do something similar on a regular field in southern England.
“When we ‘painted’ the first circle, we had a lot of fun,” Chorley recalled. - That was great. We decided to do a few more laps, but it's been three whole years and the damn newspapers haven't mentioned a single word about our work." Finally, the press and the public drew attention to the efforts of the hoaxers.
Bauer and Chorley began to improve "technology" and create more and more complex figures, including a series of stylized insects that appeared in the fields in the summer of 1991. Often, pensioners included their initials in the drawings - two letters D. In the end, they decided to confess, envying the noisy success of books about circles - they say, we try, and researchers cut the coupons.
When the editors of the Today newspaper ordered a circle from Bauer and Chorley and invited cereologist Pat Delgado to give an opinion, he, after some doubts, declared the circle to be genuine. Needless to say, when Delgado found out about the hoax, he was very dejected.
Meaden triumphed: complex drawings that did not fit into his theory turned out to be fakes. The history of the phenomenon also worked in his favor: all the circles known before 1978, when Douglas and David began their “activities”, were simple. From the USSR and other countries where they did not have time to learn "circlework", there were only reports of elementary formations.
A SIGN ABOVE?
The situation changed again in the summer of 1996, when Salisbury Plain gave a surprise. On the seventh of July, the most spectacular drawing ever appeared in the fields in England. At 5:30 p.m., a pilot of a light aircraft rolled his passenger over Stonehenge, showing a panorama of ancient megaliths.
They looked down with all their eyes and are ready to swear that there were no drawings there. Just 45 minutes later, the passenger, returning from the airfield by car and driving less than a kilometer from Stonehenge, saw a huge drawing in the field to the left of the road.
This time the picture consisted of 149 circles and circles, stretching over 300 meters. The largest circle exceeded 15 meters in diameter, and the smallest did not reach 40 centimeters. The amazing thing was that the pattern formed near the busy London-Exeter highway in broad daylight in a matter of minutes.
This drawing appeared next to Stonehenge in just 45 minutes. During this time, 149 circles of various sizes were created.
It was visible from Stonehenge, which was under strict round-the-clock security, but no one noticed anything. The circles and circles that make up the drawing are not randomly located: each figure increases or decreases by the same amount in relation to the other. It would be difficult for even a whole brigade of "jokers" to create this in a matter of minutes.
Terence Meaden, having examined the field, was speechless - it was obvious that one person could not create such a large and complex image. He calculated that from 30 to 100 people should have worked on it. Such a crowd could not go unnoticed day or night.
Jokes and natural phenomena aside, it looks like someone, wanting to make contact with humanity, is trying to communicate with us on "our level." It is clear that until 1987 there was a “shooting point”, and only then the contact program unfolded to its full extent. Every year the pictograms get more and more complicated, and who knows how it will end?
However, there are speculations in this regard. If we still can't answer or find something encrypted in the circles at a deeper level, "someone" will move on to other attempts to establish contact. The scientists themselves drew in the fields simple figures and received, as it were, “in response” new drawings, but so far it resembles a dialogue between a deaf person and a dumb person. Will the earthlings be able to comprehend the mind that draws in the fields? There is no answer yet.
One of the "mathematical" pictograms that struck Gerald Hawkins is a photograph and a drawing that reflects a geometric theorem.
Nineteenth-century projects on "how to make contact with the Martians" involved "drawing" circles or other geometric shapes on the earth's surface. The most fantastic ideas included digging huge trenches in the sands of the Sahara, which were subsequently proposed to be filled with kerosene and set on fire, or cut down clearings in the Siberian forests. Projects were forgotten when radio appeared - scientists began to look for signals
MADE IN RUSSIA
In Russia, the southwestern part of the Krasnodar Territory, nicknamed by journalists the "Kuban Triangle", has become the center of "circulation". The first circles that came to the attention of ufologists were noticed here in the early 80s near Tikhoretsk, but a circle that appeared in the summer of 1990 on the field of the Limansky collective farm in the Krasnodar Territory gained particular fame. Brigadier Boris Malyavin spent the night not far from this place:
“It all happened on the night of June 16-17. I woke up at about 8:30 a.m. from some strong air movement. The noise came from the place where in the morning I saw a circle with a diameter of thirty meters with the driver Anatoly Yurchenko. We entered it, saw tightly rolled ears and a bunch of untouched wheat sticking out in the middle. It was then that the local press started talking about the local circles, and then the whole of Russia.
In April 1999, a mysterious oval appeared, 17 meters wide and 25 meters long, in a barley field near Novokubansk. In June, southwest of this city, truckers saw a circle with a diameter of 18.5 meters. The alpha radiation sensor in them showed an increased background. and the device for measuring electrostatic tension simply went off scale.
A month later, foreman Viktor Rastorguev from the Rossiya agricultural company discovered mysterious drawings on the field - circles and spirals connected by an arc and "rays". The largest circle is 29.8 meters in diameter, the smaller circles are 9.8 meters. But most of all, the researchers were struck by the fact that the dosimeter showed a decrease in the radiation background in the center of the picture.
The village youth that night saw a strange glow over the field, the flashing of rays, the fishermen heard an incomprehensible rumble. A resident of a nearby farm noticed a huge luminous body in the sky, similar to a funnel.
As time went on, the symbols on the Kuban fields began to become more complex. In the summer of 2003, a clear pattern was discovered in a grain field near the village of Tenginskaya in the Ust-Labinsk region - four large parallelograms with "legs" and a body that looked like a funnel.
As time went on, the symbols on the Kuban fields began to become more complex. In the summer of 2003, a clear pattern was discovered in a grain field near the Tenginskaya village of the Ust-Labinsk region - four large parallelograms with “legs” and the same number of small squares “drawn” by crushed ears of wheat. The signs were the first to be noticed by the pilots cultivating the collective farm fields.
An even larger drawing appeared in June 2004 on the outskirts of the village of Znamensky.
On the morning of June 14, people saw three circles connected by many lines, and then noticed that two more formations were visible a few tens of meters from the first drawing. Local resident Igor Ryazanov said that the previous night he noticed a mysterious object over the field: “We often see planes coming in for landing, shining searchlights. But the object seemed strange to me: it had too bright lights of ordinary white light. When attention was paid to him, after a while he simply moved aside, the lights went out, he turned into a dot and disappeared ... "
Other witnesses saw flashes in the sky that looked like lightning, but did not pay much attention to them. But weather forecaster Lydia Kushnir confirmed that there were no thunderstorms then, the weather was clear and windless.
Semyon Protasov did not sleep almost all night: he had guests, they stayed up late, from time to time they went out to smoke on the porch. According to Semyon, in the evening he first saw incomprehensible flashes in the still bright sky. “These oddities with the weather were going on until about two in the morning,” he recalled, “then everything calmed down. There were no cars or people in the field. And in the morning, when it dawned, we saw the “hieroglyphs” coming from nowhere.”
ZONE PRINCIPLE
According to the research association "Kosmopoisk", which studies anomalous phenomena, over 80 circles were recorded on the territory of Russia and the USSR. Almost all of them are located in three lanes: in the south of the country, in the middle part of Russia and north of Moscow. All three bands are not parallel, and if they are continued in a westerly direction, they will intersect in the region of England, which is the epicenter of the circular formation.
Most of the circles fall on the Krasnodar Territory, here they are geometrically strict and are located near the roadsides. The second lane covers the Kursk, Voronezh and Volgograd regions. There are fewer circles here than in the south, but more than in the north of the country. The "northern stripe" includes circles found in the north of Vitebsk, the north of Moscow and in the Tomsk regions. They are found mainly on forest edges, far from housing and roads.
"Discovery" No. 5 2009
On the evening of the 30th, two friends drove past a field near the city of Salinas. They noticed strange flashes on the field, stopped the car and ran to the place where something strange was happening. Having reached, they saw paths of crushed cereals - that is, the same circle from the ground.
The authorities have put guards around strange object and are trying to do everything possible to find out anything about its origin.
What do we know about the origin of these circles?
Circles appear all over the world. There are reports that they have been seen in Russia, Japan, America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Bulgaria, France, Spain, Germany, South Africa, Israel. And this list is far from complete.
The first mention of circles appearing in the grain fields was documented a very long time ago. In Holland they were described as early as 1503, in Southern England - in 1618-1680. An old document was found in the British Museum, which indicated the "Devil" origin of the drawings.
In the English folklore records of 1618 there is a mention of certain circles, as if trampled down, in the grain fields.
There are similar observations of a miracle in the documents of 1680. And two circles discovered in England, in the Salisbury area, in 1914, are preserved to this day.
And in 1686, Robert Plot, professor of chemistry at Oxford University, wrote the book "Natural History of Staffordshire", in which he tried to find some "higher principle" to explain the phenomenon of field circles.
Some researchers who lived at the time of the Raft assured others and, probably, themselves that the circles appear as a result of: the mating games of deer, the urination of cattle, and the most incredible reason - because of the pranks of some demonic forces.
However, Professor Plot, offering his theory, did not completely reject these myths, only noting that "the demons, about which they talk so much, may well be the cause."
The cunning scientist also assumed that the circles were the work of human hands, and maybe "trampled by animals."
However, after numerous discussions, Plot nevertheless wrote that "this must be the result of multiple circular lightning breaks in the clouds." The cloud emits a beam of energy that "hits the ground and leaves a circular trail."
But then what about traces of a non-circular shape? The professor also found an explanation for them - he explained their origin by the fact that sometimes lightning, breaking away from a cloud, acquires a rectangular shape.
The Slavic peoples also knew about the "witch circles", "spitting of the devil". They knew, but did not think much about the origin of incomprehensible drawings. Part of the knowledge about these phenomena has come down to us in the form of myths, legends, tales and even fairy tales.
This circle in the form of the famous Mayan calendar was seen in 2004 in the English county of Wiltshire:
Let us recall, for example, “The Little Humpbacked Horse”: “Someone began to walk in the field and stir the wheat ... So that devil began to gallop and knock down the grain with his tail ...” Ershov explained this “disgrace” by the tricks of the Little Humpbacked Horse. But what it really was, no one knew.
The science that studies the origin of crop circles is Cereology. There is an interesting myth about the origin of this name.
Ceres was the goddess of the Romans, personifying the Earth and fertility. Wheat and barley were sacred to her. She was always depicted with a crown made from ears of wheat.
Ceres' daughter Kore was the goddess of bread, who was the personification of the grain itself. As the legend says, she was abducted from the earth by Hades (Pluto among the Romans) at the time when she was picking flowers in the field.
In Sicily, Crete, Arcadia and Attica, it was even said that craters or depressions in the fields were the place where the king of the underworld entered the earth.
In the 16th century, crop circles were associated with fear. It used to be said that, stepping on such a ring, a person would fall into a trap and be doomed to dance with the spirits forever, even after death.
It was believed that these are places where magical winds throw their victims. These versions originate from the time of Aristotle.
Today, when the phenomenon became widely known to the public, Russian peasants and foreign farmers began to recall that the circles appeared much longer, even in the 30s of the 20th century.
And some see evidence of the antiquity of the phenomenon in medieval engravings depicting "witch rings".
Many people tell how they played among such circles in childhood - in the 30s, 40s, 50s and even in the 20s. And no one, as they recall, did not consider these circles to be something out of the ordinary.
So, Mona Beswick, whose childhood was spent in Ware in the county of Hardfordshire (England), recalls: “These circles were always in the fields and no one paid attention to them. We, the children, loved to play there, although the owners of the crops drove us away.”
John Huston also saw field patterns as a child. It was during the war, in Road (Wiltshire). Here is how he conveys his impressions: “The circles had very clear outlines. The ears inside the circles were tightly pressed to the ground, as if smoothed, and turned in one direction - parallel to the outer border of the circle. Local residents perceived their appearance as something inevitable.
And they also believed: if circles appear, then “hard times” are not far off. And then the times were really hard - the war.
One woman from Sussex recalls how during the war she played among the field patterns - “I am surprised when I hear the statement that these circles among the crops began to appear only recently. I clearly remember how fifty years ago we children played in the field on such circles. There were two fields where these circles appeared every three, four years.
The circles were close to each other and connected by paths. The paths were very narrow and did not go straight, but twisted. At that time we thought that German paratroopers trampled the wheat... Adults did not pay any attention to these strange places. No one even tried to photograph these circles or report them to the newspapers.
The first such figure on the field appeared in Great Britain in 1966. And then, until December 1973, no figures were observed. Only later a similar figure was noticed in Australia, followed by 7 more laps. This was due to the result of hurricane winds or kangaroo tracks.
Later, these figures began to be called "plate nests", perhaps because of the burnt marks on the ground. While all these details were discovered, strange night lights and “screaming” sounds were noticed by local residents.
Soon the circles were noticed in Switzerland. By that time, some local residents had gotten the hang of distinguishing real circles from those depicted by fellow countrymen - pranksters. The main criterion is bent, but not broken plant stems.
The fact is that in the so-called "man-made" circles, wheat stalks are always broken or broken. Circles of a different origin contain plants with a modified slope of stem growth. The plant is not broken, it continues to grow at an angle to the ground plane. This is the main riddle.
Thus, the local population distinguishes the tricks of pranksters from the mysterious phenomena in the fields of cereal crops.
In this circle, which appeared in 2008 in England, the number "pi" is encrypted - 3.14.
Until the end of the 70s, the circles remained only simple circles that appeared one by one: the cereals in them were always stacked clockwise. Then, they began to appear in groups arranged in a certain way.
In 1986, people began seeing outer rings around some of them and (for the first time) counterclockwise lodging of stems. In 1987, a circle appeared, surrounded by two rings; circles with four or more rings appeared later.
At the same time, the first not quite round drawing appeared - a branch on one side of a simple circle surrounded by one ring.
An explosion of interest in connection with numerous testimonies occurred in the early nineties. Oval circles that appear in corn fields have a diameter of more than three to seventy meters or more.
In the period from 1980 to 1990, more than a thousand such circles were observed in only a few counties of England. In some cases, they are surrounded by several (up to four) outer rings.
In the 1990s, these circles became another attraction for tourists. At this time, over 500 new circles appeared in Europe. Tourists from all over the world flocked to these places to look at the miracle of nature. Some farmers even fenced off their fields and sold tickets to this "mystery show".
However, often mysterious circles turned out to be just a rough fake - the edges of the circles were uneven, the stems at the folds were broken, and the paths-lines connecting the circles were crooked.
In 1987, in one of the fields, surprised earthlings discovered a whole message - "We are not alone." However, skeptics immediately noticed that if aliens had left it, they would probably have written: “you are not alone.”
Fascinating geometric design. 2010, England, Westbury:
As for the circles themselves - the real ones. The drawing in the margins has never been repeated. In addition, the "patterns" always differed in size - from several tens or more meters in diameter.
And in 1990 there was a sharp leap in the transformation of crop drawings - in several places on the planet, huge complexes of circles with branches, called "pictograms", appeared at once.
Since then, pictograms have become more and more complex, moving further and further away from simple geometric shapes.
Ears of wheat were crushed in the form of smiling faces, flowers and whole messages. Very often Crop Circles "told" the plots of many myths of antiquity.
Over time, "field patterns" began to appear, based on the laws of mathematics.
After examining several field drawings, astronomer and Boston University professor Gerald S. Hawkins noticed that circles, triangles and other geometric shapes are arranged in accordance with mathematical calculations.
For example, in a drawing with inner and outer circles, the area of the outer circle was exactly four times the area of the inner one. This indicates that no matter who created these crop circles, he is very familiar with the hitherto little-known theorems of Euclid.
Usually crop circles appear without witnesses in deserted places. However, with the advent of civilization, there are fewer and fewer such places, and there is plenty of evidence of “peeping” behind the process of formation of intricate patterns on the field.
A huge drawing of a butterfly man, August 2009, the Netherlands. This is the largest circle ever observed - its dimensions are 530 by 450 meters, and it appeared in just one night!
Kuban is a magnet for "field patterns"
Most of all Russian crop circles appeared and appear precisely in the Krasnodar Territory. The most common routes are Yeysk-Novokubansk-Labinsk. Circles in local fields appear more "strict" in geometry and are often located in close proximity to roads. Perhaps that is why circles in these places are often found on the very first morning.
Interestingly, according to the observations of scientists and researchers of the mysteries of circles, the "range of circles" runs a little to the north and approximately parallel to the distribution of the ancient Caucasian dolmens.
Moreover, a significant part of all circles found abroad, as a rule, also coincide with the distribution area of dolmens.
It is noted that in the Kuban the peak of the appearance of crop circles is May-June. Moreover, back in 2001, Kosmopoisk found out that most of the circles in the Krasnodar Territory are formed at the time of local midnight (for Novokubansk, this is 1.24 am Moscow time).
Later, this information was repeatedly confirmed in practice (on the night of June 17/18, 2005, Kosmopoisk even managed to observe this moment from afar). Exceptions are possible, but what they are associated with is still unknown.
At the end of June 1999, a circle 18.5 m in diameter with an inner circle was found in a wheat field in Novokubansk.
Since June 17, 2004, in the village of Znamenskoye, the crop drawings have turned out to be the largest ever discovered in Russia - they occupy 129x105 meters, and are the closest to human habitation.
Since June 4, 2007 in Znamenskoye (Krasnodar Territory) the participants of "Kosmopiska" have again studied new drawings in the margins, which arose on the site of a formation 3 years ago. This was the first case in Russia of an almost complete repetition of circles both in place and in form. In total, 5 new circles were discovered, which first appeared only on old fields.
A feature of this season was that in terms of the number of laps per year, Russia for the first time took 1st place in the world (although this happened, among other things, because the traditional record holder, England, was flooded with rain in 2007, a crop failure of cereals also affected " crop failure" circles).
But on May 24, 2011, crop circles were noticed near the village of Znamensky. This time, the ears were not crushed in the form of regular geometric shapes, but in chaotic patterns that did not add up to a single picture.
“We saw similar patterns not only near Starokorsunskaya. No matter how trite, it's all the wind tried and different soil moisture. I am not an agronomist, but I asked similar questions to knowledgeable people. It’s more difficult to explain even geometric figures, but I haven’t seen such ones, ”a Krasnodar amateur researcher commented on the unusual patterns.
On the night of June 10-11 and on the night of June 21-22, 2009, circles appeared in the Tikhoretsk and Gulkevichi districts of the Krasnodar Territory.
As it turned out, the discovered pictogram consists of nine circles in a wheat field, the size of the circles ranges from 5 to 24 meters in diameter. The circles are connected by straight lines, rings, sinusoids and other obscure signs.
Now, when the appearance of circles has become known in almost the entire region, traffic jams often form on the highway near the fields with the pictogram. Thousands of people can visit this place every day.
And the excitement in all regions of the Krasnodar Territory sometimes reaches such a limit that every day people can report not only about the supposedly observed flying saucers, but also more closely monitor the appearance of hooligans who fake circles.
In this circle, which appeared in England in 2010, some see the face of Jesus Christ, others see a harp, and some see nothing at all. By the way, there were two such circles, and they were located very close - the first "paired" circles in history.
Let's try to generalize the existing versions of the occurrence of circles.
UFO and aliens
Probably the most popular version of the origin of crop circles is associated with the appearance of aliens from other planets who leave circles as their calling card.
Adherents of this theory believe that the crop circles were left from incoming spacecraft that wanted to convey some message to us.
As an indirect confirmation of this conjecture, some eyewitnesses claim that they saw with their own eyes luminous objects similar to UFOs and heard some strange sounds coming from the fields.
Moreover, sometimes inside the “circles” they find a mysterious jelly-like substance characteristic of UFO landing sites, sometimes strange variations of the radiation background, Russian researchers from the Kosmopoisk group assure.
Shortly after the face of Jesus, the Holy Grail was imprinted on the English field - August 2010.
"Scorched by the Light"
In August 2001, two people in England claimed to have witnessed a mysterious phenomenon. Late at night, they noticed "columns" of bright light descending on a cereal field. When the glow stopped, in the place where the light fell, they discovered a new pattern.
In June 2009, in the English county of Oxfordshire, on one of the fields, such a jellyfish appeared, about 180 meters long, which the locals really liked. Crop circle experts say the jellyfish pattern is rare.
Wind
One of the most reasonable scientific theories is the theory of air vortices. The swirling wind currents draw the trapped air to the ground, bending the ears.
Each "circle" appears due to the spiral movement of energy following the flying objects.
This to some extent explains why many "field patterns" appear in the southern part of England, where air vortices often form.
However, the question of how microtornadoes create such complex and symmetrical patterns in just a few seconds remains unresolved.
June 2010, England, Wiltshire - Circle of Eight
Traces from planes and helicopters
According to another theory, crop patterns appear as a result of air currents created by airplanes and helicopters, which crush plant stems during landing and takeoff.
A circle seen in 2011 in Indonesia, on the island of Magelang. Curious people from all nearby villages fled to look at the curiosity.
Earth Energy
Some researchers of this strange phenomenon believe that the planet Earth itself creates an energy still unknown to the world, as a result of which these circles appear.
It could be something like electromagnetic radiation. The scientists found that there is a strong magnetic field inside and outside the figure. In these places, the compass needle cannot determine which is north and which is south, and many people hear a strong ringing in their ears.
Perhaps some energy comes directly from the earth. This could be natural energy when fungus damages plant stems, or "collateral energy" from the explosion of many bombs during the first and second world wars.
Sometimes mysterious sounds are heard from inside the "circles": hum, buzzing, rattling, ultrasounds ... Sometimes they can be recorded on a tape recorder, but there are cases when the equipment in the "circles" categorically refuses to work.
Surprisingly beautiful circle in the form of a symbol "flower of life". England, 2003
Lightning
Some researchers adhere to the hypothesis of the physical origin of crop circles. Suppose a certain discharge, like lightning, vertically strikes the ground. A microwave effect occurs, as a result of which the bases of the plant stems soften. The stems tend to the ground, but do not break.
In this case, the electromagnetic field penetrates inside the plant and, if it is strong enough, creates "explosive holes" in the joints of the stems.
The same thing will happen if you put a potato in a uniform in a microwave oven without first piercing the peel - the potato will burst. These "explosion holes" are clearly visible on the plant stems of many crop circles.
A mysterious asymmetric circle on the English field, August 2010.
sentient wheat
Circles are collective meaningful actions of ears of corn?! Why do we deny plants the right to their own opinion?
The fact that there is a constant exchange of information between trees, shrubs, grass - few biologists argue with this. But how far can such an “exchange of information” go, and can it spontaneously or under some external influence result in the appearance of signals (information) already intended for “non-plants”?!
May be, vegetable world just asks us not to destroy him for how much in vain ...
This funny circle, dubbed by the experts as "alien with a pipe", appeared in Wiltshire, England, in July 2011.
intelligent ants
Circles are collective meaningful actions of ant civilizations?! If this is so, then the mysterious crop circles in order to establish contacts with people are doing very smart ants of the unknown modern science kind.
The original version was made by one of the leading entomologists of Great Britain, Professor Robert Eastwall. After checking soil samples at the places where the Circles appeared, Robert Eastwall quickly found confirmation of his theory. On the ground, traces of the activity of ants were allegedly clearly visible. The complexity of the patterns left by them said that they were not simple, but very smart creatures.
Entomologists have known for a long time that certain species of insects, especially bees and ants, use sign language and body language to communicate. However, not a single case was known before that they left written messages on earth. For a whole year, Eastwall and several linguists worked to decipher these "letters". One of them, already translated, allegedly reads: “Hello! Don't be afraid of us. We'll be there soon."
Again, Wiltshire, July 2011 - a strange composition with five keys ... or fish?
And here is the version with ordinary ants:
According to The Washington Post, California researcher Don Scott observed the appearance of mysterious circles in the fields of rye in southern England. Among his equipment were a radiation detector, infrared vision devices, cameras and movie cameras. Don Scott proceeded from the well-known fact that the presence of radioactive isotopes was recorded on cereals lying in circles. Therefore, before installing his equipment, he determined with the help of a radiation detector areas of the rye field that exceeded the usual radiation level. After two weeks of searching, he found such an anomaly, and the waiting began. A few days later, at 1:57 a.m., an automatic infrared camera turned on. Through his night vision, Scott watched as the rye began to curl into a circle. Enlarging the image, the researcher saw small creatures scurrying between the ears. These were not aliens from distant space, not mystical creatures from ancient Celtic legends. The circle builders turned out to be ants, one of the insect species with a primitive social organization. What makes ants walk in circles? According to Scott, the direction of movement of ants determines the Earth's magnetic field. The theory of an American scientist deserves attention, since ants, as well as crop circles, are found on all continents of the planet.
England, 2008, star circle
Kangaroo in a trance
In 2009, the Australians surprised the world with their version, announcing that crop circles were trampled on by drug kangaroos...
However, the paradoxical (if not anecdotal) version does not explain in any way how drug addicted kangaroos can make perfectly even figures in the fields, which, moreover, appear not only in their habitats, but also far around the world.
New Zealand, January 2002 - either an insect, or some kind of scheme.
Man made
The easiest way to explain the appearance of mysterious circles is a trick ordinary person who created them for fun or to further confuse scientists. Many people have repeatedly stated that they made these drawings with their own hands.
In September 1991, UK residents David Chorley and Douglas Bauer confessed to creating the circles. According to them, they made the first pattern in 1978, inspired by photographs of paths left in the grain fields by agricultural machinery.
The Crop Circle Group, founded by John Landberg, has demonstrated that it is possible to make almost any circle, including analogues of those recognized as authentic by cereologists]. A well-known drawing depicting the logo of the Firefox browser, made on the field by a group of students from the United States.
Joe Nickel, senior fellow at the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Suspected Paranormal claims that the circles have all the hallmarks of fakes: they are concentrated in southern England, they become more complex over time (the skill of the creators grows), the creators hide and remain anonymous.
Objections to this theory of origin are based on the fact that the next study of some of the figures allegedly shows some complex changes in the structure of plants that cannot be reproduced in the field. In addition, the complexity and large size of some of the formations are pointed out, which does not correlate well with the short time period (one night) required to create them.
To prove their involvement, they invited a BBC film crew to the field, where they created a new pattern from the ears with the help of ropes and smooth boards.
Researcher Joe Nickel believes that Crop Circles are clearly the work of man. Honing their skills, the creators each time created more and more complex figures. But nevertheless, all the circles of the world could not be created by man.
Cereologist Colin Andrews admits that 80 percent of all Circles may have been made by man, but the remaining 20 percent are most likely created by some kind of "higher power."
2003, Wiltshire, England - a circle with a Celtic pattern
Crop drawings are the super business of the 21st century
Those who like to joke, “having drawn “unearthly circles” on the local field, soon after the exposure suddenly became super-popular people. Having confirmed in practice their talent to imitate "aliens", the "field" artists continued their craft, but for a lot of money.
Thus, a group of "artists of the new art", Rod Dixon, Wil Russell and John Lundberg, received several commissions around the world.
Among their clients are manufacturers of computer chips, automobiles and digital technologies.
The creators do not disclose the cost of their works. However, it is known that the state of each is estimated at several hundred thousand dollars.
A few days later, in the same place - a circle - "eye", and next to it - something similar to a small planetary system.
How it's done: versions.
The luminaries of agricultural science assure that if in the autumn on the field of winter crops, within the circle, a “shock dose” of ammonium nitrate is applied, then from such overfeeding with nitrogen, the plants within the circle will grow faster and reach such growth that thin stems fall down from the slightest breath of breeze. You can lay them with a rope in a spiral (this is exactly the picture that is observed in the "crop circles"). Which was demonstrated by the journalists of Komsomolskaya Pravda in one of the private farms of the Moscow region in 2001. However, it is not clear how this method can create figures with clear boundaries and several differently directed layers of the substrate.
T. Miden put forward his theory based on the weather factor: unknown atmospheric phenomena make circles, for example, electrified vortices.
According to Dr. Colin Andrews, who has been researching crop circles for 17 years, approximately 20% of them are due to vortex disturbances in the Earth's magnetic field, and the rest are man-made. He believes that some mysterious shifting of the electromagnetic field creates electricity, which bends the ears in a circle.
Physicists who studied the emerging drawing of a smoking "green man" stated that local crafty jokers mastered a new way of "drawing" in the margins. The absence of guide ropes, bar stools and boards, with which such drawings are usually made, indicate that earthlings have mastered high technology in the laborious task of fooling humanity.
As physicists explain, the marks denoting the contours of the pattern are made by a laser. Then, with the help of directed microwaves, the grain stalks heat up and bend down to the ground, and when they cool down, they remain in this position, Express-gazeta writes.
While scientists and ufologists are arguing, farmers are clutching their heads.
These jokes just piss me off! complains Tim Carson, land owner in Wiltshire. - Unknown artists have chosen my fields: 125 drawings in 20 years. Each brings me a loss of $ 1500 -2000. After all, they do not destroy the current crop - a thick layer of stems covering the soil worsens its quality. So, it jeopardizes the future harvest.
18 England, Oxfordshire, 2005. Amazingly beautiful ornamental circle
19 Looks like a CD that reflects light, doesn't it? Another English Circle 2005
20. English circle-globe, 2007
21 Huge patterned cross - England, 2008
22 It seems like an owl - and what, a very mystical bird! 2009, England.
23 Either fish or swallows. England, 2003
24 The creators of circles are familiar with 3D technologies - such a composition appeared in 2010 on an English field
25 And this circle, which once appeared in England, shows the position of the planets in December 2012!
26 The famous English circle - an alien holding a disk with an encrypted message
27 Circle 2002 from England, called "Peace and harmony"
28 Another 3D circle from Oxfordshire
29 Switzerland, interesting flower spiral
30 Wiltshire circle in the form of a stylized bird. year 2009
31 A stunning butterfly circle from the English county of Oxfordshire. 2007
32 Circle-maze. July 2011, Wiltshire
34 This amazing ornament, which appeared in England in 2001, consists of 409 small circles. Its size is 238 meters.
35 Bavaria, 2006
36 2008, Switzerland, a beautiful flower circle
37 Impressive ornamental circle. England, Wayden Hill, 2005
38 Another encrypted message from Wiltshire
39 England, Wiltshire, 2010 - crescent moon ornament
40 A similar pattern is seen from a great height in the Nazca desert in Peru.
41 A slightly modified Mayan calendar
42 One of the most beautiful circles in the world is a "star" from England
43 Another great circle from England
These are the amazing messages someone leaves us while we sleep. By the way, some scientists believe that the "author" of the circles is the planet Earth itself!
What versions did we miss? Which version do you think is more plausible?
sources
We all have an idea of what is happening in scientific laboratories and why scientists work in them. At least we like to think so. For example, they released a new medicine or developed an artificial prosthesis that cannot be distinguished from the real one, discovered gravitational waves and so on... But why every summer they go to different parts of the world with huge backpacks and a bunch of equipment unknown to us, sometimes even at the risk of their lives, with a minimum of comfort and an incomprehensible result for us?
5. Alexandra Petrunina,Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov
40 days in the Pacific. My experience of participating in the deep-sea expedition KURAMBIO II
“In 2016, a German-Russian deep-water voyage to the area of the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench took place. Forty scientists from nine countries aboard the German R/V Sonne collected material from the ultra-abyssal depths of the Pacific Ocean for forty days in order to study the biodiversity of this region. You are waiting for a fascinating story about the KURAMBIO II voyage and the results of our deep-sea research and the prospects for this area of science.”
6. Dmitry Rogozin,RANEPA (Ph.D. in Sociology, RANEPA field interviewer, one of the leading experts in sociological research methods)
Who produces "public opinion"
“There are public professions, in plain sight. Bus driver, salesman, policeman. Everyone knows and talks about them. And there are invisible, imperceptible. Take the sailors. Few people realize that every minute there are thousands of ships at sea. But if you want, you can see. For example, there is such a map, MapAIS. On it are all the ships that are on the way, in full view. Get a field interviewer. Who knows about it? Sometimes it will flash on TV: “according to the Levada Center” or “VTsIOM”. And hundreds of survey companies are invisible. We are engaged in public issues, and ourselves as spies, in the shadows. The invisible, non-public profession of the field interviewer, creating a public public opinion dedicated to my performance.
7. Alexey Kozlov,Institute of Linguistics RAS, National Research University Higher School of Economics (Junior Research Fellow, Department of Typology and Areal Linguistics, Institute of Linguistics RAS)
Chukotka incorporation. Field study of the languages of the small peoples of Russia
8. Alexander Agafonov,Institute of Oceanology. P.P. Shirshov Institute of Marine Mammals of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Researcher of the Laboratory of Marine Mammals of the P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, specialist in acoustic specialization of marine mammals)
Why do sea hares whistle? White Sea Coastal Marine Expedition
You will find a story about the expedition, the purpose of which was to record underwater acoustic signals of bearded seals (Erignatus barbatus) during the reproductive period. The area of work in 2017 is Unskaya Bay (Onega Bay of the White Sea). Why is this needed? And what did the audio recording give scientists? What new type of signal has been discovered? You will hear about all this in the report of Alexander Agafonov.
9. Polina Volkova,Institute of Biology inland waters them. I.D. Papanin RAS
Land of winds and fogs. Botanical expedition to Medny Island
Medny Island is the second largest island of the Commander Archipelago, which is located on the western tip of the Aleutian island arc, on the border between the Bering Sea and Pacific Ocean. The border position of Medny Island is the reason for the uniqueness of its flora, which included both Kamchatka and North American species, many of which are found in Russia only on the Commanders. Remoteness from the mainland, difficult climatic conditions and lack of settlements on Medny Island explain the lack of knowledge of its unique flora.
The expedition to Medny Island lasted a month and a half (of which the participants spent six days on a yacht). As a result, many plant species were discovered that had not previously been noted for the island or even for the entire archipelago (and one species is a novelty for the flora of Russia). In addition, we assessed the state of populations of rare species, many of which are included in the Red Books of the Russian Federation and the Kamchatka Territory, these data are already being used to prepare new editions of these Red Books.
10. Vladislav Zhitenev,Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov (Doctor historical sciences, head of the South Ural archaeological expedition of Moscow State University)
Secrets of Kapova and Ignatievskaya caves. Results of the South Ural Archaeological Expedition of Moscow State University
New drawings of primitive people were found by the South Ural archaeological expedition of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. Scientists, together with students, explored the Kapova and Ignatievskaya caves, located respectively in Bashkiria and the Chelyabinsk region. Rock paintings were discovered in Kapova Cave in 1959. These are the first Paleolithic drawings found anywhere other than the famous caves in France and Spain. Their age is approximately 17,000–19,000 years.
Archaeologists work here every year. They described images of a woolly rhinoceros, a bison, a horse, and, of course, a mammoth. In addition, there are figures of a fish and a creature that combines the features of a human and an animal, rarely found in Europe. The main result of the season is the discovery of new drawings and their fragments in the cave, which has been explored for a long time. This is reminiscent of Western European caves, in which new traces of artistic activity were found over a hundred years of study.
New geometric signs and fragments of drawings, previously not noted in archival materials and scientific publications, were discovered in the Ignatievskaya Cave.
11. Ilya Gomyranov,Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov
Uzbekistan. History of life in the desert
“Most of Uzbekistan is occupied by deserts, where the air temperature rises to 45 degrees, and the earth becomes even hotter. Hundreds of amazing animals and plants have learned to live among these extreme conditions. Many areas of the country are inaccessible due to the lack of roads, water, and often due to strict access control.
During our comprehensive Russian-Uzbek expedition, we traveled most of the country, visiting remote and hard-to-reach regions, such as the Ustyurt Plateau and the Nurata Mountains, and the route was more than four thousand kilometers. Members of the expedition, professional zoologists and botanists, collected an extensive biological material, compiling not only lists of species, but also describing the features of life. During the expedition, in addition to the collected material for museum collections, as well as lists of species for each group of living organisms, detailed photographs of animals in their natural habitat were taken, which will become an important element of scientific results.
Among the discovered species, we found several for the first time in the history of science on the territory of the country, and one of the salpugs was found for the second time since its description in Iran.”
12. G rigory tsidulko, Marine Mammal Council (expert International Union Nature Protection. Consultant for the film "Born Free")
How many saber-toothed are in the Arctic
You will find a story about an expedition to study walruses in the Pacific part of the Arctic. The joint expedition of the KFTIG FEB RAS, the Council for Marine Mammals and the Fish and Wildlife Service, with the participation of other institutions and organizations, took place in June 2017 and was part of a large joint five-year project to study one of the most amazing inhabitants of the Arctic - walruses. Within a month, on the Russian scientific vessel Professor Moltunovsky, researchers from Russia and the United States traveled along the entire ice edge of the Pacific sector of the Arctic. You will learn how scientific marine expeditions are organized and why this is done, what it is like to be a marine biologist and work in the Arctic.
Soda, lions, volcanoes and bacteria - the results of a comprehensive expedition to Tanzania
“For most people, wild trails are places that are both attractive and mysterious. For example, Kamchatka was once considered a restricted area, even though the area is twice the size of Britain. Most of the peninsula is occupied by volcanoes and mountain ranges, completely riddled with glacial rivers. There are only three small towns and several dozen villages in Kamchatka, the rest of the space, in fact, is the realm of pristine nature. And in the midst of these wild lands, scientists from the Russian Academy of Sciences are working. A story about the specifics of such work awaits you, live field diaries from the place of the symbiosis of Science and Travel are waiting for you. Kamchatka, Iceland, Africa - all these regions will find a place in our story.”
And that is not all! Stay tuned.
The conference will be held at the Cultural and Educational Center "Arkhe" on October 28 (Saturday) from 11:00 to 18:30.
Admission is free, registration is required.
There will also be a free live stream of the event (
Crop Circles are one of the biggest mysteries of the Earth. Circles appear in different countries, but about 90% of all circles are formed in England. So what is it? UFO tricks or falsification of artists? Or the result of some "smart" fields of our planet?
Crop circles - the history of the phenomenon
The formation of the first “circle” of the modern era (and they have appeared before) dates back to 1972 (England), when two UFO hunters Arthur Shuttlewood and Bryce Bond witnessed the spontaneous “bending” of ears in the field - the appearance of an even circle.
Since then, the phenomenon of "crop circles" (Crop circle, Crop circles, CNP) began to appear very often in many countries of the world: England, France, Holland, Japan, Germany, Russia, Canada and others. To date, more than 9 thousand “circles” have been recorded.
Let's go back 320 years. In 1686, Robert Plot, a professor of chemistry at Oxford University, wrote a book, The Natural History of Staffordshire, in which he tried to explain the phenomenon of field circles.
on the picture: "The Natural History of Staffordshire", Robert Plot, 1686
Professor Plot wrote: “This must be the result of multiple circular lightning bursts in the clouds.” The cloud emits a beam of energy that "hits the ground and leaves a circular trail." But then what about traces of a non-circular shape? The professor explained their origin by the fact that sometimes lightning, breaking away from a cloud, acquires a rectangular shape. 
Illustration from the 1678 book "The Moving Devil":
Mystery of crop circles
There are many theories for crop circles, from UFOs to ants (or even hedgehogs).
Many scientists tend to theories linking this phenomenon with weather conditions: circles formed by sudden whirlwinds (Dr. Meaden), due to atmospheric conditions resulting from the destruction of the Earth's ozone layer (Colin Andrews).
Many claim that the “circles” are UFO landing sites. In my opinion, this is a "distracting" theory for lovers of "little green men", like the theory itself that UFOs are spaceships aliens from other planets.
Everything is much simpler or more complicated, depending on how you understand it... Crop circles are most likely the result of the action of certain fields (information, energy, “intellectual”…) or “smart energies” (certain energy balls) of our planet.
What are these fields, energies? Why is their action activated now and in such a manifestation? How is their action connected with the development of the Earth and man? Answers to these questions occupy the head of leading scientists.
I note that crop circles often appear on top of the energy lines of the Earth and the so-called places of power, for example, in England these are various druid mounds and settlements.
The science of crop circles is Cereology (Cereology; named after Ceres, the Roman goddess of fertility).
Photo selection
falsification
In September 1991, British residents David Cherley and Douglas Bauer confessed to rigging the circles. According to them, they made the first pattern in 1978, inspired by photographs of paths left in the grain fields by agricultural machinery. According to them, they did it "for fun".
The researchers would have to calm down and do socially useful work, but no - they were tormented by doubts. It seemed incredible that two elderly gentlemen (67 and 72 years of age!) could, in a couple of months, trample several hundred of the most complex compositions at night in thirty English counties, the sizes of which sometimes reached several thousand square meters. Yes, and drawings sometimes appeared several pieces in one night. And at a distance of hundreds of kilometers from each other. Worse - and on other continents.
But the press stubbornly insisted on a hoax. Everything was thrown to make the population believe: "circles" - the work of the hands (and feet) of scammers. The most authoritative researcher of the circles, Colin Andrews, was subsequently perplexed: "More money was spent on exposing the fakes of two pensioners than on all the scientific studies of the circles for eleven years." Retired pranksters were persuaded to demonstrate their art in front of a television camera. They diligently tried to fabricate figures with the help of pegs, ropes, boards ... But it turned out only a pitiful semblance of those amazingly perfect pictures that arose in the English fields. No, there's something wrong here...
Such prominent scientists as the American biophysicist took up the examination of the circles. Dr. William S. Livinggood and his colleagues John Brack and Nancy Talbott. As they say, every cloud has a silver lining: hoaxers have allowed researchers to identify a number of features that reliably distinguish genuine "circles" from fakes.
Signs of true crop circles
Despite all the talk that "circles" are a good fake (and in some cases, by the way, they are), distinguishing a real "circle" from a fake is quite simple.
Here are some signs of true crop circles:
- the ears in the “circles” figures are not broken, but bent about 3-5 centimeters from the ground, where the first knee of the ear is located, at an angle of ~ 90 degrees, 
Extension of the knot of the ear (knee),
- germ changes in cereals,
- changes in the cellular structure (change in DNA),
- the appearance of cavities in plants, as if they were heated from the inside,
- increased infrared radiation inside and outside the figure,
- deviation of the magnetic field,
- an increase in radiation approximately three times compared to the normal background,
- "circles" in the fields occur at night, in the morning in just a few seconds.
Modern science cannot reproduce this.
The real figures of “circles” are mathematically accurate, in some various complex theorems are encrypted. The ears are twisted into a spiral, which uses the same logarithmic proportions as in the Fibonacci numbers or the golden ratio.
The bottom of the figure can have up to five layers, and the wheat in each layer is twisted in the direction opposite to the previous one. Each spike in them lies neatly next to the other. In the center of the circle, the ears can intertwine in a cunning way, and often there can be only one upright ear in the center (usually there is an untouched bunch of ears).
"Circles" can be "scanned" with a vine even the following year, when the field is re-ploughed.
Crop circles sometimes reach 300 meters in diameter. 
Pictograms
Crop circles are very beautiful formations. If we analyze the photographs of circles different years, then the tendency to complicate the “circle” pattern is easily traced.
Circles are no longer circles. Increasingly, these are complex complex formations of squares, lines, ellipses, rhombuses. By the way, the rhombus is considered a symbol of the new time.
Crop circle in Adygea
Encoded message
The crop circles at the Chibleton observatory are out of line with fairly similar circles, probably a message in response to a message sent from the ground in 1947.
According to Paul Vigay, director of the Independent Center for Research on Unexplained Phenomena (Southsea, Hampshire, England), the image closely resembles a digital message that was sent on November 16, 1974 to outer space astronomers from Cornell University (with the participation of Carl Sagan) using the radio telescope "Arecibo" (Arecibo), built in Puerto Rico. The message is directed to the star cluster M13, located at a distance of about 23,000 years from Earth. 
An image of a binary-encoded message sent from earth. The double helix of the DNA molecule is shown as curved lines.
Below, between binary information about the population of the Earth and the average height of a person, a humanoid figure depicting people is shown.
Under the image of a man in the form of a square, the Sun and 9 planets are shown. Third UFO Crop Circle in a row the planet is moved to the symbolic human figurine.
Below, above the line in the form of the letter M, a symbol depicting the Arecibo radio telescope is shown, and the binary coding below indicates its diameter (300 m).
Let's compare black and white graphical binary encoding. radio broadcasts in 1974 (left) and the "binary code" originated by Chilbolton in 2001.
As you can see, the "messages" are different.
Moreover, the left side of the picture that appeared on the field at Chilbolton differs from its right side. If you look at the picture that appeared in the wheat field, you can see that after the first two planets, a group of three planets is moved in the same way as it was done in the message that was sent into outer space on November 16, 1974 by astronomers from Cornell University. The third planet in the row is raised. The fourth planet is elevated. And the fifth planet is not only raised, but also transformed from one point into four smaller points, forming something like a cross.
An arc was drawn at the bottom of a binary message sent in 1974, under which the diameter of the Arecibo radio telescope antenna was indicated, with which this message was sent. In a message that appeared in Chilbolton's wheat field, this element is identical to a drawing that also appeared at Chilbolton's in August 2000. It can be assumed that there seems to be a connection between the drawing that appeared in August 2000 and these drawings that appeared in August 2001.
Where the size of the antenna was indicated in a message sent from the Arecibo radio telescope in 1974 is the exact image that was found near Chilbolton in August 2000.
On top of the big message, a row of numbers from 1 to 10. Just below them are the atomic numbers of the basic elements that are the building blocks that support life on Earth. These are phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen. Now you can decrypt. What corresponds to phosphorus is indicated by a long line, i.e. 1111, which means 15. The next element of the picture, when read vertically, gives 0001. This corresponds to 8, which, of course, means oxygen. The next element (1110) corresponds to 7, which means nitrogen. The next (011) corresponds to 6, which means carbon. And finally, the last element is 1, which corresponds to 1 and means hydrogen.
The message sent from Arecibo shows 5 columns: hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and phosphorus. In the figure, there are 6 columns on the field. Thus, this encoding contains an additional element. This element was inserted between oxygen and phosphorus, i.e. instead of the row 1, 6, 7, 8, 15, there is another row containing the element, which is designated as 0111, which corresponds to 14. Thus, the row is obtained: 1, 6 , 7, 8, 14, 15. If you now look at the periodic table, you can see that the element under the 14th atomic number is called silicon. This is a very interesting finding, since many researchers say that if there are any other life forms that, in contrast to earthly forms, are not based on carbon, silicon is almost the only element in the entire periodic table that could support life. It is theoretically possible that there is a planet in which silicon is the predominant element. If this is indeed a binary-encoded message, then the presence of an additional element in the form of silicon is important information.
New message - transcript 
On August 14, 2002, at 8 o'clock in the morning, tractor driver Sydney Collis, 62, discovered a strange geoglyph in the field of farmer Mike Burg near the village of Pitt (Hampshire, UK). This image, about 110 meters long and 76.2 meters wide, is what you see in the photo.
What catches the eye. The manner of constructing this image differs from the "chillbolt face" of 2001. There, the dots were placed at the nodes of a regular grid, and the gray scale was formed by changing the size of the dots. Here the image is created from horizontal lines whose width is modulated to form a luminance dependence, which is very similar to the "interlacing" in modern television.
Unlike the previous image, the icon is now directly linked to the image and looks very much like a CD with binary code and start and end markers. The information is represented by 8-bit segments separated by narrow synchronizer segments. The information is read in a spiral from the center to the edge and is a set of ASCII characters in the international English encoding. There is an empty separator between each track of data Those who work on a computer, I hope, do not need to explain what this is. You can look at the details of the analysis of these 152 bytes on Linda Moulton Howe's website. I will only give the final result:
Beware the bearers of FALSE gifts & their BROKEN PROMISES.
Much PAIN but still time. BELIEVE.
There is GOOD out there. We oppose DEEPTION.
Conduit CLOSING.
Translation: Beware of carriers of false gifts (talents, abilities) and their unfulfilled promises. A lot of pain (illness, misfortune), but it will last for some time. Believe. Outside this place [apparently Earth and solar system- approx. transl.] good. We cite as a contrast [to your knowledge and morality - approx. transl.] depth [of our knowledge and morality - approx. transl.]. The channel is closing [apparently the communication channel of our world with their world - approx. transl.]
In the 1980s, about 500 circles and pictograms (conventional signs) were seen in the fields of mature wheat in England. In 1986, Paul Fuller and Jenny Rendles published a pamphlet called The Riddles of Circles, sent copies to the mainstream media, and then organized a symposium in London. This moment should be considered the time of the birth of cereology - the science of circles.
T. Miden put forward his theory based on the weather factor: unknown atmospheric phenomena make circles. K. Andrews and P. Delgado defended the idea of extraterrestrial origin of circles. Fuller and Rendles supported Meaden, but noticed that some of the circles were fake. Jan Mrzyglod brought the falsifiers to light in the same 1986: a newspaper paid a certain farmer money to create a pictogram on their land. But this was nothing compared to the flood of fakes that poured in a little later: the British love hoaxes so much that they invent them when they are not available.
According to Randles' filing cabinet, the biggest blow to cereology came in September 1991, when Bower and Chorley, two out-of-work Southampton artists, confessed to rigging the mysterious circles and proving it with photographs. The artists explained their pranks with a desire to demonstrate the naivety of citizens and, if possible, become famous. Soon, other confessions "fell down", but most of the "circular builders" turned out to be impostors. When checking, they could not create real circles, where even overripe and overdried wheat smoothly bent 90 degrees, but continued to grow as if nothing had happened (and on fakes, the fragile stem easily broke).
They tried to explain the appearance of the figures by various reasons - from meteorological (this was already mentioned above) to divine. Our Russian physicist A. Olkhovatov suggests that circles are some form of energy exchange between the earth's crust and atmosphere, but what exactly they exchange is not clear to him.
Among possible causes called air whirlwinds, micro-tornadoes, weddings with hedgehog dances, acts of ghosts, UFO landings. Eyewitnesses most often speak in favor of the last - UFO - version. Late travelers and night watchmen observed incomprehensible glows, and even the UFOs themselves in all their glory over the fields, where circles were found in the morning. In 1998, such an event occurred near the Krasnodar village of Nekrasovskaya, and in June 1999, the inhabitants of the Zorka farm saw the night appearance of a UFO over the place of the future circle.
The point of view of the Englishman Miden, who considered electrified vortices responsible for the appearance of figures in the fields, received the greatest recognition. At least, all the scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences I interviewed first of all spoke about the Meiden hypothesis. Perhaps because it is not as exotic as the hypotheses associated with aliens, the universal mind and other concepts that are slippery for the mind. However, none of the current versions has been officially confirmed.
1999 was a record year for Russia in terms of the number of laps recorded. Everyone has a Kuban trace. To the cases already cited, we can add an oval formation measuring 25 x 17 m, which appeared in April in a barley field south of Novokubansk, a circle “opened” by drivers near the road between the villages of Leningradskaya and Konevskaya, a June circle with a diameter of 18.5 m southwest of Novokubansk and that the same month, almost the same formation in the field at the 120th kilometer of the Armavir-Tikhoretsk highway. A purely visual examination of the circles showed that these were not fakes - clear boundaries and living curved stems - the first sign of authenticity - were evident. Results of instrumental studies: no anomalies in almost the entire spectrum of infrared, UV, microwave, X-ray and beta rays.
Interestingly, 1999 was a high-yielding year for the appearance of circles also on British soil. The most valuable for scientists are eyewitnesses not just of the presence of a pattern on the field, but of its occurrence. So far, about 50 cases of observation of how circles form without anyone's intervention are known around the world. Usually nothing supernatural happened at the same time - only the wind rushing over those places. But this is in England, but in Russia the appearance of circles was almost without fail preceded by a UFO parade.
