What ended the struggle between popes and emperors. The struggle of popes for independence from secular power and for the possession of secular power in the XI-XIV centuries. New Struggle of Hohenstaufen and Welf

In X V. the rulers of the East Frankish kingdom (Germany) led the fight against the Hungarian raids, created a powerful knightly army. Initially, there was no clear "feudal ladder" in Germany. Vassals of the king were not only dukes and counts, but also many knights. King Otto I in 955 finally defeated the Hungarians in the battle on the Lech River. Otgon strengthened his power, subjugated many dukes. To strengthen his authority, the king established a special relationship with the church. He granted her many benefits, but arrogated to himself the right to approve bishops - he handed them a ring and a staff. The Church in Germany passed from the authority of the Pope to that of the King.

Otto was favored by the decrease in the authority of the pope at that time. To know the Romans of the Italian kingdom put their proteges on the papal throne. Otto made several campaigns in Italy, took the title of King of Italy, defeated the enemies of the pope. In 962, the pope crowned Otto with the imperial crown. Thus, the re-establishment of the empire, which later became known as the Holy Roman Empire, took place again. . The popes became completely dependent on the emperors. Because of this, the papacy further lost its authority. Some church leaders sought to change the situation. It was they who initiated the Cluniac reform. Initially, they were also supported by the emperors, the successors of Otto, because they also wanted to increase respect for the church, which was one of the pillars of their power. However, having strengthened the church, the popes began the struggle for liberation from the power of the emperors. A law was passed according to which only a few cardinal bishops could participate in the election of popes. The emperor was removed from participation in the elections. Then the pope declared that the bishops should be subject only to him, and not to the emperor.

In 1073, an ardent supporter of reforms became pope

Gregory VII. An open struggle for power over the bishops developed between him and Emperor Henry IV. It continued under their successors. In the end, the popes won an almost complete victory over the emperors. helped them That, that over time, imperial power in Germany weakened, and Italy actually fell away from the empire.

In the XII century. the power of the popes increased. The word of the clergy was law for common man, and for the feudal lord, and for the king. The attempts of some rulers to resist the popes ended in failure. In the middle of the XII century. Frederick Barbarossa became emperor. He was a smart and determined man. He managed to somewhat strengthen his power in Germany and wanted to re-subjugate Italy, but his knightly army was defeated by the militia of the Italian cities that supported the pope. The defeat of the emperor further strengthened the importance of the popes. The most powerful of them was the Pope Innocent III(1198-1616). Innocent called himself vicar of Christ on the ground. He overthrew and appointed emperors and kings. By order of Innocent, wars began. The Pope tried to curb the strife of the feudal lords and clashes between Christian countries, and to direct all his forces to the fight against heretics and Muslims.

Crusades. Spiritual and knightly orders.

Termination at the beginning of the XI century. The raids of the Hungarians, Arabs, Normans contributed to the successful economic development of European countries and the rapid growth of the population. However, by the end of the 11th century. this led to an acute shortage of free land. Wars and their companions - famine, epidemics became more frequent. People saw the cause of all misfortunes in punishments for sins. the best way deliverance from sins was considered a visit to holy places, especially Palestine, where the Holy Sepulcher was located. But after the capture of Palestine by the Turks and Seljuks, who were intolerant of non-Muslims, pilgrimage there became almost impossible.

The idea of a campaign against the Muslims to liberate the Holy Sepulcher was becoming more and more widespread in Europe. It was not only a charitable deed, but also a way to provide land for both feudal lords and peasants. Everyone dreamed of rich booty, and the merchants hoped for trade benefits. In 1095 the pope Urban II called for an expedition to Palestine. The participants of the campaign decorated their clothes and armor with crosses - hence its name. Both feudal lords and peasants participated in the first crusade.

In 1096-1099. Crusaders conquered Syria and Palestine from the Turks - Seljuks. There arose the Kingdom of Jerusalem, whose vassal possessions were considered the counties of Edessa and Tripolitan, the principality of Antioch. The crusader states waged constant wars with the Muslim rulers of the surrounding countries. Gradually, the crusaders, who were not very numerous in the East, began to lose their possessions. There were seven other major crusades. Peasants almost did not participate in them, but emperors often walked at the head of the knights

and kings. However, all these campaigns were almost fruitless. During the fourth crusade, the crusaders attacked Constantinople and in 1204 took it. They created the Latin Empire on the lands of Byzantium. Only in 1261 did the rulers of the Nicaean Empire, preserved from Byzantium, manage to liberate Constantinople. But Byzantium has not restored its former power.

In Palestine, with the support of the popes, spiritual and knightly orders were created. Those who joined the order became warrior monks. First arose Order of the Knights Templar. Then it was created Order of the Hospitallers. Later arose Warband. The knight-monks lived off the lands belonging to the orders in Palestine and in Europe. Detachments of order knights differed from the usual feudal troops in their discipline. However, over time, the orders grew rich, and their members ceased to show their former zeal in military affairs. Many of them surrounded themselves with luxury. It was even claimed that the Templars, who were especially rich, secretly renounced Christianity.

Meanwhile, the onslaught of the Muslims intensified. In 1187 the sultan Salah al-Din(Saladin), who united Syria and Egypt, recaptured Jerusalem. In 1291 fell last fortress crusaders in Palestine - Acre.

Despite failure and great sacrifices, the crusades had for Western Europe and positive value. They contributed to the acquaintance of Europeans with the higher culture of Byzantium and the eastern countries at that time, and the borrowing of many achievements. Strengthened the position of European merchants. This led in the future to the development of commodity-money relations, the growth of cities and handicraft production. The outflow of the most militant part of the feudal lords, and their death contributed to the strengthening of royal power in a number of European countries.

Heresies and the struggle against them of the church.

Heresies, i.e. deviations from church dogmas arose during the formation of the Christian church. However, from the XII-XIII centuries. they have become especially strong. The heretics pointed out that many priests, including the pope himself, do not observe what they preach, live in luxury, lead a dissolute life, interfere in the affairs of states. Heretics called for a return to the foundations of the early Christian church, when its ministers were poor and persecuted, but they showed everyone a model of righteousness.

Some heretics taught that the world is ruled by two forces equal to each other - God and the devil. They called themselves the people of God, and all opponents, including the clergy, led by the Pope, - servants of the devil. The heretics called for the destruction of churches and icons, for the extermination of all ministers of the church. There were heretics who advocated the equality of all people, not only before God, but also in earthly life. They offered to divide all the property equally. In the communities of such heretics, property was considered common: sometimes even wives were common.

Heretics refused to pray in "spoiled" churches, to pay church tithes. In some places, even feudal lords, including rulers of large areas, became heretics, dissatisfied with the claims of the popes to secular power. At the beginning of the 13th century in some areas in northern Italy and southern France heretics made up the majority of the population, where they exterminated the clergy and created their own church organization.

Church ministers condemned heresies and sermons, cursed heretics. However, the main way to combat heresies was persecution and punishment. Suspects and heresies were subject to arrest, interrogation under torture, and then execution. Not relying on the zeal of secular rulers who felt sorry for their subjects, the popes created an ecclesiastical court - the holy inquisition(investigation) - A man who fell into the hands of the Inquisition was subjected to the most sophisticated torture. The usual punishment for heretics was their public burning alive at the stake. Sometimes up to 100 or more people were burned at once. In addition to heretics, the Inquisition also persecuted people suspected of having links with the devil, witches and sorcerers. Many hundreds of thousands of women died in Western Europe at the stake because of these ridiculous accusations. The property of the convicts was divided between the church and local sweets. Therefore, the wealthy citizens especially suffered from the Inquisition.

In an area where there were a lot of heretics, crusades were organized. The largest were the campaigns in the south of France against the heretics of the Albigenses under Pope Innocent III - The entry of the war exterminated the inhabitants of entire regions and cities without exception.

As the possessions and wealth of the Christian church grew, the popes tried to strengthen their own power. They were not satisfied with the interference of secular rulers in church affairs. The popes no longer wanted to put up with the fact that abbots and bishops were ordained by the emperor and kings, that church positions were sold, including to the laity.

In addition, the popes were worried about the situation in the church itself. The deviation of the clergy from the biblical commandments, money-grubbing and other vices caused general condemnation. And among the poorest segments of the population, heresies began to spread - teachings that called for a "truly evangelical" life and departure from the official church.

The popes, who ruled in the second half of the 11th century, were actively engaged in strengthening the church. The Lateran Council (1059) decided that from that time on, the Pope of Rome would be elected by a meeting of the highest clergy - a conclave of cardinals (before that, secular sovereigns appointed popes). At the same time, it was forbidden for Catholic priests to accept positions from the laity and to marry.

Medieval drawing

Gregory VII acted especially vigorously (occupied the papal throne in 1073-1085). He forbade believers, under pain of excommunication from the church, to take communion from married priests (that is, those who violated the celibacy of the Catholic clergy) and those who bought their dignity for money. Gregory VII also declared that the power of the pope was superior to that of any secular sovereign. He believed that the right to appoint and approve bishops belongs only to the pope, and not to the kings.

Medieval miniature

The position of Pope Gregory VII was opposed by the German Emperor Henry IV. He continued to appoint bishops in the lands subject to him. The conflict reached the point that each of the opponents issued a decree deposing the other from the throne.

In addition, the pope announced the excommunication of Henry IV from the church, and freed his subjects from the oath and obedience to him. In these circumstances, Henry IV was forced to humble his pride and admit that he was wrong. In the winter of 1077, he appeared at the castle of Canossa, where Gregory VII was staying, and for three days stood barefoot in only rags in the courtyard, waiting for the pope to receive and forgive him. The memory of this event is preserved in the saying "go to Canossa", meaning a humiliating defeat.

Thus, in the mature Middle Ages, the Catholic Church not only strengthened its economic position, but also achieved the strengthening of papal power. In the struggle against secular sovereigns and the feudal nobility, she defended the right to independently manage her possessions, as well as appoint ministers to parishes and bishoprics. The Church also tried to purify and order its inner life. For this, the activities of new monastic orders were encouraged, and separate reforms were carried out. At the same time, the retreat of the clergy from the commandments of religious life led to a decline in their authority among the population. In search of the true faith, people turned to teachings that opposed the official church - heresies.

Questions and tasks 1.

Explain the role of religion in the life of a medieval person. 2.

Why is a medieval church called a feudal lord? 3.

Explain what "poor", mendicant orders are. How did they differ from other monastic associations? 4.

What caused conflicts between popes and secular sovereigns in the 11th century? 5.

Tell us about life in a medieval monastery. 6.

How do you explain the fact that the mendicant orders received not only recognition among the people, but also the support of the popes? 7.

What were the most important tasks solved by the Roman popes in the 11th-13th centuries? What have they been able to achieve? 8.

*Compare the relationship between secular and ecclesiastical authorities in the Middle Ages in Byzantium and Western Europe. What were the differences?

Source: Aleksashkin JI. N .. General history. History of the Middle Ages. Grade 6: textbook. for general education institutions / JI. N. Aleksashkina. - M.: Mnemosyne. - 207 p. : ill.. 2012(original)

Maxim Kozlov

Predecessors of Gregory VII Hildebrand

In the second half of the X century. in France, a new ascetic movement began, which by the end of the century, with more or less force, captures the entire West (the year 1000 was considered as the end of the world). A tense eschatological feeling contributed to the revival of monastic life. There are many monasteries with a strict charter. Self-sacrificing missionaries and martyrs appear. Among them is Adalbert, who preached among the Prussians and was martyred by them.

Exceptionally pious-minded people appear. But, often, asceticism took a specific direction. As an austerity, flagellation, including self-flagellation, is becoming widespread. So, at the beginning of the XI century. Cardinal Peter Domiani created a system of repentance, calculated strictly arithmetically. For each sin, a corresponding period of repentance was assigned. Since there are many sins, a system of substitution for a sacrifice was drawn up (for example, 1 year of repentance was replaced either by a ransom of 36 talers, or 3000 blows with rods when reading 30 psalms). Many people increased this sacrifice at will. So, Peter Domiani himself withstood 300 thousand blows and sang 3000 psalms at the same time. (?)

It was an austerity of personal inspiration. The words "praise the Lord in a tympanum" were understood by Peter Domiani as a praise of God "in dry skin" (tympanum), that is, one who has emaciated skin. Self-flagellation was widespread especially during fasting from the end of the 10th - beginning of the 11th century.

Of the monasteries, the most interesting is the monastery in the town of Cluny in France. In the middle of the X century. Abbot Odon restored there the forgotten charter of Benedict of Nursia. Unconditional obedience, personal physical labor, active participation in the works of mercy were required. In this monastery, novices were strictly selected. The monastery gained great fame, and, soon, could not include everyone. Branch monasteries began to form with the same charter, which were ecclesiastical and administratively subordinate to the abbot of the Cluniy monastery. Cluniac monasteries were excluded from subordination to local bishops, and were subordinate only to the abbot, and he - directly to the pope. By the 11th century, up to 100 Cluniac monasteries appeared. This renewed monasticism became the basis of the reformers in Rome who fought for the cleansing of the Roman See. In one of these monasteries, the future Pope Gregory VII also passed the leaven.

Gregory VII, before entering the cathedra, was the closest collaborator of a number of popes, beginning with Leo IX, under whom a division took place. Half German, half Lombard. The son of a peasant, he spent his youth in the Cluniy monastery. Then he was called by Pope Gregory VI to Rome to participate in the affairs of the Roman Curia (Gregory VI was in the Cluniac monastery before the papacy and was familiar with the future Gregory VII).

Gregory VI was the last person to buy the papal crown from Benedict IX. When he was a presbyter, he was persuaded to become pope. Having become one, Gregory VI summoned to Rome all those who encouraged him to become pope, including Gregory VII.

During this period, there were two forces influencing the election of popes: the German emperors and the local nobility. Gregory VI chose a support in the German emperor. The next popes, the Germans, were also supported by the emperor (Leo IX, Victor II, Stephen IX, Nicholas II). Under Nicholas II, a council was held in the Lateran Palace in 1059, which changed the procedure for electing popes. The main electors are the cardinals. The Roman aristocracy is excluded from participation in elections, and the powers of emperors are limited. So, in 1061, after Nicholas II, Alexander II was elected cardinal, after which the emperor was informed.

After the death of Alexander II in 1073, Gregory VII Hildebrand becomes pope.

Activities of Pope Gregory VII Hildebrand

The ideal for Hildebrand was a strong and independent pope, in fact, standing above the secular rulers. This was the theocratic ideal. The foundation of theocracy was thought to be the authority of the Roman Church as the guardian of unchanging religious truth. The organization of the theocracy was supposed to be strictly monarchical. The clergy were supposed to dominate secular society and, at the same time, unconditionally obey the pope. According to Gregory VII, "only the pope has the right to issue laws and dismiss bishops, no one dares to judge him, and his sentence does not allow objections."

Under Gregory VII, the Dictate of the Pope was drawn up with his signature. It has a number of provisions that no one has yet reached. For example, "the pope is a prince over the kingdoms of the world and has unlimited power over all princes and monarchs." Thus, every secular sovereign is only authorized by the pope. Secular power has no legal rights of its own.

The 9th paragraph reads: "Only one dad should kiss his feet." According to the 12th paragraph, the pope has the right to depose emperors. Point 22 says that the Church of Rome has never erred, and will never err, according to the testimony of the Scriptures. And according to the 23rd point, it turns out that every Roman high priest, if he is canonically appointed, by the merits of ap. Peter is undoubtedly made a saint.

With regard to the clergy, Gregory VII insisted that no cleric could have another sovereign than the pope, and another family than the Church. And it is precisely such a clergy, free from outside influence, who should elect a pope.

Gregory VII fought against simony and for the celibacy of the clergy. In this, he was a skillful politician and combined two different reforms (simony is a flagrant disgrace, and celibacy is a controversial phenomenon). Combining these two issues together, Gregory VII succeeded.

His support was a non-existent monasticism, the so-called "patarii" (ragamuffins) - these are itinerant preachers with the blessing of the pope. Crowds of Patarii did not allow people to go to those churches where celibacy was not recognized.

Celibacy was needed to free the clergy from attachments other than papal theocracy. treatises appeared proving the need for celibacy (Peter Domiani is one of the authors of these treatises).

In foreign policy Gregory VII fought against the right of monarchs to vest bishops with their powers, that is, against secular investiture. (Bishops were not only spiritual leaders, but also large feudal lords. And when a bishop was appointed with the sanction of the pope, the local feudal lords of the diocese participated in the elections). Gregory VII began to seek that both spiritual and secular investiture belong to the pope. The lands owned by the bishops accounted for 1/3 of all European lands and were transferred to the next bishops without inheritance to anyone. And if Gregory VII had achieved his goal, he could have become the owner of almost half of Europe.

At first, the pope began to fight investiture successfully in England, Spain, then in Bohemia (Czech Republic), Scandinavia, Poland, Hungary and even in the West of Rus'. The Pope met the greatest resistance from the King of France Philip I, the English monarch William the Conqueror and the Emperor of Germany Henry IV. Philip I Gregory VII pacified, threatening with an anathema, Wilhelm - left alone.

The main struggle of the pope unfolded with Henry IV. At the request of the pope to abolish the investiture, Henry gathered a council of German bishops in the city of Worms. The bishops falsely condemned the pope in a reprehensible connection with the Marchioness Matilda of Tuscany (an ascetic one), and declared him deposed as a heretic, adulterer and usurper of imperial power. Gregory VII responded by excommunicating the emperor and all the bishops who made such a decision. The subjects of the emperor were declared by the pope free from the oath of allegiance to him. The pope proposed to the princes of Germany that they choose a new emperor. At the same time, a deadline was given during which it was proposed to resolve the situation before the threat of imposing an interdict. This decree was read in all churches. (Not all the bishops were at the council, many were for the pope).

The princes gave Henry a year to think, and the emperor had to retreat. In the winter of 1077, Henry and his wife went to the castle of Canossa, where the pope was staying with Matilda of Tuscany. For three days the emperor waited for the pope to receive him dressed as a penitent. Finally, at the request of Matilda, the pope received Henry IV, saying: "if you sincerely repent, then to salvation, if you hide predatorily, then to condemnation."

On January 28, 1077, the anathema was lifted from Henry, and the rumor about his three-day waiting for the pope's reception quickly spread throughout Europe.

In 1080, the German princes installed a new emperor at the direction of the pope. Gregory VII approved the new emperor Rudolph, and excommunicated Henry. With this, dad wanted to finish off Heinrich, but went too far.

Henry IV was forced to resist. He gathers a cathedral in Mainz, where he duplicates all the decisions of the previous council and even decides to elect a new pope - Archbishop Gibert of Ravenna, who took the name of Clement III. There is a dichotomy. And although the election of Clement III was non-canonical, it was in favor of Henry, for it gathered under its banner all those dissatisfied with Gregory VII. Such phenomena of antipopes were before, but without the support of secular forces.

In the same year, Rudolf dies. Henry invades Italy and conquers Rome in the spring of 1084. Pope Clement III was enthroned in St. Peter's.

The Pope takes refuge in the Castel Sant'Angelo in Rome. (Initially, this castle was the mausoleum of Emperor Hadrian. Under Gregory the Dialogist, a miracle happened near him during procession from the plague: the lad saw an angel who predicted the imminent cessation of the plague. The mausoleum was rebuilt and later became a papal prison).

Mercenaries Normans and Arabs rush to the rescue of the Pope. With fire and sword, they make their way quarter after quarter to the castle of the Holy Angel and free Gregory VII. But the atrocities of the Muslim Arabs led to the indignation of the population of Rome against them, and against the pope too (there is evidence that the Arabs sang surahs from the Koran in St. Peter's Cathedral). The Romans unwittingly take the side of the emperor to expel the Arabs from the city.

Gregory VII, with the help of the Normans, managed to escape to southern Italy, where he continued the fight against Henry IV until his death in 1085. He is credited with the words: "I loved justice and died in exile."

The Roman Church was ruled by Clement III until 1087. Only then did he enter the cathedra as the legitimate successor of Gregory VII, Pope Victor III, the opponent of Clement, who was expelled. The successors of Gregory VII waged a serious struggle with the successors of Clement III, continuing the split for about 10 years. The struggle against secular investiture did not stop either.

Significant success was achieved by Pope Callistus II (1119-1122). He managed to get into his hands the opponent of the successor of Clement III, Gregory VIII. Gregory was subjected to public reproach (led through the streets of Rome with mockery and ridicule).

Under Callistus II, the Concordat of Worms was concluded in 1122. According to this agreement, the election of the bishop was to be made by the clergy, but in the presence of the emperor. The investiture was presented with a ring and staff to the archbishop who performed the ordination. The investiture of the world, that is, the right to land ownership, the bishop had to receive from the emperor. And for Germany it was important at that time, whose power is higher - the pope or the emperor - at one time or another in history.

At the end of the 11th - beginning of the 12th centuries, the issue of investiture caused a conflict between the spiritual and secular authorities in England under Archbishop. Anselme of Canterbury, the English kings William II and Henry I. As a result, Anselm won.

In the middle of the XII century. relations between the German emperor and the pope again deteriorated under Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. Antipopes reappeared. The war between the pope and the emperor lasted about 17 years. The Pope was supported by the Guelphs, and the Emperor by the Ghibelins. The struggle went on with varying success, but in the end, the victory remained with the pope.

As a result of this struggle with secular power under the pope Alexandra III in 1179, the III Lateran Council took place, which decided that the pope should be elected by 2/3 of the cardinal votes.

Bibliography

For the preparation of this work, materials from the site http://psylib.org.ua/

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In 1073, an ardent supporter of reforms became pope

In the XII century. the power of the popes increased. The word of the clergy was the law for the common man, and for the feudal lord, and for the king. The attempts of some rulers to resist the popes ended in failure. In the middle of the XII century. Frederick Barbarossa became emperor. He was a smart and determined man. He managed to somewhat strengthen his power in Germany and wanted to re-subjugate Italy, but his knightly army was defeated by the militia of the Italian cities that supported the pope. The defeat of the emperor further strengthened the importance of the popes. The most powerful of them was the Pope Innocent III(1198-1616). Innocent called himself vicar of Christ on the ground. He overthrew and appointed emperors and kings. By order of Innocent, wars began. The Pope tried to curb the strife of the feudal lords and clashes between Christian countries, and to direct all his forces to the fight against heretics and Muslims.

Crusades. Spiritual and knightly orders.

Termination at the beginning of the XI century. The raids of the Hungarians, Arabs, Normans contributed to the successful economic development of European countries and the rapid growth of the population. However, by the end of the 11th century. this led to an acute shortage of free land. Wars and their companions - famine, epidemics became more frequent. People saw the cause of all misfortunes in punishments for sins. The best way to get rid of sins was considered to be visiting holy places, especially Palestine, where the Holy Sepulcher was located. But after the capture of Palestine by the Turks and Seljuks, who were intolerant of non-Muslims, pilgrimage there became almost impossible.

Meanwhile, the onslaught of the Muslims intensified. In 1187 the sultan Salah al-Din(Saladin), who united Syria and Egypt, recaptured Jerusalem. In 1291, the last fortress of the crusaders in Palestine, Acre, fell.

Despite the failure and great sacrifices, the Crusades had a positive meaning for Western Europe. They contributed to the acquaintance of Europeans with the higher culture of Byzantium and the eastern countries at that time, and the borrowing of many achievements. Strengthened the position of European merchants. This led in the future to the development of commodity-money relations, the growth of cities and handicraft production. The outflow of the most militant part of the feudal lords, and their death contributed to the strengthening of royal power in a number of European countries.

Heresies and the struggle against them of the church.

Church ministers condemned heresies and sermons, cursed heretics. However, the main way to combat heresies was persecution and punishment. Suspects and heresies were subject to arrest, interrogation under torture, and then execution. Not relying on the zeal of secular rulers who felt sorry for their subjects, the popes created an ecclesiastical court - the holy inquisition(investigation) - A man who fell into the hands of the Inquisition was subjected to the most sophisticated torture. The usual punishment for heretics was their public burning alive at the stake. Sometimes up to 100 or more people were burned at once. In addition to heretics, the Inquisition also persecuted people suspected of having links with the devil, witches and sorcerers. Many hundreds of thousands of women died at the stake in Western Europe because of these ridiculous accusations. The property of the convicts was divided between the church and local sweets. Therefore, the wealthy citizens especially suffered from the Inquisition.

The fall of the papacy.

After Innocent III, the power of the papacy began to decline. Fights between popes and emperors resumed. As a result, both sides were exhausted. The authority of the Roman popes was undermined during the struggle between Pope Boniface VIII and the French king Philip IV and then "Avignon captivity" Pan, which lasted until 1377. All this time, the popes lived in the city of Avignon in the south of France and obeyed the will of the French kings. After the return of the popes to Rome, Great Schism in the Catholic Church. For 40 years, two, and sometimes three, popes were elected at the same time. In England and France, the church was actually subordinate to the royal authority.

To overcome the crisis of the Catholic Church, the Ecumenical Council was convened. He sat in Constance from 1414 to 1418. In 1417. a new pope was elected. Thus the Great Schism was overcome.

History lesson in 6th grade

Goals: to acquaint with the sources of enrichment of the church; determine the reasons for the strengthening of the power of the church; explain the reasons for the struggle of the church against heretics.

Planned results:

subject: learn to explain the reasons for the struggle of the church against heretics; give a figurative description of the popes; distinguish in educational text facts, compare their arguments; to formulate their own hypotheses on debatable issues of the history of the Middle Ages;

meta-subject UUD: independently organize learning interaction in Group; determine one's own attitude to phenomena modern life; express your point of view; listen and hear each other; express their thoughts with sufficient completeness and accuracy in accordance with the tasks and conditions of communication; independently discover and formulate a learning problem; choose the means to achieve the goal from the proposed ones, as well as look for them on your own; give definitions of concepts; analyze, compare, classify and generalize facts and phenomena; voluntarily and consciously common reception solutions creative tasks; compose a story based on information from a textbook, an excerpt from annals, a literary source, a diagram;

personal UUD: to form personal motivation to study new material; be aware of the importance of studying history for oneself and for society; express their attitude to the role of history in the life of society; comprehend the social and moral experience of previous generations.

Equipment: schemes "Three Estates in the Middle Ages", "Division of Churches", "Sources of Wealth of the Church"; textbook illustrations; multimedia presentation.

Lesson type: discovery of new knowledge.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment

II. Motivational-target stage

In the previous lessons, we, as artists, stroke by stroke painted a picture of “Medieval Society”, studying the life of feudal lords, peasants, townspeople. But our picture will be incomplete without a story about another group of the population - the clergy.

III. Knowledge update

- Why did the alliance of the Frankish king with the Christian Church arise?

Who was in the clergy?

How did the Christian church acquire land holdings and dependent peasants?

— What role did the Christian Church play in the society of the early Middle Ages?

- When and under what circumstances was the state of the popes formed - the Papal States?

(Student answers.)

In the XI-XIII centuries. the church in Europe has reached great power. She did not recognize any borders, either state or linguistic, and possessed tremendous power in the Christian world. The life of society and man was inextricably linked with religion, the requirements of the church.

- Guess what questions we will consider in our lesson.

Topic announcement, learning outcomes and course of the lesson (presentation)

Theme of the lesson: “The Power of Papal Power. The Catholic Church and Heretics.

(Introduction to the lesson plan.)

Lesson Plan

First estate.
Wealth of the Church.
Separation of churches.
Popes struggle for secular power.
Heretics and the fight against them by the Catholic Church.

Formulation of problematic questions of the lesson. Why did the Christian church enjoy such power? Why did the Christian Church split? Why did the Catholic Church persecute heretics who believed in Christ and worshiped the Gospel with greater cruelty than pagans, Muslims and Jews?

IV. Work on the topic of the lesson

1. First estate

Medieval religious thinkers argued that the world created by God is reasonable and harmonious. There are three strata of people, or classes, in society, and each person belongs to one of them from birth.

(Working with a dictionary.)

estate — social group, which has certain rights and obligations assigned to it by custom or law and inherited.

- What classes did the thinkers single out?

Exercise: listen to a medieval parable, and then together we will name these estates.

Additional material

The purpose of sheep is to give milk and wool, bulls are to plow the land, dogs are to protect sheep and bulls from wolves. God keeps them, if each species of these animals fulfills its duty. He also created estates in order to carry out various services in this world. He ordered some to pray for others, so that they, full of kindness, like sheep, instruct people, feeding them with the milk of preaching, and inspire them with ardent love for God. He ordained others to provide for themselves and others like bulls. Finally, he ordered the third, like dogs, to show strength within the necessary limits, as from wolves protecting those who pray and who plow the land.

Questions for the class

What class prays for others, inspires love for God?

- What estate provides life for itself and others with its own labor?

Who protected the clergy and peasantry from enemies?

- Correlate the estates of medieval society with those animals with which the author of the parable compares them.

(Checking the completion of the task and drawing up a diagram.)

Estates:

I. "Those who pray" (monks, clergy)
II. "Those who fight" (secular, feudal lords, knights)
III. “Those who work” (everyone else, especially peasants)

Problem question. Take a look at the diagram and determine which of the estates of the Middle Ages claimed the leading role? Why?

(Student answers.)

Why were the clergy so honored and respected? To answer this question, one must understand that the people of the Middle Ages were very religious. They considered the salvation of the soul for the future eternal life to be the main goal of their earthly life. Without faith in God, without hope in His mercy, all other activities were meaningless. Salvation could only be achieved through prayer, renunciation of everything earthly, devoting oneself only to God.

- Could any medieval person afford to devote the whole day to prayers? Why?

(Student answers.)

You found out that not every representative of medieval society was capable of this. Not everyone had time for prayer in the midst of everyday labor or military concerns. Therefore, it happened special class- the clergy, whose members were, as it were, intermediaries between God and other people. They prayed for both "those who fought" and "those who worked", saving them from God's wrath and giving them hope for the kingdom of heaven. Christian morality required the fulfillment of the moral rules listed in the Bible.

Remember the commandments of Christ.

(Students do the task.)

In Christian teaching there are concepts of sin and repentance. The Church taught never to lose hope.

What kind of person was considered a role model in the Middle Ages? Use additional material to answer this question.

Additional material

One monk wrote: "Despise the riches of the earth so that you may gain the riches of heaven."
The church called for helping the poor, arguing that good deeds you can earn a place in paradise: "The rich are made to save the poor, and the poor are made to save the rich."
The church was obliged to spend part of its income on helping the poor, the poor and the sick.

(Checking the completion of the task and drawing up a diagram (see p. 102).)

An example is a holy man:

Suffering in the name of faith
Renounce earthly worries and temptations
Relinquished property
Became poor, even a beggar

2. Wealth of the Church

We have formulated the signs of a holy man in the Middle Ages. To what extent did the church itself conform to this pattern?

Exercise: read the text of paragraph 2 of § 16 and, having researched and analyzed the ways of enriching the church, answer the question posed.

(Checking the completion of the task and drawing up a logical diagram.)

Ways to enrich the church:

Indulgence
Gift of the Church
Church tithe
Testament of the Church
Payment for ceremonies

All this brought huge incomes to the church and aroused the indignation of the people.

3. Separation of churches

Until the middle of the XI century. the Christian church was considered one. The main dogmas, i.e., the immutable truths of the Christian faith, were gradually developed and approved:

- the doctrine of the Trinity (God is one, but exists in three persons: God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Spirit);

- the incarnation of Christ from the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary;

The church is the mediator between God and people.

Over time, divisions and marked differences arose between the churches in the West and East. In Western Europe, the head of the church was the Pope, and in Byzantium, the Patriarch of Constantinople.

How did their relationship develop?

(Students do the task.)

- So, a sharp struggle began between the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople.

— What significant disagreements arose between the churches?

Exercise: working with the text of paragraph 3 of § 16, fill in the comparative

table "Differences between the Western and Eastern churches."

The disagreements and differences you have named led to the fact that in 1054 during the next conflict, the pope and the patriarch cursed each other - there was a final split of the Christian church into western and eastern. Since then, the Western Church has been called catholic ("worldwide"), and the eastern - Orthodox ("correctly glorifying God"). After the split, both churches became completely independent.

1054 Christian Church - split:

Catholic (Western) - Pope
Orthodox (Eastern) - Patriarch

What branch of Christianity do we belong to: Catholic or Orthodox?

(Student answers.)

4. The struggle of the popes for secular power

From the middle of the ninth century the power of the pope was extremely weakened, its decline continued for about two centuries. This was facilitated by the collapse of the Frankish Empire, whose rulers supported the pope. After the formation of the Holy Roman Empire, proteges of the German emperors were elevated to the papal throne. The Church was losing influence on believers, its authority had fallen.

Exercise: Working from a multimedia presentation and a historical document, identify the reasons for the rise of papal power.

slide 1. In the Catholic Church, a movement began to strengthen the papal power. Gregory VII (1073-1085) was elected pope. Unprepossessing in appearance, but militant, capable and strong-willed, he was a man of indomitable energy and violent fanaticism. Gregory VII wanted the complete subordination of all secular sovereigns to the Pope.

Slide 2. Between Gregory VII and the German king Henry IV, who became emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, a fierce struggle broke out for the right to appoint bishops.

Exercise: study on p. 131 textbooks historical document Pope's Dictate by Gregory VII and answer the questions.

What is the essence of this document?

- What allowed the head of the Catholic Church to the XI century. acquire such power?

— Which of the statements were addressed to the secular rulers of Europe at that time? Why?

(Checking the execution of the task.)

Slide 3. The king announced that Pope Gregory VII was no longer in power. He ended his letter to the pope with the words: “We, Henry, the king by the grace of God, with all our bishops, we say to you: go out!” In response to this message, Gregory VII released Henry's subjects from their oath of allegiance to the king and announced that he was deposing him from the throne. Taking advantage of this, the major feudal lords of Germany rebelled against Henry IV

slide 4. The king was forced to seek peace with the pope. In 1077, with a small retinue, he went through the Alps to Italy. The Pope took refuge in the castle of Canossa in the north of the country. For three days, Henry IV came to the walls of the castle in the clothes of a penitent sinner, in a shirt and barefoot. Finally, he was admitted to the pope and begged his forgiveness. But, having coped with the rebellion of the feudal lords, Henry IV resumed the war against the pope and moved with the army to Italy. On the streets the eternal city there were fierce battles between the Romans and the troops of the German king. The Normans arrived from the south of Italy to help the pope, who was besieged in the castle of the Holy Angel, but the “helpers” plundered the city. Gregory VII was forced to leave with the Normans to the south of Italy, where he soon died.

Slide 5. The struggle of popes with emperors continued with varying success for more than 200 years. The feudal lords and cities of Germany and Italy were drawn into it, becoming on one side or another.

slide 6. In Western Europe, fragmented into many fiefs, the Catholic Church was the only cohesive organization. This allowed the popes to fight for dominance over secular rulers. The main support of the popes were bishops and monasteries.

Slide 7. The power of the church reached its highest power under Innocent III (1198-1216), who was elected pope at the age of 37. He was endowed with a strong will, great intelligence and abilities. Innocent III argued that the pope is not only the successor of the Apostle Peter, but also the vicar of God himself on Earth, called to "rule over all peoples and kingdoms." At ceremonial receptions, everyone had to kneel before the pope and kiss his shoe. Such badges of honor were not given to any king in Europe.

slide 8. Innocent III expanded the boundaries of the Papal States. He interfered in relations between states and in the internal affairs of European countries. At one time, the pope enthroned and deposed emperors. He was considered the highest judge in the Catholic world. The kings of England, Poland, and some states of the Iberian Peninsula recognized themselves as vassals of the pope.

Exercise: determine the reasons for the power of papal power in the XI-XIII centuries. Finish the phrases.

The church owned huge...
In fragmented Europe, the church was...

(Checking the execution of the task.)

5. Heretics and the struggle against them of the Catholic Church

- Read the title of the paragraph paragraph and highlight its two semantic parts.

(Student answers.)

We will split into two creative groups who will perform individual tasks.

Task for the first group: working with the text of paragraph 5 of § 16, answer the questions.

Who are heretics?

What were the heretics opposed to?

Task for the second group: working with the text of paragraphs 6, 7, 8 of § 16, answer the question and complete the task.

- What are the methods of struggle of the Catholic Church with heretics.

- Formulate your own attitude to the methods of combating heretics in the Middle Ages.

Presentation of the work of the first group

Heretics - people who openly criticized the church.

Heretic Views

The church was said to be mired in sin.
They rejected expensive church ceremonies, magnificent services.
They demanded that the clergy give up tithes, their land holdings and wealth.
The only source of faith for them was the gospel.
Priests and monks were condemned for forgetting "apostolic poverty."
They showed an example of a righteous life: they distributed their property to the poor, they ate alms.
Some heretics demanded the renunciation of all property, or dreamed of equality in property, or predicted that in the near future there would come a “thousand-year reign of justice,” or the “Kingdom of God on earth.”

Presentation of the work of the second group

Methods of struggle of the Catholic Church with heretics

Excommunication.
Interdict - a ban on performing rituals and holding services.
Punitive military campaigns.
Creation of the Inquisition - a special church court.
Cruel punishment of heretics with the use of torture.
Foundation and support of the mendicant orders of monks.

(Checking the execution of the task.)

V. Summing up the lesson

Why was the Christian Church powerful in the Middle Ages?

Why did the Christian church split?

Why did the Catholic Church persecute heretics who believed in Christ and revered the Gospel with greater cruelty than pagans, Muslims and Jews?

(Student answers.)

The Middle Ages was a Christian civilization. The life of society and man was inextricably linked with religion, with the requirements of the church. Who won: the church or the heretics? And the persecution of heretics, the Inquisition, the fires did not increase the influence of the Catholic Church on the souls of believers. They gave rise to fear, and faith is alive with love and mercy. In this sense, the church was defeated, although it remained a powerful institution of power.

(Checking the assignment and summarizing the lesson.)

VI. Reflection

- What did you learn in the lesson?

What skills and abilities did you develop?

What new terms have you learned?

What did you like and dislike about the lesson?

- What conclusions did you draw?

Homework (differentiated)

For strong students - § 16, together with a classmate, make up a dialogue between the Pope and the Emperor about which of them should have the highest power on Earth. Consider the arguments of both interlocutors.
For average students - § 16, according to legend, Innocent III established the Franciscan order when he saw in a dream that Francis was propping up the staggering main cathedral of Rome with his shoulder. Explain how the Pope understood the meaning of his dream.
For weak students - § 16, questions and tasks for the paragraph.

What ended the struggle between popes and emperors. The struggle of popes for independence from secular power and for the possession of secular power in the XI-XIV centuries. New Struggle of Hohenstaufen and Welf

Predecessors of Gregory VII Hildebrand

Activities of Pope Gregory VII Hildebrand

Bibliography

Tutoring

Collection of ideal social studies essays

Anti-Soviet rebellion in Hungary (1956)