What battles did Washington take part in. President Washington George: biography, activities and interesting facts. Historical significance of Washington

George Washington- American statesman, first President of the United States of America (1789-1797)

February 22, 1732. was born in the state of Virginia, Westmorland County in the family of a landowner. He was educated at home, was fond of reading books. At the age of 11 he lost his father. He worked as a surveyor, participated in the expeditions of Lord Fairfax. In 1752 he inherited the estate of Mount Vernon, in the same year he joined the militia, took part in hostilities against the French and Indians, and was captured. In 1758 he retired with the rank of colonel.

In 1759, Washington married Martha Dandridge Custis and was actively engaged in arranging his estate, becoming one of the richest planters in Virginia.

In 1758-1774, Washington was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Virginia, where he fought with the metropolis for the rights of the colonies, condemning, nevertheless, violent actions. He was one of the delegates to the First Continental Congress. After armed clashes with Great Britain, he abandoned attempts at reconciliation, dressed in military uniform and was unanimously elected commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. Reorganizing the troops, he led their actions from the siege of Boston in 1776 to the surrender of the British troops at Yorktown in 1781. In November 1783, after the conclusion of the Paris Peace Treaty, he resigned and retired to the Mount Vernon estate.

Dissatisfied with the Articles of Confederation, Washington was elected chairman of the Constitutional Convention, which drafted the United States Constitution in 1787. IN 1789 George Washington was unanimously elected the first President of the United States. In 1792 he was re-elected for a second term. As head of state, he contributed to the strengthening of the Union, the implementation of the principles of the constitution and the construction of the capital of the United States. He was engaged in the formation of central authorities and the management system, created precedents for the institution of presidents, and encouraged the development of the economy. Maintained friendly relations with the Congress. In 1794, he suppressed the first uprising against state power in the history of the United States. In foreign policy, he avoided interfering in the affairs of European states. Refused to run for the presidency for the third time. Before leaving, he addressed the nation with a farewell message.

George Washington - America's first president, the founder of the United States as a single country. Fighter for independence.

George Washington - America's first president

Childhood

George Washington was born on February 22, 1732, in Bridge Creek, in what was then called the Virginia Colony. His father Augustine was the owner of a tobacco plantation and at that time was in his second marriage. He died when the boy was 11 years old. George Washington himself was the third of five children and was brought up and educated at home until the age of 16. The boy was interested in a naval career, an example for him was his half-brother Lawrence, who served in the Royal Navy. With him, young George traveled to Barbados and Western India. In 1752, Brother Lawrence died and left George Washington his home at Mount Vernon, near Alexandria. Nearby lived a wealthy landowner, Lord Feafex. For George, he was not just a neighbor and a person inspiring confidence, but also an influential mentor. The Lord taught him the manners and lifestyle of the upper classes, as Washington was very insecure in the society of the plantation elite due to a lack of communication with a wide range of people of high society. Thanks to Faafex, George Washington acquired good skills as a surveyor and took the first steps in a military career.

Military career of George Washington

In 1754, with the advent of the French and Indian War (Britain's War with the French and Indians, it was also called the Seven Years' War), George Washington commanded a Virginia militia group, at that time he had the rank of colonel. In 1755 he took part in the march to Fort Duquesne, Ohio. In 1759 he retired and married a wealthy widow with two children, her name was Martha Dandridge Custis (1731-1802). Washington never had his own children. He took great pleasure in the agrarian affairs of the estate, often arranged evening parties and hosted almost the entire plantation elite of the city. He was elected to the Virginia House of Citizens. George Washington criticized the British authorities, in his opinion, they did not allow the colonies to develop their domestic economy. In 1774, he represented Virginia at the Continental Congress. The colonies did not reach an understanding with monopoly power, after which there was a skirmish between the colonists and the British army. Washington, without hesitation, put on a military uniform as an indicator that he was ready to accept the challenge and fight for the ideas of the colonies.

On June 15, 1755, the Second Continental Congress was held, where, for courage and impeccable reputation, George Washington was elected commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. The War of Independence began and lasted until 1783. During this time, George spent a lot of his fortune, he showed himself as an honest, brave and fair commander, not striving for universal power, he fought only for his own ideas and the ideas of like-minded people. After the war, he immediately returned to his estate and continued his social and political life. In 1787 the Constitutional Convention made him its chairman. He supported the idea of ​​creating the Constitution, which is still in force in America.

President George Washington

On April 30, 1789, George Washington ascended to the presidency of the young country -. He was an example of selflessness, honesty, perseverance and courage. George Washington showed himself to be a strong leader and therefore in 1792 he was elected for a second term, he refused to be elected for a third. During his presidency, he skillfully suppressed uprisings dissatisfied with his policies. He preferred to negotiate with the Indians, even personally went to negotiate with the leaders, though he did not hesitate to use force and wage war with them if no compromise was reached. He did not like the slave system, but considered its rapid eradication impossible. Even in his will, he expressed a desire that all his slaves be set free after the death of his wife. In foreign policy, George Washington adhered to a position of non-intervention. Issued a neutrality decree. He called on the people to be united and maintain peaceful relations with other states. At his suggestion, America followed the path of isolationism for a long time, as George Washington called for trade cooperation with countries, but not for political union with them.

He spent the last years of his life in Mount Vernon, in his beloved home. George Washington died on December 14, 1799 from a severe cold.

1) George Washington had false teeth. According to legend, his prostheses were made of wood, but in fact they were carved from animal bones.

2) In the entire history of the United States, Washington is the tallest president, he was broad-shouldered, stately, his height was almost 190 cm.

3) George Washington was born on February 22, 1732, according to the old (Julian) style, when the government approved the Gregorian style, all dates were moved back 11 days, the date of birth should have been February 11. But Washington preferred to celebrate his holiday in the old style.

George Washington is the first President of the United States, elected by the people and considered one of the founders of the United States. Living in the 18th century, he was a large and wealthy slave owner. George Washington - participant in the American Revolution, author of the US Presidency and leader of the Continental Army.

The biography of the future US president began on February 22, 1732 in Virginia, on the Pops Creek plantation. George became the third of five children in the family of a wealthy slave owner, planter and land surveyor Augustine Washington, who died when the boy was eleven years old. After that, his older half-brother Lawrence became the head of the family. George was homeschooled and placed importance on self-education.

Born into a family of slave owners and inheriting a fortune, Washington considered slavery to be contrary to the norms of morality and morality, but he believed that the emancipation of slaves would occur only after decades.

Lord Fairfax, the richest landowner of Virginia of those times, played a big role in the fate of young George Washington. He became a mentor of sorts. young man, who lost his father in childhood, and provided him with friendly support in building a career as a surveyor and officer.

George's older brother died when he was twenty years old, the guy inherited the Mount Vernon estate, as well as eighteen slaves. From the age of 17, Washington worked in Culpepper County as a surveyor, and after the death of his brother, he became the leader of one of the districts of the Virginia militia in the status of a major.

In 1753, Major Washington received a difficult assignment: to inform the French of the impossibility of moving towards the Ohio River Valley. Over the course of 11 weeks, George overcame a path full of dangers, the length of which was 800 kilometers, and as a result, he completed the assignment. In 1755 he was taken prisoner in a battle against Fort Duquesne. Washington was soon liberated, and during a second campaign against this fort, he showed courage and was awarded the rank of colonel.

After that, the young man became the commander-in-chief of the Virginia Provincial Regiment. Under his leadership, the regiment continued to fight the Indians and the French and take up defensive positions. However, in 1758, at the age of 26, George Washington decided to give up his career as an officer and resigned.

The outlook of young Washington was under strong influence English Literature early XVIII century. George's original idol was the ancient Roman politician Cato the Younger. Like an ideal, the future president of America tried to use only the classical style of speech, to conform to the model of virtue in personal and public life, restrain facial expressions and gestures at a decent level.

Growing up, Washington became a reserved, disciplined person who constantly controlled his emotions and did not allow himself to lose his composure. He treated religion with respect, but without fanaticism.

Policy

Abandoning a career as an officer, George Washington married and became a prosperous slave owner and planter. At the same time, politics continued to play a leading role in his life, and in the years 1758-1774 he repeatedly made successful attempts to become a deputy of the Legislative Assembly of Virginia.

As the owner of a large plantation, George learned from his own experience that the policy of Great Britain did not meet the requirements of our time. The desire of the British authorities to curb the development of industry and trade in the colonial lands was severely criticized. This is partly why Washington formed an association in Virginia, which had as its goal a boycott of English-made goods. Patrick Henry also helped him in this.

The struggle for the rights of the colonies became a matter of principle for George. In 1769, he drafted a resolution that secured the right to establish taxes only for the legislative assemblies of colonial settlements. However, soon public interest in this problem declined due to the abolition of customs duties. The tyranny of Great Britain in relation to the colonies left no room for reconciliation, and after the very first clashes between the colonists and the soldiers of this country, George Washington defiantly began to wear a military uniform, realizing the inevitability of a break.

War for independence

Deciding that America needed him as a military leader, the future first US president offered the services of the Continental Army. In 1775 he received the status of commander in chief of this army. The basis of the military forces, led by George Washington, were militia units recruited from the states.

At first american soldiers there were many problems with discipline, training and equipment. However, gradually (thanks to the efforts of the commander in chief) an effective and combat-ready army was formed, which successfully used the loose formation technique in battles with the British, who used the traditional linear formation.

George Washington initially led the siege of Boston. In 1776, the troops defended New York, as a result of several battles they could not resist the pressure of opponents and surrendered the city to Great Britain. In late 1776 and early 1777, Washington and the troops took revenge from the British in the battles of Trenton and Princeton, and in the spring of 1777 their siege of Boston ended in success. This victory is also important in strategic terms: successful battles with the enemy increased the motivation and morale of American soldiers.

This was followed by: the victory at Saratoga, the liberation of the central states, the surrender of the armed forces of Great Britain at Yorktown and the end of hostilities in America. After these battles, American officers began to doubt that Congress planned to pay them a salary for their time in the war. Trusting George Washington, who was famous for his honesty and strict moral principles, they wanted to make him the leader of the country.

The American Revolution officially ended in 1783 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. Immediately after this event, the commander-in-chief resigned and sent letters to the state governments in which he advised them to strengthen the central authority in order to prevent the collapse of the country.

First President of the United States

After the end of hostilities, George Washington returned to his estate. However, the history of his native country continued to interest him, and he closely followed the political situation in the United States. In 1786, his supporters, after his draft, helped bring down the Massachusetts Farmers' Rebellion.

Soon Washington was elected head of the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention, which in 1787 issued a new US Constitution, then elections were held. The retired commander-in-chief was so popular in society that the electors unanimously voted for him (both for the first time and for the re-election of the president).

As head of state, George Washington sought to instill in Americans respect for the Constitution, to preserve democratic change. recent years, surround yourself with intellectuals capable of working for the good of America. At the same time, Washington tried to cooperate with Congress and not interfere in political conflicts within the country. In his second term, the first US president developed a competent program for the industrial and financial development of the country, saved America from involvement in European conflicts, forced the Indians to give up many territories (mainly using military force), and banned distilled alcohol.

The domestic and foreign policy of George Washington met with resistance in some social strata, but the attempts of rebellion by the president and his army were quickly suppressed. After completing two terms in office, he received an offer to run for a third term, but declined due to the provisions of the Constitution. During his reign, he officially renounced slavery, but still managed his plantation and looked for slaves who escaped from it. In total, he had 390 slaves in his possession.

Personal life

In 1759, George Washington married the wealthy widow Martha Custis, who became his first and only wife. Martha owned a mansion, 300 slaves, and 17,000 acres of land. George used this dowry wisely, turning it into one of the most profitable estates in Virginia. The marriage of George and Martha was a long and happy one. The children of Custis from their first marriage were brought up in this family, the spouses did not have common children.

Death

The first American president died on December 15, 1799. Two days earlier, he had been out in the pouring rain and snow, surveying his estate on horseback. Returning home, he did not take off his wet clothes and decided to have dinner right in it. The next morning, Washington developed a fever, a throat infection, and a severe runny nose, symptoms of pneumonia and acute laryngitis. Medications The 18th century could not help him, moreover, they aggravated his condition (doctors used bloodletting and treatment with mercuric chloride).

In 1888, a 150-meter memorial was erected in the American capital in honor of the country's first president. A bridge across the Hudson River (one of the longest in the United States), a nuclear aircraft carrier, and a university in Washington were also named in his honor. The dollar bill is decorated with a photo with his portrait. And, of course, it was in honor of the first president of the United States that the American capital got its name.

In 2000, the biographical film "George Washington" was released, there is also a series of the same name and other films, one way or another devoted to politics.

• One of the main crops grown on the Washington plantation was hemp. In the 18th century, it was used to make paper, ropes and fabrics.
• George Washington became the only American president to win 100% of the electoral vote in both elections.
• The first president of the United States never wore wigs, having a mop of red hair by nature. In the portraits that have come down to our time, his hair seems to be light, since, according to the fashion of the 18th century, it was heavily powdered.
• George Washington was an expert on accounting and has written several books on proper financial reporting. Even during his presidency, he himself controlled the income and expenses of his estate, because "it's easier to keep track of every penny."
• The famous politician and military leader was an excellent horse rider, but he had his own "fad": the horse on which he was to ride had to shine with perfect cleanliness. Washington gave this rule so much great importance that even looked into the animal's teeth before sitting on it.

Quotes

• We should look back only for the sake of learning from past mistakes and benefiting from dearly bought experience.
• The most effective means of maintaining peace is readiness for war.
• Work so that those tiny sparks of heavenly fire that are called conscience do not die in your soul.
• If you value your reputation, associate your life with respectable people.
• Do not express joy at the sight of the misfortune of another person, even if he is your enemy.

Good day to all! I am with you, Olga Ostapova. Today, once again, a dollar bill fell into my hands, and for the first time I thought for a minute: what do I know about this person who is looking at me with a deliberately tired look? The first president of the United States, the "father" of the Constitution, a fighter for the independence of the American colonies from the British, a military commander. It would seem a lot, but all this is boring, encyclopedic information ... And so the inexplicable magnetism of the one depicted on a piece of paper with a face value of one dollar prompted me to study his biography in more detail.

And I found a lot of interesting things in it, I’ll tell you! For example, that he was not quite the first President, there were those before him, and that his policy of freeing the slaves was not so honest. In general, enough preludes, let's move on to getting to know the First President of the United States. Please love and respect!

Who is the first President of the USA? Top contenders!

What was the name of the first president of the usa? I'm waiting for your suggestions, friends! George Washington? Well, of course, you are right! But only partly...

When they talk about the first American president, they mean it. And it is difficult to disagree with this, because he is the first popularly elected President, or rather, elected by the electoral college, that is, representatives of the people.

Only now he became the head of the newly created state on April 30, 1789, despite the fact that the Declaration of Independence was proclaimed in 1776, and at the same time the Continental Congress of the United States was convened. The question then arises: who led the independent states from 1776 to 1789? Also Presidents! And there were no fewer than 14 of them until the Constitution of 1787 was adopted, which elected George W.

Congress (the supreme body of the rebellious states that declared war for independence) was headed by the President, who, however, at that time did not have such a breadth of power and authority as Washington later did. This is explained by the fact that, in fact, he only coordinated the Congress and represented it, but did not govern the country.

So, the first such president since the declaration of independence of the United States should be considered John Hancock.

But if we look even more meticulously at the history of the "construction" of the United States, and its first leaders, then we can come to the conclusion that Peyton Randolph is the first president of the United States. It was he who was elected to this post by the delegates of Congress in 1774 (before the independence of the states), although many sources indicate that his position was listed as "chairman" and not president.

But let's talk about this in more detail, because after all, debunking a myth is a serious matter. I propose to pay attention to each of the candidates for this title, and only then draw conclusions.

Peyton Randolph is the first of the first! But is it really the President?

Peyton Randolph (Randolph, Randolph)"got" from the oblivion of history relatively recently. Previously, for some reason, they did not remember him at all. But now it has become fashionable to challenge all kinds of truths, and therefore - why not challenge the presidency of George W. and not give the palm to Randolph? After all, you can make good money on any sensational statements of this kind ...

But let's evaluate this person and his chances for the "presidency" objectively, weighing the pros and cons.

Arguments for":

1. He headed the first essentially "revolutionary" body - the Continental Congress, at which for the first time a protest was expressed against the colonial policy of England by:
   • adoption of the "Declaration of Rights and Complaints";
   • announcement of a boycott of British goods, the introduction of a ban on trade with England.
2. Created the Continental Army;
3. Appointed people to senior military positions, incl. Washington - to the post of commander in chief.

Arguments against":

1. His "presidency" was temporary, not permanent, ending at the same time as the convention of the First Continental Congress ended on October 26, 1774.
2. The United States as such was not yet a state and continued de jure to be a colony of England, and therefore there could be no question of any institution of the presidency at that time, especially the position of the first leader.
3. Undoubtedly, he was an outstanding politician, but it cannot be said that Peyton Randolph was the first president of the United States, since the United States itself did not exist then.

John Hancock: Washington recognized his presidency!

John Hancock was a rather active and wealthy revolutionary, passionately defending the idea of ​​the independence of 13 states from England, and therefore he was indeed elected President ... But not the first USA, but the Second Continental Congress. But despite this, the political and military elite called him the President! Read at least excerpts from documentary sources of that time, in particular, a letter from George Washington himself.

His actions in this post were indeed historically significant, but let's find out if we have the right to give him the title - the very first president of the United States.

Arguments for":

1. If at the time of Randolph it was decided to create the Continental Army, then Hancock created it in the literal sense of the word.
2. He headed the Continental Congress (and in fact - the national government) in the darkest days of the American Revolution, and later - the war with the colonists.
3. He issued a preamble that offered to renounce the oath to the English crown, that is, he openly proposed a rebellion to American society (which was ready for this, but was waiting for the “start!” command).
4. Signed the US Declaration of Independence (according to assumptions, he signed one, and only then other members of Congress joined him).

Arguments against":

1. He was elected President of the authority, namely the Continental Congress, but not the United States.
2. At that time, the states were not recognized by any state, were at war with England, and a peace treaty had not yet been concluded.

Again, we come to the conclusion that, despite all the merits of John Hancock, it is impossible to attribute to him the primacy among presidents, which means that the name of the first US president is definitely not Randolph or Hancock. But then what do we have? What to answer your child when he writes a school essay and asks what was the name of the first US president?

Washington is the first President of the USA! This is without a doubt!

It was the first President of the United States, and not Congress or any other body, that George W. became in 1789. At that time, he was already a respected politician and military leader with an excellent reputation as a fighter for independence, who was known as an authority not only for his opponents and associates, but also for ordinary Americans.

In particular, his chairmanship of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia was the "green light" for the ratification of the drafted Constitution (1787) by all thirteen states. The politician enjoyed such unconditional trust among his compatriots that his participation in the work on the new Constitution (before that there were Articles of Confederation) already became a guarantee that it was a document of the “highest standard”.

George W. is the figure who has always been present and has played an important role at every stage of the formation of the United States. That is why the descendants consider him the "Father of the Nation", that is why the history of the birth of the United States as a state is associated with him, that is why they leave him the right to be their first president.

I agree with them to some extent:

1. The first presidential elections in the United States took place with his participation, before that there were no elections in the sense of the Constitution of 1787, which means that Washington is the first President of the United States. And this is undeniable.
2. This person is truly legendary. And he deservedly received his special place in the history of the United States, since he really did a lot for his country.

But I still dare to challenge some facts from his biography. Excessive, in my opinion, idealization by American society has led to a distortion of his portrait. The first President of the United States has become a new "saint", for ideals, views, whose behavior is usually equal and which should be imitated.

But we are not Americans, so let's be objective and try to consider this person impartially and from different angles.

Childhood and youth of the first President of the United States! Who planted the seeds of democracy in it?

Let's start with the origins ... You should look for them on the Pops Creek plantation of the city of Bridges Creek. Prior to state independence, it was the Virginia Colony, Westmoreland County. It was here that on February 22, 1732, the one who would later win the election of the first president of the United States was born.

What could a child from a wealthy plantation family take away from here, but not so much that he could afford to educate his son and lead him into high society? Perhaps the most important thing for the third (out of five) in the offspring family is you need to be able to find benefits for yourself at any cost and rely only on yourself!

This natural instinct of self-preservation will come in handy more than once for the future leader of the nation in building a career.

Well, now let's move on from the roots to education. Who was the one who took up his training, instilling high manners and helping to make acquaintances in high society?

According to the logic of things, his father should have become him, but George's parent dies when he turns 11. Therefore, his elder brother, Lawrence, becomes a “father” and “example” for him. He gave him a foundation - the concept of humanity, good and evil, and also - a very mediocre education, at the level of primary school. In fact, he had no time to deal with his brother, since he had to manage the estate and plantation, solve economic issues, but Lawrence fulfilled his duty as best he could.

Like his father, the first President of the United States becomes a surveyor at the age of 16. For an ambitious, glory-hungry guy from the "middle peasants" - quite a worthy occupation: here are the "necessary acquaintances" among the rich, and travel, and the opportunity to prove himself well to influential people.

But all this, perhaps, would not be enough if it were not for the participation in his life of a neighbor on the estate - Lord Fairfox. The wealthy landowner noticed “something” in the young neighbor boy who was left without a father, and therefore he had intelligent conversations with him for a long time, gave advice and taught the first lessons of democracy in his life (let’s remember this)! For a young man deprived of his father's attention and education, Fairfox became an example of a competent manager, whom he will look up to in the future, without losing his individuality.

The planter takes him on geodesy expeditions, introduces him to his circle of acquaintances, and gives him to read the literature that inspires him. Deprived of a thorough education, the future first President of the United States absorbs everything like a sponge. Lack of education George will try to make up for his whole life: he will eagerly read literature, surround himself smartest people of his time.

In 1752, he inherited the estate of Mount Vernon. Then he becomes a major of local importance. His whole life was connected with the land, and then suddenly - military affairs ... Although why "suddenly"? George has been raving about the battlefield, victories and glory since childhood, just waiting for the right moment - and now the time has come. Lord Fairfox also supports him in this: apparently, he knew who he had staked on at one time, and that his protégé could prove himself not only in geodesy, but also on the battlefield. And I was not mistaken! Washington, indeed, was destined for a more important mission - to win the first US presidential election and lead the nascent state.

What helped the first US president achieve success in his military career?

The then young George begins his military career by serving in the border troops. And then, as they say, lucky - a year later, France starts a war with the Indians (1753). England, interested in expanding its influence and conquering new lands, of course, also started a war against the Indians. It was then that the finest hour came for the future first President of the United States ...

Pre-Independence War period: beginning of idealization

In the early years of military service, his exploits were more the result of risk, recklessness and inexperience than courage and valor. But facts remain facts... Therefore, it does not matter what the actions were dictated to, but something else is important: the young man carried out his service regularly, more than once looked death in the eyes, but at the same time he was not a coward. And rumors about his courage began to spread with stunning speed.

His first "high-profile case" was an order from the Governor of Virginia, Dean Vidi, to convey to the French troops that they stop moving into the Ohio Valley. He performed it for 11 weeks, overcoming 800 km and at the same time - the resistance of the Indians who met on the way. After this campaign, the first glory comes to him.

In 1755, interest in his person was even more heated, which was caused by the following events:

1. During a sudden joint attack by the French and Indians, the British army (and with it the future first president of the United States) gets into a massacre. Bullets fly one after another, everything is covered in smoke from shots, the horse killed under him falls, chaos begins ... Washington behaves heroically: in moments of general panic, he takes command of the remnants of the army and takes the surviving soldiers out of the fire.
2. This is followed by an assault on Fort Duquesne, where he is captured, from where he is then rescued by exchange. The repeated assault is more successful - the courage shown by Washington becomes the reason for conferring on him the rank of colonel and appointing him commander of the Virginia Provincial Regiment.

This is followed by leaving the army. The first question is: why did he leave at the height of his fame?

1. Firstly, as you may have guessed, it was far from the peak, and most likely he understood this.
2. Secondly, the time has come and George thought that it was time to think about more urgent things and devote time to another important aspect - the front of the heart, but rather the spiritual one.

But more on that later, but for now, let's look ahead and find out about the continuation of it. military career, since in 1758 it had not yet been completed. It was something like a breather. But as soon as the nation needed his abilities as a military tactician, Washington again put on the uniform.

How does Washington manage to stop the losing streak in the Revolutionary War?

I would like to note separately that the Progenitor of the American nation never intended to fight for independence, as his own words addressed to Captain Mackenzie can convince:

Young George did not cherish the dream of freedom and independence of the states from his youth, did not think about it even in his more mature age. He was pushed to this by the uncompromising policy of the Crown itself, which, of course, did not consider it necessary to take into account the opinion of the colony. Exorbitant taxes, laws that are not economically beneficial for Americans, stupid and ill-conceived food policy - all this primarily affected the personal interests of Washington.

Let's not forget that the future president was a large planter, almost the first (he received an inheritance + in a break between military service favorably married), therefore primarily craved economic, not political, freedom for the states. Realizing that England was not going to make such concessions, only then did he become an adherent of the idea of ​​​​independence and, first of all, political. After all, only independent state can implement such economic policy in life, which is beneficial to him.

Being a delegate to the First Continental Congress (1774) and realizing the futility of the further stay of the states under the patronage of England, the nation's favorite puts on a military uniform and offers his services as a military leader in Congress.

His campaign begins with Boston (1775). This is followed by the defense of New York, the battle on Long Island and Harlem Heights (August-September 1776), the surrender of the city to the enemy. It would seem that this is a complete failure and defeat ... But no. Our hero is very cunning and ambitious, he is just starting his game.

It is unlikely that the loss of New York was part of his plans (as, for example, it was with Moscow and Kutuzov), but even after this mistake, the future first president of the United States does not lose confidence in the eyes of his admirers. Moreover, Congress invites him to assume the powers of a dictator. The hero of the nation generously refuses. So they write in the history books for young Americans. How about really?

In fact, it can be assumed that the popular military leader did not want to take on such responsibility. He already had money, fame, a family, the love of ordinary Americans - why burden yourself with such a burden? It is quite possible to lead the army as commander in chief, but becoming a dictator is already too much.

In addition, the ideology of dictatorship was alien to him - the seeds of democracy were nurtured in him. Do you remember Lord Fairwax? I then asked you to remember this. Liberty, republic, democracy, equality - almost the slogan of the French Revolution. So it was precisely on these postulates that the revolutionary relied in his philosophy and politics. The dictatorship in this chain is clearly an extra link and even more - mutually exclusive to others, and therefore - his convictions and conscience did not allow him to allow such a thing.

Cunningly but politely, refusing the "tempting" offer, the commander continues to fight the British. According to many contemporaries, the command of the latter was more organized, skillful and perfect than that of the Americans. What, then, is the secret of winning the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Saratoga, Yorktown, and the war in general?

Secrets of the military success of the future first president!

1. Washington is an excellent psychologist, aware of the temperament and traditions of the colonialists, including in military affairs. The British are conservatives to the marrow of their bones: in battle, soldiers march in a strictly even line, act openly and clearly with the enemy. Fighting by their own rules, you will never win: the Americans are worse prepared, and besides, they are inferior in number and quality of weapons. Therefore, the commander resorts to deception in order to mislead the enemy.

1. The Commander-in-Chief uses "scatter" tactics that confuse the right English. They do not understand how you can fight in complete disorder and chaos. The military units are disoriented - accordingly, Washington's army is more likely to successfully complete the battle.
2. As Commander-in-Chief, George plays spy games. He resorts to the help of both "pseudo-spies" who provide the British with misinformation about the size of Washington's army and its weapons, and real intelligence officers who transmit information while in enemy territory. He even created the spy organization "Culber" ("Culper"). So if Washington had hoped for an open and honest war, it would hardly have been able to win.
3. In the end, we admit that the great tactician and strategist was in fact simply a deceiver. This in no way begs for his services to the Fatherland, on the contrary, it was the only way to wrest freedom from England for the United States. Moreover, in most cases, the leader of the nation used the morally permissible principle of “white lies”. At the same time, he deceives not only potential enemies, but also his brothers in the camp. Recall at least the categorical refusal of Congress to his proposal - to burn New York in case of retreat. Humbly bowing his head before the supreme (at that time) revolutionary body, the future first President of the United States carries out the command. However, leaving New York, he "recommends" the locals not to let the enemy use the city to strengthen their forces. It is hard to imagine that the townspeople would not have taken advantage of the recommendation of the most authoritative leader. Bottom line: after three days, the city is engulfed in fires, which were kindled even by women! Washington is officially "nothing to do with it", but nevertheless implemented its plans without going into open confrontation with Congress.

This man is truly a great manipulator and provocateur, but first of all, he is a patriot, which you can’t dispute from which side you don’t get close to him.

Political career: the path from a delegate in the local legislature to the President of the United States!

After a taste of the first victories, the former land surveyor, now a military man, quits, turning into an exemplary family man: he marries, begins to lead a quiet provincial life, monitors the profitability of his plantations, and participates in political processes at the local level.

So, for more than 15 years - from 1758 to 1774 - he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Virginia. And it is worth noting that he does not just sit, like many deputies, but takes the most active civic position. On the battlefield, in the legislature, in the presidency - George is always first ... This manifests itself in the following:

1. develops resolutions by which he tries to defend the rights of the colony to trade independence;
2. organizes a boycott of English goods with the support of Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry;
3. has the courage in 1773 to express disapproval of the organizers of the Boston Tea Party, without fear of losing credibility in the eyes of most of American society;
4. openly opposes the "Intolerable Laws", becomes one of the initiators of the convening of the civil chamber of Virginia without the permission of the governor, which proclaims the convening of the First Continental Congress.

The ideological leader of the nation was not afraid of bullets on the battlefield, so should he be afraid of the wrath of the official governors of the Crown in the states, when there are much more residents in the state who are thirsty for justice? Of course not! If the entire First Congress, the people's favorite stood for dialogue with the metropolis, then already at the Second Congress he offers his services as a military leader.

From 1775 to 1783 our hero is fighting. During this time, the love and trust of the nation for him grows to an unprecedented size, but after the conclusion of peace in Paris, he again retires from service: he returns to his native estate and follows politics from there.

What is it - another knight's move or the realization that he has already fulfilled everything that America expected from him? But even this time it doesn’t work out completely to go into the shadows:

1. The Articles of Confederation show their complete unviability;
2. Massachusetts farmers rebel against the Boston government;
3. the newly created state feels the vacuum of a strong central authority.

The first President of the United States is again on the political arena - and everyone is happy about it! Again, someone appears who can snatch victory with his teeth, even if we are talking about state formation, and not about war. In the early years of life, the United States needed to take swift, effective action.

The leader of the rebellious states understands this, and therefore sets himself the goal of strengthening the central government through the development and adoption of a single Constitution. The fact that it was his idea determines the fate of the Constitution: in 1787, it is approved by all 13 states without exception.

The election of the first president of the United States under the adopted Constitution takes place in 1789. All members of the electoral college unanimously agreed in their decision, casting their votes for George Washington, which is an unprecedented case. He takes up this post on April 30, 1789.

The first term of his reign was marked by the following events:

1. the adoption of the Bill of Rights, which supplemented the existing Constitution with provisions on the rights and freedoms of ordinary Americans;
2. start of construction new capital(before that it was Philadelphia) in 1791 - the District of Columbia with the capital - the city of Washington;
3. foundation of the tradition of delivering messages to Congress.

1792 is the year of regular elections. The incumbent Head of State does not even participate in the election race, but the electoral college is unanimous again - he will be the president again! And he dutifully accepts the "scepter" of power for the second time. Now you need to keep your America afloat: stabilize the economy, establish neutrality with European countries, resolve issues with the indigenous people - the Indians, keep the balance between the Republicans and the Federalists. Everything conceived is successfully carried out, but when the end of his presidency comes to an end, he is adamant - this is his last term.

September 20, 1796 - Publishes a farewell letter to the nation. With his two-term rule, the Father of the Nation is laying down another tradition that has been fulfilled for a long time, even without being included in the Constitution - the President of the United States cannot be elected to office more than twice.

Personal life of the first President of the United States: family, children, housekeeping

Let's go back a little to determine the role of the family institution in the life of the first President of the United States.

The future "liberator" carefully weighs each step: he chooses geodesy - this has its own benefits, risks on the battlefield - also not without selfish goals, he chooses his wife ... Stop! Did George show cold calculation and pragmatism here too?

I'm 90 percent sure that yes. Having earned himself national fame, the future first president yearns for more. He had already inherited the Mount Vernon estate at that time, but this was not yet the peak to which early years ambitious young man aspires. It would be nice to finally gain a foothold in the circle of the aristocracy. And for this you need to increase the state.

Now it is much easier to do this - the cards are in your hands: if you want - earn money, if you don’t want to - get a job “for your uncle” and get your well-deserved pennies. Many will ask, they say, how is it - wanted and earned? Is that possible? Quite! You can earn really big money at home, without official employment for absolutely everyone! It doesn't matter, in comparison with the 18th century, whether you have an education, inheritance, connections, respected parents. You just go to the Internet, choose a broker and start trading on the stock exchange, and in the end you get everything for which you had to either get married for convenience or just be born a cunning Jew. Although the latter, too, you will not envy - they are treated “specially” even in democratic states.

Of course, the modern way of making money on the stock exchange is not a “laugh” and not a “freebie”. As detailed in the article by Viktor Samoilov, in order to succeed, you need to work. At the same time, day and night. But if you have the time, desire, goal, then everything depends on you. Not like in the days of Washington. Then everything was more difficult. There was no Viktor Samoilov, his PAMM trade portal with earning instructions, training videos and online help.

Get step by step instructions earn money by email!

George Washington(English George Washington; February 22, 1732, Bridges Creek, Virginia Colony - December 14, 1799, Mount Vernon, Virginia) - American statesman, first president of the United States of America (1789-1797), Founding Father of the United States , Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, participant in the Revolutionary War, creator of the American Presidency Institute.

George Washington - 1st President of the United States in the period April 30, 1789 - March 4, 1797
Religion: not advertised
Birth: 22 February 1732
Bridges Creek, Virginia, British America
Death: 14 December 1799 (aged 67)
Mount Vernon
Burial place: Mount Vernon
Virginia
Father: Augustine Washington
Mother: Maria Ball Washington
Wife: Martha Custis Dandridge
Children: no
Party: non-partisan

Born into a landowner's family. He was educated at home, was fond of reading books. At the age of 11 he lost his father. He worked as a surveyor, participated in the expeditions of Lord Fairfax (English) Russian .. In 1752 he inherited the estate of Mount Vernon, in the same year he joined the militia, took part in hostilities against the French and Indians, was captured. In 1758 he retired with the rank of colonel. In 1759, Washington married Martha Dandridge Custis and was actively engaged in arranging his estate, becoming one of the richest planters in Virginia.

In 1758-1774, Washington was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Virginia, where he fought with the metropolis for the rights of the colonies, condemning, nevertheless, violent actions. He was one of the delegates to the First Continental Congress. After armed clashes with Great Britain, he abandoned attempts at reconciliation, put on a military uniform and was unanimously elected commander in chief of the Continental Army. Reorganizing the troops, he led their actions from the siege of Boston in 1776 to the surrender of the British troops at Yorktown in 1781. In November 1783, after the conclusion of the Paris Peace Treaty, he resigned and retired to the Mount Vernon estate.

Dissatisfied with the Articles of Confederation, Washington was elected chairman of the Constitutional Convention, which drafted the United States Constitution in 1787. In 1789 George Washington was unanimously elected the first President of the United States. In 1792 he was re-elected for a second term. As head of state, he contributed to the strengthening of the Union, the implementation of the principles of the constitution and the construction of the capital of the United States. He was engaged in the formation of central authorities and the management system, created precedents for the institution of presidents, and encouraged the development of the economy. Maintained friendly relations with the Congress. In 1794, he suppressed the first uprising against state power in the history of the United States. In foreign policy, he avoided interfering in the affairs of European states. Refused to run for the presidency for the third time. Before leaving, he addressed the nation with a farewell message.

After leaving the presidency, Washington retired to Mount Vernon, often visiting the capital under construction. Congress awarded Washington the title of Father of the Fatherland. During the aggravation of relations with France in the summer of 1798, Washington was symbolically appointed commander in chief of the army. On the night of December 14-15, 1799, Washington died. On December 18 he was buried at Mount Vernon.
Start life path George Washington
George Washington was born on February 22, 1732, into a fourth generation family in Virginia. He spent his childhood and youth in modest conditions, received home education, and was engaged in self-education. He was the third of five children in the family, he lost his father Augustine, the owner of a tobacco plantation and land surveyor, at the age of 11. In 1748, Washington participated in Lord Fairfax's surveying expedition in the Shenandoah Valley. From 1749 he was Surveyor of Culpepper County. George was brought up by his half-brother Lawrence, after whose death he inherited the estate of Mount Vernon near Alexandria, on the Potomac River in 1752, in the same year he became a major in the local militia.
In his neighbor Lord Fairfax, who belonged to the wealthiest landowners in Virginia, Washington found a mentor. Fairfax introduced him to the lifestyle of the untitled nobility and supported him on his path to a career as an officer and surveyor.

In 1753, Washington was instructed to warn the French that they should not advance into the Ohio River valley. The trip lasted for eleven weeks, Washington had to overcome 800 kilometers and endure many dangerous episodes. In 1753-1754 he commanded one of the Virginia militia districts. Washington's participation in the campaign against Fort Duquesne dates back to 1755, where he was taken prisoner. During a second expedition to the same fort, Washington showed courage, for which he received the rank of colonel and was appointed commander of the Virginia Provincial Regiment. Washington continued to participate in hostilities against the French and Indians, taking up defensive positions, but on December 31, 1758, he returned to Virginia and resigned.

On January 6, 1759, Washington married the wealthy widow Martha Dandridge Custis (who took his last name) and received a rich dowry: 17,000 acres of land, 300 slaves, and a mansion in Williamsburg. The marriage was happy, although the couple had no children. Washington raised his wife's two children from his first marriage. Thanks to hard work and strict order, he managed to increase the income of his estate and become one of the richest landowners in Virginia. On his farms along the Potomac River, he grew tobacco, wheat, and by 1772 he was already exporting fish and flour to the West Indies.

The worldview and political philosophy of Washington was influenced by English oppositional or agrarian literature of the early 18th century. Washington admired Cato the Younger, whom he considered the model of all Roman virtues. He tried to conform to these models in public and personal life, adhering to the classical style of speech and dignified gestures and facial expressions.

Self-control, strict control of emotions and disciplined behavior became his outstanding qualities, under which the original spontaneity showed less and less. Conservative and judicious in temperament, moderately religious, without a deep interest in theological issues, but at the same time constantly ready to accept new ideas and thoughts, he combined virtue with the progressive consciousness of the Enlightenment.

Political career George Washington, attempts at reconciliation with the metropolis

From 1758-1774, Washington was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Virginia. When contradictions began with the mother country, Washington began to fight for the rights of the colonies. In 1769, he submitted a draft resolution to the House, according to which only the legislative assemblies of the colonies had the right to impose taxes. However, this problem lost its urgency when customs duties were abolished. Together with Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry, Washington organized a union in Virginia to boycott English goods. However, he disapproved of violent acts, among which was the "Boston Tea Party" on December 16, 1773. The measures taken by the British government thereafter, known as the "Intolerable Laws", forced the colonies to put aside their differences. In Williamsburg, without the knowledge of the governor, the civil chamber of Virginia met, which proclaimed the convocation of the First Continental Congress (September 5-October 26, 1774).

Washington was elected one of the seven delegates, but took a minor part in its work. The Congress accepted a number of protests but refused to openly break with Britain. In a letter to an old friend, Captain R. Mackenzie, who was then serving with the British troops in Boston, Washington noted: “As for independence or anything like that ... I am quite satisfied that no one man of sense North America wants nothing of the sort." However, the situation soon escalated, and armed clashes between the militias and the British army began. Despite expressing loyalty to George III, the Second Continental Congress placed the colonies on the defensive. Washington gradually realized the futility of attempts at reconciliation with Great Britain, and after the first clashes, which showed the inevitability of a break, put on a military uniform and offered the services of a military leader to Congress.

American Revolutionary War
In June 1775, Washington was unanimously elected commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. He took command on July 3, 1775, and led the siege of Boston. The army, created on the basis of the militias of various states, constantly experienced difficulties in recruiting, training and supplying. Its advantage was the tactics of loose formation, which was successfully used against the classical linear construction English. Washington managed to improve the combat capability of the troops and the level of discipline among the soldiers.

In 1775-1776 the campaign was held with varying success. Fearing Washington's troops, on March 17, 1776, the Boston garrison was evacuated to Halifax. On July 2, 1776, English troops (32,000 soldiers, including 9,000 Hessian mercenaries) under the command of General William Howe landed on Staten Island. Washington, charged by Congress to hold New York at all costs, prepared to defend itself. This was followed by the Battle of Long Island (August 27, 1776), the Battle of Harlem Heights (September 16, 1776) and the surrender of the city to the British. With the remnants of his troops, George Washington retreated south. On December 12, Congress, which fled from Philadelphia to Baltimore, granted Washington dictatorial powers.

Washington took revenge at Trenton (December 26) and Princeton (January 3, 1777), in March of the same year the siege of Boston ended in victory. The success of the commander-in-chief boosted the morale of the American army. On October 17, 1777, the Americans won a victory at Saratoga, which strengthened international position USA. The campaign of 1777 ended in the collapse of the plans of the British strategists, almost all the central states were liberated, and the British held only Philadelphia, New York and Newport. After the Continental Army, they managed to win a series of victories, ending with the surrender of the British army on November 19, 1781 at Yorktown, after which hostilities in the United States practically ceased. After the battle at Yorktown, among the officers, who feared that Congress would not pay their salaries, there was a desire to make Washington a dictator or king (the "Newburg Conspiracy"). By a personal appeal to the officer corps in March 1783, Washington restored discipline and consolidated the principle of subordinating military leadership to civilian leadership. In November 1783, after the signing of the Paris Peace Treaty, Washington resigned. After leaving the post of head of the army, Washington sent a circular letter to the state governments, advising to strengthen the central authority in order to avoid the collapse of the country.
Election George Washington for president
Settling on his Mount Vernon estate after the war, Washington nonetheless watched political situation in the country. When Massachusetts farmers rebelled against the Boston government in 1786, he urged his supporters to action. As a supporter of the strengthening of central power, dissatisfied with the Articles of Confederation, he was unanimously elected chairman of the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention, which drafted the Constitution of the United States of America in 1787. Washington's support for the constitution contributed greatly to its ratification by all thirteen states.

Popularity George Washington determined his unanimous election by the electoral college to the presidency of the country, which he took on April 30, 1789, having taken the oath in New York. In 1792, he was unanimously re-elected for a new term, although Washington himself did not participate in his election campaign. Until now, he remains the only US president for whom all members of the Electoral College voted. Congress set the president's annual salary at $25,000. Being a wealthy man, Washington initially refused such a reward, but later accepted the payment.

First term George Washington
One of Washington's main goals as head of state was to preserve democratic reforms, to instill respect for the Constitution among the people, and from the very beginning to create a state apparatus based on the principles won by the revolution. George Washington, as the first president, tried to create precedents, to make the concept of office more clear. Throughout his reign, he constantly demonstrated respect for the Constitution, trying to promote the development of the self-consciousness of the American people.

Washington contributed to the improvement of the functioning of the three branches of government, laid the foundations of the political structure of the United States. Washington surrounded itself with intellectuals, including in its first government Henry Knox (military), Edmund Randolph (Justice), the leaders of the opposing political factions - Republican Thomas Jefferson (who became the first US Secretary of State) and Federalist Alexander Hamilton (finance). The president himself tried to stay away from political conflicts, preferring to stay above the parties. Washington tried to build a cooperative relationship with Congress, using its veto power very economically, guided by the conformity of the laws of the constitution, and not by personal position. The first President of the United States initiated the practice of presenting messages to the US Congress. The most important achievement was the adoption of the Bill of Rights, passed through Congress by Madison. This disarmed critics of the constitution, who believed that it did not provide broad rights and freedoms.

Second term George Washington
The president was overcome by serious doubts whether it was worth putting forward his candidacy for a second term. Numerous persuasions from friends, the instability of the Union and the threat of its collapse forced the weakening Washington to yield. In 1792, Washington was unanimously re-elected for a second term, which confirmed his immense popularity. In his second inaugural address on March 4, 1793, Washington pledged to help the constitutional form of government take root "in the virgin soil of America." The second term in office was focused on stabilizing the situation. Washington's soberly calculated, cautious course prevented the United States from becoming involved in European conflicts and stimulated economic recovery. The programs developed by Hamilton to stabilize the financial and industrial development of the country, which diverged from the intentions of the Republicans, were adopted and began to be implemented.

Washington's transition from a supra-party position to support for the federalists aggravated the domestic political situation. In relations with the indigenous population, Washington relied more on military force, he managed to force the Indians to cede many territories. In 1791, Congress banned distilled alcohol, which led to protests in the frontier regions. In western Pennsylvania, the protests escalated into a riot, dubbed the Whiskey Rebellion. The federal army was too small to crush the resistance, and Washington summoned the state militia and, at the head of an army of 13,000, went to put down the rebellion. The rebellion ended before it was applied military force. The leaders were captured, sentenced to death penalty but pardoned by Washington. These events proved the ability of the federal government to use armed forces to save the state. During his presidency, Washington repeatedly took the initiative in Congress to establish the National Academy of Sciences, but his proposals were ignored.

Capital George Washington
The decision to place federal district Columbia between the states of Maryland and Virginia and to build a capital on the Potomac River was supposed to symbolize the equality of the South and the North. Washington personally benefited from this, as he was one of the largest landowners in Virginia. The President often visited the city under construction. The place for the presidential mansion, known as the "White House", he personally chose. "Georgetown" became the first city in the United States, which was built according to a clear plan.

Foreign policy George Washington
In the field foreign policy Washington initially established the priority of the executive over the legislature. The president advocated non-interference by the United States in the confrontation between European powers, issuing a proclamation of neutrality in 1793. However, at the same time he recognized the French revolutionary government and confirmed the treaty of friendship of 1778, avoiding, however, any conflicts. The Jay Treaty, signed in November 1794 by the President's representative, eliminated the threat of war with Great Britain, but split the country into two camps. More favorable was the attitude towards the Pinckney Treaty of 1795, which established the boundaries between the United States and the Spanish possessions and granted the Americans the right to freedom of navigation along the Mississippi. Thus, Washington managed to strengthen the position of the United States on the American continent and save the country from harmful interference in European affairs. Washington's foreign policy course has also brought considerable benefits to the development of trade.

George Washington was asked to run for a third term, but he refused, explaining that the president should not hold office more than twice in a row. In his farewell address, he confirmed that he would leave the presidency. Thus, Washington established a tradition that was observed without any legal basis until the presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the 20th century.

slavery and George Washington
He inherited lands and 10 slaves from his father. Over time, the number rose to 390. On paper, he refused slave ownership, but pursued the escaped slaves and tried to return them. The most famous slave was Oney Judge, one of the slaves who escaped twice and was interviewed by several newspapers in 1840. Many of the former slaves had the surname "Washington". This surname is considered the most "black" in the modern United States.

Father of the Fatherland George Washington
On September 20, 1796, Washington's farewell address to the nation was published, which he had been preparing since the spring of this year. His main aspiration was a warning against the destructive influence of the party spirit. To ward off this danger, the president recommended respecting the principles of religion and morality as "the great pillars of human happiness." Washington also bequeathed to "maintain peace and harmony with all countries", to develop trade relations, but to have "as few political ties as possible." The latter provision became the basis of the policy of the Monroe Doctrine and the policy of isolationism, which allowed the United States to stay away from European conflicts, increasing its influence in America itself. In the United States, a tradition has been established: the farewell address is read annually, on February 22, before the opening of the session of the US Congress, before the Senate and the House of Representatives.

The last years of Washington's life were spent in Mount Vernon, with family and visitors. Even after stepping down as head of state, Washington often visited the capital under construction, which the workers called "Georgia." Washington devoted a lot of time agriculture, built a distillery on his estate. On July 13, 1798, during a period of sharp deterioration in relations with France, President John Adams, given Washington's popularity and reputation, symbolically appointed him commander-in-chief of the American army with the rank of lieutenant general.

Death George Washington
On December 13, 1799, Washington, inspecting his possessions, spent several hours on horseback and was caught in a rain and snow. He went to supper without changing his wet clothes. The next morning, Washington developed a severe runny nose, fever, and a throat infection that turned into acute laryngitis and pneumonia. The next day he got worse. The medical means of that time did not help, and on the night of December 14-15, at the age of 67, Washington died. Modern physicians believe that he died in large part due to the treatment, which included treatment with mercuric chloride and bloodletting. After her husband's death, Martha Washington burned their correspondence. Only three letters have survived.

The author of the congressional mourning resolution, General G. Lee, described Washington as "first in days of war, first in days of peace, and first in the hearts of fellow citizens." In honor of Washington, the capital of the country, the state, the lake and the island, the mountain and the canyon, many settlements, colleges and universities, streets and squares. In 1888, a majestic monument (over 150 m high) to the first American president was opened in the US capital. During the Bicentennial Year of the United States (1976), Congress posthumously awarded George Washington the rank of General of the Armies of the United States.

Historical meaning George Washington
George Washington played an outstanding role in the independence of the United States of America and made a major contribution to putting the young state on a solid path of development. As commander-in-chief of the American forces, he led a long struggle with Great Britain, which ended in victory for the colonies. Washington was instrumental in helping to begin the transformation of the United States into a modern federal state. He accepted Active participation in the drafting and adoption of the constitution, which includes his signature as a delegate from the state of Virginia. As president, Washington consolidated the achievements of the War of Independence, implemented the Constitution, laid the foundations of the American state and the institution of presidents, largely determining their further development.

Washington, by refusing to run for a third term, laid the foundation for the constitutional custom that a president cannot serve more than two terms. Before the presidency of Franklin Roosevelt, this restriction was not formally established by the American Constitution, but all American presidents strictly observed it. After the death of President Roosevelt, the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution was drafted and adopted, establishing that the same person cannot hold the presidency for more than two terms.

Appearance of J. Washington
By nature, Washington had red hair. He, contrary to popular belief, did not wear wigs, but powdered his hair. Washington has had dental problems throughout his life. He lost his first permanent (not milk) tooth at the age of twenty-two, and by the time of the presidency he had only one. John Adams said that he lost them because he ate brazil nuts, but modern historians suggest that this was due to mercury oxide, which was given to Washington as a cure for smallpox and malaria. Washington had several dentures, four of which were made by dentist John Greenwood. Contrary to popular US legend, Washington's dentures were not made of wood, but of ivory, hippopotamus bone, gold, lead, and human and animal teeth (including horse and donkey teeth).

Coat of arms of George Washington
The coat of arms of the Washington family has been known since the 12th century, when one of George Washington's ancestors moved to the Washington Old Hall estate, located in County Durham, North East England.

The emblem is a silver shield with two red belts and three red five-pointed stars at the head.

In 1938, the US Congress convened a commission to design the official flag for the District of Columbia. The commission announced a public competition, the winner of which was the graphic designer Charles Dunn, who proposed his own version back in 1921. The image of the flag of his authorship was based on family coat of arms George Washington. On October 15, 1938, the resolution on the adoption of the flag came into force.

Memories of George Washington
The asteroid 886 Washingtonia, discovered in 1917, is named after George Washington.
A street in Lvov (Ukraine) is named after George Washington.
Giant sequoia named after George Washington national park Sequoia, California. For a long time, this tree ranked second in the list of the largest (by volume) giant sequoias on the planet, until it partially collapsed in January 2005.
In 1976 George Washington He was posthumously promoted to the title of General of the Armies of the United States. The fact is that during the war for independence, Washington had the rank of a full general, and after the war, in regular army- The rank of major general, since at that time it was the highest rank in the American army. When the next rank appeared - lieutenant general - he was also assigned to Washington, although he had already retired, as a sign of respect as the supreme commander. However, after the death of Washington, even higher ranks appeared in the American army - four-, five-, and even six-star generals. So that no one could be higher than the very first supreme commander, Congress posthumously promoted him to the highest rank.
On Tsaritsyn Island in Peterhof there is an oak tree grown from an acorn tree on the grave of George Washington - a gift from the Americans royal family. At the direction of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, the oak is surrounded by a low gilded lattice and a commemorative medallion is hung on it.
Image in cinema
short film "Sons of Liberty" (Sons of Liberty, 1939) - the role of J. Washington was played by Montague Love
the film "John Paul Jones" (John Paul Jones, 1959) - the role of J. Washington was played by John Crawford
series "George Washington" (George Washington, 1984)
TV series George Washington: The Forging of a Nation (1986)
"Crossing" (The Crossing, 2000)
mini-series "John Adams" (2008) - the role of J. Washington was played by David Morse
the series "Sleepy Hollow" (2013) - the role of J. Washington was played by Jim McKinney
series "Turn" (2014) - Ian Kang acted as J. Washington

Literature
American Presidents: 41 ist. portrait from D. Washington to / Ed. Y. Heideking; Per. with him. L. V. Sedova. - Rostov n/a; M. : Phoenix: Zeus, 1997.
Annenskaya A. N. George Washington and the war for independence. - St. Petersburg: Montvid, qualification. 1899.
Bogucharsky V. Ya. George Washington and the founding of the North American United States. - M., 1895.
Valueva-Mount A.P. George Washington / Comp. A. P. Mount. - St. Petersburg, 1880.
Guizot, Francois. In the fight for freedom: Essays from the life of Washington. - St. Petersburg, 1907.
Ushakov V. A. George Washington: pages of history. - St. Petersburg, 2006.
Yakovlev N. Washington. - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 1997. - 544 p. (ZhZL)