N. A. Nekrasov (1821-1877)
Poet addicted and passionate
The noble origin of Nekrasov left an indelible imprint on his development as a poet. His father, a retired officer and a famous Yaroslavl landowner, took his family to Greshnevo (family estate), where the patriotic poet spent his childhood, who not by chance fell in love with Russian nature. Among the apple trees of a wide-spread garden not far from the full-flowing Volga, which the young poet liked to call the cradle, the first years of his life passed.
Memories of the famous Siberian River were always alive in Nekrasov’s memory, which he reluctantly recalled: “Everything that rode and walked along it was known: postal troikas or prisoners in chains, accompanied by cruel escorts.” This served as food for children's curiosity. Huge family (13 sisters and brothers), trials on the estate, neglected affairs forced Father Nekrasov to take a police officer.
Having entered the Yaroslavl gymnasium in 1832, Nekrasov studied 5 classes, but he studied satisfactorily and especially did not get along with the gymnasium leadership due to sharp satirical epigrams, and since his father always dreamed of military career son, the 16-year-old poet went to the St. Petersburg regiment to be determined. The matter was almost settled, but Nekrasov met with a gymnasium comrade Glushitsky, who aroused in the poet an unknown thirst for learning: he even neglected his father's threats to leave him without support. So Nekrasov enters the Faculty of Philology as a volunteer.
However, his path was thorny: the poet suffered a terrible need and hunger. There were times when he would go to a restaurant where it was permissible to read newspapers, pull up a plate of bread and eat. Living from hand to mouth, Nekrasov fell ill and ran into debt for a room rented from a soldier, after which he sent him out into the street. The beggar took pity on the sick man and offered him shelter: here the young Nekrasov found a job for himself, for the first time writing a petition to someone for 15 kopecks.
Over time, things went uphill: he took up teaching, wrote articles in magazines, published in the Literary Gazette, composed fairy tales and alphabets in verse for popular print publishers, even staged light vaudevilles on stage under the pseudonym of Perepelsky. The first savings appeared, after which Nekrasov decided to publish a collection of poems in 1840 under the title Dreams and Sounds.
The best representative of the "muse of revenge and sorrow"
As a passionate person, Alexei Sergeevich has always been liked by women. The Warsaw woman Zakrevskaya, the daughter of a wealthy possessor, also fell in love with him. Parents flatly refused to marry their daughter, who received an excellent education, to an average army officer, but the marriage still took place without parental blessing.
Nekrasov always spoke of his mother as a victim of a rough environment and an eternal sufferer who drank Russian grief. The bright image of the mother, brightening up with her nobility the unattractive environment of childhood, was reflected in the poem “Mother”, “Last Songs”, “Knight for an Hour”. The charm of memories of the mother in the work of Nekrasov was affected by his special participation in the difficult female lobe. Hardly any of the Russian poets could do so much for mothers and wives as this stern and supposedly hardened folk poet.
At the dawn of the 40s, he became an employee of Otechestvennye Zapiski. Here Nekrasov meets Belinsky, who was imbued with the poet's work and appreciated his bright mind. But Vissarion Grigoryevich immediately realized that Nekrasov was rather weak in prose and that, apart from an ordinary magazine hack, nothing would come of him, but he loved his poems, especially noting "On the Road."
poet-prophet
His "Petersburg Collection" won special fame; F. M. Dostoevsky's "Poor People" also appeared in it. So good was his publishing business that, in tandem with Panaev, he acquired Sovremennik by 1846. The first poem "Sasha" became a magnificent lyrical introduction and was a song of the joy of returning to the Motherland. The poem received high praise in the 40s. "Peddlers" are presented in a folk spirit with a special, original style. Kuchelbecker was the first to call the poet a prophet then.
Nekrasov's most seasoned and famous work is Frost the Red Nose. Representing the apotheosis of peasant life, the poet denounces the bright sides of Russian nature; however, there is no sentimentality here thanks to the filigree honing of the stately style. “Who in Rus' should live well” is written in the original size (over 5,000 verses).
Nekrasov's poems, along with poems, provided him with one of the most important places in Russian literature for a long time. From his works one can compose a great work of highly artistic merit, the significance of which will not perish as long as the great Russian language is alive.
About the purpose of the poet
Laudatory reviews of Nekrasov's lyrics were dedicated to Polevoy, Zhukovsky reacted to his poems with trepidation and reverence, even Belinsky was incredibly happy about the appearance of Nekrasov as a unique phenomenon in Russian literature. The magnificent syllable in the work “When from the darkness of delusion I called out a fallen soul” was noted even by critics Apollon Grigoriev and Almazov, who were not disposed to Nekrasov.
The poet died of a serious illness in the last days of December 1877. Several thousand people, despite the severe frosts, accompanied his body to the place of eternal rest in the Novodevichy cemetery. F. M. Dostoevsky said a few farewell words at the grave, putting the name of Nekrasov on a par with Pushkin and Lermontov.
(453 words) Nikolai Nekrasov cannot be attributed to a single profession, in his work he was multifaceted: he was fond of prose, poetry, and journalism. Therefore, his personality is very multifaceted, and life path- thorny and varied.
The writer was born on November 28, 1821 in the Podolsk province in the city of Nemirov. His parents - Alexei Nekrasov and Elena Zakrevskaya - had different social status and financial situation, so their marriage was not blessed by their parents. However, this did not prevent them from creating a large family in which the future writer and 13 more children were born.
Life in the house could not be called carefree and happy. The cruelty and despotism of the father ran counter to the tenderness and complaisance of the mother, conflicts arose that left a mark on the life and work of the poet.
Youth and education
Nekrasov's education began at the age of 11 with admission to the gymnasium. After a couple of years, he begins to compose his first satirical poems. However, the gymnasium did not accept such creativity, so in 1837 Nekrasov was forced to leave the institution and move to St. Petersburg.
There the writer faced a choice: education or military service. Nekrasov's father, being himself a military man, insisted on a military career and gave his son an ultimatum - either military service or deprivation financial assistance. The son chose education. As promised, the poet lost his financial support, and, moreover, did not enter the university. Then he became a volunteer of the Faculty of Philology.
History of success
Finding himself in a difficult financial situation, Nekrasov is forced to find ways to secure his existence. So he begins to write petitions and complaints to order in order to have at least some means.
After such a difficult period of life, luck still smiles at the poet. In 1846, Nekrasov, together with his friend I. Panaev, bought out the Sovremennik magazine, where I. Goncharov, I. Turgenev, F. Dostoevsky and others began their journey. The unstable situation in the country, changes in the format of censorship and the assassination of Emperor Alexander II inexorably led the magazine to close.
The next refuge of the author was "Domestic Notes". During this period, they come out famous works writer - “Who in Rus' should live well”, “Russian women”, “Grandfather”, in which the author raises such actual problems as devotion, love for the motherland, the values of freedom and happiness.
Personal life
IN personal life 3 women left their mark on the writer. It is believed that he had the strongest love for Ivan Panaev's wife, Avdotya Panaeva. The couple Avdotya and Nikolai had a son, who soon died. After this tragedy, the lovers parted. Then Nekrasov left for Paris with actress Celine Lefren, but after some time he leaves her and returns to his homeland.
Later, a simple village girl Fyokla Viktorova appears in his fate, who becomes his only legal wife.
Death
In 1875, Nekrasov was diagnosed with a serious illness - intestinal cancer. In 1877, on January 8, the writer dies in the city of Petersburg.
Nikolai Nekrasov made a truly significant contribution to Russian literature. Being a witness of peasant life, he was able to describe the events that took place in the country as truthfully as possible. Thanks to this, he received the unofficial status of the writer closest to the people.
Interesting? Save it on your wall!Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich, whose biography begins on November 28 (December 10), 1821, was born in the small town of Nemirov, located on the territory of the Vinnitsa district of the Podolsk province (now the territory of Ukraine).
The childhood of the poet
The Nekrasov family, after the birth of their son, lived in the village of Greshnev, which at that time belonged to the Yaroslavl province. There were a lot of children - thirteen (although only three of them survived), and therefore it was very difficult to support them. Aleksey Sergeevich, the head of the family, was forced to take on the job of a police officer. It was difficult to call this work fun and interesting. Little Nikolai Nekrasov Sr. often took with him to the service, and therefore the future poet from the very early years I saw the problems that I faced simple people and learned to empathize with them.
At the age of 10, Nikolai was sent to the Yaroslavl gymnasium. But at the end of the 5th grade, he abruptly stopped studying. Why? Biographers differ on this issue. Some believe that the boy was not too diligent in his studies, and his success in this field left much to be desired, while others are of the opinion that his father simply stopped paying tuition. And perhaps both of these reasons took place. One way or another, but then the biography of Nekrasov continues in St. Petersburg, where a sixteen-year-old boy is sent to enter military school(noble regiment).
Difficult years
The poet had every opportunity to become an honest servant, but fate was pleased to dispose otherwise. Arriving in the cultural capital of the empire - St. Petersburg - Nekrasov gets acquainted and communicates with the students there. They awakened in him a strong thirst for knowledge, and therefore the future poet decides to go against the will of his father. Nikolay begins to prepare for entering the university. He fails: he could not pass all the exams. However, this did not stop him: from 1839 to 1841. the poet goes to the Faculty of Philology as a volunteer. In those days, Nekrasov lived in terrible poverty, because his father did not give him a single penny. The poet often had to go hungry, it even got to the point that he spent the night in shelters for the homeless. But there were also bright moments: for example, it was in one of these places that Nikolai earned his first money (15 kopecks) for help in writing a petition. The difficult financial situation did not break the spirit of the young man, and he vowed to himself, despite any obstacles, to achieve recognition.
Literary activity of Nekrasov
Nekrasov's biography is impossible without mentioning the stages of his formation as a poet and writer.
Soon after the events described above, Nikolai's life began to improve. He got a job as a tutor, he was often assigned to compose fairy tales and alphabets for popular print publishers. A good part-time job was writing small articles for the Literary Gazette, as well as the Literary Addendum to the Russian Disabled. Several vaudevilles composed by him and published under the pseudonym "Perepelsky" were even staged on the Alexandria stage. Having set aside some money, in 1840 Nekrasov published his first collection of poems, which was called Dreams and Sounds.
Nekrasov's biography was not without a struggle with critics. Despite the fact that they treated him ambiguously, Nikolai himself was extremely upset by the negative review of the authoritative Belinsky. It even got to the point that Nekrasov himself bought up most of the circulation and destroyed the books. However, the few remaining copies made it possible to see Nekrasov in a completely unusual role as a ballad writer. In the future, he moved on to other genres and topics.
Nekrasov spent the forties of the 19th century working closely with the journal Domestic Notes. Nicholas himself was a bibliographer. The turning point in his life can be considered a close acquaintance and the beginning of friendship with Belinsky. After quite a bit of time, the poems of Nikolai Nekrasov begin to be actively printed. In a fairly short period of time, the almanacs "April 1", "Physiology of St. Petersburg", "Petersburg Collection" were published, in which the poems of the young poet coexisted with the works of the best authors of that period. Among them, in addition to all others, there were works by F. Dostoevsky, D. Grigorovich, I. Turgenev.
Publishing was doing great. This allowed Nekrasov and his friends at the end of 1846 to purchase the Sovremennik magazine. In addition to the poet himself, many talented writers go to this magazine. And Belinsky gives Nekrasov an unusually generous gift - he transfers for the magazine a huge amount of materials that the critic has been collecting for his own publication for a long time. During the reaction period, the content of Sovremennik was controlled royal authority, and under the influence of censorship, they begin to print mostly works of the adventure genre. But, nevertheless, the magazine does not lose its popularity.
Further, Nekrasov's biography takes us to sunny Italy, where the poet leaves in the 50s to be treated for a sore throat. Having improved his health, he returns to his homeland. Here life is "in full swing" - Nikolai finds himself in the leading literary streams, communicates with people of high morality. At this time, the best and hitherto unknown sides of the poet's talent are revealed. In the work on the journal, Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky become his faithful assistants and colleagues.
Despite the fact that Sovremennik was closed in 1866, Nekrasov did not give up. From his old "competitor" the writer rents "Domestic Notes", which quickly rise to the same height as "Sovremennik" once did.
Working with two of the best magazines of his time, Nekrasov wrote and published a lot of his works. Among them are poems (“Who should live well in Rus'”, “Peasant children”, “Frost, red nose”, “Sasha”, “Russian women”), poems (“ Railway"", "Knight for an hour", "Prophet") and many others. Nekrasov was at the zenith of his glory.
last years of life
At the beginning of 1875, the poet was given a terrible diagnosis - "intestinal cancer." His life became a continuous suffering, and only the support of devoted readers helped to somehow hold on. Telegrams and letters came to Nicholas even from the farthest corners of Russia. This support meant a lot to the poet: struggling with pain, he continued to create. At the end of his life, he writes a satirical poem called "Contemporaries", a sincere and touching cycle of poems "Last Songs".
A talented poet and activist said goodbye to this world literary world December 27, 1877 (January 8, 1878) in St. Petersburg, at the age of only 56 years.
Despite the severe frost, thousands of people came to say goodbye to the poet and see him to his final resting place (Novodevichy Cemetery in St. Petersburg).
Love in the life of a poet
N. A. Nekrasov, whose biography is a real charge of manpower and energy, met three women in his life. His first love was Avdotya Panaeva. They were not officially married, but lived together for fifteen years. After some time, Nekrasov fell in love with a charming Frenchwoman - Selina Lefren. However, this novel was unsuccessful for the poet: Selina left him, and before that she squandered a fair amount of his fortune. And, finally, six months before his death, Nekrasov married Fyokla Viktorova, who dearly loved him and cared for him until the last day.
Nikolai Nekrasov is the progenitor of a new literary speech, which contemporaries successfully recreated and improved at the beginning of the 20th century.
The revolution of Nikolai Alekseevich went in two directions at once: meaningful (the writer touched on topics in his works that were not customary to talk about even in prose) and metric (poetry, squeezed into iambic and trochee, thanks to him received the richest arsenal of tripartite meters).
Russian literature, like Russian public life, until the end of the 60s, developed within the framework of a dichotomy. Nekrasov in his work pushed the boundaries of consciousness, explaining to people that there are at least three points of view on the same question.
Childhood and youth
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born on November 28, 1821 in the Podolsk province, where he quartered the 36th Jaeger Infantry Regiment, in which his father served as a captain.
The head of the family, Alexei Sergeevich, was a despot who was proud of his noble origin. The inveterate gambler was not interested in either poetry or prose. The mentally unbalanced man was only good at two things - hunting and assault. Despite the fact that intellectual requests were alien to Alexei, it was in his father’s library that young Nekrasov read the ode “Liberty”, which was forbidden at that time.
Mother Elena Alekseevna was the complete opposite of her husband. A gentle young lady with a fine mental organization played music and read all the time. In the illusory world of books, she escaped from the harsh everyday realities. Subsequently, Nekrasov will dedicate the poem "Mother" and "Knight for an Hour" to this "holy" woman.
Nekrasov was not the only child. In the difficult situation of the father's brutal reprisals against the peasants, the stormy orgies of Alexei Sergeevich with serf mistresses and the cruel attitude towards the "recluse" wife, another 13 children grew up.
In 1832, Nekrasov entered the Yaroslavl gymnasium, where he only reached the 5th grade. The father always wanted his son to follow in his footsteps and become a military man. In 1838, 17-year-old Nikolai went to St. Petersburg to be assigned to a noble regiment.
In the cultural capital, the young man met his countryman - Andrei Glushitsky, who told the poet about the delights of studying at a higher educational institution. Inspired by Nekrasov, contrary to his father's instructions, he decides to enter the philological faculty of St. Petersburg University. However, the ambitious guy flunks the entrance exam and earns the status of a volunteer (1831-1841).
As a student, Nikolai Nekrasov endured a terrible need. Left without material support, he spent the night in doorways and cellars, and saw a full meal only in his dreams. Terrible hardships not only prepared the future writer for adulthood, but also tempered his character.
Literature
The first collection of poems by young Nekrasov was Dreams and Sounds. The book was prepared in 1839, but Nekrasov was in no hurry to publish his "brainchild". The writer doubted the poetic maturity of his poems and was looking for a strict adviser.
Having proofreading in hand, the novice writer asked the founder of romanticism to familiarize himself with it. Vasily Andreevich advised not to publish the book under his own name, explaining that in the future Nekrasov would write great works, and Nikolai Alekseevich would be ashamed of this "unprofessionalism".
As a result, the collection was published under the pseudonym N.N. This collection was not successful with the public, and after criticism by Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky in the literary magazine Otechestvennye Zapiski, it was personally destroyed by Nekrasov.
Together with the writer Ivan Ivanovich Panaev, in the winter of 1846, the poet rented the Sovremennik with borrowed money. The publication published leading writers and all those who hated serfdom. In January 1847, the first issue of the updated Sovremennik took place. In 1862, the government suspended the work of the journal, which was objectionable to the highest ranks, and in 1866 closed it altogether.
In 1868, Nikolai Alekseevich bought the rights to the Notes of the Fatherland. There the classic was published all subsequent years of his short life.
Among the great variety of works of the writer, the poems “Russian Women” (1873), “Frost, Red Nose” (1863), “Peasant Children” (1861), “On the Volga” (1860) and the poem “Grandfather Mazai and Hares" (1870), "A Peasant with a Marigold" (1861), "Green Noise" (1862-1863), "Listening to the Horrors of War" (1855).
Personal life
Despite the successful literary policy and the fantastic amount of information that the writer issued every month (more than 40 printed sheets of proofs) and processed, Nekrasov was an extremely unhappy person.
Sudden bouts of apathy, when the poet had not contacted anyone for weeks, and night-long "cart battles" made arranging his personal life almost impossible.
In 1842 on poetry evening Nikolai Alekseevich meets the wife of the writer Ivan Panaev - Avdotya. The woman was pretty, had an extraordinary mind and excellent oratorical skills. Being the mistress of a literary salon, she constantly “gathered” eminent literary figures (Chernyshevsky, Belinsky) around her.
Despite the fact that Ivan Panaev was an avid rake, and any woman would be glad to get rid of such a would-be husband, Nekrasov had to make considerable efforts in order to earn the favor of a charming young lady. It is authentically known that he was in love with the beauty and, however, he failed to achieve reciprocity.
At first, the wayward woman rejected the courtship of 26-year-old Nekrasov, which is why he almost committed suicide. But during a joint trip to the Kazan province, the charming brunette and the budding writer nevertheless confessed their feelings to each other. Upon their return, they, together with Avdotya's legal husband, began to live in a civil marriage in the Panaevs' apartment.
The triple alliance lasted 16 years. All this action caused censure from the public - they said about Nekrasov that he lives in a strange house, loves a strange wife, and at the same time rolls scenes of jealousy to his lawful husband.
Despite the slander and misunderstanding, Nekrasov and Panaeva were happy. In tandem, the lovers write a poetic cycle, calling it "Panaevsky". Biographical elements and a dialogue now with the heart, now with the mind, contrary to popular belief, make the works in this collection absolutely unlike The Denisiev Cycle.
In 1849, the eminent poet's muse bore him a son. However, the “heir of the talents” of the writer lived only a couple of hours. Six years later, the young lady again gives birth to a boy. The child was extremely weak and died after four months. On the basis of the impossibility of having children in a pair of Nekrasov and Panaeva, quarrels begin. The once harmonious couple can no longer find "common points of contact."
In 1862, Avdotya's legal husband, Ivan Panaev, dies. Soon the woman realizes that Nikolai Alekseevich is not the hero of her novel, and leaves the poet. It is reliably known that in the writer's will there is a mention of "the love of his life."
On a trip abroad in 1864, Nekrasov lived for 3 months in apartments with his companions - his sister Anna Alekseevna and the Frenchwoman Selina Lefren, whom he met back in St. Petersburg in 1863.
Selina was an actress of the French troupe who performed at the Mikhailovsky Theater, and because of her easy temper did not take her relationship with the poet seriously. In the summer of 1866, Lefren spent in Karabikha, and in the spring of 1867 she again went abroad with Nekrasov. However, this time the fatal beauty never returned to Russia. This did not interrupt their relationship - in 1869 the couple met in Paris and spent the whole of August by the sea in Dieppe. In his dying will, the writer mentioned her.
At the age of 48, Nekrasov met the simple-minded 19-year-old village girl Fekla Anisimovna Viktorova. And although the young lady did not have outstanding external data and was extremely modest, she immediately liked the master of the literary word. For Thekla, the poet became the man of her life. He not only revealed to the woman the vicissitudes of love, but also showed the world.
Nekrasov and his young girlfriend lived together for five happy years. Their love story was reminiscent of the plot of the play Pygmalion. The lessons of French, Russian grammar, vocals and playing the piano transformed the civil wife of the writer so much that instead of an overly common name, the poet began to call her Zinaida Nikolaevna, giving her patronymic from his own name.
The poet had the most tender feelings for Fekla, but throughout his life he yearned both for the carefree Frenchwoman Selina Lefren, with whom he had an affair abroad, and for the obstinate Avdotya Yakovlevna.
Death
Last years the life of the great writer was filled with agony. The publicist acquired the "one-way ticket" in early 1875, when he fell seriously ill.
The classic, who did not particularly care about his health, went to the doctor only in December 1876, after his affairs became very thin. The examination was carried out by Professor Nikolai Sklifosovsky, who was then working at the Medical-Surgical Academy. With a digital examination of the rectum, he clearly identified a neoplasm the size of an apple. The eminent surgeon immediately informed both Nekrasov and his assistants about the tumor in order to collectively decide what to do next.
Although Nikolai Alekseevich understood that he was seriously ill, he refused to increase the dose of opium to the last. Already a middle-aged writer was afraid of losing his ability to work and becoming a burden on his family. It is authentically known that during the days of remission, Nekrasov continued to write poems and completed the fourth part of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”. On the Internet, to this day, you can find photographs where the “enslaved by the disease” classic lies on the bed with a piece of paper and looks thoughtfully into the distance.
The treatment used was losing effectiveness, and in 1877 the desperate poet turned to the surgeon E.I. Bogdanovsky. The writer's sister, having learned about the surgical intervention, wrote a letter to Vienna. In it, a woman tearfully asked the eminent professor Theodor Billroth to come to St. Petersburg and operate on her beloved brother. On April 5, consent came. For the work, a close friend of Johann Brahms requested 15 thousand Prussian marks. Preparing for the arrival of the surgeon, N.A. Nekrasov borrowed the necessary amount of money from his brother Fedor.
The attending physicians had to agree with the decision and wait for the arrival of a colleague. Professor T. Billroth arrived in St. Petersburg on April 11, 1877. The luminary of medicine was immediately acquainted with the medical history of the classic. On April 12, Theodore examined Nekrasov and scheduled the operation for the evening of the same day. The hopes of family and friends did not come true: the painful operation did not lead to anything.
The news of the poet's fatal illness spread throughout the country in the blink of an eye. People from all over Russia sent letters and telegrams to Nikolai Alekseevich. Despite the terrible torment, the eminent literary figure continued to correspond with not indifferent citizens until he was completely paralyzed.
In the book “Last Songs” written during this time, the literary figure summed up the results, drawing an invisible line between life and work. The works included in the collection are the literary confession of a man who foresees his imminent death.
In December, the publicist's condition deteriorated sharply: along with an increase in general weakness and emaciation, there were constantly growing pains in the gluteal area, chills, swelling on the back of the thigh and swelling in the legs. Among other things, fetid pus began to stand out from the rectum.
Before his death, Nekrasov decided to legalize relations with Zinaida. The patient did not have the strength to go to church, and the wedding took place at home. On December 14, N.A., who observed the patient, The white-headed man determined complete paralysis of the right half of the body and warned his relatives that the condition would progressively worsen with each passing day.
On December 26, Nikolai Alekseevich called his wife, sister and nurse in turn. To each of them he said a barely perceptible goodbye. Soon his consciousness left him, and on the evening of December 27 (January 8, 1878 according to the new style), the eminent publicist died.
On December 30, despite the severe frost, a crowd of thousands accompanied the poet "on the last let" from his house on Liteiny Prospekt to the place of his eternal rest - the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent.
In his farewell speech, Dostoevsky awarded Nekrasov the third place in Russian poetry after Pushkin and. The crowd interrupted the writer with shouts of "Yes, higher, higher than Pushkin!"
Immediately after the funeral, Zinaida Nikolaevna turned to the abbess of the monastery with a request to sell her a place next to her husband's grave for her future burial.
Bibliography
- "Actor" (play, 1841)
- "Rejected" (play, 1859)
- The Official (play, 1844)
- "Theoklistos Onufrich Bob, or the Husband is out of his element" (play, 1841)
- "Youth of Lomonosov" (dramatic fantasy in verse in one act with an epilogue, 1840)
- "Contemporaries" (poem, 1875)
- "Silence" (poem, 1857)
- "Grandfather" (poem, 1870)
- "Cabinet of Wax Figures" (poem, 1956)
- “Who in Rus' should live well” (poem, 1863-1876)
- Peddlers (poem, 1861)
- "Recent Times" (poem, 1871)
Biography and work of N.A. Nekrasov.
Childhood.
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born on October 10 (November 28), 1821 in Nemirov, Vinnitsa district, Podolsk province.
Nekrasov's father, Alexei Sergeevich, was a small estate nobleman, an officer. After retiring, he settled in his family estate, in the village of Greshnev, Yaroslavl province (now the village of Nekrasovo). He had several souls of serfs, whom he treated quite harshly. His son watched this from an early age, and it is believed that this circumstance determined the formation of Nekrasov as a revolutionary poet.
Nekrasov's mother, Alexandra Andreevna Zakrevskaya, became his first teacher. She was educated, and she also tried to instill in all her children (who were 14) a love for the Russian language and literature.
The childhood years of Nikolai Nekrasov passed in Greshnev. At the age of 7, the future poet had already begun to compose poetry, and a few years later - satires.
1832 - 1837 - studying at the Yaroslavl gymnasium. Nekrasov studies averagely, periodically conflicting with his superiors because of his satirical poems.
Petersburg.
1838 - Nekrasov, without completing training course in the gymnasium (he only reached the 5th grade), he leaves for St. Petersburg to enter the noble regiment. My father dreamed that Nikolai Alekseevich became a military man. But in St. Petersburg, Nekrasov, against the will of his father, is trying to enter the university. The poet can't stand entrance exams, and he has to decide on a volunteer at the Faculty of Philology.
1838 - 1840 - Nikolai Nekrasov volunteer student of the philological faculty of St. Petersburg University. Upon learning of this, the father deprives him of material support. According to Nekrasov's own recollections, he lived in poverty for about three years, surviving on small odd jobs. At the same time, the poet enters the literary and journalistic circles of St. Petersburg.
In the same year (1838) the first publication of Nekrasov took place. The poem "Thought" is published in the magazine "Son of the Fatherland". Later, several poems appear in the Library for Reading, then in the Literary Supplements to the Russian Invalid.
All the difficulties of the first years of life in St. Petersburg, Nikolai Alekseevich will describe later in the novel "The Life and Adventures of Tikhon Trostnikov." 1840 - with the first savings, Nekrasov decides to publish his first collection, which he does under the signature "N.N.", despite the fact that V.A. Zhukovsky dissuades him. The collection "Dreams and Sounds" is not successful. Upset Nekrasov destroys part of the circulation.
1841 - Nekrasov begins to collaborate in the Notes of the Fatherland.
The same period - Nikolai Alekseevich earns a living by doing journalism. He edits the Russkaya Gazeta and maintains the headings “Chronicle of Petersburg Life”, “Petersburg Dachas and Surroundings” in it. Collaborates in "Notes of the Fatherland", "Russian invalid", theatrical "Pantheon". At the same time, under the pseudonym N.A. Perepelsky writes fairy tales, alphabets, vaudevilles, melodramatic plays. The latter are successfully staged on the stage of the Alexandria Theater in St. Petersburg.
Collaboration with Belinsky.
1842-1843 Nekrasov became close to the circle of V. G. Belinsky. In 1845 and 1846, Nekrasov published several almanacs that were supposed to create an image of the "grassroots" Petersburg: "Physiology of Petersburg" (1845), "Petersburg Collection" (1846), "First of April" (1846). The works of V. G. Belinsky, Herzen, Dahl, F. M. Dostoevsky, I. S. Turgenev, D. V. Grigorovich were published in the almanacs. In 1845-1846 Nekrasov lived in Povarsky Lane 13 and 19 on the embankment of the Fontanka River. At the end of 1846, Nekrasov, together with Panaev, purchased the Sovremennik magazine from Pletnev, into which many employees of Otechestvennye Zapiski moved, including
including Belinsky.
Creation.
In 1847-1866, Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was the publisher and actual editor of Sovremennik, on the pages of which the works of the best and most progressive writers of that time were printed. In the mid-1950s, Nekrasov had serious problems with a throat, but the treatment in Italy was beneficial. In 1857, N.A. Nekrasov, together with Panaev and A.Ya. Panaeva, moved to an apartment in the house 36/2 on Liteiny Prospekt, where he lived until last days life. In 1847-1864 Nekrasov was in a civil marriage with A.Ya. Panaeva. In 1862, N.A. Nekrasov acquired the Karabikha estate, not far from Yaroslavl, where he visited every summer. In 1866, the Sovremennik magazine was closed and in 1868 Nekrasov acquired the right to publish Domestic Notes (together with M.E. Saltykov; supervised in 1868-1877)
Last years of life.
1875 - the poem "Contemporaries" was written. At the beginning of the same year, the poet fell seriously ill. The then-famous surgeon Billroth came from Vienna to operate Nekrasov, but the operation did not produce results.
1877 - Nekrasov publishes a cycle of poems "Last Songs". December 27, 1877 (January 8, 1878) - Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov dies in St. Petersburg from cancer. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
Nekrasov was buried in St. Petersburg.
