Peter 1 forbade the nobles to marry. How Peter I forbade the nobles to marry without knowing “tsifiri. In what year did Russian troops capture the Turkish garrison of Azov

The reign of Tsar Peter Alekseevich was marked by global changes in the life of Russian society. It began in 1696 and ended around 1725.
Peter the Great wanted fundamental changes in Russia. By that time it was a backward country. Therefore, Peter's reforms, which you can briefly read about in encyclopedias, and you can also learn a lot by looking at the Internet, were aimed at achieving progress.
Industry in Russia was not well developed. Meanwhile, the country was at war with Sweden, in order to achieve access to the Baltic Sea, so a weapon was needed. Therefore, Peter's reforms were aimed at finding minerals and building factories and factories to create weapons and the necessary equipment from them. Manufactories were created, a new area of industrial institutions was founded - the Urals. People who were engaged in industry received benefits and privileges from the king.
At the same time, the owner of the enterprise, who managed it and helped carry out Peter's reforms, really got rich. Ordinary workers often worked in difficult conditions and received meager wages.
Nevertheless, the industry under Peter the Great made a sharp leap in development. Russians have become much less dependent on foreign goods. And other countries began to receive iron, linen, and wheat from Russia.
Peter the Great constantly participated in wars, and was a supporter of military exercises. During his reign, the main task of the Russians was to conquer the passage to the Baltic Sea. The war with Sweden, which at that time was led by Charles the Twelfth, required the creation of a regular army.
And Peter created one. Petrine reforms are briefly reduced to the transformation of the peasants into soldiers who become the defenders of the state. The army is led by foreigners. The new army gets new equipment and it gets victories. The Swedish king runs away. Peter's reforms are briefly reduced to an attempt by Peter the Great to change Russian society, make it European. The boyars are ordered to shave their beards, because Western people go around shaved. The calendar system is changing. New Year they begin to celebrate on January 1, and not on September 1, as before.
Boyars in the era of Peter are beginning to join the European values. Peter obliges them to study literacy, opens schools. Starts publishing the newspaper Vedomosti. Many books are translated from foreign languages into Russian. Arabic numerals are introduced. The alphabet is simplified, many Church Slavonic letters are cancelled.
The Boyar Duma is abolished, the Senate, the supreme body, becomes the head of the country. He decides on the government of the country. The order of treatment of the peasants begins to change. Many of Peter's reforms briefly come down to clearly dividing the people into estates. And before Peter there was a division of peasants into slaves and owners. At the same time, the serfs did not pay taxes.
The number of serfs under Peter only increases.

Cumulative series of Internet quizzes

№ 3 "Peter I and the formation of Russian statehood"

5-8 grades
Start day 01/16/2013 - Finish day 02/14/2013

Start time 12.00 - Finish time 12.00

Name the author of the book "PETER THE FIRST":

1) Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy
2) Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy
3) Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy
4) Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev

2. The author of the first Russian textbook on the exact sciences, which was called "Arithmetic", was:

1) Peter I himself
2) Alexander Danilovich Menshikov
3) Leonty Filippovich Magnitsky
4) Franz Lefort

3. In what year did Russian troops capture the Turkish garrison of Azov?

1)1695 2)1696
3)1697 4) 1694

4. Who commanded the ground forces during the capture of Azov?

1) Fedor Golovin
2) Patrick Gordon
3) Franz Lefort
4) Alexey Shein

5. What was the name of the first newspaper that appeared in Russia?

1) "News" and was first printed in England;

2) Chimes, printed in Russia and distributed by subscription;

3) Vedomosti, printed in Russia and sold to everyone;

4) "The truth of the will of the monarchs" and printed only the orders of the king.

6. In what year was the "Decree on the construction of the fleet" issued?

1) 1695
2) 1696
3) 1697
4) 1698

7. During the monetary reform in 1696, ___________ began to be placed on all tiny silver kopecks.

Name what is placed on silver kopecks?

8. Who owns the words of the appeal to the soldiers before the Battle of Poltava “Warriors! Here comes the day that decides the fate of the Fatherland! So you should not think that you are fighting for Peter, but for the state that was entrusted to Peter. For the Fatherland and Faith. You should also not be embarrassed by the glory of the enemy, as if invincible. That is a lie that you repeatedly proved with your victories. And about Peter, know that his life is not dear to him! If only Russia lived in glory and prosperity for your well-being!”

9. Name to whom the monument was erected, indicate the place and date of installation of the monument, the author of this sculpture and by whose order it was erected.

10. What did Peter I forbid uneducated nobles to do?

a) travel abroad

B) get married

B) do business

D) serve at court.

11. How did the selected units of the Russian army begin to be called under Peter I?

A) grenadiers

B) archers;

B) squad

D) guard

12. Under Peter I, instead of orders, ...

A) colleges

B) advice;

B) ministries

D) departments.

13. How many crafts did Peter I master?

AT 11;
14. What exotic animals did Peter I successfully put up near Pskov against the Swedish cavalry?

A) elephants

B) camels;

B) bears

D) giraffes.

15. What struck Peter I when visiting Holland, and when he returned to Russia, did he establish the "Garden Office"?

A) an abundance of fruit trees;

B) an abundance of flowers in the palace gardens and parks;

C) bushes of extraordinary beauty;

D) the presence and variety of flower beds.

16. With what order did the reforms of the young monarch begin?

A) to shave off the beards of the nobles;

B) approval of recruitment duty;

C) with the creation of the Governing Senate;

D) decree on the founding of St. Petersburg.

17. In 1722, Peter I issued a decree on the systematic ...

A) monitoring the state of the soil around St. Petersburg;

B) observation of nature;

C) monitoring the state of the Neva;

D) observing the weather.

THE MOST-CLOSE FRIENDS AND ASSOCIATES

It is necessary to write the answer in the form SURNAME NAME of the person referred to in the question. Each correct answer is worth 1 point. Points will NOT be deducted for incorrect answers!

18. A merry fellow and a reveler in civilian life, a dashing swordsman and a brave man in war, he became Peter's closest associate, despite the significant difference in age. His rise happened swiftly and unexpectedly for everyone. For only 9 years he was next to Peter, the young monarch trusted him, listened to his advice ...

19. It is said that he herded pigs in infancy. This is before meeting Peter. But the meeting with the young king changed him. Always assembled, free in his manners, endowed with a high mind, prudence and liveliness. Owned several foreign languages: English, German, Spanish, French, Polish, Lithuanian. Personal confidant of the king. He was considered the second person of the state.

20. From now on we will threaten the Swede,

Here the city will be founded

To spite an arrogant neighbor.

Nature here is destined for us

Cut a window to Europe

Stand with a firm foot by the sea.
What geographical location are you talking about?

Under Peter, some restrictions were introduced for marriage, and they affected almost all classes. It was forbidden to marry illiterate nobles, and military and civil officials could not marry without the consent of their superiors.

I don't want to study - I want to get married

On January 20, 1714, Peter issued a decree forbidding male nobles to marry without comprehending the basic knowledge necessary for service. By order of the emperor, young nobles were sent to study abroad at the expense of the state. In Russia, at that time, there was a catastrophic lack of educated personnel - managers, military men, statesmen.

In 1722, Peter issues another decree that does not allow noble undergrowth to marry before receiving education and before receiving public service, and those who violated the decree were reported to the Senate. The document was directed against noble families who did not want to give their heirs to the public service.

In the document, the emperor's approach is substantiated by the fact that it is impossible to marry people who are unfit "for any science and service", the heirs of such parents are unlikely to be useful for the state. The decree also prohibits the marriage of the mentally ill and insane. People who did not have the ability to administrative activities were removed from public service and management of estates.

Girls - then

They touched upon the reform of marriage and the military class. The regulation on the management of the Admiralty and the Navy of 1722 forbade midshipmen to marry without a decree from their superiors. If the officer nevertheless married, then he was punished with 3 years of hard labor. There was also an age limit: in the Admiralty College it was forbidden to marry before the age of 25. Documents and birth certificates were also checked to avoid falsification.

The emperor believed that the officer of the fleet, for whose training large funds allocated by the state were spent, must first be formed as a person, be a good specialist and serve the Motherland as a military man, to benefit the country. The military should put marriage and personal interests in second place.

Also, military legislation under Peter reduced the responsibility of the father in the event of the conception of an illegitimate child. In the Petrine military regulations, it was said that an unmarried man should marry a pregnant woman or a woman who had given birth, if he had previously promised her marriage. If not, then a serviceman could not be forced to marry. In this case, the "guilty" paid a fine in favor of the state.

Marry for love

Emperor Peter was an opponent of forced marriages, so he issued a decree on April 22, 1722, where he ordered the Senate and the Synod to ban the practice of arranged and forced marriages. First of all, this affected noble families, where the parents and guardians of the young forced them to marry. This also affected the peasantry of Russia, before that the landowners married their serfs, without any restrictions from the state.

This piece of legislation was contested in the Senate and disapproved of by the elite. Dissatisfaction was caused by the point concerning dependent peasants. Peter the Great did not take into account the opinion of the senators and on January 5, 1724 signed a decree containing all the previously prepared points.

Naturally, in order to reform the rules for marriage, Peter needed to intervene in church affairs. Family law was entirely within the jurisdiction of the Church. The first transformation of the emperor is a change in the nature of the betrothal procedure. The Church turned this rite into an obligatory sacrament.

Before the reform, betrothal served as an indissoluble contract between the families of the bride and groom. It was performed by relatives or guardians, often very young children were betrothed. In 1702, Peter forbade paying a penalty for a failed marriage, this deprived the betrothal of the property aspect and made life easier for young people.

The term of the betrothal has also changed - under Peter, it could take place no earlier than 6 weeks before the wedding. It was allowed to terminate the engagement if the bride and groom had not seen each other before, but did not like each other when they met. Before the reform, bride substitutions were common, that is, relatives replaced an ugly or sick girl with her beautiful maid or sister.

The age for marriage was spelled out in the decree of uniform inheritance of 1722. It was forbidden to marry before the age of 20, girls could only get married after 17. The most important thing was the consent to the marriage of the young, as well as their parents or guardians.

A 1924 decree states that parents are prohibited from forcing their children into marriage under pain of "heavy punishment". Before the wedding of the young, relatives had to swear that they did not force the children to marry or get married. If this prohibition was violated, then repentance followed.

Lesson objectives:

repeat and summarize the material covered on the topic: “The era of Peter the Great”;
contribute to the development logical thinking when solving cognitive problems;
arouse and develop students' interest in the study of the subject;
to instill in students a sense of respect and pride in the historical past of their Fatherland, the culture and traditions of their people.

Equipment: textbook "History of Russia" (authors V.I. Buganov, P.N. Zyryanov), reproductions of paintings devoted to this topic, portraits of Peter I and his associates.

Before the start of the lesson, the class can be divided into groups or have a tournament with the whole class, determining a personal winner. During the first round, the team or student who scored the most points is determined, i.e. answering the most questions correctly. During the second round, the teacher gradually reads out the characteristics historical figures Peter's era. The winner is the team or student who recognizes the name of the hero before others. The tasks of the third round involve not only defining a concept that falls out of the general range, but also an explanation of the choice. The tasks of the fourth and fifth rounds allow you to develop the ingenuity of students, their horizons. The number of points for each round is determined by the teacher independently. At the end of the lesson, the results are summed up, the winners are awarded.

FIRST TOUR. "WHO IS BIGGER"

What event did Peter I call “the mother of the Poltava battle”? (Victory near the village of Lesnaya at the end of September 1708)
What official did Peter I call “the eye of the sovereign”? (Prosecutor General)
What document in the 18th century determined the system of ranks and the procedure for promotion in public service? (“Table of Ranks”, 1722)
First female educational institution in Russia? (Institute for Noble Maidens at the Smolny Monastery in St. Petersburg)
What did Peter I forbid uneducated nobles to do? (Marry)
How many years was Saint Petersburg the capital of the Russian Empire? (206 years - from 1712 to 1918)
Start and end dates of the Northern War? (1700–1721)
Evenings, meetings, balls held with the participation of women in the homes of the nobility with illumination, fireworks, masquerades, introduced by Peter the Great? (Assemblies)
In honor of whom was the name St. Petersburg given? (Apostle Peter)
The largest island of St. Petersburg? (Vasilievsky)
The first newspaper in Russia was called...? (“Vedomosti”)
Poetic name of St. Petersburg? (“Northern Palmyra”, “Northern Venice”)
Two amusing regiments laid the foundation for the elite part of the Russian army ...? (Guards)
Year of foundation of St. Petersburg? (1703)
Year of publication of the decree on the establishment of the Academy of Sciences? (1724)
The first teacher and mentor of Peter I? (Dyak Nikita Zotov)
On which island was the Peter and Paul Fortress built? (hare)
ancient name Neva land? (Izhora)
Name the first Russian museum? (Kunstkamera)
Under Peter the Great, instead of orders, ... were established? (collegia)
Name the largest Orthodox male monastery, directly subordinate to the patriarch, where the remains of one of the most famous defenders of the Russian land of the XIII century are buried? (Alexander Nevsky Lavra)
Under what name did Tsar Peter I travel as part of the Great Embassy? (Peter Mikhailov)
In 1703, the famous textbook on arithmetic was published. Who is its author? (Magnitsky)
Which city is associated with both the defeat and victory of Russia in the Northern War? (Narva)
The main street of St. Petersburg? (Nevsky Avenue)
Which school was transferred to Petersburg from Moscow in 1715? (Navigation School)
What building started the construction of St. Petersburg? (Peter-Pavel's Fortress)
The body of state power created by Peter I and replacing the Boyar Duma? (Senate)
The author of the monument to Peter I on Senate Square? (E. Falcone)
A synonym for the word fortress, which was more often used during the time of Peter I? (Citadel)
In 1717, a book on the rules of good manners was published. What was her name? (“Youth is an honest mirror”)
What was the surname of the first Russian emperor? (Romanov)
What "exotic" animals did Peter I successfully set up near Pskov against the Swedish cavalry? (Camels)
How many crafts did Peter I master? (14)
Name the growth of Peter I. (2 meters 4 centimeters)
What were the conscripts called? regular army Peter I? (recruits)

SECOND ROUND. “PETROV'S NEST CHICKS”

A. This man, educated and well-read, belonged to the elite of his time:

he became an associate of Peter I at a mature age, asking at the age of 52 to volunteer in Europe, but he showed himself to be more receptive and energetic than some young nobles;
from 1702 he was ambassador to Ottoman Empire and managed to keep the Turks from entering the war against Russia on the side of Sweden, although for this he had to endure a three-year imprisonment in the terrible Seven-Towered Castle of Istanbul;
it was this man who was engaged in the return of Tsarevich Alexei to his homeland, using intrigue, lies, blackmail, bribery, but having completed the work entrusted to him;
participation in a conspiracy against Menshikov ended tragically for him - he was imprisoned in a stone bag of the Solovetsky Monastery, where he died.

(Pyotr Andreevich Tolstoy)

B. He was born to a Lutheran pastor in Westphalia:

in Russia, he first became the personal translator of Peter I, and then the vice-chancellor of the Russian Empire and the count;
performing diplomatic missions, he became famous for the fact that he could talk about the case for hours without uttering a word on the merits, which infuriated even diplomats;
he was stingy, but never took bribes, being a type of conscientious and skillful campaigner;
outlived two emperors and two empresses, remaining in the shadows political life, the appearance "in public" under Anna Leopoldovna led to the collapse of his political career.

(Andrey Ivanovich Osterman)

IN. There is no consensus among scientists about the origin of this man, it is only clear that he is of an humble family:

did not receive any education, turned out to be a brilliant self-taught, who was distinguished by great energy and devotion to the king;
he was the batman of Peter I in his youth, becoming in his mature years the owner of all kinds of titles and titles;
known for his rare acquisitiveness and the fact that he never felt an excess of money and honors, even after becoming the governor-general of St. Petersburg, he continued to engage in embezzlement;
but, in addition, this man was engaged in shipbuilding, the formation of regiments, artillery and other important matters for the state.

(Alexander Danilovich Menshikov)

G. Until the end of his days, he retained a reputation for incorruptibility, which earned him the favor of the king, although he was directly related to material values, no one ever suspected him of embezzlement:

he led the Preobrazhensky Prikaz, which was engaged in political investigation;
Prince Kurakin, a contemporary of this man, wrote about him this way: “This prince had a particular character: he looked like a monster; the temper of an evil tyrant; great undesirer of good to anyone; drunk all day; but he was faithful to his majesty like no one else”;
in the Mars and Neptune games of Peter, he appeared under the name of “Generalissimo Friedrich” and commanded amusing regiments, which always defeated the archery troops;
later he began to play the role of "Prince-Caesar", to whom the entourage closest to the king and Peter himself gave royal honors.

(Fyodor Yurievich Romodanovsky)

D. This person can be called perhaps the most educated for his time:

graduated from the Kyiv Academy, then studied in Krakow, Lvov and Rome:
he supported all the undertakings of Peter I, helped the emperor and glorified his deeds; wrote the book "History of Emperor Peter the Great";
created a school for orphans, which was located outside the city, in a picturesque area and in which education was combined with music, drawing, needlework;
Peter I noticed him in Kyiv thanks to his vivid and imaginative sermons, in 1716 the tsar transferred him to St. Petersburg;
was a member of the Synod, left the memory of a brilliant orator and no less brilliant publicist.

(Feofan Prokopovich)

THIRD ROUND. CROSS OUT

Landlord peasants, state peasants, economic peasants, monastic peasants. (Categories of peasants are listed early XVIII century, during this period there were no economic peasants yet, as the monastic peasants will be called after the reform of 1764.)
Boyars, nobles, merchants, Cossacks, peasants. (Representatives of the estates that took shape at the beginning of the 18th century are named, the term “boyars” is superfluous, since since 1714 all landowners began to be officially called nobles.)
Berg Collegium, Justice Collegium, Patronage Collegium, Judicial Collegium, Revision Collegium. (The boards created by Peter I are named, they had administrative and judicial functions, so the Judicial Board did not exist.)
Patriarch, Metropolitan, Archbishop, Bishop. (Church hierarchs of the beginning of the 18th century are listed, the patriarch is superfluous, since since 1700 such a position in Russian Orthodox Church no longer existed.)
Riga, Mitava, Paris, Amsterdam, The Hague, London, Vienna. (The European cities are named through which the path of the “Great Embassy” lay. The redundant one in this list is Paris, where the Russian delegation did not visit, so this city should be deleted.)

FOURTH ROUND. "ERUDITION"

In past centuries, orders and awards in Russia bore mottos. For example: “For valor”, “For courage”, “For courage”, etc. They accurately indicated what human qualities this order perpetuated. What merit before Russia did Peter I glorify by establishing an order whose motto was the words “For Love and Fatherland”? (The Order of St. Catherine was established in honor of Peter's wife, who, during the Prut campaign in 1711, bribed the Turkish vizier and thereby saved Peter and Russia from Turkish troops.)
In the 18th century, the so-called “service without pay” became widespread. This meant that the nobles were only listed on public service without doing any official duties. And how, in your opinion, did A.D. Menshikov explain the abolition of salaries to all petty officials who, nevertheless, continued their official activities? (Menshikov canceled the salaries of officials, saying that they already take a lot of bribes.)
In the first half of the 18th century, a cocked hat decorated with lace and feathers was a fashionable headdress, but usually it was not worn, but kept on the fold of the left hand. Why? (A fashionable powdered wig prevented wearing a hat on the head, but it was necessary, as it was a necessary accessory for bows.)
As you know, any open window can be climbed from one side or the other, no matter where it goes. What “window” was arranged in such a way that, being open to the western side, it did not give the opportunity to get into it from the other side, although it was at ground level? (St. Petersburg - "window to Europe" - was built as a fortress guarding western borders Russia.)
This monolith was found on the shore of the bay. It took 400 workers to cut it out of the rock within a few months. Then the stone was loaded onto a huge platform and rolled back to the water on copper balls. After that, a special raft was built, because. no ship could take such a load on board and tow the stone to its destination. Where was the stone brought? (The huge monolith was towed to St. Petersburg to become a pedestal for the monument to Peter I by the sculptor Falcone.)
It is customary for newborn boys to be swaddled using blue ribbons, and girls - pink. Where did this custom come from? (Under Peter I, orders were established for newborn children of the royal family, which were attached to children's clothes. Boys were assigned the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called on a blue ribbon, girls - the Order of St. Anne on a pink ribbon. Over time, the kings and orders went into oblivion, but the ribbons remained. )
What was the shortest year in Russian history and why? (The shortest was 1699 due to the transition to New Year celebrations from January 1, 1700.)
During the construction of the Predestination ship, the Prussian ambassador von Prinz arrived at Peter I. What, if you believe the rumor, did the ambassador have to do in order to present his credentials to the Russian Tsar? (The ambassador, according to rumor, was forced to climb to the top of the ship's mast, where at that time Peter was, carried away by the equipment of the ship.)

FIFTH ROUND. "IDIOMS"

"Merit Award". It was for him that on the eve of the Battle of Poltava, on the orders of Peter I, silver medal weighing 10 pounds on a chain weighing 2 pounds. (Mazepa)
"New Achilles". The Saxon general Schulenberg wrote about this army: “The infantry impressed with order, discipline and piety. Although it consisted of different nations, deserters were unknown in it. Its leader "dressed like a simple dragoon and dined just as simply." Before this well-known battle in Europe, he was compared with Alexander the Great, and after it - with Achilles, because. he (even before it began) was wounded in the heel. (Charles XII and his army in the Battle of Poltava)
"Dear Gifts of Peter". It was these very “expensive” gifts that Peter I liked to give to stealing nobles. (Ships; the nobles had to keep the “donated” ship)
"Always first". He managed to get the post of governor-general 8 years before the reform, after which provinces were established in Russia. He also became the first Russian cavalry general, being illiterate. He was the first Russian to become a member of a foreign academy of sciences, and a notice of this was sent to him by none other than Sir Isaac Newton. (A.D. Menshikov)