Motives of human activity. Motives of activity, their types and characteristics. The concept of motivation in psychology Activity for which it is carried out

Needs - motive - goal - tasks - actions - operations (methods) - actions of control and evaluation.

motive activity is called that which induces it, for the sake of which it is carried out. The motive is usually based on a specific need, which is satisfied in the course and with the help of this activity.

motives human activity can be very different: organic, functional, material, social, spiritual.

organic motifs aimed at satisfying the natural needs of the body (in humans - to create conditions that are most conducive to this). Such motives are associated with the growth, self-preservation and development of the organism. This is the production of food, housing, clothing, etc.

Functional motives satisfied through various cultural activities such as games and sports.

material motives encourage a person to activity aimed at creating household items, various things and tools, directly in the form of products that serve natural needs.

Social motives give rise to various activities aimed at taking a certain place in society, gaining recognition and respect from the surrounding people.

Spiritual motives underlie those activities that are associated with human self-improvement. The type of activity is usually determined by its dominant motive (dominant because any human activity is polymotivated, that is, it is stimulated by several different motives).

As activity goals stands for its product. It can be a real physical object created by a person, certain knowledge, skills and abilities acquired in the course of activity, creative result(thought, idea, theory, work of art).

The purpose of an activity is not equivalent to its motive, although sometimes the motive and purpose of an activity may coincide with each other. Different kinds activities that have the same goal (end result) can be motivated and supported by different motives. On the contrary, a number of activities with different ultimate goals may be based on the same motives. For example, reading a book for a person can act as a means of satisfying material (demonstrate knowledge and get a well-paid job for this), social (show off knowledge in a circle of important people, achieve their location), spiritual (expand your horizons, climb more high level moral development) needs. Such different types activities, such as the acquisition of fashionable, prestigious things, reading literature, taking care of appearance, the development of the ability to behave, may ultimately pursue the same goal: to achieve at all costs someone's favor.

Activity objectives- a goal oriented to specific conditions. In relation to the same goal, several tasks specifying it can be set.

action called a part of the activity that has a completely independent, human-conscious task. For example, the actions included in labor activity, we can consider familiarity with the task, the search for the necessary tools and materials, the development of the project, the technology for manufacturing the item, etc.; actions associated with creativity are the formulation of the idea, its phased implementation in the product of creative work.

Operation name the way in which the action is carried out. How many different ways to perform an action, so many different operations can be distinguished. The nature of the operation depends on the conditions for performing the action, on the skills and abilities available to the person, on the available tools and means for performing the action. Different people, for example, remember information and write differently. This means that they carry out the action of writing a text or memorizing material using various operations. Operations preferred by a person characterize his individual style of activity.

Task #1

A market is a system of economic relations that develops in the process of (A) _______________, circulation and distribution of goods. The market develops along with the development of commodity production, involving in the exchange not only manufactured products, but also products that are not (B) ___________ (land, wild forest).

The market represents (C) __________, in which communication is carried out between the agents of social production in the form (D) ____________, i.e. connection of producers and consumers, production and consumption.

The subjects of the market are sellers and (D)_____________. They are households (consisting of one or more persons), enterprises, and the state. Most market participants act both as buyers and sellers. Subjects interact in the market, forming an interconnected "stream" of buying and selling.

The objects of the market are goods and money. Manufactured products, factors of production (land, labor, capital), (E) _____________ act as goods. As money - all financial means.

one once.

List of terms:

1. Buyers
2. The result of labor
3. State
4. Production
5. Services
6. Barter
7. Purchase and sale
8. Distribution
9. Sphere of exchange (circulation)

Task #2

Read the text below, in which a number of words (phrases) are missing. Choose from the proposed list of words (phrases) that you want to insert in place of the gaps.

(A) ___________ - resources that must be spent to produce (B) ________ - a product produced for exchange, sale. These resources are objects or elements of the economic system that have the greatest impact on the possibility and effective performance of any production. These include labor, capital, (B)_______, entrepreneurial abilities. Let's consider each of these factors separately. Labor is a combination of mental and physical (D) _________ of a person, his activity to create material and intangible benefits. Labor is basically understood as physical or intellectual activity aimed at the production of various material goods and the provision of all kinds of services. Capital is a set of human (D)___________ created by past labor, these are means and objects of labor, including buildings, structures, power lines, gas and pipelines, tools, machines, materials, raw materials, cash circulating assets, etc. Capital is both securities and knowledge. Capital is everything that brings income to the owner. The next factor is the main natural factor of production. This is a natural factor and is not the result of human production activities. Entrepreneurial ability, as one of the specific factors of production in the economy, involves the skillful combination and use of personal initiative, natural ingenuity and (E) _______________ in the organization of various production processes.

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used one once.

Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.

List of terms:

1. Responsibility
2. Production
3. Factors of production
4. Ability
5. Activity
6. Product
7. Earth
8. Good

The table below lists the letters that represent the missing words. Write in the table under each letter the number of the word you have chosen.

Task #3

Read the text below, in which a number of words (phrases) are missing. Choose from the proposed list of words (phrases) that you want to insert in place of the gaps.

Types of branches of law

Among all branches of the system of Russian law, the leading position is occupied by (A) _______________________. This is due to the specifics of social relations that are the subject of legal regulation of this industry. The subject of legal regulation are relations arising from the formation and development of the foundations of the constitutional system, the consolidation of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, the functioning of state bodies and local government. The subject (B) _______________________ are public relations in the field of managerial, executive and administrative activities of state bodies, officials. A feature of these social relations is the fact that one of the parties here is always a state body or official. The subject (C) _____________ are relations in the field of property and closely related personal non-property relations. These relations develop between various organizations, organizations and citizens, between citizens. The subject of (D) _____________ is the social relations that develop in the course of the activities of employees and employers (issues of organization of labor and its payment; work time and rest time hiring and dismissal; conclusion of labor agreements; conclusion of collective agreements, etc.). The subject of (D)________________ is public relations in the field of money circulation, banking operations, budgeting, tax collection, etc. The subjects of these relations are all legal and individuals. Subject (E) _____________ are the relations arising from the implementation of criminal proceedings (investigation of a crime, administration of justice).

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used one once.

Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.

List of terms:

1. Financial right
2. Administrative law
3. Arbitration law
4. Land law
5. Civil law
6. Criminal Procedure Law
7. Constitutional law
8. Substantive law
9. labor law

The table below lists the letters that represent the missing words. Write in the table under each letter the number of the word you have chosen.

Task #4

In the life of every person, situations constantly arise when you need to determine your line of behavior at work, at home, in the family, in public places, etc. (A)______ normal. In order for these norms to have a real impact on a person’s behavior, he needs: to know the norms, to be willing to follow them, to fulfill the prescribed by them (B) _____________. Therefore, such norms are the rules governing the behavior of people and (B)_____________ organizations they create in relation to each other. One of the types of such norms are (D) ________________ norms - assessment on a scale of beautiful-ugly; applied to art, nature, man and his actions. (E)______________ differ from (E)_________ in that the former proceed from the principle of good and evil and are voluntary, while the latter are sanctioned by the state.

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used one once.

Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.

List of terms:

1. Result
2. aesthetic
3. social norms
4. Spiritual
5. Action
6. Activity
7. Technical standards
8. moral standards
9. Legal regulations

The table below lists the letters that represent the missing words. Write in the table under each letter the number of the word you have chosen.

Task #5

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used once. Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.

Money is a specific product with the highest liquidity, serving as a measure of (A) _________________ other goods and (B) _____________ One of the functions of money is the role of an intermediary in (C) ______________ of some goods for others. With the help of money, the value of various goods is expressed, since money is easily exchanged for any of them. According to supporters of the labor theory of value, in particular K. Marx, it is not money that makes commodities commensurable, but vice versa: precisely because all commodities are a materialized human (G) _____________ and, therefore, are themselves commensurable in terms of the amount of labor expended (they are compared the expenditure of the amount of labor time, taking into account the qualifications of labor necessary for the reproduction of goods). This allows the value of all commodities to be measured by the same specific commodity, turning this latter into a common measure of value for them, that is, into money.

Usually, a commodity with a high (D) ____________ becomes money (it is easiest to exchange for another commodity, such as livestock). In addition to the measure of value for other goods, money is (E)_________, that is, the commodity that is an intermediary in the process of exchange. In addition, the function of money can be performed by various things, other property rights, obligations and property-obligation complexes.

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used one once.

Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.

List of terms:

1. Services
2. Liquidity
3. Result
4. medium of exchange
5. medium of exchange
6. Exchange
7. Price
8. Equivalence

The table below lists the letters that represent the missing words. Write in the table under each letter the number of the word you have chosen.

Life in all its forms is connected with movements, and as it develops, motor activity acquires more and more perfect forms. Elementary, simple living beings are much more active than the most complexly organized plants. A person is able to create conditions for himself and live in any environment and at any point. the globe. Not a single living being is able to compare with it in diversity, distribution and forms of activity.

Plant activity is practically limited by metabolism with environment. Animal activity includes elementary forms of exploration of this environment and learning. Human activity is the most diverse. In addition to all kinds and forms characteristic of animals, it contains a special form called activity.

Activity can be defined as a specific type of human activity aimed at the knowledge and creative transformation of the surrounding world, including oneself and the conditions of one's existence. In activity, a person creates objects of material and spiritual culture, transforms his abilities, preserves and improves nature, builds society, creates something that would not exist in nature without his activity. Due to the productive, creative nature of his activity, man has created sign systems, instruments of influence on oneself and nature. Using these tools, he built modern society, cities, machines, with their help produced new commodities, material and spiritual culture, and ultimately transformed himself. The historical progress that has taken place over the past few tens of thousands of years owes its origin to activity. To meet their needs, animals use only what nature has provided them. In other words, human activity manifests itself and continues in creations, it is productive, and not just consumer in nature.

The forms and methods of organizing human activity also differ from the activity of animals. Almost all of them are related to complex motor skills and abilities that animals do not have - skills and abilities acquired as a result of conscious, purposeful, organized learning. From early childhood, a child is specially taught to use household items, various tools that transform the movements of the limbs given by nature. There is an objective activity that differs from the natural activity of animals.

Animals only consume what is given to them by nature. Man, on the other hand, creates more than he consumes.

Activity is always purposeful, active, aimed at creating some product. Human activity has the following main characteristics: motive, purpose, subject, structure and means. The motive of activity is that which induces it, for the sake of which it is carried out. The motive is usually a specific need, which is satisfied in the course and with the help of this activity.

The goal of an activity is its product. It can be a real physical object created by a person, certain knowledge, skills and abilities acquired in the course of activity, a creative result (thought, idea, theory, work of art).

The object of activity is that with which it directly deals. So, for example, the subject of cognitive activity is any kind of information, the subject learning activities- knowledge, abilities and skills, the subject of labor activity is the created material product.

Every activity has a certain structure. It usually identifies actions and operations as the main components of the activity. An action is a part of an activity that has a completely independent, conscious human goal. An operation is a way of performing an action.

The means of carrying out activities for a person are the tools that he uses when performing certain actions and operations.

Every human activity has external and internal components. Internal include anatomical and physiological structures and processes involved in the management of activities by the central nervous system, and psychological processes and states included in the regulation of activity. External components include a variety of movements associated with practical implementation activities.

Activity is an active-transformative form of human interaction with the world.

Human activity has the following Main characteristics: motive, purpose, subject, and structure.

motive activity is called that which induces it, for the sake of which it is carried out. The motive is usually a specific need, which is satisfied in the course and with the help of this activity. The motives of human activity can be very different: organic, functional, material, social, spiritual. Organic motives are aimed at satisfying the natural needs of the organism (in humans, at creating conditions that are most conducive to this). Such motives are associated with the growth, self-preservation and development of the organism. This is the production of food, housing, clothing, etc. Functional motives are satisfied with the help of various cultural forms of activity, such as games and sports. Material motives induce a person to activity aimed at creating household items, various things and tools, directly in the form of products that serve natural needs. Social motives give rise to various activities aimed at taking a certain place in society, gaining recognition and respect from the surrounding people. Spiritual motives underlie those activities that are associated with self-improvement of a person. The type of activity is usually determined by its dominant motive (dominant because any human activity is polymotivated, that is, it is stimulated by several different motives).

As goals activity is its product. It can be a real physical object created by a person, certain knowledge, skills and abilities acquired in the course of activity, a creative result (thought, idea, theory, work of art).

The purpose of an activity is not equivalent to its motive, although sometimes the motive and purpose of an activity may coincide with each other. Different activities that have the same goal (end result) may be motivated and supported by different motives. On the contrary, a number of activities with different ultimate goals may be based on the same motives. For example, reading a book for a person can act as a means of satisfying the material (demonstrate knowledge and get a well-paid job for it), social (show off knowledge in the circle of significant people, win their favor), spiritual (expand one's horizons, rise to a higher level of moral development). ) needs. Activities as varied as acquiring fashionable, prestigious items, reading literature, caring for appearance, developing good manners may ultimately pursue the same goal: to win someone's favor at all costs.

Subject activity is what it directly deals with. So, for example, the subject of cognitive activity is any kind of information, the subject of educational activity is knowledge, skills, and the subject of labor activity is the created material product.

Every activity has a certain structure. It usually identifies actions and operations as the main components of the activity.

action called a part of the activity that has a completely independent, human-conscious goal. For example, an action included in the structure of cognitive activity can be called receiving a book, reading it; the actions that are part of the labor activity can be considered familiarity with the task, the search for the necessary tools and materials, the development of the project, the technology for manufacturing the item, etc.; actions associated with creativity are the formulation of the idea, its phased implementation in the product of creative work.

Operation name the way in which the action is carried out. How many different ways to perform an action, so many different operations can be distinguished. The nature of the operation depends on the conditions for performing the action, on the skills and abilities available to the person, on the available tools and means for performing the action. Different people, for example, remember information and write differently. This means that they carry out the action of writing a text or memorizing material using various operations. Operations preferred by a person characterize his individual style of activity.

The motivation of activity in the course of its development does not remain unchanged. So, for example, other motives may appear in labor or creative activity over time, and the former fade into the background. Sometimes an action, previously included in the activity, can stand out from it and acquire an independent status, turn into an activity with its own motive. In this case, we note the birth of a new activity.

With age, as a person develops, a change in the motivation of his activity occurs. If a person changes as a person, then the motives of his activity are transformed. The progressive development of man is characterized by the movement of motives towards their ever greater spiritualization (from organic to material, from material to social, from social to creative, from creative to moral).

Every human activity has external and internal components. Internal include anatomical and physiological structures and processes involved in the management of activity by the central nervous system, as well as psychological processes and conditions included in the regulation of activity. External components include a variety of movements associated with the practical implementation of activities.

The ratio of internal and external components of activity is not constant. With the development and transformation of activity, a systematic transition of external components to internal ones is carried out. He is accompanied by them interiorization and automation. In the event of any difficulties in the activity, during its restoration, associated with violations of internal components, a reverse transition occurs - exteriorization: reduced, automated components of activity unfold, manifest themselves outwardly, internal ones again become external, consciously controlled.

Main activities.

Communication- the first type of activity that occurs in the process of individual development of a person, followed by play, learning and work. All these activities are of a developmental nature, i.e. when turned on and active participation in them the child's intellectual and personal development takes place. Communication is considered as an activity aimed at the exchange of information between communicating people. It also pursues the goals of establishing mutual understanding, good personal and business relations, providing mutual assistance and teaching and educational influence of people on each other. Communication can be direct mediated, verbal non-verbal. In direct communication, people are in direct contact with each other, know and see each other, directly exchange verbal or non-verbal information, without using any auxiliary means for this. In mediated communication, there are no direct contacts between people. They exchange information either through other people or through means of recording and reproducing information (books, newspapers, radio, television, telephone, fax, etc.).

A game - this is a type of activity that does not result in the production of any material or ideal product (with the exception of business and design games for adults and children). Games often have the character of entertainment, they are aimed at getting rest. Sometimes games serve as a means of symbolic relaxation of tensions that have arisen under the influence of the actual needs of a person, which he is not able to weaken in any other way.

Doctrine acts as a type of activity, the purpose of which is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities by a person. Teaching can be organized and carried out in special educational institutions. It can be unorganized and occur along the way, in other activities as their side, additional result. In adults, learning can acquire the character of self-education. Features of educational activity are that it directly serves as a means of psychological development of the individual.

occupies a special place in the system of human activity. work. It was thanks to labor that man built a modern society, created objects of material and spiritual culture, transformed the conditions of his life in such a way that he discovered the prospects for further, practically unlimited development. First of all, the creation and improvement of tools of labor is associated with labor.

Activity development.

When talking about the development of human activity, they mean the following aspects:

1. Phylogenetic development of the system of human activity.

2. The inclusion of a person in various activities in the process of his individual development (ontogenesis).

3. Changes occurring within individual activities as they develop.

4. Differentiation of activities, in the course of which others are born from some activities due to the isolation and transformation of individual actions into independent types of activity.

In the process of development of activity, its internal transformations take place. First, the activity is enriched with new subject content. Its object and, accordingly, the means of satisfying the needs associated with it are new objects of material and spiritual culture. Secondly, the activity has new means of implementation, which accelerate its course and improve the results. So, for example, the assimilation of a new language expands the possibilities for recording and reproducing information; familiarity with higher mathematics improves the ability for quantitative calculations. Thirdly, in the process of activity development, individual operations and other components of activity are automated, they turn into skills and abilities. Finally, fourthly, as a result of the development of activity, new types of activity can be separated from it, separated and further independently developed. This mechanism for the development of activity was described by A.N. Leontiev and was called shifting the motive to the goal. The operation of this mechanism appears to be as follows. Some fragment of activity - action - may initially have a goal perceived by the individual, which in turn acts as a means to achieve another goal that serves to satisfy the need. This action and the corresponding goal are attractive to the individual insofar as they serve the process of satisfying the need, and only for this reason. In the future, the goal of this action may acquire an independent value, become a need or a motive. In this case, they say that in the course of the development of activity, a shift of the motive to the goal occurred and a new activity was born.

Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps.

“The motive of _______ (A) is what motivates it, for the sake of which it is carried out. A specific ________ (B) usually acts as an incentive, which is satisfied in the course and with the help of activities. This is a certain form of communication between living organisms and the outside world, necessary for the existence of _______ (B), social group, society as a whole.

_______ (D) needs are caused by the biological nature of man. These are the needs of people in everything that is necessary for their existence, development and reproduction. _______ (D) needs are related to the fact that a person belongs to society, occupies a certain place in it, participates in work activities and communication with other people. _______ (E) needs are associated with a person's knowledge of the world around him, his place in it and the meaning of his existence. Each of the groups of needs corresponds to a certain type of activity.

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once.

Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.