Complex 3D mesh biopolymer , aromatic nature . There is no common structural formula, as well as the names for Lignin Hydrolysis.
Chemical properties
This substance is an amorphous powdered compound. Colour: various shades of brown. The compound has a specific odor. Molecular mass from 5000 to 10000. In Lignin Hydrolysis itself lignin - about 50-80%, everything else is impurities (hard-to-hydrolyze polysaccharides , resinous substances, ash enzymes ). The agent is poorly soluble in water and organic solvents .
In dry form, the substance burns well, when sprayed it is explosive. The ignition temperature is 195 degrees Celsius, the agent begins to smolder at 185 degrees.
Hydrolytic lignin has found wide application in various branches of science and industry.
It is used:
- for the production of fuel briquettes, gas, fuel for boilers;
- as a raw material for the production of briquetted metal and silicon reducing agents;
- in production nitrolignin , plastics, fertilizers, bricks, soil structurants;
- as herbicide ;
- in the chemical industry as a raw material for production acetic acid, oxalic acid ;
- to create and other enterosorbents ;
- as a sorbent in medicine and veterinary medicine.
pharmachologic effect
Sorbent, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, hypolipidemic .
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
In the gastrointestinal tract, the substance adsorbs various microorganisms and their metabolic products, xenobiotics , radioactive isotopes , allergens, ammonia , heavy metals. The tool has a positive effect on the overall functioning gastrointestinal tract , thereby compensating for the lack of dietary fiber, normalizing the microflora.
This compound is not metabolized; after penetration into the gastrointestinal tract, it is excreted unchanged.
Indications for use
The drug is used:
- in acute drug poisoning, alkaloids , salts heavy metals , alcohol;
- for treatment, food intoxication, dysbacteriosis , salmonellosis ;
- with diseases of the kidneys and liver;
- persons suffering from metabolic disorders (lipid),;
- with and for medications.
Contraindications
Preparations based on Lignin Hydrolysis are contraindicated:
- at allergies on the components of the drug;
- if in gastrointestinal tract there are bleeding, ulcers or erosion;
- at antacid gastritis .
Side effects
The substance is usually well tolerated. Rarely may occur: hypersensitivity reactions , .
Lignin Hydrolysis, instructions for use (Method and dosage)
The product is available in the form of tablets, granules, paste or powder. In any case, the substance is taken before meals, several times a day.
Before use, the substance must be dissolved in 300-400 ml of water, stirring for 2 minutes.
The dosage is determined by the doctor in a particular case.
As a rule, adults are prescribed from 5 to 7 grams per day. For children, depending on weight, the daily dosage is half as much.
The course of treatment is determined by the doctor.
Overdose
There were no cases of drug overdose.
Interaction
Due to the ability lignin absorb drugs, it can reduce their effectiveness, slow down absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.
Can be purchased without a doctor's prescription.
TRADE NAMES
Lignofepant, Lignosorb, Polifan, Polyphepan, Polyphepan granules, Filtrum-STI, Entegnin.DRUG FORMS
Powder for suspension for oral administration.Paste for the preparation of a suspension for oral administration.
Granules for the preparation of a suspension for oral administration.
Powder for oral administration.
Pills.
HOW DOES THE DRUG WORK?
Hydrolytic lignin refers to adsorbents, detoxifying and antidiarrheal agents.It adsorbs microorganisms, their metabolic products, exogenous and endogenous toxins, allergens, xenobiotics, heavy metals, radioactive isotopes, ammonia, divalent cations in the gastrointestinal tract. Compensates for the lack of natural dietary fiber in human food, positively affects the microflora of the large intestine and nonspecific immunity.
Excreted through the intestines unchanged.
IN WHAT CASES IS THE MEDICINE PRESCRIBED?
In the treatment of acute poisoning with drugs, alcohol, salts of heavy metals, alkaloids, conditions after radio- and chemotherapy.In the treatment of dysentery, dysbacteriosis, dyspepsia, flatulence, diarrhea, food poisoning, salmonellosis.
In the complex therapy of intoxications of various origins, including those accompanying purulent-inflammatory diseases.
In the treatment of liver and kidney failure.
In the treatment of lipid metabolism disorders (atherosclerosis, obesity).
In the treatment of food and drug allergies.
In the treatment of gynecological diseases (bacterial colpitis, cervicitis, bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis).
In the treatment of dental diseases (generalized periodontitis, periodontitis, stomatitis).
DRUG APPLICATION
RECEPTION RULESInside, 3-4 times a day for 1-1.5 hours before meals.
The daily dose for adults is 4.8-6.4 g (12-16 tablets), for children - 3.8-4 g. In the form of a paste, powder or granules, adults are prescribed 0.5-1 g / kg 3-4 times a day (1 tablespoon is stirred in 200 ml of water for 2 minutes), children under 1 year old, 1 teaspoon per reception, 1-7 years old - 1 dessert spoon, 7 years and older - 1 tablespoon.
For tube administration, dilute with drinking water in a ratio of 1:5-1:10, depending on the volume and site of administration. It is administered through drainage systems and probes into various parts of the gastrointestinal tract (stomach, small and large intestine through gastro-, entero- and cecostomies, as well as in the form of enemas).
In gynecology, the paste is prescribed locally, 10-15 g (1-1.5 tablespoons), evenly distributed in the vaults and on the walls of the vagina (after the preliminary toilet), then a tampon is inserted for 2-2.5 hours. If necessary, the procedure is repeated on the same day, 12 hours after removal of the previous dose.
DURATION OF RECEPTION
The duration of treatment depends on the type of disease and its severity.
In acute conditions, the course of treatment is 3-7 days (until the symptoms of intoxication disappear, normalization of the stool), in chronic conditions - courses of 10-15 days with breaks of 7-10 days. Long-term use (more than 20 days) is combined with the introduction of B, K, D, E vitamins and calcium preparations.
IF YOU MISS A DOSE
If you miss a dose, take the medicine as soon as you remember. If the time is close to the next dose of the drug, skip and take the medicine as usual. Do not take a double dose of the drug.
OVERDOSE
Cases of overdose are not noted.
EFFICIENT AND SAFE TREATMENT
CONTRAINDICATIONSIndividual intolerance, erosive and ulcerative lesions of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, gastrointestinal bleeding, anacid gastritis.
SIDE EFFECTS
Dyspepsia, constipation, allergic reactions.
It is urgent to consult a doctor if allergic reactions develop (skin rash, itching, swelling, dizziness, shortness of breath).
IT IS NECESSARY TO INFORM YOUR DOCTOR
You have ever had an allergic reaction to lignin hydrolysate or any other drug.
You are taking any other drugs, including over-the-counter drugs, herbs, and dietary supplements.
You suffer from diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
If you are pregnant
An appointment is possible if the expected benefit of therapy outweighs the potential risk to the fetus.
If you are breastfeeding
The drug is contraindicated.
If you suffer from other diseases
Use with caution in diabetes mellitus (the preparation in granules contains sugar).
If you are over 60
Undesirable effects were not revealed.
If you give the drug to children
Children are prescribed 3-4 g / day.
INTERACTIONS
Use with other drugs
It is possible to reduce the effect of some concomitantly taken orally drugs. Between taking the drug and other drugs, a time interval is required (at least an hour).
Alcohol
In case of alcohol poisoning, it has a detoxifying effect.
STORAGE RULES
Should be stored at temperatures up to 25 °C in a dry, protected from direct sunlight a place inaccessible to children.
Posted on 06/01/2010
Origin and production of lignin
Lignin from lat. lignum- tree, - a complex (network) aromatic natural polymer that is part of terrestrial plants, a product of biosynthesis. After cellulose, lignin is the most common polymer on earth, playing an important role in the natural carbon cycle. The emergence of lignin occurred in the course of evolution during the transition of plants from aquatic to terrestrial lifestyle to ensure the rigidity and stability of stems and trunks (like chitin in arthropods).
in English and German lignin - lignin, less often lignen or lignine.
As you know, plant tissue consists mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Coniferous wood contains 23-38% lignin, hardwood - 14-25%, cereal straw 12-20% by weight. Lignin is located in the cell walls and intercellular space of plants and holds the cellulose fibers together.
Together with hemicelluloses, it determines the mechanical strength of trunks and stems. Lignin ensures the tightness of the cell walls (for water and nutrients) and, thanks to the dyes it contains, determines the color of the lignified tissue.
Lignin is firmly physically and chemically incorporated into the structure of plant tissue, and its efficient isolation from there by industrial methods is a very complex engineering problem.
It is customary to distinguish between protolignin - lignin contained inside the plant in its natural form, and its technical forms obtained by extraction from plant tissue using various physicochemical methods. Lignin is not specially made; it and its chemically modified forms are waste products of biochemical production. During the physicochemical processing of plant tissue, the molecular weight of lignin decreases several times, and its chemical activity increases.
In the hydrolysis industry, powdered so-called. hydrolysis lignin.
In pulp production, water-soluble forms of lignin are formed. There are two main pulping technologies, the more common sulphate pulping (alkaline) and the less common sulphite pulping (acidic).
Lignin obtained in sulfate production, the so-called. sulfate lignin is largely utilized in power plants of pulp mills.
In sulfite production, solutions of sulfite lignins (lignosulfonates) are formed, some of which accumulate in lignostorages, and some leave with sewage businesses in rivers and lakes.
In English literature, there are also:
Sulfur-free lignin - sulfur-free lignin (hydrolytic lignin);
Sulfur lignin - sulfur lignin (i.e. lignin from pulp industries).
To some extent, lignin is utilized by the enterprises themselves, but hydrolytic lignin, sulfate lignin, and lignosulfonates are also present on the market as marketable products. There are no international or Russian standards for technical lignins and they are supplied according to various factory specifications.
formula and Chemical properties lignin
In the chemical sense, lignin is a conditional and generalizing concept. Just as no two people are the same, so no two lignins are the same.
There are several variants of the lignin formula in the literature.
The figure shows the representation of the chemical structure of lignin recommended by the International Lgnin Institute (ILI - International Lgnin Institute).
Lignins obtained from different plants differ significantly from each other in chemical composition.
The lignin molecule is indefinitely large and has many diverse functional groups.
The common structural unit of all types of lignin is phenylpropane (C 9 H 10), and the differences are associated with different content of functional groups.
In accordance with modern knowledge, lignin is a complex three-dimensional network polymer of an aromatic nature, resulting from the polycondensation of several monolignols - cinnamon alcohols (paracoumaric, coneferyl, synapic), see formulas.
Under normal conditions, lignin is poorly soluble in water and organic solvents. in chemical technology and environment lignin can participate in a wide variety of chemical reactions and transformations. Possesses biological activity.
Lignin exhibits plastic properties at elevated pressure and temperature, especially when wet.
Utilization of lignin in nature
Lignin is practically not absorbed during digestion in higher animals; in nature, various fungi, insects, earthworms and bacteria are involved in its processing. Basidiomycete fungi play the main role in this process. These include many fungi that live on both living and dead trees, as well as fungi that decompose leaf litter. Among ligninolytic mushrooms there are edible ones (mushroom, oyster mushroom, champignon).
The degradation of polymeric lignin occurs under the influence of extracellular fungal oxidoreductase enzymes. These enzymes primarily include lininolytic peroxidases: lignin peroxidase and Mn-peroxidase, as well as extracellular oxidase - laccase. Also, the ligninolytic complex of fungi contains auxiliary enzymes, primarily producing hydrogen peroxide for peroxidases and active oxygen farms. This includes enzymes such as pyranose oxidase, glucose oxidase, glyoxal oxidase, alkhololaryl oxidase, and cellobiose dehydrogenase.
The main decomposition product of lignin in nature is humus. Decomposition of lignin under natural conditions occurs in the presence of other elements of plant tissue - cellulose and hemicellulose.
Economic importance of lignin
About 70 million tons of technical lignins are produced annually in the world. Encyclopedias write that lignin is a valuable source of chemical raw materials. Unfortunately, so far this raw material is organizationally, economically and technically not very and not always available.
For example, the decomposition of lignin into simpler chemical compounds (phenol, benzene, etc.) with a comparable quality of the resulting products is more expensive than their synthesis from oil or gas. According to the International Lgnin Institute, no more than 2% of technical lignins are used in the world for industrial, agricultural and other purposes. The rest is burned in power plants or buried in burial grounds.
The difficulty of industrial processing of lignin is due to the complexity of its nature, the multivariance of structural units and the bonds between them, as well as the instability of this natural polymer, which irreversibly changes its properties as a result of chemical or thermal exposure. As mentioned above, the waste of enterprises does not contain natural protolignin, but largely altered lignin-containing substances or mixtures of substances with high chemical and biological activity. In addition, they are contaminated with other substances. It is believed that living near the "lignostorages" is not entirely useful. They have the unpleasant property of spontaneous combustion with the release of sulphurous, nitrogenous, and other harmful compounds, and extinguishing them is extremely difficult due to their large size and peculiarities of the combustion process. In the photo on the left is a "ligno storage", on the right - burning lignin.
Some studies have noted the mutagenic activity of technical lignins.
Thus, in the national economic balance, technical lignins still represent a significant and constantly growing negative value.
Properties of hydrolytic lignin
Hydrolytic lignin is an amorphous powdery substance with a density of 1.25-1.45 g/cm 3 from light cream to dark brown in color with a specific odor. Molecular weight 5000-10000. Lignin particle sizes range from a few millimeters to microns (or less). The content of lignin proper in hydrolytic lignin ranges from 40-88%, hardly hydrolysable polysaccharides from 13 to 45% resinous and substances of the lignohumic complex from 5 to 19% and ash elements - from 0.5 to 10%.
Composition of lignin ash: Al 2 O 3 - 1%; SiO 2 - 93.4%; P 2 O 5 - 1.5%; CaO - 1.5%; Na2O - 0.3%; K 2 O - 0.3%; MgO - 0.3%; TiO 2 - 0.1%.
Lignin is non-toxic, has good sorption capacity.
In dry form, it is a highly combustible substance; in sprayed form, it can be explosive. Solid carbon content up to 30%. The calorific value of dry lignin is 5500-6500 kcal/kg and is close to the calorific value of conventional fuel (7000 kcal/kg). The ignition temperature of lignin is 195°C, the autoignition temperature is 425 o C and the smoldering temperature is 185 o C. Autoignition temperature: lignin airgel 300°C, air suspension 450°C; lower concentration limit of flame propagation 40 g/m 3 ; maximum explosion pressure 710 kPa; maximum pressure rise rate 35 MPa/s; minimum ignition energy 20 mJ; minimum explosive oxygen content 17%.
Some areas of application of hydrolytic lignin:
Production of fuel briquettes, incl. mixed with sawdust, coal and peat dust;
Fuel gas production, incl. with the generation of electricity in gas-piston gas generators;
boiler fuel;
Production of briquetted reducing agents for metals and silicon;
Production of coals, including activated ones;
Sorbents for urban and industrial wastewater treatment, sorbents for spilled petroleum products, heavy metal sorbents, technological sorbents;
Sorbents for medical and veterinary purposes ("Polifepan", etc.);
Pore former in the production of bricks and other ceramic products (instead of sawdust and wood flour);
Raw materials for the production of nitrolignin (a viscosity reducer for clay solutions used in well drilling);
Filler for plastics and composite materials, binder for composite materials ("Arboform", lignoplates, etc.);
Preparation of organic and organo-mineral fertilizers, structure formers for natural and artificial soils, herbicide in the cultivation of certain crops (legumes);
Raw materials for the production of phenol, acetic and oxalic acids;
Additive to asphalt concrete (preparation of lignin-bitumen mixtures, etc.).
Lignosulfonates
Lignosulfonates are water-soluble sulfo derivatives of lignin, formed during the sulfite method of wood delignification, which are sodium salts of lignosulphonic acids with an admixture of reducing and mineral substances.
Commodity lignosulfonates are obtained by evaporation of sugar-free sulphite liquor and are produced in the form of liquid and solid concentrates of sulphite-alcohol stillage (molecular weight from 200 to 60 thousand or more), containing 50-90% of the dry residue. Lignosulfonates have a high surface activity, which allows them to be used as surfactants in various industries, For example:
In the chemical industry - as a stabilizer, dispersant, binder in the production of briquetted plant protection products;
In the oil industry - in the form of a reagent to control the properties of drilling fluids;
In foundry production - as a binding material for molding sands, an additive to non-stick paints;
In the production of concrete and refractories - as a plasticizer of mixtures;
In construction, to strengthen low-strength materials and soils, as well as to dedust road surfaces, as an emulsifier in road emulsions;
In agriculture and forestry for anti-erosion tillage;
As a raw material for the production of vanillin;
Additive for granulation of dusty materials, anti-caking agent.
sulfate lignin
It is a solution of sodium salts, characterized by high density and chemical resistance. Sulfate lignin in dry form is a brown powder. The particle size of lignin varies in a wide range from 10 (or less) microns to 5 mm. It consists of individual porous spherical particles and their complexes with a specific surface area of up to 20 m 2 /g.
Sulphate lignin has a density of 1300 kg/m 3 . It is soluble in aqueous solutions ammonia and hydroxides alkali metals, as well as in dioxane, ethylene glycol, pyridine, furfural, dimethyl sulfoxide.
The sulfate lignin of industrial production contains, on average, %: ash - 1.0-2.5, acid per sulfuric acid - 0.1-0.3, water-soluble substances - 9, resinous substances - 0.3-0.4 , Clason's lignin - about 85. Lignin has a fairly constant functional composition. Sulphate lignin contains sulfur, the mass content of which is 2.0-2.5%, including unbound sulfur - 0.4-0.9%.
Heat treatment of sulfate lignin causes its decomposition with the formation of volatile substances starting from a temperature of 190 o C.
Sulphate lignin is classified as a practically non-toxic product, used as a wet paste, it does not generate dust and is not fire hazardous.
Directions for the use of sulfate lignin:
Raw materials for the production of phenol-formaldehyde resins and plastics;
Binder for paper boards, cardboards, chipboards and fiber boards;
Additive - modifier of rubbers and latexes;
Chemical foam stabilizer;
Plasticizer for concrete, ceramic and refractory products;
Raw material for the production of active brightening coals of the “colactivite type”.
Literature on lignin and its applications
A very large literature (dozens of books, hundreds of dissertations and thousands of journal articles) is devoted to lignin and technical lignins in all major languages. Many of them are also available on the Internet, see for example the "Lignin" Wikipedia article.
To get a first impression, you can use, for example, The following books are available online:
Chemistry of lignin, F.E. Browns, D.A. Browns, M. Timber industry, 1964;
Chemistry of wood and cellulose V.M. Nikitin, A.V. Obolenskaya, V.P. Shchegolev M. Timber industry, 1978;
Processing of sulfate and sulfite liquors, ed. P.D. Bogomolov and S.A. Sapotnitsky, M. Timber industry, 1989;
Structural materials from lignin substances, V.A. Arbuzov, M. Ecology, 1991.
Note. The existing technologies for the processing and delignification of cellulose raw materials are associated with large capital investments and are not quite perfect in terms of ecology and other factors. Scientists have long been looking for other, more effective ways organization of cellulose and biochemical industries, but so far these developments have not found wide industrial applications.
Many contradictory problems of the development of biochemical industries, like a drop of water, are reflected in the problem of the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill, where there is a long-term struggle to close the plant. It is possible that the plant will be closed. Of course, many residents of our country would like to live in such an ecologically clean place as the Baikal region and drink the same clean water as from Baikal. Unfortunately, this is not possible and will not soon be possible even theoretically. Over the past 100-150 years, the developed territory of our country, for various reasons, has been polluted faster than its self-cleaning capabilities allow. To some extent, this is a payment for economic progress, and to some extent, a retribution for the frivolity or greed of leaders.
The level of consumption and production of cellulose, paper, and other biochemical products are considered to be the most important indicators of the development of the economy as a whole for large countries. Of course, it is not biochemists who make a decisive contribution to the pollution of nature with a variety of waste and harmful substances, but where there are large biochemical enterprises, their contribution to atmospheric pollution and water resources can be quite significant.
It is obvious that the leaders of the wood-chemical sub-sector have been quite successfully blackmailing the state for decades, it seems that this phenomenon continues even now. The hostages, as always, are employees of enterprises, local residents and "our smaller brothers." The closure and re-profiling of the Priozersk pulp and paper mill has already brought a noticeable improvement in the ecology of Lake Ladoga, however, a large number of Priozersk residents remain unemployed to this day, and the city of Priozersk is in a depressed state.
Deny the possibility of using lignin in industry and agriculture it would be wrong. For decades, hundreds of scientific organizations around the world have been engaged in research and development in the field of utilization of freshly extracted and stored lignin. Many of them in different years already implemented in the industry. These works receive additional relevance in the light of the increased last years interest in solving environmental issues and to the industrial use of the whole gamut of plant resources (biorefinery).
Most likely, it will not be possible to solve the problems of the rational development of biochemical industries without state attention, because the market has no head, and its nerve nodes, like those of an earthworm, are located in the esophagus. Which, in fact, once again proved "which began in 2008" economic crisis. Whether it happened with the help of his famous invisible hand or another hidden member does not matter.
The drug Lignin hydrolysis has a high adsorption effect.
Lignin hydrolysis description
Getting the drug due to the process of wood processing. The drug Lignin hydrolytic goes on sale in the form of granules or powder in individual packages of 10 grams, as well as packaged in 50 grams in glass jars. In addition, in the pharmacy you can buy Lignin hydrolytic in the form of tablets. They can be packed in various quantities in blisters from 10 to 100 pieces.
Pharmacology
The drug Lignin hydrolytic has a rather high sorption activity and non-specific detoxification effect.
Its therapeutic activity consists in binding and removing pathogenic bacteria and bacterial toxins from the body, as well as drugs, poisons, salts of heavy metals, alcohol and allergens.
In addition, the drug is able to absorb excesses of some products of metabolic processes in the body, such as bilirubin, cholesterol, urea, metabolites, as a result of which an overabundance may develop endogenous toxicosis.
By itself, the drug does not have the ability to absorb and does not have toxicity. During the day, it is completely excreted from the intestinal section.
Lignin hydrolysis indications for use
Lignin is indicated for use in the following pathological conditions:
- As a detoxifying agent for exogenous and endogenous toxicosis of various origins;
- In order to provide first aid in case of acute poisoning with any of the poisons, whether medicinal product, alkaloid, salts of heavy metals, alcohol and others;
- To participate in the complex treatment of food poisoning, salmonellosis, dysentery, dysbacteriosis, dyspepsia, as well as purulent-inflammatory diseases that may be accompanied by intoxication;
- When liver and kidney failure is detected;
- When there are violations of lipid metabolism with the diagnosis of atherosclerosis, obesity;
- For use in the treatment of food and drug allergic disorders;
- In order to remove xenobiotics from the body.
Contraindications Lignin hydrolysis
The drug Lignin hydrolysis is contraindicated for use only with its individual intolerance.
Lignin hydrolysis application
For treatment, Lignin is prescribed for oral administration before meals and the use of other drugs for at least an hour. The drug must be dissolved in water or washed down with it. The dosage of the drug is calculated depending on the severity of the disease at the rate of 1 gram of the drug per 1 kilogram of body weight. The received dose of the drug is divided into several doses.
The average dosage of the drug is:
For babies, 0.5-1 teaspoon;
For children from 1 to 7 years of age, 1 dessert spoon;
For children over 7 years of age and adults, 1 tablespoon for a single dose three times a day.
If an acute condition is observed, the course treatment should be at least five days. When there is an exacerbation of chronic intoxication or an allergic disease, the drug is increased to two weeks.
If it is necessary to prescribe a second course, treatment should be resumed no earlier than two weeks later.
Side effects and drug interactions
Occasionally as side effects constipation and manifestations of allergic reactions were noted on taking the drug.
At long-term use Lignin hydrolysis, which exceeds 20 days, may develop impaired absorption of calcium and vitamins. In order to avoid this, it is necessary to carry out prophylactic administration of multivitamin and calcium preparations during treatment with enterosorbent.
With simultaneous use, a reduced therapeutic effect of some drugs may be observed.
Lignin hydrolysis precaution
The drug is not prohibited, but it is undesirable to use for treatment in cases where there is intestinal atony, antacid gastritis and a period of exacerbation of peptic ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract has begun.
Lignin hydrolysis price
The price of the drug Lignin is low and practically does not exceed one hundred rubles per package, where 20 individual sachets are packed.
Lignin hydrolysis reviews
Reviews about the drug Lignin are only positive, especially those people who have experienced the delights of alcohol poisoning and allergy manifestations leave a lot of them. Here are the latest ones:
Vasiliev: In the evening, friends gathered and, as usual, quickly organized a party. I am not particularly fond of alcohol, but my husband is not averse to relaxing. If you overdo it, then the morning, of course, will be marked by a severe hangover. And so it happened this time. However, the situation was aggravated by the fact that in the morning it was necessary to go to the city. I had to run to the pharmacy and explain the situation. Offered powder Lignin hydrolysis. I bought it for a one-time appointment, because the price was a penny, and I honestly doubted its effectiveness. However, the drug did not justify my fears and put my husband on his feet very quickly. So now I keep it in my first aid kit all the time.
hydrolysis lignin - an excellent high-calorific fuel and readily available renewable raw material for the production of fuel pellets and briquettes.
Currently, the relevance of the issue of production of alternative energy sources is constantly increasing. There are a number of reasons for this.
1. Traditional energy sources - gas, coal, oil - are becoming more and more difficult to extract every year, and this leads to a constant increase in their cost. Of particular relevance to Ukraine, as you know, is the issue of the cost of imported gas.
2. Stocks of traditional energy carriers are rapidly depleted, which makes the production of alternative energy carriers a very promising line of business.
3. The production of alternative energy sources is stimulated by the Governments of all developed countries, including Ukraine.
Lignin Burning lignin storage
Lignin pellet Pini&Key lignin briquette
new law" On promoting the production and use species fuel "Biofuel producers, including fuel pellets and briquettes, are exempt from profit taxation until January 2020. There are also a number of economic, environmental and social prerequisites that contribute to the expansion of the biofuel market in general, and fuel pellets and briquettes in particular But many businessmen who directed their efforts and capital to this promising segment of the economy faced unexpected problems.
The main competition in this industry is not in the sales area.- there are just no problems with it, and, basically, all products are shipped for export to the EU countries - and in the field of providing raw materials. The fact is that many enterprises that have installed biomass briquetting or granulation equipment are currently not operating at full capacity, and often are idle due to lack of raw materials. This is primarily due to the seasonality of the availability of certain types of raw materials (sunflower husks, straw, cereal crop waste, corn processing waste, other types of agricultural raw materials), incorrect choice of equipment installation location (for example, remoteness from potential sources of raw materials), high logistics costs for the delivery of raw materials which, as a rule, has a very low bulk density (for example, the bulk density of sunflower husks is 100 kg / m3).
In such a situation, lignin is a good alternative to agricultural waste as a raw material, since its reserves are available in sufficient quantities. in large numbers regardless of the processing season, lignin lends itself well to granulation and briquetting due to its excellent binding properties; with coal, with a much lower ash content, and the price of raw materials, lignin, is relatively low. Due to special properties lignin, in the technology of its preparation for further use, special importance is attached to the issue of drying lignin.
If consider lignin from a physicochemical point of view, then in its original form this substance is a complex sawdust-like mass, the humidity of which reaches seventy percent. In fact, lignin is a unique complex of substances that consists of polysaccharides, a special group of substances belonging to the so-called lignohumic complex, monosaccharides, various mineral and organic acids of very different saturation, as well as a certain part of the ash. Hydrolytic lignin is a sawdust-like mass with a moisture content of approximately 55-70%. In its composition, this is a complex of substances, which includes the lignin of the plant cell itself, part of the polysaccharides, a group of substances of the lignohumic complex, mineral and organic acids that are not washed after the hydrolysis of monosaccharides, ash and other substances. The content of lignin itself in lignin ranges from 40-88%, polysaccharides from 13 to 45% resinous and substances of the lignohumic complex from 5 to 19% and ash elements from 0.5 to 10%. The ash of hydrolysis lignin is mainly alluvial. Hydrolytic lignin is characterized by a large pore volume approaching the porosity of charcoal, high reactivity compared to traditional carbonaceous reducing agents, and twice the solid carbon content compared to wood, reaching 30%, i.e. almost half the carbon of charcoal.
Hydrolytic lignin is distinguished by the ability to pass into a viscoplastic state when a pressure of about 100 MPa is applied. This circumstance predetermined one of the promising directions for the use of hydrolytic lignin in the form of a briquetted material. It has been established that lignobriquettes are a high-calorie, low-smoke household fuel, a high-quality reducing agent in ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, replacing coke, semi-coke and charcoal, and can also be used for the production of coal such as wood and carbon sorbents. Research and pilot work of a number of organizations have shown that about briquetted hydrolytic lignin can be a valuable raw material for the metallurgical, energy and chemical industries National economy countries, as well as high-grade municipal fuels.
Technological developments can be recommended for implementation, allowing to obtain the following briquetted lignoproducts:
- lignobriquettes to replace traditional carbon metallurgical reducing agents and lumpy charge in the production of crystalline silicon and ferroalloys;
- low-smoke fuel lignobriquettes;
- briquetted lignin coal instead of wood coal in the chemical industry;
- carbonaceous sorbents from lignobriquettes for purification of industrial wastes and sorption of heavy and precious metals;
- energy briquettes from a mixture with screenings of coal preparation.
Lignin fuel briquettes are high-quality fuel with a calorific value of up to 5500 kcal/kg and a low ash content. When burned, lignin briquettes burn with a colorless flame, without emitting a smoky smoke plume. The density of lignin is 1.25 - 1.4 g/cm3. The refractive index is 1.6.
Hydrolytic lignin has a calorific value, which for absolutely dry lignin is 5500-6500 kcal/kg for a product with 18-25% moisture, 4400-4800 kcal/kg for lignin with 65% moisture, 1500-1650 kcal/kg for lignin with a moisture content of more than 65%. According to the physicochemical characteristics, lignin is a three-phase polydisperse system with particle sizes from several millimeters to microns and less. Studies of lignins obtained at various plants showed that their composition is characterized on average by the following content of fractions: more than 250 microns in size - 54-80%, less than 250 microns in size - 17-46%, and less than 1 micron in size - 0.2- 4.3%. In terms of structure, a particle of hydrolytic lignin is not a dense body, but represents a developed system of micro- and macropores, the size of its inner surface is determined by humidity (for wet lignin it is 760-790 m2/g, and for dry lignin only 6 m2/g).
As shown by many years of research and industrial tests carried out by a number of research, educational and industrial enterprises, valuable species can be obtained from hydrolytic lignin. industrial products. For the power industry, it is possible to produce briquetted municipal and fireplace fuel from the initial hydrolytic lignin, and briquetted energy fuel can be produced from a mixture of lignin with coal separation screenings.
The combustion process of lignin in process furnaces without direct heat transfer has significant differences compared to steam boiler furnaces. They do not have a ray-receiving surface, and therefore, in order to avoid slagging of ash, it is necessary to carefully calculate the aerodynamic regimes of the process. The core temperature of the flame due to the lack of direct heat transfer is higher and concentrated in a smaller volume than in the furnaces of steam boilers. For burning lignin, it is most expedient to use a Shershnev flare furnace, which provides a sufficiently high efficiency for fuels with a high degree of dispersion.
Lignin can be effectively used as a fuel for burning in a heat generator of a drying complex for drying sawdust or other biomass in lines for the production of fuel pellets and fuel briquettes. Carefully prepared pulverized fuel is close to liquid fuel in terms of burnout rate and completeness of combustion. Complete combustion in the flare is ensured with a lower excess air ratio and, consequently, with a higher temperature. When conducting the combustion process with a small excess of air, explosion-proof operating conditions of the drying complex are provided, which positively distinguishes drying with the direct use of flue gases from the method of drying with heated air.
Thus, lignin is an excellent, high-calorie fuel and readily available renewable raw material for the production of fuel pellets and briquettes.
Application of powdered lignin.
Powdered lignin is suitable as an active additive in road asphalt concrete, as well as an additive to fuel oil when it is used in power engineering and metallurgy. Hydrolytic lignin used as a mineral powder allows:
1.
To improve the quality of asphalt concrete (strength - by 25%, water resistance - by 12%, crack resistance (brittleness) - from -14°C to -25°C) due to additional modification of petroleum bitumen.
2.
Save road construction materials: a) oil bitumen by 15-20%; b) 100% lime mineral powder.
3.
Significantly improve ecological situation in the waste storage area.
4.
Return fertile lands currently occupied by dumps.
Thus, the conducted studies on the use of technological hydrolytic lignin (THL) in the production of asphalt concrete show that there are opportunities for a significant expansion of the raw material base of materials for the construction of modern roads (republican, regional and urban), while improving the quality of their coating due to the modification of oil bitumen with hydrolytic lignin and complete replacement of expensive mineral powders.
