The colorful character of the gifted Russian man, the measure of his creative potential and his fate in Russia are the focus of Leskov's attention in his later work, the famous tale of the oblique Lefty (1882).
Recognizing the well-known affinity of this story to The Enchanted Wanderer, Leskov intended to subsequently publish both of these works together under the general title "Well Done."
However, if in The Enchanted Wanderer main character taken by the author far beyond the boundaries of his “biographical” time, Lefty, on the contrary, is incomparably more rigidly attached to him, and this circumstance significantly changes the overall tone of the work.
In revealing the nature of this remarkable Russian nugget, Leskov actively uses the traditions of folk tales, oral tradition, jokes. Following his constant striving for the authenticity of the depiction of folk life, the writer especially cherishes those specific methods of narration developed by folklore, which almost nullify possible partiality in the coverage of persons and events, ensuring maximum objectivity of the story.
The plot of the tale is based on the motif of competition, rivalry, struggle, which affects the interests of the entire nation, which is characteristic of the folk epic.
Such a broad content of the conflict that lurks behind the outwardly eccentric and funny story English curiosity, determines in the tale the whole system of author's assessments, which are significantly different from those to which the benevolent narrator is inclined.
True to his conviction that the social vocation of the artist is to “reset points of view” (false in the light of the highest truth), Leskov organizes the movement of the plot in his tale in such a way that those who are most far from caring for the national and state interests of Russia are those who first of all, one should take care of the prestige of the country - its highest rulers, kings.
The laudatory characteristics of the monarchs, expressed in the spirit of patriarchal morality, not only do not receive later confirmation in the development of events, but, on the contrary, from the very beginning of the narrative, they come into sharp conflict with the objective meaning of the specific situations in which these crowned persons appear before the reader.
So, the victorious Tsar Alexander, making his entertaining journey through Europe, as if forgetting about the great forces of his people, easily and thoughtlessly succumbs to the influence of the British, who want to “captivate him with foreignness” and “distract him from the Russians.” Trustingly he looks at all their specially prepared rarities. Sooner than they themselves hope, he begins to cheer for their interests and with amazing speed comes to the categorical conclusion that "we Russians are no good with our significance."
In all the vicissitudes of his relations with the British, he appears as a man without nature, easily controlled by someone else's will, in this case, by the will of those who, in a future war, will act as enemies of Russia and inflict a severe defeat on it. In his later satirical work, Leskov would call people like Alexander "damn dolls" and make them the main target of his satire.
Enthusiastically accepting the "insidious" gift of the British - a metal flea, Alexander is far from thinking about a possible rivalry with them in such outlandish art. He capitulates without a fight.
The incomparably more active attitude towards the English flea, which is shown by another Russian tsar (Nicholas I), nevertheless conceals a certain compromising meaning: this is a special kind of activity, dictated most of all by petty personal motives, a thirst for self-affirmation, vanity, aplomb.
The delight of Nikolai, which he expresses at the sight of a flea savvy with tula, is far from proper patriotic enthusiasm, from disinterested admiration for the miracle of human labor, art, resourcefulness.
The true background of this delight is given out by the remark of Nikolai himself: “You see, I knew better than anyone that my Russians would not deceive me.” The flea subjected to “Russian revisions” for the tsar is, most of all, material evidence of the loyal devotion to him of all Russian people, the new manifestations of which his soul, wounded by the recent “confusion”, is so hungry for.
The true arbiters of events aimed at exalting the glory of Russia are Lefty and his comrades in the tale - those Tula masters, whose art is entrusted with the English curiosity. It is they who show by their behavior true dignity, calm firmness of spirit, the full creation of national responsibility.
Thinking over the current situation, they judge it, not allowing any overlap in assessments in one direction or another: “... the English nation is also not stupid, but rather cunning, and art in it has great meaning Against it,” they say, “one must take thinking and with God's blessing. Such behavior, free from empty vanity, contrasts especially vividly with the pettiness of the motives of the Russian tsars.
This turn of the plot expresses the writer's favorite thought about "little great people" who, standing aside from historical events, decide the historical destinies of the country. “These direct and reliable people,” Leskov would speak of them with respect and warmth in his later story “The Man on the Clock”, approaching L. Tolstoy in his assessment of the democratic masses.
However, this extremely respectful attitude of the writer towards the Tula masters does not at all exclude mild irony towards them in the tale. Leskov is far from idealizing people's possibilities here, he soberly assesses them. The writer took into account the role of socio-historical circumstances that limit the creative forces of the people, imposing on many Russian inventions the stamp of clownish eccentricity or practical incongruity.
From this point of view, for understanding the general meaning of the tale, it is fundamentally important that the very result of the “breathless”, selfless and inspired work of the Tula masters is fraught with an “insidious” duality of impression: they really manage to create a miracle - to shoe a “nymphosoria”. However, their dominance is not absolute. An eye-savvy flea cannot dance anymore. The "improved" English curiosity is at the same time hopelessly broken.
In the development of the plot, this moment, deplorable for the prestige of Russian invention, receives its definite explanation, which is important for understanding the general idea of the tale. As the British rightly judge, the Russian masters, who showed amazing audacity of imagination, obviously did not know the “calculation of strength”, and Lefty has to agree with this: “There is no doubt about this, that we did not go into the sciences ...” .
So in the picture amazing work Tula masters, which at the same time elevates them above their overseas rivals and reveals their well-known weakness, expresses itself, alien to any conciliatory and apologetic tendencies, Leskov’s bitter, disturbing thought about Russian ignorance, which cruelly oppresses and fetters the great forces and opportunities of the people, dooming him to a series of defeats and setbacks.
The question of what a Russian person can do immediately entails in Leskov’s tale other no less important questions: how this person lives, does he, like the English masters, have "absolute circumstances" for the development of his talent, what attitude he encounters from those in power, how his fate develops.
True, neither the narrator nor Lefty himself, who have become accustomed to a certain order of things that has long been established in Russia (contrasting with the one that Platov and Lefty saw in England), do not ask themselves these questions, but the writer takes special measures to ensure that they inevitably inevitability rose in the minds of his readers.
Telling, for example, with what "ceremony" Platov traveled, fulfilling the sovereign's order, Leskov paints the figures of "whistling" Cossacks, who sit on both sides of the coachman's box and throughout the entire journey constantly douse their driver with blows of whips. “These incentive measures were so successful that nowhere could the horses be held at any station, and always a hundred jumps jumped past the stopping place ...”.
Against the background of such an image of “fast Russian driving”, contrasting with the famous Gogol description, the narrator’s explanatory remark seems very ambiguous: “So at that time everything was required very neatly and rigorously, so that not a single minute of Russian usefulness was wasted.” The degree of causticity of this formula becomes even more obvious when compared with Shchedrin's similar remark.
In the "History of a City", which even more sharply denounces Russian despotism, the appearance of the mayor Brudasty says this: within the limits of the city pasture, as right there, on the very border, he crossed a lot of coachmen.
The narrator himself does not emphasize such details, he talks about them in passing, casually, as if by the way. However, all these “little things” of Russian life included in his narrative - the cunning cutting of coachmen, Platov’s rude abuse of Tula masters, the almost arrest of Levsha, who was being taken to St. order, accumulating in themselves the general spirit of Russian life of the Nikolaev times with its unbridled autocracy of some and the lack of rights of others, a spirit that inspires the author with the most bitter feeling.
Saturated with sorrowful details of the death of Lefty, the last chapters of the story focus the reader's attention even more insistently on the situation of the individual in Russia, where "it's scary for a person."
A talented master, an artist of his craft, deeply devoted to his homeland, dies forgotten by everyone in the corridor of the Obukhov hospital for the poor, without having time to serve his country with the last advice. Such a completion of the plot, containing a bitter paradox, enhances the sound of the humanistic theme of the tale - the tragic fate of a talented person in Russia, doomed to kill a lot of opportunities in himself without a worthy application.
The idea of defenselessness in Russia of a talented person was one of the writer's most bitter and relentless thoughts, appearing in various variations in his artistic creativity, articles and letters. Leskov tells about the tragic fate of the serf artist in one of his most famous and powerful stories, The Dumb Artist (1883). In Russian Public Notes (1869) he laments that in no other European country is such a disrespectful attitude towards a writer as in Russia unthinkable.
In a late letter to A. I. Faresov, he makes a significant remark (regarding the harsh assessments of critical articles by M. O. Menshikov): “In general, one can and should adhere to such a rule that smart and gifted people should be protected, and not thrown by them , anyhow; but we don't. Pushkin said about us:
Here a person is protected,
Like a Turkish shootout
That's why there are so many of them! However, literature torments me more than it interests me. I can always see from it that we are a wild people and cannot handle anything with care: “we bend - we do not soar, we break - we do not grieve.”
The general concept of the story about Lefty, despite the mournful ending, is optimistic. The "secret" of this optimism lies in the author's understanding of Lefty's personality, her creative and moral resources. No matter how hard it is for Lefty to endure the “surprises” of Russian life, and in these circumstances he not only shows amazing audacity of imagination and fanatical obsession with work, but also moral strength, true self-esteem, purity of patriotic feeling.
He is not shy in front of Platov, who inflicts a cruel scolding on him. And in the palace, where he is forced to appear before the king in the most untidy form, unlike the cowardly courtiers, he not only does not show any signs of timidity, but behaves with dignity and simply, like a person who knows the true value of himself and his work; speaks calmly with the king himself.
Lefty remains mentally unbroken even in the bitter circumstances of his untimely death: until the last minute he is focused on the thought not of his possible salvation, but on that military secret that he learned from the British, which can serve Russia. As if certifying the importance of this last thought of his life, folk legend, which the narrator conveys, connects the defeat of Russia in Crimean War precisely with the fact that no one then heeded the voice of Lefty.
In the "Literary Explanation" about this story, Leskov agreed with the opinion of one of the reviewers that where "Levsha" stands, one should read "Russian people." At the end of the tale itself, the character of the protagonist of the legend is not accidentally called epic, the personification of a myth created by folk fantasy.
In the great wealth of spiritual and creative possibilities of the people, which retains great vitality and humanity in spite of all the circumstances that constrain it, Leskov drew his faith in the future, which his tale about Lefty is imbued with.
History of Russian literature: in 4 volumes / Edited by N.I. Prutskov and others - L., 1980-1983
"Lefty" is a touching story about a master who devoted his whole life to working for the good of his homeland. Leskov creates many literary images living and acting in the atmosphere of bygone days.
In 1881, the magazine "Rus" published "The Tale of the Tula Lefty and the Steel Flea." Later, the author will include the work in the collection "The Righteous".
Fictional and real are intertwined in a single whole. The plot is based on true events that allow one to adequately perceive the characters described in the work.
So, Emperor Alexander I, accompanied by the Cossack Matvey Platov, really visited England. In accordance with his rank, he was given due honors.
The true story of Lefty unfolded in 1785, when two Tula gunsmiths, Surnin and Leontiev, by order of the emperor, went to England in order to familiarize themselves with arms production. Surnin is tireless in acquiring new knowledge, while Leontiev "plunges" into a disorderly life and "gets lost" in a foreign land. Seven years later, the first master returns home to Russia and introduces innovations to improve weapons production.
It is believed that the master Surnin is the prototype of the protagonist of the work.
Leskov widely uses the folklore layer. So, the feuilleton about the miracle master Ilya Yunitsyn, who creates tiny locks, no larger than a flea, is the basis for the image of Lefty.
Real historical material is harmoniously integrated into the narrative.
Genre, direction
There are differences in terms of genre. Some authors prefer the story, others prefer the tale. As for N. S. Leskov, he insists that the work be defined as a tale.
"Lefty" is also characterized as a "weapons" or "shop" legend that has developed among people of this profession.
According to Nikolai Semenovich, the source of the tale is the "fable" he heard in 1878 from some gunsmith in Sestroretsk. The legend became the starting point that formed the basis of the idea of the book.
The writer's love for the people, admiration for his talents, ingenuity found its embodiment in relief characters. The work is saturated with elements of a fairy tale, winged words and expressions, folklore satire.
essence
The plot of the book makes you think about whether Russia can truly appreciate its talents. The main events of the work clearly indicate that both the authorities and the mob are equally blind and indifferent towards the masters of their craft. Emperor Alexander I visits England. He is shown an amazing piece of work by the English craftsmen - a dancing metal flea. He acquires a "curiosity" and brings it to Russia. For a while, the "nymphosoria" is forgotten. Then Emperor Nicholas I became interested in the “masterpiece” of the British. He sent General Platov to the Tula gunsmiths.
In Tula, a "courageous old man" orders three craftsmen to do something more skillful than the "English" flea. The craftsmen thank him for the sovereign's trust and set to work.
Two weeks later, Platov, who arrived for the finished product, without understanding what exactly the gunsmiths did, grabs Lefty and takes him to the palace to the king. Appearing before Nikolai Pavlovich, Lefty shows what work they have done. It turned out that the gunsmiths had shod the "English" flea. The emperor is happy that the Russian fellows did not let him down.
Then follows the order of the sovereign to send the flea back to England in order to demonstrate the skill of Russian gunsmiths. The left-hander accompanies the "nymphosoria". The British welcome him warmly. Interested in his talent, they do everything possible so that the Russian craftsman remains in a foreign land. But Lefty refuses. He is homesick and asks to be sent home. The British are sorry to let him go, but you can't keep him by force.
On the ship, the master meets the half-skipper, who speaks Russian. Acquaintance ends with drinking. In St. Petersburg, a half-skipper is sent to a hospital for foreigners, and Lefty, who is sick, is imprisoned in a "cold quarter" and robbed. Later, they are brought to die in the common people's Obukhov hospital. The left-hander, living out his last hours, asks Dr. Martyn-Solsky to inform the sovereign of important information. But it does not reach Nicholas I, since Count Chernyshev does not want to hear anything about it. Here's what the piece says.
Main characters and their characteristics
- Emperor Alexander I- "the enemy of labor." Differs in curiosity, a very impressionable person. Suffering from melancholy. Bows before foreign miracles, believing that only the British can create them. Compassionate and compassionate, building a policy with the British, carefully smoothing out sharp corners.
- Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich- ambitious "soldafon". Has an excellent memory. He does not like to yield to foreigners in anything. He believes in the professionalism of his subjects, proves the failure of foreign masters. However, the common man does not interest him. He never thinks about how hard this skill is achieved.
- Platov Matvei Ivanovich- Don Cossack, Count. Heroism and sweeping prowess emanates from his figure. A truly legendary person, who is the living embodiment of courage and courage. He has great endurance, willpower. He loves his native land immensely. A family man, in a foreign land he misses his native household. Insensitive to foreign creations. He believes that the Russian people will be able to do everything, no matter what they look at. Impatient. Without understanding, he can beat a commoner. If he is wrong, then he will certainly ask for forgiveness, since a magnanimous heart is hidden behind the image of a tough and invincible chieftain.
- Tula masters is the hope of the nation. They are well-versed in the "metal business". They have a bold imagination. Excellent gunsmiths who believe in miracles. Orthodox people are full of church piety. They hope for God's help in solving difficult problems. They honor the gracious word of the sovereign. Thank you for the trust placed in them. They personify the Russian people and their good qualities, which are described in detail Here.
- oblique southpaw- Skilled gunsmith There is a birthmark on the cheek. He wears an old "ozyamchik" with hooks. In the modest appearance of a great worker, a bright mind and a kind soul are hidden. Before taking on any important business, he goes to church to receive a blessing. The characteristics and description of Lefty are detailed in this essay. He patiently endures Platov's bullying, although he did nothing wrong. Later, he forgives the old Cossack, not harboring resentment in his heart. The left-hander is sincere, speaks simply, without flattery and cunning. Immensely loves the fatherland, never agrees to exchange his homeland for well-being and comfort in England. It is difficult to endure separation from their native places.
- half-skipper- an acquaintance of Levsha, who speaks Russian. We met on a ship bound for Russia. We drank a lot together. After arriving in St. Petersburg, he takes care of the gunsmith, trying to rescue him from the terrible conditions of the Obukhov hospital and find a person who would convey an important message from the master to the sovereign.
- Dr. Martyn-Solsky- a true professional in his field. He tries to help Lefty overcome the disease, but does not have time. He becomes that confidant to whom Lefty tells a secret intended for the sovereign.
- Count Chernyshev- a narrow-minded Minister of War, with great conceit. He despises the common people. He has little interest in firearms. Because of its narrow-mindedness, narrowness of thinking, it substitutes Russian army in battles with the enemy in the Crimean War.
- The theme of Russian talents runs like a red thread through all of Leskov's work. The left-hander, without any glass enlargers, was able to make small studs to nail horseshoes to a metal flea. His imagination has no limits. But it's not just about talent. Tula gunsmiths are hard workers who do not know how to rest. With their diligence, they create not only outlandish products, but also a unique national code that is passed down from generation to generation.
- The theme of patriotism deeply worried Leskov. Dying on the cold floor in the hospital corridor, Lefty thinks about his homeland. He asks the doctor to find an opportunity to inform the sovereign that it is impossible to clean the guns with bricks, since this will result in their unsuitability. Martyn-Solsky tries to convey this information to the Minister of War, Chernyshev, but everything turns out to be fruitless. The words of the master do not reach the sovereign, but the cleaning of guns continues until the very Crimean campaign. Outrageous is this unforgivable disregard of the tsarist officials for the people and for their fatherland!
- The tragic fate of Lefty is a reflection of the problem of social injustice in Russia. Leskov's tale is both cheerful and sad at the same time. The story of how Tula craftsmen shoe a flea, demonstrating a selfless attitude to work, is captivating. In parallel with this, serious reflections of the author about the difficult fate of brilliant people from the people sound. The problem of attitude to folk craftsmen at home and in a foreign land worries the writer. In England, Lefty is respected, they offer him excellent working conditions, and they also try to interest him in various curiosities. In Russia, he is faced with indifference and cruelty.
- The problem of love for one's native places, to native nature. The native corner of the earth is especially dear to man. Memories of him captivate the soul and give energy to create something beautiful. Many, like Lefty, are drawn to their homeland, since no foreign blessings can replace parental love, the atmosphere of their home and the sincerity of faithful comrades.
- The problem of the attitude of talented people to work. Masters are obsessed with finding new ideas. These are workers who are fanatically passionate about their work. Many of them “burn out” at work, because they give their all to the implementation of their plans without a trace.
- Issues of power. What is the true strength of a person? Representatives of the authorities allow themselves in relation to ordinary people to go beyond the “permitted”, shout at them, use their fists. Craftsmen with calm dignity endure such an attitude of the masters. The true strength of a person is in balance and steadfastness of character, and not in the manifestation of incontinence and spiritual impoverishment. Leskov cannot stay away from the problem of a heartless attitude towards people, their lack of rights and oppression. Why is so much cruelty applied to the people? Doesn't he deserve humane treatment? The poor Lefty is indifferently left to die on the cold hospital floor, without doing anything that could somehow help him get out of the strong bonds of the disease.
Topics and issues
the main idea
Lefty is a symbol of the talent of the Russian people. Another bright image from Leskov's gallery of "righteous people". No matter how hard it is, the righteous always fulfills the promise, gives himself to the fatherland to the last drop, without demanding anything in return. Love for the native land, for the sovereign works wonders and makes you believe in the impossible. The righteous rise above the line of simple morality and unselfishly do good - this is their moral idea, their main idea.
Many statesmen this is not appreciated, but in the memory of the people there always remain examples of selfless behavior and sincere, disinterested deeds of those people who lived not for themselves, but for the glory and well-being of their Fatherland. The meaning of their life is in the prosperity of the Motherland.
Peculiarities
Having brought together bright flashes of folk humor and folk wisdom, the creator of "The Tale" wrote a work of art that reflected an entire era of Russian life.
In places in "Lefty" it is difficult to determine where good ends and evil begins. This shows the "cunning" of the writer's style. He creates characters, sometimes contradictory, carrying both positive and negative traits. So, the courageous old man Platov, being a heroic nature, could never raise his hand against a “little” person.
"Wizard of the word" - this is how Gorky called Leskov after reading the book. The folk language of the heroes of the work is their bright and accurate description. The speech of each character is figurative and original. It exists in unison with his character, helping to understand the character, his actions. The Russian person is characterized by ingenuity, so he comes up with unusual neologisms in the spirit of “folk etymology”: “trifle”, “busters”, “thump”, “valdakhin”, “melkoskop”, “nymphosoria”, etc.
What does it teach?
N. S. Leskov teaches a fair attitude towards people. All are equal before God. It is necessary to judge each person not by his social affiliation, but by Christian deeds and spiritual qualities.
Only then can one find a diamond that glows with righteous rays of warmth and sincerity.
Interesting? Save it on your wall!Leskov N.S. "Lefty". Theme and main idea of the story.
Prepared by Fomochkina M.A.
1. Introductory speech of the teacher
From the black frame looks into my eyes
With greedy eyes Leskov's face,
Like a hidden thunderstorm
In the image of clever Serov. (, slide 2)
What do you think about the work of which writer we will talk today? (named)
Today we have a lesson - a holiday, a lesson opening. A holiday because it is impossible to talk about a great writer in a casual, everyday way. The discovery is because the work on which we will work today is distinguished by an unusual narrative, where a vivid play with the word strikes from its first lines.
Let's try to formulate the topic of today's lesson. Having made a short trip to the writer's homeland, we will start talking about his tale "Lefty". Let's try to define the theme and idea of this work. So, the topic of our lesson ... ..Write it in a notebook.
Now let's try to formulate the purpose of our lesson. From the list of goals, choose the one that suits you:
1. Make up your own opinion about the personality and work of N. S. Leskov
2. Based on the analysis of the first chapters of the work, determine its theme and central idea.
3. Learn to analyze a literary work.
4. Your own version of the goal.
2. Correspondence trip to the city of Orel.
I invite you to make a trip to the city of Orel - the city of childhood and youth of N.S. Leskov. He loved his soul to the core small motherland and proud of her.
Here, in Orel, a monument was erected to the writer, who never ceases to amaze the residents of Oryol and the guests of the city. In the center is the figure of the writer, cast in bronze. “Smart, temperamental, with prickly black eyes, with a complex and bizarre soul, full of rebellious passions” - this is how Leskov was seen by his contemporaries, this is how the creators of the monument portrayed him. And around, raised on columns to the height of human growth, Lesk's heroes come to life.
Among them is the protagonist of the tale, which will be discussed today, the Tula gunsmith Lefty, conjuring over the anvil with a hammer in his left hand. He is the embodiment of the talent of our people.
The place where the monument was erected was not chosen by chance. This part of the city is connected with the life and work of Leskov.
Near the monument is the building of the male gymnasium, where he studied. And this is a house on Third Dvoryanskaya Street, where the writer once lived, now here is the house-museum of N.S. Leskov. We can visit his study, carefully recreated from a photograph taken on March 5, 1895. The cabinet reflected not only the tastes and preferences, but also the character of its owner. The room is colorful, bright, original. Numerous old clocks… Countless portraits, paintings, a long, narrow image of the Mother of God. On the table are lamps, a lot of trinkets ...
I would like to add microminiatures of contemporary masters, followers of Lefty, to the exposition of this museum. In the photo we see the work of the Tula left-hander Nikolai Aldunin.
Such masters are the pride of the Russian land.
It was to such people that Leskov dedicated his work.
Does anyone know how the idea of the tale "Lefty" came about?
The idea of "Lefty" arose from the saying "The Englishman made a flea out of steel, and the Russian shoed it," and here is another version of this proverb in old collections written like this: "Tulyaki shod a flea." There are also folklore stories about the skill of the Tula gunsmiths, who were distinguished by the art of making miniature objects, barely visible to the eye or distinguishable only with the help of strong lenses.
Let's take a look at the work. Let's open the textbooks pages ... The work has a subtitle. Let's read it.
Why is he unusual? What sets the reader up?
(Here the author names the genre of the work. “Skaz” (not “fairy tale”) sounds significant. And what is a tale? Do you know this definition? Tradition and legends The narration is conducted on behalf of the narrator, a person with a special character and way of speech.
What other information does the subtitle convey? Determines the content of the story.
"Steel Flea" Some funny bauble? But try to do it! "Tula": Tula is a city of craftsmen. The main character is clearly clumsy - left-handed, besides oblique.
Now, let's read the first sentence of the story. What does it tell us? Already from the first sentence, we can determine the place and time of action.
-When and where does the action take place?
- What real historical events underlie the story of Alexander Pavlovich's trip to Europe? (A footnote would help..) After the war of 1812, Russia is a victorious power, There is something to be proud of! Admire! There is something to reinforce the feeling of national pride. ( The action takes place in Russia and England shortly after the war with Napoleon, the Vienna Congress of 1814-1815 is mentioned. The trip of Alexander I and Platov to London is a historical fact)
I suggest you listen to the acting reading of Chapter 1. As you read, you will follow the text and look for answers to the questions given to you in the handout. VOICE!
How do Alexander 1 and Platov behave during the trip?
4. We listen to chapter 1 (actor reading)
5. Working with the text of the work
Particular attention should be paid to the narrator, since in many respects it is in this way that the originality of the work, its connection with folklore, is determined.
So let's answer the first question.
How do you imagine the narrator? What is this person?
The narrator, most likely, is a simple person, an artisan, a craftsman. There are many irregularities in his speech, vernacular, inversions, typical for folklore works.
The narrator speaks on behalf of the people as its original mouthpiece. He does not convey the point of view of an individual, but embodies the "voice of the people."
After listening to the first chapter, you could not help but pay attention to the unusual sound of many words.
–I suggest that you play the role of translators: you must "translate" into modern Russian the following words from Lesk's work. You can do this directly in the sheets offered to you. Task 2.
Marine wind meters - marine barometers
Prelamut – mother-of-pearl
probabilities – variations
Melkosko p - microscope
Egyptian ceramide – Egyptian pyramid
Nymphosoria – ciliates
Valdakhin - canopy
Pistol - gun
– Why does Leskov “distort” the sound of these words? Talking about foreign and unfamiliar things, the narrator, being a simple, illiterate person,
distorts their names according to his idea of them. Leskov puts in them a humorous meaning in the spirit of popular understanding
Fizminutka
What other characters did we meet in the first chapter. (Alexander 1 and Platov)
– How do they manifest themselves during the trip?
The emperor is "very interested in foreign things" and believes "that we Russians are worthless with our importance." Even the heroic Platov could not prove to Alexander I that "we have our own at home no worse," "what our people look at - everyone can do, but only they have no useful teaching."
Thus, 2 opinions are opposed, a dispute arises that must be resolved.
Let's go back to the text again and find quotes that characterize the attitudes of Alexander 1 and Platov to whether there are talented craftsmen on Russian soil. Write down the found phrases in a comparative table (task 3)
Let's remember what we are talking about in the following chapters you have read.
How did the British want to impress the Russian emperor?
Why did the gun arouse such interest in Alexander 1?
In what words did the emperor resent the Russian masters who did not know how to make such pistols?
Let's complete our comparison table with this quote.
How did Platov manage to embarrass the British? Let's find it in the text and read it.
What tiny mote did the sovereign see on a silver platter?
Find the description of the flea and read it.
What words did Alexander 1 say goodbye to the English masters?
What was the difference between the opinions of Platov and Alexander 1 on what happened?
So guys, we see that the dispute continues and remains unresolved.
8. Summing up
Today we have analyzed the first chapters of the tale. This will allow us to determine the theme and idea of the work. Let's try to formulate them.
What is the theme of the piece? about the Tula craftsman, the talent of folk craftsmen.
And the idea: to evoke in the reader a sense of pride in Russia, its craftsmen
Guys, what new did you learn in today's lesson?
Today at the lesson we met a talented Russian writer, N.S. Leskov, tried to penetrate the world of his heroes, remembered the features of the tale, tried to determine the theme and idea of the work "Lefty". I would like to believe that the heroes of Leskov will find a response in your soul.
In order for me to evaluate your work in the lesson, hand over the checklists.
Homework:Read the piece to the end. Make a plan for the characteristics of the main character in a notebook.
Time of creation
The work of Nikolai Semenovich Leskov was created in 1881. The idea arose three years earlier, when the writer was visiting an employee of one of the weapons factories in the vicinity of St. Petersburg. According to the writer's contemporaries, somehow at the table in a general conversation they remembered a joke about an oblique left-hander who shod an English flea and sent it back to the British. Perhaps this served as the starting point for the creation of the work.
Genre of the work
Researchers attribute it to the genre of a tale: the narration is conducted on behalf of a person from the people with his usual turns of speech, distortions of foreign words and a corresponding assessment of what is depicted.
Plot
Emperor Alexander, having visited England, brought back a gift from English masters - a silver miniature flea that starts up with a key and performs a dance. One of the emperor's close associates, General Platov, is sure that Russian craftsmen are able to perform even finer work. He takes the flea to the Tula masters. Two weeks later, he took the flea, in which, at first glance, nothing had changed. However, the masters managed to put it on horseshoes. Platov brings a flea and master Lefty to Petersburg to the emperor. Everyone admires the subtlety of the work, but the horseshoes have made the flea's legs heavier, and she can no longer dance.
Lefty is sent to study in England. There he sees respect for educated workers. The left-hander is offered to stay abroad, but he cannot leave his elderly parents without care and cannot change the Orthodox faith.
Lefty returns on the ship in Saint Petersburg. On the way, he caught a cold and became seriously ill. Being near death, he is very eager to inform the emperor that the British do not clean their guns with bricks. One of the doctors, who heard these words, passes them on to one of the military, but he believes that the generals know better, and these words do not reach the emperor.
Issues
In his work, N.S. Leskov poses and solves a wide range of problems
- The problem of the powerless position of the people is connected with the image of the central character, his living conditions, and the attitude of those in power towards him.
- The problem of lack of education among the common people is also associated with the image of Lefty. His master talent is unique, but he lacks elementary knowledge.
- The problem of underestimated talents of representatives of the people. The educated class often does not even realize how many gifted talented people live in the wilderness. Their abilities could glorify the country.
- The problem of admiration for foreign masters and their skill is raised by Leskov when he depicts the stay of the Russian emperor in England.
- The problem of patriotism in representatives of different classes. How do the emperor, general and simple Tula master Lefty understand love for the Fatherland and service to the Motherland?
Subject
The story about the amazing talent of the Tula master includes Russian emperors Alexander Pavlovich, Nicholas I, Empress Elizabeth General Platov as equal actors - quite real historical figures. But the main subject of the image is the talent of the folk master, and many characters in one way or another show their attitude to the talents of simple masters. Some tend to bow to foreigners and underestimate their craftsmen, while others, on the contrary, believe in the superiority of Russian masters.
Image system
The central character of the work is an unnamed Russian craftsman who did an unusually fine job: he and his comrades managed to forge miniature horseshoes for a steel flea, which they presented to the Russian emperor when he was abroad. The left-hander made tiny carnations, with the help of which horseshoes were attached to the paws of a mechanical toy. Leskov does not describe the process of performing this delicate work, he only says that it is done in an extraordinary secret: the masters work in depth, with concentration, with complete self-denial, it seems that even a fire could not make them stop. They are simple Russian people, not accustomed to showing off, not promising an excellent result. Before a responsible task, they go to bow to the miraculous icon, to ask God's blessing. Lefty's patriotism manifests itself during his stay in England, where he learns about the working conditions of foreign workers, about their training, about how they spend their days off. He refuses all requests to stay abroad, get married, and study. On the other hand, he greedily absorbs everything that can and should be transferred to Russian soil, everything that can be useful in Russia.
Among other images of the tale, one can distinguish the Don Cossack Platov, who is very worried when Emperor Alexander admires the skill of foreign masters. Platov is sure that in Russia they can and are able to do fine work, to make weapons no worse. He does everything to prove it to the British.
Emperor Alexander Pavlovich is full of admiration for foreign masters and their work. He believes that Russians should learn from them, and is willing to pay huge sums for a diamond nut containing a steel flea and its key.
Nikolai Pavlovich, on the contrary, believes in the skill of the Tula gunsmiths and asks Platov to take the flea, a product of English craftsmen, to our craftsmen.
The left-hander perfectly finds a common language with the English half-skipper, with whom he goes on a ship to Russia together. A simple, friendly sailor becomes Lefty's buddy.
It is impossible not to feel the author's sympathy for the talented Russian master, sympathy for his plight. The narrator, just like the protagonist of the work, is rooting for the interests of the country, says with regret that last words Left-handers never reached the Russian emperor.
The relevance of the work
Questions of personality and power, the attitude of representatives of power to the people and its outstanding, talented representatives remain relevant to this day. The work teaches a responsible attitude to one's duties, honesty and love for the Fatherland.
Option 2
The main theme of the work is the creative talent of an ordinary Russian peasant, presented by the writer in the form of a Tula gunsmith, endowed not only with talent, but also with a spiritual core and moral human strength.
The key character of the story is Lefty, depicted as an unsightly beggar peasant, a blacksmith master, distinguished by a strong character, self-confidence not only in relation to life, but also in relation to the work he performs and its quality.
The hero communicates with dignity and courage not only with the Russian sovereign, but also with representatives of foreign powers. Being sent to a foreign land, he enthusiastically studies the outlandish products of foreign masters, trying to comprehend their wisdom, as well as demonstrate his own ingenuity and skill in order to prove the great possibilities of his homeland.
The work is a narrative in the form of a legend, but it differs from the traditional genre of the tale, which is aimed at oral speech and conducting a story on behalf of a direct participant in what is happening.
Leskov's story uses in its content a unique author's originality, expressed in the use of fables, a change in the manner of presenting events throughout the narrative, as well as the use of various artistic and literary devices that convey the motifs of folk poetic creativity (tautologies, verbs with a prefix, diminutive words and expressions, modified sayings).
In addition, the writer uses in the work numerous neologisms contained in the description of objects, actions, states. Emotions that allow you to demonstrate a special literary game.
Written in the folk language, the story is filled with subtle authorial irony, consonant with the Russian national character.
Sample 3
This work of Nikolai Leskov is the most popular in his work. The work was published in 1891, was presented in the collection "The Righteous". The full name has a few more words. Namely, "The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the Steel Flea."
It is worth noting that Nikolai Leskov in this work affects the life of an ordinary person. The author himself proposes to perceive this work as a folk work. The reader's attention is focused on the plot, including main character works acts as a hero, as in the old epics. This arrangement confirms the “popularity” of the composition. The author tries to avoid his own opinion in order to add realism as in folk tales.
The genre of the work. Many attribute "Lefty" to the genre of critical realism. But not everything is so simple. The author of the story sometimes uses fairy-tale motifs. Although they are not the main criterion for evaluating the genre. The realism of the work is fully revealed by the author, mentioning the Russian people, their traditions and character. It tells about a simple working people who, like the main character, in some situations shows his originality and skills. The narrative also touches upon the role of autocracy as the main form of government by the state. The reader will see two sides of the coin. Two worlds, monarchical and Western in comparison. Where the king tries in every possible way to oppose the modern principles of government. A very striking literary device of this work is the interweaving of tragic motifs with comedy, reality with a fairy tale.
It is worth noting in detail the stylistic devices in the essay. The author does not skimp on comparisons. Almost all work is based on data literary compositions. On the one hand, there is life in Russia and England, and a parallel is drawn between the simple and the influential population. In the tension of the whole narrative, the author reveals the image of the main person of the state. Small sketches clearly convey all the required information.
It would be wrong to ignore the main character. In the work, he is presented as a hardworking and very talented person. The author presented the main character in a very detailed and colorful way to the reader. He speaks in an extremely positive manner. Practically a national hero and a man loyal to his Fatherland. Much attention is focused on his patriotism and righteousness. A man who will not sell his homeland to any Englishmen, as noted in the story, there were such proposals.
The product clearly shows true patriot of his state. Who, under any circumstances and conditions, does not betray and does not lose love for his native land. One feels deep love and devotion to the interests of their state. Even being on the verge of death, this man thought about how to pass on to his ruler the secret of better storage of weapons, taking care of his state with sincere enthusiasm. The author tries to convince everyone that simple people create the state and thanks to them it exists.
The main character is a man who has abilities. In appearance, this is an ordinary guy and he works in his forge from morning until late evening. If he has taken up a task, then until he finishes it to the end, he does not calm down.
People come to him from different countries and cities, and that's all, because everyone knows that he just has golden hands. Also, the sovereign came to him in order to see what he creates with his hands.
And even when he ended up in a foreign land, he does not stop doing his favorite thing and introduces his ideas into new technologies, which are then used by people. In addition, in foreign lands, he tries to comprehend their talents and learn from them. But he does not forget about his homeland and constantly misses her. More than anything, he wants to go back and therefore he asks the emperor to let him go home.
He went home by ship. There he met with one half-skipper, who knew how to speak Russian perfectly, and also understood everything that was said to him in this language. It all ended with a big booze and they both ended up in the hospital. There, everything that can be pulled out of his pockets, and then they leave him to die. In the end, Lefty tries to make sure that all his words reach the emperor, because this important information But no one wants to listen to him.
Our main character dies right in the hospital on the floor, and his thoughts are in his homeland, which they will never see again and will never be able to come there again.
For all the time, a huge number of problems and misfortunes have fallen on Lefty, but a man with honor and his head held high withstands all this.
The work contains not only magical adventures and a fable, but also various idioms as well as folk satire.
From this work, we can conclude that the country does not think about its heroes at all and cannot appreciate their talents. But in other countries it is accepted quite differently.
So the emperor, having learned that Lefty had created a flea, only remembered about it for a while, and then forgot. And when they found out about this in other countries, they ordered their masters to come up with, and then create something that would be much better than a flea, but they did not succeed.
The essence, meaning and idea of the story Levsha
A story called Lefty, authored by Leskov, is a tale, that is, a legend that is based on true events. In fact, it is not entirely known whether the work is a pastiche or is really based on some genuine events. There is reason to believe that Leskov invented a lot, but at the same time he provided the story with genuine historical figures and also added his own deep knowledge of the people.
Leskov's works are characterized by a fairly accurate understanding of various communities, a clear vision of people, but often in all this there is some kind of refinement mixed with longing. After all, Lefty (meaning hereinafter the hero of the story) is a tragic figure, and he is the personification of the whole people. In torn rags, preserving dignity and working only for the country.
This ant-like pride and dedication is perceived by Leskov as something natural, just like Platov is exactly the way the reader wants to see Cossack generals. These figures are a little hypertrophied and too stereotyped, although we have a tale before us. Therefore, some allowance should be made in this sense.
The author tries to present to the reader the idea of undivided devotion to the people. In many ways, his thoughts are expressed both through Platov and through Levsha. Platov is a stern ataman who believes in everything Russian and has dog-like devotion to the tsar.
Of course, it is possible that today's officials were simply being crushed and hypocrisy has become more widespread, but something tells us that there were no such pure Platovs before, there were only outwardly Platovs. It is also difficult to believe in Lefty in such a selfless representative of the people, who, at the level of a saint, forgets about himself and works only for the sake of his own country, shoeing a flea so that the country is better than others, and the king rejoices.
Such a cheerful and foldable fatherland comes out of Leskov, and you can’t call such a work anything other than a kind of propaganda or, as they say now, work for the Kremlin (although in Leskov’s time the capital was in St. Petersburg). However, in fact, this is all Leskov, he simply idealized a lot, tried to write honestly and openly, as far as it was possible for him. Therefore, Leskov's truth about the people in the country and about the superiors looks so sad and dreary.
His Lefty is Alexander Matrosov, who climbs into the embrasure with a smile, although it is possible to take the bunker without it, his Lefty is sincere trust in the hypocrisy of those in power. His Platov is the stupid patriotism of an official in a country that wants to be better than Europe, but spits on its own people and raises an intelligentsia that speaks French since childhood. And the meaning of this story is very sad.
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N.S. Leskov. "Lefty".
The peculiarity of the problem and the main idea of the tale.
Goals:
- teach students to analyze artistic text in accordance with its genre features; to teach philological analysis (from the idea and intention of the writer to the artistic concept and means of its creation);
- enrich the vocabulary of students with moral vocabulary;
- to instill in students a sense of moral responsibility and deep respect for the values of Russian life.
Didactic tasks aimed at achieving the goals:
- organizational-psychological stage:prepare students for work in the classroom;
- stage of checking homework, reproduction and correction basic knowledge students:establish the correctness and consciousness of the task;
- the stage of setting the topic, goals, objectives of the lesson:organize and target the cognitive activity of students
- the stage of updating the knowledge and skills of students:- reproduction of the connection of previous knowledge in a new situation;
- the stage of organizing the perception and comprehension of new information: to give students a concrete idea of the main idea of the issue under study;
- fixing stage:to consolidate in the memory of students the knowledge and skills that they need for independent work on new material, to develop practical skills;
- generalization stage: highlight the main and formulate conclusions;
- stage of control and diagnostics: to deeply and comprehensively check the knowledge of students, identifying the reasons for the appearance of gaps in knowledge and skills.
Equipment: literary text “Lefty”, literature textbook author: Korovin N.Ya., lesson summary, diagnostic material, pictures based on N.S. Leskov's tale “Lefty”, portrait of Leskov, epigraph, presentation “Tula masters”, multimedia.
“
…
Leskov's literary work ... - becomes
... iconography, he begins to create an iconostasis for Russia
her saints and righteous."
M. Gorky
During the classes
1. Organizational and psychological stage:
Organization of attention.
2. The stage of checking homework, reproduction and correction of students' basic knowledge.
We have read the storyNikolai Semenovich Leskov"Lefty".
Lesson topic:
« The peculiarity of the problem and the main idea of the story.
Now we will repeat the material covered: (work in groups)
to do this, we will perform two types of tasks: 1. we will carry outattentive reader competition and 2. testing on literary terms.
Distribute cards with the task to restore compliance.(task b)
a) Contest of an attentive reader "Solve the crossword puzzle."
b) test for knowledge of literary terms:
Antithesis - opposition of images, episodes, pictures, words.
Hyperbola - excessive exaggeration of the properties of the depicted object.
Dialogue - a conversation between two or more people.
Portrait - the image of the appearance of the hero in the work.
Epigraph - a short saying that the author places before a work or part of it to help the reader understand the main idea.
The main part of the lesson.
3. The stage of setting the topic, goals, objectives of the lesson.
Recording the topic of the lesson: N.S. Leskov. "Lefty".
The peculiarity of the problematics and the main idea of the story.
All tasks will help you comprehend the topic of today's lesson:
Lesson objective - to understand all the most important things that the writer N.S. Leskov in his tale "Lefty".
I took the words of the writer A.M. Gorky« ... Leskov's literary work ... becomes ... icon painting, he begins to create an iconostasis of her saints and righteous for Russia.
M. Gorky
Questions written on the board:
What kind of person is called righteous? Is Lefty Righteous?
The answers to these questions will help us determine the theme and the main idea of the story.
What is a problematic - the range of problems identified in the work.Deployment Problems ( more or less conscious contradiction) in the process of reflection:For example , analysis feelings duty and freedom refers to moral issues.(the problem of the situation of a poor talented master, the problem of illiteracy of the common people, the problem of admiration for foreigners, the problem of lawlessness of the common people).
Idea - the main idea, main conclusion, life lesson of the work (show Russian national character left-handed example).
By completing oral and written tasks, you will see the results of your work:
By answering these questions, we will develop the ability to analyze the text.
4. The stage of updating the knowledge and skills of students.
Oral work on the theory of literature.
- What's happened literary genre? ( Genre - is formed as a result of the development of artistic literaturekind of works.)
– What do you know about the tale as a special genre of literature?
(1. The tale is conducted in a manner that differs sharply from the author's, and focuses on the forms of oral speech. 2 . Skazny forms of narration help the writer to resort to stylization (imitation), for example, folk speech. 3. The tale has the following features: instructive meaning; proximity to a fairy tale: beginning, repetitions, dialogues, ending; word creation.) Leskov's word creation (students name new words from the tale).
For example: Kunstkamera
Kizlyarka
Nymphosoria
Danse
Tugament
melkoskop
Ozyamchik
Grandevu
Dolbitsa
whistling
What is the narrative genre used for?The genre of the tale helps the writer to tell about his hero in the language of a person from the people, who better understands and knows ordinary people.
- So, we have identified the most common features as a genre. But after all, every writer is a bright individuality, and therefore in his work this or that genre manifests itself in its own way, in a new way. Leskov's tale serves to depict characters called the righteous.
(I work with an epigraph pre-written on the board: children read the epigraph)
- The stage of organizing the perception and comprehension of new information, the assimilation of initial knowledge, the formulation of a problematic issue.
- Who is the righteous?remember from Orthodoxy.
Righteous is a very important word not only for Leskov, but for each of us, so the meaning of this word can be found in any explanatory or encyclopedic dictionary.
Interpretations are recorded in the notebook as a result of the dictionary work carried out:
RIGHTEOUS - a) a person who lives a righteous life has no sins (Dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov); b) a saint who lived and worked his feat of philanthropy outside the monastery; a person who confesses and keeps the commandments of God (Orthodox Encyclopedic Dictionary.).
– And what commandments of God do you know?
In notebooks students appearfinal definition:
A righteous person is a person who lives according to the commandments of God.
– A righteous man under no circumstances can betray himself, or rather, God, whose commandments he honors.The Russian land has always been rich in people of a righteous life.
RIGHTEOUS - the moral basis of the Christian state. (The conclusion is written in a notebook.)
What new word was found in the output?(The word "moral".)
Can we say that Lefty has moral qualities?
Yes! At home, you have read the text and now we will provide evidence for this:Write in notebook:
Generalize! (Lefty - unsightly a peasant, with his hair torn out "during learning",dressed like a beggar- is not afraid to go to the sovereign, assure you're right, as their work. Once in England, heseeks to understand the military tricks of the British and serve the Fatherland.Lefty, who travels to England without documents, hastily dressed, hungry, to demonstrate Russian ingenuity and skill, is for the writer the epitome ofideas of self-denial in the name glory of the Fatherland . It is no coincidence that the narrator conveys his conversations with the British, who are stubbornly trying to persuade Lefty to stay in England.The inflexibility of the hero commands the respect of the British. Talent and modesty of the master).
Presentation about Tula craftsmen.
like this moral qualities guided by Lefty in life.
Morality - internal, spiritual qualities that guide a person in life.(REGISTER)
Physical education minute
- So: Is Lefty Righteous?To answer this question, you need to understand how Lefty is depicted in the work. For this we need text.
Reading and analysis of the episode "Lefty at the Emperor's Reception".
- How is Lefty's character revealed in this episode?
On the board and in the notebooks there is an entry:
Lefty:
Modesty;
Self-esteem;
Work with proverbs.
Which of the proverbs is consonant with the topic of the lesson?
Pride in poverty is humbled.
Drops on the poor everywhere.
Though Ovechkin's fur coat, so the soul of a man.
(Written in notebook.)
The third proverb most fully reflects the theme of the lesson, a person, regardless of social status, is worthy of sympathy and respect.
- What does Lefty say before his death and what quality does this indicate.
(The British do not clean their guns with bricks. Loyalty. It is not by chance that the English sub-skipper says: “He even has Ovechkin’s fur coat, but the soul of a man.”)
6. The stage of organizing the assimilation of methods of activity by reproducing information and exercises for application. (Can be given as homework).
The story about Lefty according to the plan (based on the text):
A) "- Burn yourself, but we have no time, - and again he hid his plucked head, slammed the shutter and set to work."
B) “He wears what he was: in shawls, one leg is in a boot, the other is dangled, and the ozyamchik is old, the hooks do not fasten, they are lost, and the collar is torn; but don't be embarrassed."
C) “... I worked smaller than these horseshoes: I forged carnations, with which the horseshoes were clogged - no small scope can take them there anymore.”
D) “There is no doubt about this,” he says, “we have not gone into the sciences, but only faithfully devoted to our fatherland.”
D) “... And I wish you soon native place, because otherwise I can get a kind of insanity.
- What points, in your opinion, should be added to the plan?
(Orthodox Faith 1. “…we are… accustomed to going to church in our parish”;
2. “Our Russian faith is the most correct, and as our right-wingers believed, so must our pupils believe”;
3. “our faith is fuller”)
- The stage of generalization of what was studied in the lesson and its introduction into the system of previously acquired knowledge.
What is the problem with this story?
Read start:“He traveled all over the countries and everywhere, through his affectionateness, he always had the most internecine conversations with all sorts of people, and everyone surprised him with something and wanted to bend to their side, but with him was the Don Cossack Platov, who did not like this declination and, missing his household, all the sovereign beckoned home. And as soon as Platov notices that the sovereign is very interested in something foreign, then all the escorts are silent, and Platov will now say: “So and so, and we have our own at home just as well,” and he will take something away.
What is the idea of saying:to show who creates and protects their own, our national wealth. And who does it? On the example of Lefty, it is shown that these are simple people. Left-handed - the Tula master creates national wealth, and the Cossack Platov protects. It is no coincidence that both of them do not have a family - serving the Fatherland and their cause is above all for them.
Is Leskov's story relevant now?(Yes. In our time, the "Americanization" of national culture is in full swing). We must remember that we must not bow before everything foreign. We must remain true to ourselves, our history and culture.
Conclusion: In his work, N. S. Leskov successfully combined the tragic and the comic, vividly and accurately expressing in them grief and joy, disadvantages and advantages, character traits and originality of the Russian people
Leskov also shows the negative qualities of his hero, but they are exaggerated. It is quite fair to assume that Lefty is the image of a Russian righteous man.
8. Stage of monitoring the results learning activities carried out by the teacher.
Diagnosis of factual knowledge of students. Grading.
9. Homework: Write answer to the question: what is the relevance of N.S. Leskov "Lefty" at the present time? get ready to the essay (optional):
- The image of the Lefty (according to the story by N.S. Leskov "Lefty").
- "Russian history in the story of N. S. Leskov "Lefty""
