Temperament is a set of properties that characterize the dynamic features of the course of mental processes and human behavior, their strength, speed, occurrence, cessation and change. The properties of temperament can only be conditionally attributed to the number of the personal qualities of a person, they rather constitute his individual characteristics, since they are mainly biologically determined and are innate. Nevertheless, temperament has a significant impact on the formation of a person’s character and behavior, sometimes determines his actions, his personality, therefore it is impossible to completely separate temperament from personality. It acts as a link between the body, personality and cognitive processes.
The idea and doctrine of temperament in its origins go back to the works of the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. He described the main types of temperaments, gave them characteristics, but associated temperament not with properties nervous system, but with the ratio of various fluids in the body: blood, lymph and bile /8/.
The teachings of I.P. Pavlova about temperament
I.P. Pavlov, studying the features of the development of conditioned reflexes in dogs, drew attention to individual differences in their behavior and in the course of conditioned reflex activity. These differences manifested themselves primarily in such aspects of behavior as the speed and accuracy of the formation of conditioned reflexes, as well as in the features of their attenuation. This circumstance made it possible for I.P. Pavlov to put forward the hypothesis that they cannot be explained only by a variety of experimental situations and that they are based on some fundamental properties of nervous processes - excitation and inhibition. These properties include the strength of excitation and inhibition, their balance and mobility.
I.P. Pavlov distinguished between the force of excitation and the force of inhibition, considering them to be two independent properties of the nervous system. Power of arousal reflects the performance of the nerve cell. It manifests itself in functional endurance, i.e. in the ability to withstand prolonged or short-term, but strong excitation, without passing into the opposite state of inhibition. Braking force is understood as the functional performance of the nervous system during the implementation of inhibition and is manifested in the ability to form various inhibitory conditioned reactions, such as extinction and differentiation.
Speaking of balance nervous processes, I.P. Pavlov had in mind the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition. The ratio of the strength of both processes decides whether a given individual is balanced or unbalanced when the strength of one process exceeds that of the other. The third property of the nervous system according to I.P. Pavlov - mobility nervous processes - is manifested in the speed of transition of one nervous process to another. The mobility of nervous processes is manifested in the ability to change behavior in accordance with changing living conditions. The measure of this property of the nervous system is the speed of transition from one action to another, from a passive state to an active state, and vice versa. The opposite of mobility is inertia nervous processes. The nervous system becomes more inert the more time or effort it takes to move from one process to another.
Selected I.P. Pavlov, the properties of nervous processes form certain systems, combinations, which, in his opinion, form the so-called type of nervous system, or type of higher nervous activity. It consists of a set of basic properties of the nervous system characteristic of individual individuals - strength, balance and mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition. I.P. Pavlov identified four main types of the nervous system, close to the traditional Hippocratic typology, based on the strength of nervous processes, distinguishing between strong and weak types. A further basis for division is the balance of nervous processes, but only for strong types, which are divided into balanced and unbalanced. In this case, the unbalanced type is characterized by the predominance of excitation over inhibition. And, finally, strong balanced types are divided into mobile and inert, when the division is based on the mobility of nervous processes.
Selected I.P. Pavlov, the types of the nervous system, not only in quantity, but also in basic characteristics, correspond to 4 classical types of temperament:
à strong, balanced, mobile - sanguine;
à strong, balanced, inert - phlegmatic;
à strong, unbalanced type with a predominance of excitation - choleric;
à weak type - melancholic.
So, I.P. Pavlov understood the type of the nervous system as innate, relatively weakly subject to changes under the influence of the environment and upbringing. According to I.P. Pavlov, the properties of the nervous system form the physiological basis of temperament, which is a mental manifestation of the general type of the nervous system. Types of the nervous system established in animal studies, I.P. Pavlov suggested extending it to people.
However, it is not physiological processes that can be studied only in the laboratory that are available to our observation, but behavior, specific activity. According to I.P. Pavlov, it is precisely those aspects of behavior in which the properties of nerve cells are manifested that constitute temperament. The type of nervous system is a concept used by a physiologist, while a psychologist uses the term temperament. In essence, however, these are aspects of the same phenomenon, considered, on the one hand, from the point of view of physiology, and on the other, from the point of view of behavior. It is in this sense that, following I.P. Pavlov to say that the temperament of a person is nothing but a mental manifestation of the type of the higher nervous system.
Typology I.P. Pavlova became the source of a huge number of experiments and studies in this area. Many physiologists and psychologists, continuing the work of I.P. Pavlov, carried out further studies on animals, extending them to other species: mice, rats.
In the 1950s, laboratory studies of the behavior of adults were undertaken. As a result of these studies, carried out under the guidance of V.M. Teplova, and then - V.D. Nebylitsyna, typology I.P. Pavlova was supplemented with new elements, numerous techniques for studying the properties of the nervous system in humans were developed, 2 more properties of nervous processes were experimentally isolated and described: lability and dynamism. The lability of the nervous system is manifested in the speed of occurrence and termination of nervous processes. The essence of the dynamism of nervous processes is the ease and speed of the formation of positive (dynamic excitation) and inhibitory (dynamic inhibition) conditioned reflexes.
At present, science has accumulated a lot of facts about the properties of the nervous system, and as they accumulate, researchers attach less and less importance to the types of the nervous system, especially their magic number - 4, which appears in almost all the works of I.P. Pavlova about temperament. First of all, the importance of studying individual fundamental properties of the nervous system is emphasized, while the problem of division into types recedes into the background. Since types are formed from combinations of these properties, only a deeper knowledge of the latter can ensure the understanding and implementation of the correct typology.
However, it is undoubted that each person has a very specific type of nervous system, the manifestations of which, i.e. features of temperament, constitute an important aspect of individual psychological differences.
Types of temperaments and their psychological characteristics
So, temperament should be understood as individually peculiar properties of the psyche that determine the dynamics of a person’s mental activity, which are equally manifested in a variety of activities, regardless of its content, goals, motives, remain constant in adulthood and in their mutual connection characterize the type of temperament. Specific manifestations of the type of temperament are diverse. They are not only noticeable in the external manner of behavior, but seem to permeate all aspects of the psyche, significantly manifesting themselves in cognitive activity, the sphere of feelings, motives and actions of a person, as well as in the nature of mental work, speech features, etc.
At present, science has enough facts to give a complete psychological description of all types of temperament according to a certain harmonious program. However, to compile the psychological characteristics of traditional 4 types, the following main properties of temperament are usually distinguished:
sensitivity is determined by what is the smallest force of external influences necessary for the occurrence of any mental reaction of a person, and what is the rate of occurrence of this reaction.
Reactivity characterized by the degree of involuntary reactions to external or internal influences of the same strength (a critical remark, an offensive word, a sharp tone - even a sound).
Activity indicates how intensely (energetically) a person influences the outside world and overcomes obstacles in achieving goals (persistence, focus, concentration).
The ratio of reactivity and activity determines what human activity depends to a greater extent: on random external or internal circumstances (moods, random events) or on goals, intentions, beliefs.
Plasticity and rigidity indicate how easily and flexibly a person adapts to external influences (plasticity) or how inert and inert his behavior is.
Rate of reactions characterized through the speed of various mental reactions and processes, the rate of speech, the dynamics of gestures, the speed of the mind.
extraversion, introversion determines what the reactions and activities of a person mainly depend on - from external impressions that arise at the moment (extrovert), or from images, ideas and thoughts related to the past and future (introvert).
Emotional excitability It is characterized by how weak the impact is necessary for the occurrence of an emotional reaction and with what speed it occurs.
Taking into account all the listed properties, I.
Strelyau gives the following psychological characteristics the main classical types of temperament:
Sanguine. A person with increased reactivity, but at the same time, his activity and reactivity are balanced. He vividly, excitedly responds to everything that attracts his attention, has a lively facial expression and expressive movements. On an insignificant occasion, he laughs out loud, and an insignificant fact can make him very angry. It is easy to guess his mood, attitude to an object or person by his face. He has a high threshold of sensitivity, so he does not notice very weak sounds and light stimuli. Possessing increased activity and being very energetic and efficient, he actively takes up a new business and can work for a long time without getting tired. Able to quickly concentrate, disciplined, if desired, can restrain the manifestation of his feelings and involuntary reactions. He is characterized by quick movements, flexibility of mind, resourcefulness, a fast pace of speech, a quick inclusion in a new job. High plasticity is manifested in the variability of feelings, moods, interests and aspirations. Sanguine easily converges with new people, quickly gets used to new requirements and environment. Effortlessly not only switches from one job to another, but also retrains, mastering new skills. As a rule, he responds more to external impressions than to subjective images and ideas about the past and future, an extrovert.
Choleric, like the sanguine person, is characterized by low sensitivity, high reactivity and activity. But in a choleric person, reactivity clearly prevails over activity, so he is unbridled, unrestrained, impatient, quick-tempered. He is less plastic and more inert than the sanguine. Hence - greater stability of aspirations and interests, greater perseverance, difficulties in switching attention are possible, he is rather an extrovert.
Phlegmatic person has a high activity, significantly prevailing over low reactivity, low sensitivity and emotionality. It is difficult to make him laugh and sad - when they laugh loudly around him, he can remain unperturbed. When in big trouble, he stays calm. Usually he has poor facial expressions, movements are inexpressive and slow, just like speech. He is unresourceful, with difficulty shifting attention and adapting to a new environment, slowly rebuilding skills and habits. At the same time, he is energetic and efficient. Differs in patience, endurance, self-control. As a rule, he finds it difficult to meet new people, weakly responds to external impressions, an introvert.
Melancholic. A person with high sensitivity and low reactivity. Increased sensitivity with great inertia leads to the fact that an insignificant occasion can cause tears in him, he is overly touchy, painfully sensitive. His facial expressions and movements are inexpressive, his voice is quiet, his movements are poor. Usually he is insecure, timid, the slightest difficulty makes him give up. The melancholic is not energetic, unpersistent, gets tired easily and has little work capacity.
It is characterized by easily distracted and unstable attention, and a slow pace of all mental processes. Most melancholics are introverts.
The dynamic traits of a person's personality appear not only in the external manner of behavior, not only in movements - they also appear in the mental sphere, in the sphere of motivation, in general performance. Naturally, the characteristics of temperament affect training sessions and in work activities. But the main thing is that the differences in temperaments are differences not in the level of the capabilities of the psyche, but in the originality of its manifestations.
The absence of correlation between the level of achievements was established, i.e. the end result of actions, and the characteristics of temperament, if the activity takes place in conditions that can be defined as normal. Thus, regardless of the degree of mobility or reactivity of the individual in a normal, non-stressful situation, the results of activity will in principle be the same, since the level of achievement will depend mainly on other factors, in particular on the level of motivation and abilities. At the same time, studies that establish this pattern show that, depending on the characteristics of temperament, the way the activity itself is carried out changes.
More B.M. Teplov drew attention to the fact that, depending on the characteristics of temperament, people differ not in the final result of actions, but in the way they achieve results. Developing this idea, a number of domestic researchers conducted research in order to establish the relationship between the method of performing actions and the characteristics of temperament. In these studies, an individual style of activity was considered as a way to achieve results or a way to solve a certain problem, mainly due to the type of nervous system. The results of the studies of the vast majority of authors, regardless of the characteristics of the studied groups and experimental situations in which the typical way of performing actions for these individuals was studied, show that it is the type of nervous activity, and, above all, the strength and mobility of nervous processes, that has a significant impact on the formation certain style of activity.
Congenital features of temperament are manifested in a person in such mental processes that depend on upbringing, social environment and the ability to control their reactions. Therefore, according to R.M. Granovskaya, a specific reaction to a situation can be determined both by the influence of the characteristic differences of the nervous system, and be the result of training and professional experience. For example, a high reaction rate in an experienced driver, pilot, boxer is not necessarily a natural property of their nervous system; it can also be achieved as a result of training and education. However, the limits of the possible development of the reaction rate are determined by the innate properties of the nervous system.
Professional selection helps to identify applicants with the most suitable psycho-physiological qualities for a given specialty, since some of the qualities required by some professions are difficult to train, they are limited by the properties of temperament. For the purpose of professional selection, tests have been developed that allow evaluating the characteristics of attention, the accuracy of time estimation, the speed of a motor reaction, etc. for various specialties. Not only professional selection is important, but career guidance as well; every man's choice labor activity which would correspond not only to his interests, but also to his individual characteristics and opportunities.
Studies show that people who have undergone professional specialization, taking into account their psychophysiological characteristics, experience great satisfaction from their work, which has the most favorable effect on their productivity.
The productivity of a person's work is closely related to the characteristics of his temperament. So, the special mobility (reactivity) of a sanguine person can bring an additional effect if the work requires a change in objects of communication, occupation, frequent transition from one rhythm of life to another. A false impression may be created that people who are inert (phlegmatic) do not have advantages in any kind of activity, but this is not true: it is they who are especially easy to carry out slow and smooth movements, they show a preference for stereotypical methods of action, punctually observing once adopted order. People who are characterized by a weak nervous system - melancholics, are more motivated to perform simpler actions than others, they are less tired and annoyed by their repetition. It has been experimentally shown that sanguine and choleric people show less resistance and reduced productivity in situations where the conditions and methods of activity are strictly regulated and do not allow the inclusion of individual techniques.
Thus, the way a person implements his actions depends on temperament, but their content does not depend on it.
Control questions
Define temperament _______
What type of temperament do you consider yourself to be and why?___
How does temperament affect:
a) What is your professional activity?_______
b) How do you interact with people?____
Answer options for questions: "yes", "no". The first answer that comes to your mind is correct. Your answers - "yes" - plus, "no" - minus - fix on a piece of paper.
- 1) Do you often crave new experiences in order to experience strong sensations?
- 2) Do you often feel that you need friends who can understand you, encourage you, express sympathy?
- 3) Do you consider yourself a careless person?
- 4) Is it really hard for you to say "no"?
- 5) Do you think about your affairs slowly and prefer to wait before acting?
- 6) Do you always keep your promises, even if it is not profitable for you?
- 7) Do you often have ups and downs in your mood?
- 8) Do you usually act and speak quickly, and do you spend a lot of time thinking?
- 9) Have you ever had the feeling that you are unhappy, although there was no serious reason for this?
- 10) Is it true that you are able to decide on everything on a bet?
- 11) Do you feel embarrassed when you want to meet a person of the opposite sex who you like?
- 12) Do you ever lose your temper when you get angry?
- 13) Do you often act under the influence of a momentary mood?
- 14) Do you often worry about the thought that you should not do or say something?
- 15) Do you prefer reading books to meeting people?
- 16) Are you easily offended?
- 17) Do you like to be in the company often?
- 18) Do you sometimes have thoughts that you would like to hide from other people?
- 19) Is it true that sometimes you are so full of energy that everything burns in your hands, and sometimes you feel very lethargic?
- 20) Do you prefer to have smaller friends, but especially those close to you?
- 21) Do you often dream?
- 22) When someone shouts at you, do you respond in kind?
- 23) Do you often feel guilty?
- 24) Are all your habits good and desirable?
- 25) Are you able to give free rein to your own feelings and have fun with might and main in a noisy company?
- 26) Do you consider yourself an excitable and sensitive person?
- 27) Do they consider you a lively and cheerful person?
- 28) After a job is done, do you often go back to it mentally and think that you could do better?
- 29) Are you usually silent and reserved when you are around people?
- 30) Do you sometimes gossip?
- 31) Does it happen that you can’t sleep because different thoughts come into your head?
- 32) Is it true that it is more pleasant and easier for you to read about what interests you in a book, although you can quickly and easily learn about it from friends?
- 33) Do you have a strong heartbeat?
- 34) Do you like work that requires constant attention?
- 35) Does it ever make you "shudder"?
- 36) Is it true that you always say only good things about people you know, even when you are sure that they will not know about it?
- 37) Is it true that you are not pleased to be in a company where they constantly make fun of each other?
- 38) Are you irritable?
- 39) Do you like work that requires quick action?
- 40) Is it true that you are often haunted by thoughts of various troubles and "horrors" that could happen, although everything ended well?
- 41) Do you walk slowly and leisurely?
- 42) Have you ever been late for a date, work or school?
- 43) Do you often have nightmares?
- 44) Is it true that you are such a talker that you never miss opportunity talk to a stranger?
- 45) Do you have any pains?
- 46) Would you be upset if you could not see your friends for a long time?
- 47) Can you call yourself a nervous person?
- 48) Are there any among your acquaintances that you clearly do not like?
- 49) Can you say that you are a confident person?
- 50) Are you easily offended by criticism of your shortcomings or your work?
- 51) Is it hard to really enjoy a party?
- 52) Are you worried about the feeling that you are somehow worse than others?
- 53) Would you be able to spice up a boring company?
- 54) Do you ever talk about things you don't understand at all?
- 55) Do you worry about your health?
- 56) Do you like to play a trick on others?
- 57) Do you suffer from insomnia?
DOUGH PROCESSING
If the "key" answer matches your answer, you add one point to yourself. If it doesn't match, zero points.
1. Scale of reliability.
Answer "yes" to questions: 6, 24, 36.
Answer "no" to questions: 12, 18, 30, 42, 48, 54.
Count the amount. If the result is 5 or more points, it means that you answered not as you really are, but as you would like or as accepted in society. In other words, your answers are not reliable.
2. Scale of extraversion.
Answer "yes" to questions: 1, 3, 8, 10, 13, 17, 22, 25, 27, 37, 39, 44, 46, 49, 53, 56.
Answer "no" to questions: 5, 15, 20, 29, 32, 34, 41, 51.
Count the amount.
3. Scale of emotional stability.
Answer "yes" to questions: 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52 , 55, 57.
Having received the sums for the values of the “Scale of Extraversion” and “Scale of Emotional Stability”, mark them, respectively, on the horizontal axis “Introversion-Extroversion” and the vertical axis “Emotional Stability”. The intersection point will show your type of temperament.
Draw the coordinate axes: the horizontal axis is the "extroversion scale", the vertical axis is the "emotional stability scale". Each scale from 1 to 24 intersect at point 12. Mark your performance on the axes. Find the point of intersection. A point can lie on the axis if one of the scales is equal to 12.
The result you got is your dominant temperament type. On the extraversion scale, you can see the type of personality orientation: extrovert or introvert.
Four types of melancholic
Pure, pronounced melancholic: introversion (intr.) - from 1 to 9, emotional. stability (em. set) - 16 to 24 points.
Melancholic phlegmatic: intr. - 1 to 9, um. mouth - 12 to 16 points.
Mild melancholic: intr. - 9 to 12, uh. mouth - 12 to 16 b.
Melacholic choleric: intr. - 9 to 12, uh. mouth - 16 to 24 b.
Four types of phlegmatic
Pure, pronounced phlegmatic: introversion (intr.) - from 1 to 9, emotional. stability (em. set) - 1 to 9 points.
Phlegmatic sanguine: intr. - 9 to 12, uh. mouth - 1 to 9 points.
Phlegmatic weakly expressed: intr. - 9 to 12, uh. mouth - 9 to 12 b.
Phlegmatic melancholic: intr. - 1 to 9, um. mouth - 9 to 12 b.
Four types of choleric people
Pure, pronounced choleric: introversion (intr.) - from 16 to 24, emotional. stability (em. set) - 16 to 24 points.
Choleric melancholy: intr. - 12 to 16, uh. mouth - 16 to 24 points.
Choleric mild: intr. - 12 to 16, uh. mouth - 12 to 16 b.
Choleric sanguine: intr. - 16 to 24, um. mouth - 12 to 16 b.
Four types of sanguine people
Pure, pronounced sanguine: introversion (intr.) - from 16 to 24, emotional. stability (em. set) - 1 to 9 points.
Sanguine choleric: intr. - 16 to 24, um. mouth - 9 to 12 points.
Mild sanguine: intr. - 12 to 16, uh. mouth - 9 to 12 b.
Sanguine phlegmatic: intr. - 12 to 16, uh. mouth - 1 to 9 b.
General concepts of temperament
Each person has his own characteristics of mental activity.
Temperament is a characteristic of a person, namely:
Temperament determines and ensures the speed, strength and balance of our reactions. It manifests itself in thinking, speech, manner of communication.
At the same time, temperament does not affect interests, success, intelligence, business qualities - here we are able to independently develop our inclinations, turn them into abilities or forget about them.
The ability to make a choice and take responsibility for it are indicators of a developed personality, and not manifestations of the characteristics of temperament. Knowing your own type of temperament greatly simplifies the process of knowing yourself, accepting your manifestations and, as a result, choosing your own lifestyle.
Temperament human being is a biological quality, innate, not acquired. Only 25% of 100% temperament can be corrected. And this correction is our adjustment to the requirements of society (the world around us, society ...). For what? For a more efficient and successful existence.
Pure temperaments are rare. In every person there is something from the choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic and melancholic. The question of who is better to be does not make sense, as does the question of what season is best. Each has its pros and cons. You need to know them and act, choosing an effective model of behavior depending on the situation. That is, do not follow natural qualities and develop them.
Features of temperament must be taken into account when choosing a profession, but temperament should not be confused with character.
all these are character traits that are not laid down by nature, but are formed throughout life.
can be a person with any temperament. The success of a person does not depend on his temperament, but on the abilities, knowledge, skills and orientation of the personality.
The main components of temperament
Analysis internal structure temperament lead to the allocation of three main, leading components. Each of these components has a complex multidimensional structure and different forms of psychological manifestations.
The sphere of general mental activity of a person.
- the desire of the individual for self-expression, effective development and transformation of external reality;
- intellectual and characterological features, a complex of relationships and motives
Motility.
- In the motor (motor) component, the leading role is played by qualities associated with the function of the motor (and special speech-motor apparatus). Among the dynamic qualities of the motor component -
- rapidity,
- force,
- sharpness,
- rhythm,
- amplitude and
- a number of other signs of muscle movement.
Emotionality.
- This is a large complex of properties and qualities that characterize the features of the emergence, flow and cessation of various feelings, affects and moods.
- Impressionability- a person's susceptibility, his sensitivity to emotional influences, his ability to find a basis for an emotional reaction where such soil does not exist for others.
- Impulsiveness- the speed with which emotion becomes the motivating force of actions and actions without their preliminary reflection and conscious decision to carry them out.
- emotional lability- the speed at which a given emotional state ceases or one experience is replaced by another.
This component is the most difficult. It has a branched own structure:
From the history of teachings about the types of temperament
Hippocrates (5th century BC) spoke about temperaments for the first time. He argued that people differ in the ratio of the 4 main "juices" of life that make up its composition:
Claudius Galen (2nd century BC) continued. He developed the first typology of temperaments (treatise "De temperamentum") According to his teaching, the type of temperament depends on the predominance of one of the juices in the body. They were allocated temperaments, which in our time are widely known:
I.P. Pavlov put forward a hypothesis that some fundamental properties of nervous processes - excitation and inhibition - underlie the differences in behavior. These properties include:
reflects the performance of the nerve cell. It manifests itself in functional endurance, i.e. in the ability to withstand prolonged or short-term, but strong excitation, without passing into the opposite state of inhibition
is understood as the functional performance of the nervous system during the implementation of inhibition. Manifested in the ability to form various inhibitory conditioned reactions, such as extinction and differentiation
balance of excitation and inhibition processes. The ratio of the strength of both processes decides whether a given individual is balanced or unbalanced when the strength of one process exceeds the strength of the other
manifested in the speed of transition of one nervous process to another. The mobility of nervous processes is manifested in the ability to change behavior in accordance with changing living conditions. The measure of this property of the nervous system is the speed of transition from one action to another, from a passive state to an active state, and vice versa. The nervous system becomes more inert the more time or effort it takes to move from one process to another.
I.P. Pavlov, distinguished between the force of excitation and the force of inhibition, considering them to be two independent properties of the nervous system.
The 4 types of the nervous system identified by I.P. Pavlov according to their main characteristics correspond to 4 classical types of temperament:
Description of types of temperament.
Types of temperament according to I.P. Pavlov
I.P. Pavlov understood the type of the nervous system as innate, relatively weakly subject to changes under the influence of the environment and upbringing. According to Ivan Petrovich, the properties of the nervous system form the physiological basis of temperament, which is a mental manifestation of the type of nervous system.
Two things should be noted:
A strong nervous system copes more successfully with some life tasks (for example, in work associated with large and unexpected loads).
A weak nervous system copes more successfully with others (for example, in conditions of monotonous work). A weak nervous system is a highly sensitive nervous system, and this is its advantage over a strong one.
Hans Eysenck studied the works of C. Jung, R. Woodworth, I.P. Pavlov, E. Kretschmer and other well-known psychologists, psychiatrists and physiologists. He proposed three basic dimensions of personality:
- neuroticism
- extra/introversion
- psychotism
characterizes emotional stability/instability (stability/instability).
High rates of neuroticism are expressed in nervousness, instability, poor adaptation, a tendency to quickly change moods, and strong reactions to the stimuli that cause them.
Low rates of neuroticism are expressed in the preservation of organized behavior, situational focus in normal and stressful situations. It is characterized by maturity, excellent adaptation, lack of great tension, anxiety.
extrovert- a person turned outward, sociable, optimistic, with a wide circle of acquaintances, impulsive, acting on the spur of the moment. He, like air, needs contacts. He prefers to act, move forward, rather than reason.
Introvert- a person turned inward prefers to communicate only with close people, and distances himself from others. He is closed, not sociable, shy, reserved, keeps his feelings under control, prone to introspection. An introvert likes to think about his actions.
Extroverts are much more pain tolerant than introverts; they pause more during work to chat and drink coffee than introverts; excitement increases the effectiveness of their actions and actions, while it only interferes with introverts.
Introverts tend to prefer theoretical and scientific activities (eg, engineering and chemistry), while extroverts tend to prefer jobs that involve people (eg, sales, social services).
Introverts are more likely to be admitted to the practice of masturbation than extroverts; on the other hand, extroverts have sex in more early age more often and with more partners than introverts.
Introverts are more academically successful than extroverts. Also, students who leave college for psychiatric reasons tend to be more introverted; while those students who leave for academic reasons are more likely to be extroverts.
Introverts feel more alert in the mornings, while extroverts feel more alert in the evenings. Moreover, introverts work better in the morning and extroverts in the afternoon. In crisis situations, extroverts prefer to seek help and support from people, in communication with relatives and friends, in companies. Introverts, on the other hand, climb into their closet and hide from people.
an indicator of a tendency to antisocial behavior, pretentiousness, inadequacy of emotional reactions, high conflict, self-centeredness.
People with a high degree of psychotism are self-centered, impulsive, indifferent to others, and tend to oppose social norms. They are often restless, it is difficult to contact people and do not meet with their understanding, they deliberately cause trouble to others.
The combination of high and low levels of introversion and extraversion with high or low levels of stability and neuroticism resulted in the four categories of people described by Eysenck. High level neuroticism (emotional instability / instability) is characteristic of melancholic and choleric people. Low level - sanguine and phlegmatic. But introversion is characteristic of melancholic and phlegmatic people, while extraversion is characteristic of choleric and sanguine people.
Description of types of temperament.
Types of temperament according to G. Eysenck
Characteristics of temperament types according to G. Eysenck
G. Eysenck gave characteristics of "pure" types of temperament (that is, in the extreme angular positions of the quadrant). And we have already understood that such types are extremely rare. Adjust accordingly when you receive test results. Moreover, the closer one type of temperament is to another, the more characteristics overlap.
For example, if you got the result: neuroticism 13, extraversion 17 - then you are a sanguine Choleric. Then you have the characteristics of both choleric and sanguine, but not as pronounced as in pure Choleric, Sanguine. In different conditions, in different situations, you can show both characteristics.
Remember that the literature often gives characteristics of "pure" types of temperaments.
Pure types of temperament
Phlegmatic person
Unhurried, imperturbable, has stable aspirations and mood, outwardly stingy with the manifestation of emotions and feelings. Possesses logical judgments. He has a strong, balanced, workable nervous system, a stubborn, persistent worker, he brings things to the end. Most often calm, restrained and constant in feelings, the mood is even, rarely loses his temper.
Capable of deep, stable and permanent feelings. Phlegmatic peace-loving, attentive, caring. Moderately talkative, does not like to chat about trifles. Save energy, don't waste it. Facial expressions, speech, gestures and actions are slow and calm, restrained, emotionally inexpressive. Solid, reliable, distinguished by the depth and constancy of thoughts.
But the phlegmatic person hardly switches from one job to another, “swings” for a long time, does not adapt well in a new environment, is passive ( low level activity), it is difficult to develop new habits and behaviors, but at the same time they become persistent. He is characterized by lethargy, laziness, indifference to others, lack of will. Tends to do familiar work in familiar, familiar surroundings.
Choleric
Fast, passionate, impetuous, open, with quick mood swings. Choleric is active, mobile, optimistic, impulsive, but at the same time easily excitable and restless. A choleric person also has a strong nervous system, but he is unbalanced, quick-tempered, irritable, impatient, touchy, vulnerable.
He may have emotional breakdowns. Due to conflict, it does not get along well with other people. Choleric easily switches from one business / topic of conversation to another business / topic, he is characterized by sudden mood swings. He is highly excitable, he has pronounced emotional experiences, he is not able to control his emotions.
The movements and speech of the choleric are fast, intermittent, abrupt, impetuous, impulsive. He is prone to exhaustion, because when he is enthusiastic about his work, he acts with all his might. In the interests of society, he is initiative, principled, active, energetic.
In the absence of spiritual and personal growth affective, irritable, quick-tempered, aggressive, unrestrained, conflict.
sanguine
A lively, hot, mobile person, with frequent changes in mood, impressions, with a quick reaction to all events taking place around him, quite easily reconciled with his failures and troubles. Sanguine is cheerful, friendly, talkative, flexible, responsive.
He has a strong, balanced nervous system, high efficiency, while he is active and mobile, easily survives failures. He easily communicates with people, quickly converges with people, easily switches, easily and quickly reacts to what is happening around. At the same time, he strives for novelty, a change of impressions, is restless, and does not regulate his impulses enough. He has a rich, mobile facial expression, fast, expressive speech.
A sanguine person cannot do things that require concentration, attention, perseverance, patience. He has a quick change of feelings, but the feelings are shallow, prone to inconstancy, superficiality.
melancholic
A person is easily vulnerable, prone to constant experience of various events, he reacts sharply to external factors. The melancholic is highly impressionable, easily emotionally vulnerable, touchy, but at the same time sensitive and sensitive, easily gets along with different people, non-conflict.
He has a weak nervous system, increased fatigue, low mental activity, slowness. He is highly emotional, but tends to experience problems within himself, which leads to self-destruction. His feelings are deep, constant, stable, but at the same time weakly expressed. It is difficult for him to focus on something for a long time.
The melancholic is hard and acutely experiencing failures (often hands down), he is timid, shy, anxious, indecisive, unstable to stress, his speech is quiet, slow. He is closed, uncommunicative, quiet, pessimistic, his mood changes easily, but at the same time he is melancholic and reasonable.
In a healthy environment, it is efficient, can perform monotonous work that requires attention, perseverance, patience, and concentration. The person is deep and meaningful. But under adverse circumstances, it becomes anxious, withdrawn, fearful, vulnerable.
Introduction 3
1. Character 4
1.1. Character and its features 4
1.2. Character structure 7
1.3. History of Teachings on Character 9
1.4. Traits 15
1.5. General description of character types 19
2.Temperament 21
2.1. Type of nervous system and temperament 22
2.2. Types of temperaments according to Hippocrates 25
2.3. Temperaments in the appearance and behavior of a person 27
2.3.1. Melancholy temperament 27
2.3.2. Phlegmatic temperament 28
2.3.3. Choleric temperament 30
2.3.4. Sanguine temperament 32
2.4. The main properties of topics, characteristics of its types 34
2.4.1. Sensitivity 34
2.4.2. Reactivity, emotionality 34
2.4.3. Resistance 34
2.4.4. Rigidity-plasticity 34
2.4.5. Extroversion - introversion. 35
2.4.6. Attention activator 35
3. Is there a connection between temperament and character 35
Conclusion 38
List of used literature 40
Annex1 41
Appendix 2 42
Appendix 3 43
Appendix 4 44
Introduction
Character is often compared with temperament, and in some cases these concepts are substituted for each other.
Based on the materialistic understanding of human phenomena, it should be noted that the common character and temperament is dependence on the physiological characteristics of a person. The formation of character essentially depends on the properties of temperament, more closely related to the properties of the nervous system. In addition, character traits arise when the temperament is already sufficiently developed. Character develops on the basis, on the basis of temperament. Temperament determines in character such traits as balance or difficulty in entering a new situation, mobility or inertia of reaction, etc. However, temperament does not predetermine character. People with the same temperament properties can have a completely different character. Features of temperament can contribute to or counteract the formation of certain character traits.
The properties of temperament can, to some extent, even come into conflict with the character.
In a person with a formed character, temperament ceases to be an independent form of personality manifestation, but becomes its dynamic side, consisting in a certain emotional orientation of character properties, a certain speed of mental processes and personality manifestations, a certain characteristic of expressive movements and actions of a person. Here we should also note the influence exerted on the formation of character by a dynamic stereotype, i.e. a system of conditioned reflexes that form in response to a steadily repeating system of stimuli. The formation of dynamic stereotypes in a person in various repetitive situations is influenced by his attitude to the situation, as a result of which excitation, inhibition, mobility of nervous processes can change, and, consequently, the general functional state of the nervous system. It is also necessary to note the role in the formation of dynamic stereotypes and the decisive role in the formation of dynamic stereotypes of the second signal system through which social influences are carried out.
The traits of temperament and character are organically connected and interact with each other in a holistic single image of a person, forming an inseparable alloy - an integral characteristic of his personality.
Character
Literally translated from Greek, character means chasing, imprint. In psychology, character is understood as the totality of individual-peculiar mental properties that manifest themselves in a person under typical conditions and are expressed in the ways of activity inherent in such conditions. Character is an individual combination of essential personality traits that express a person’s attitude to reality and are manifested in his behavior, in his actions. Character is interconnected with other aspects of the personality, in particular with temperament and abilities. Temperament affects the form of manifestation of character, peculiarly coloring one or another of its features. So, persistence in a choleric person is expressed in vigorous activity, in a phlegmatic person - in concentrated deliberation. Choleric works energetically, passionately, phlegmatic - methodically, slowly. On the other hand, the temperament itself is rebuilt under the influence of character: a person with a strong character can suppress some of the negative aspects of his temperament, control its manifestations. Ability is inextricably linked with character. A high level of abilities is associated with such character traits as collectivism - a feeling of inextricable connection with the team, a desire to work for its good, faith in one's own strengths and capabilities, combined with constant dissatisfaction with one's achievements, high demands on oneself, and the ability to be critical of one's work. The flourishing of abilities is associated with the ability to persistently overcome difficulties, not to lose heart under the influence of failures, to work in an organized manner, to show initiative. The connection between character and abilities is also expressed in the fact that the formation of such character traits as diligence, initiative, determination, organization, perseverance occurs in the same activity of the child in which his abilities are formed. For example, in the process of labor as one of the main types of activity, on the one hand, the ability to work develops, and on the other, diligence as a character trait.
1.1. Character and its features
A person is called “with character” if he exhibits such qualities as independence, consistency, independence from circumstances, will and perseverance, purposefulness and perseverance. On the contrary, a spineless person is called a person who goes with the flow, depends on circumstances, and does not show strong-willed qualities.
The formation of character is largely determined by the way of life of a person. As a person's lifestyle is formed, a corresponding character is formed. It happens on different levels development of social groups (family, school, sports team, labor collective, etc.). Much here depends on which social groups are reference for a person. Character is manifested in the manner of behavior, in habits, deeds and actions. Such actions are always conscious, deliberate and, from the point of view of the individual, always justified. In groups of a high level of development (collectives) the most favorable opportunities for the formation of the best character traits are created.
In a social group, a person always interacts with other people. His actions and actions in a certain way affect others, cause responses. Not knowing his character and the character of others, a person can misinterpret the behavior of people and their actions. As a result, unreasonable grievances arise, unfair judgments about the actions of others.
Both character and temperament depend on the physiological characteristics of the individual, on the types of higher nervous activity. If temperament is basically a lifetime formation, fixed genetically, then the character is formed throughout a person's life.
The properties of temperament are hereditary, therefore, they are extremely difficult to change. Proceeding from this, a person's efforts should not be aimed at changing, but at identifying and understanding the features of his temperament. This makes it possible to identify those characterological properties that are inherent in one or another type of higher nervous activity.
Along with temperament, a certain connection of character exists with other personality traits, such as abilities, personality orientation, motivation, will. In the character of a person, individual traits can be distinguished, which in unity form an integral structure of character.
The basis for the classification of character can serve as a person's attitude to the world around him, to other people, to himself. On this basis, A.V. Petrovsky proposes to divide the main character traits into the following groups:
Character traits that manifest themselves in a person’s attitude towards other people (relatives and friends, work and study comrades, acquaintances and unfamiliar people, etc.): stable and unstable attachment, adherence to principles and unscrupulousness, sociability and isolation, responsiveness, etc.
Character traits that manifest themselves in a person's attitude to himself: pride, self-esteem, selflessness; or self-doubt, selfishness, egocentrism, etc.
Character traits that are found in a person’s attitude to business: conscientiousness and diligence, seriousness, enthusiasm, responsibility for the task assigned, concern for their results; or qualities opposite in meaning - dishonesty, irresponsibility, passivity, etc.
Character traits that manifest themselves in a person’s attitude to things: a person’s careful and careful attitude to his things, clothes, shoes, books, property in general, etc.
It is generally accepted that the most common character traits are located along the axes: strength - weakness, hardness - softness, integrity - inconsistency. Strength of character is the energy with which a person achieves his goals. When faced with difficulties, all the energy of a person with a strong character is directed to overcoming them, while with a weak character, most often this becomes impossible due to the instability of views and indecision, cowardice or cowardice. Firmness of character implies perseverance in achieving goals, defending views, etc., while softness of character is manifested in adaptation to changing conditions of life, in finding reasonable compromises in everyday situations. Such a trait as integrity means the manifestation of the main, leading features in achieving the goal, which to a large extent contributes to the formation of the individual's purposefulness. The inconsistency of character is manifested in the frequent change of leading and secondary character traits.
However, no matter how accurate and successful the portrait of a person, his character can be most fully described on the basis of his habitual actions and movements. Conscious and deliberate actions and deeds are the basis for describing the characterological features of the individual.
national character associated with the traditional forms of reactions of the people to the relevant everyday situations, with the established norms of behavior and activity. It is also a set of ways to respond in communication, formed on the basis of social values both at the conscious and unconscious levels. Based on this, V.A. Sukharev and M.V. Sukharev under the national character is understood as something acquired, received in the process of contacts within a certain community of people throughout their centuries-old life. It is necessary to distinguish between national character and national style, which is understood as a manner of behavior typical of the inhabitants of a particular country. Thus, a Chinese living in the United States, to a certain extent, retains the features inherent in the Chinese national character, but his style will most likely be American. This is facilitated by the system of values and the conditions in which a person works, as well as the fact that he considers himself a citizen of which country.
Here is what V.A. and M.V. Sukharev, for example, about the Swedish character: “The main feature of the Swedish character is diligence. Swedes are quite cautious and are usually reluctant to speak their mind. Somewhat more boring than other Europeans and more reserved than them. Swedes are considered non-contact and non-communicative people. Perhaps the very climate of Sweden has an impact on the isolation of people, contributes to the development of various psychoses. Swedes are afraid to show their emotions to others, especially mental anguish. They don't like to talk about themselves. But this is not snobbery, not the remnants of aristocracy, it's just non-contact. For a foreigner, it is the worst torture to be in a Swedish drawing room among people who say nothing interesting, to be stunned by the ensuing silence, to know that you should say something, but be afraid to say it the wrong way. If a Swede starts talking, it's hard to stop him, but it's almost impossible to make him talk."
And here is an excerpt from the description of the national character of the American:
“Americans do not like stiffness, they prefer comfortable casual clothes, address each other simply, informally, even if there is a big difference in age and social status between the interlocutors. They love competition, appreciate achievements, records. Although their behavior is quite natural, from the outside it may seem overbearing, intrusive.
There are many classifications of character. The American psychologist Ernst Hartman proposed to build a classification of characters based on the thickness of a person's protective barriers. Such barriers are too permeable for some, almost "impregnable" for others. Those who, according to the results of the test, have thin mental boundaries, suffer more often than others, for example, from loud sounds, bright lights, etc., they are more sensitive in relationships. Persons with too thick boundaries of the psyche often experience difficulties in contacts with others. At the everyday level, these mental boundaries are called "thick-skinned - thin-skinned." "Thin-skinned" and "thick-skinned" have their own advantages and disadvantages. In communication, "thin-skinned" look at "thick-skinned" as dumb and boring, and they believe that "thin-skinned" are rather strange personalities, eccentrics.
Temperament is the biological foundation on which personality is formed.
Temperament - the innate characteristics of the individual, manifested in the intensity, pace and rhythm of the flow of mental processes and states.
A person's temperament is reflected in:
On the speed of mental processes and their stability (for example, the speed of reproduction, the stability of attention and the speed of its switching, the mobility of thought processes, etc.).
Intensity of response to emotional stimuli (sensitivity, strength of emotional experiences, speed of change of emotional states);
The speed and strength of motor reactions, processes (gait, facial expressions, pantomime, gestures, speech, etc.);
Selectivity of mental activity and behavior (on the desire for communication, for noisy companies or on a tendency to solitude, on isolation).
From time immemorial, man has made attempts to isolate and realize the typical features of the mental make-up of various people and reduce their diversity to a small number of generalized portraits. Generalized portraits, built on the similarity of behavior, ways of expressing feelings, have been called types of temperament since ancient times. The earliest known typology was proposed by the physician K. Gallen (11th century BC). Great contribution to the typology of temperaments and their compilation psychological portraits introduced by Hippocrates and Kant. Since then, temperament has attracted the attention of scientists. There are three main theories that explain the essence of temperament.
1. Humoral theory. Its founders were K. Galen and Hippocrates, who associated temperament with the ratio of juices (liquids) in the body - blood, bile, black bile and mucus. In a sanguine person, blood predominates in the body, in a phlegmatic person - mucus, in a choleric person - bile, in a melancholic person - black bile.
2. Constitutional theory. Its founders were E. Kretschmer and Sheldon, who built a personality typology based on differences in the structure of the body, the ratio of different parts of the body, that is, the human constitution.
3. The theory developed by I.P. Pavlov, connects a person's temperament with the properties of the nervous system: strength, mobility and balance. The combination of properties determines the type of higher nervous activity.
There are four main types of higher nervous activity:
Strong, unbalanced (with a predominance of excitation processes);
Strong, balanced, mobile;
Strong, balanced, inert;
This typology I.P. Pavlov connected with the types of temperaments. A strong, unbalanced type of nervous system - in choleric people; strong, balanced, mobile - among sanguine people; strong, balanced, inert - in phlegmatic people; weak - in melancholic. Choleric and melancholic types I.P. Pavlov considered them as extreme, in which adverse situations and living conditions can cause psychopathic manifestations: neurasthenia in a choleric person, hysteria in a melancholic. In the golden mean, according to I.P. Pavlova, are sanguine and phlegmatic temperament. Their balance is a manifestation of a healthy, truly vital nervous system.
But the explanation of temperament from the standpoint of the psychological characteristics of the nervous system is not enough. The central nervous system functions in interaction with the endocrine and humoral systems. An underactive thyroid, for example, causes slowness, monotony, and lethargy. The activity of the gonads during puberty and aging significantly affects the functions of the whole organism, including the nervous system, which is reflected in the characteristics of temperament. Unmotivated actions of a teenager are often a dynamic manifestation of temperament under the influence of puberty.
The type of temperament is an innate property, but it can change somewhat under the influence of living conditions or changes occurring in the body.
The psychological portrait of the types of temperaments was first compiled by I. Kant. Further research refined these portraits.
Portrait of a sanguine person: high activity, rich facial expressions, expressive gestures. Lively, mobile, striving for a frequent change of impressions, quickly responding to surrounding events, quickly navigating in an unfamiliar environment, adapts well, takes initiative, relatively easily experiences failures and troubles. The sanguine person is very productive if the activity interests him. If he is indifferent to the subject or activity, then he becomes lethargic, boring. He tends to skim the surface, circumvent difficulties, rush to make decisions. “Trust, but verify” is the principle of approach to a sanguine person, because in decisions he lacks thoughtfulness, in interests - constancy, in actions - perseverance.
Phlegmatic portrait. He has a relatively low neuropsychic activity, even facial expressions and speech. The phlegmatic person is imperturbable, calm even in the most difficult situations, the mood is even. Balanced and calm in deeds and actions, carefully plans activities, strives for a system, is thorough. Moderately sociable. At the same time, it is inert, slowly switching from one job to another. “Do not rush” - this should be the approach to the phlegmatic.
Portrait of a melancholic. Low level of activity, muffled facial expressions, speech, gets tired quickly. He is easily vulnerable, tends to deeply experience even minor events, but outwardly sluggishly reacts to them. He is characterized by asthenic, easily arising experiences, increased impressionability, shyness. He really feels good in a familiar environment in which he is able to show perseverance, perseverance, and be active. With new people he feels awkward, unsure of himself, anxious. However, this is a sensitive, prudent person and a devoted friend. “Do no harm” is the principle of the approach to the melancholic.
Portrait of a choleric. High level of neuropsychic activity, movements are sharp, swift, impulsive. The choleric, being under the influence of passion, reveals a remarkable strength in activity, energy and perseverance.
The strength of his feelings - pride, ambition, vindictiveness - knows no limits if he is under the influence of passion. Thinks little, acts quickly, impetuously. Prone to sudden mood swings, often quarrelsome, straightforward, badly restraining himself. Carried away by some business, the choleric spends his energy wastefully and is exhausted more than he should. "Not a moment of peace" - this is the principle of the approach to the choleric.
Each temperament has its advantages and disadvantages. So, with good upbringing and self-control, sanguine is characterized by responsiveness, phlegmatic - endurance and self-control, choleric - activity, passion in work, melancholic - impressionability. The disadvantages of temperament are: in a sanguine person - superficiality, dispersion; phlegmatic - indifference to others, "dryness"; in a melancholic - isolation, shyness; choleric is impulsive.
It should be borne in mind that in life, distinct types of temperament are not so common, usually one or another combination of them is characteristic of a person. The manifestation of temperaments is more pronounced in young people, with age it becomes less bright, muffled, as human behavior is more and more regulated by character traits.
In the middle of the XX century. the interest of scientists and practitioners in the types of temperament has awakened with renewed vigor, which made it possible to clarify and expand ideas about the influence of temperament on human behavior and activities. So, scientists of the B.F. Teplov, it was found that the strength of the nervous system associated with performance has not only positive, but also negative aspects. The low performance of the weak type is compensated by high sensitivity, which allows you to more subtly respond to environmental changes. The imbalance of the choleric negatively affects activities that require quick reactions, mobility. The influence of temperament on the efficiency of activity is enhanced in extreme conditions.
Researchers have shown that the type of temperament affects the formation of skills in production activities. So, in sanguine people, motor skills are formed very quickly, although at first chaotic activity is observed by trial and error. The formed skills of sanguine people are distinguished by their strength and noise immunity. In choleric people, motor skills are more difficult to form than in sanguine people. Extraneous interference significantly affects their activity, sometimes frustrating it completely.
Phlegmatic people have slow but highly coordinated movements. Thanks to their accuracy, consistency, and in some cases, their great perseverance, they largely compensate for their inertia by showing high labor productivity. In melancholics, skills are developed with difficulty and are easily inhibited. After exercise, they can reach a satisfactory level, but only in a familiar environment. Work, full of surprises, complications, is contraindicated for them. The described features are largely manifested not only in motor, but also in other types of activity.
Features of temperament largely determine the individual style of activity of each person. An individual style of activity is a stable system of techniques, methods, methods, determined by typological features, which develops in a person in the course of activity and is expedient for achieving a successful result.
In the process of activity, a person chooses such techniques and methods of performing actions that are most consistent with his temperament. For example, on the basis of the inertia of nervous processes, punctuality arises, a tendency not to break away from the work begun, smooth movements are easily carried out, stereotypical ways of implementing tasks. And on the basis of mobility, opposite traits are spontaneously formed. From the totality of such involuntary forms of response, quite consciously applied and purposeful systems of actions and techniques that characterize an individual style are formed.
In order to carry out an individual approach to students, it is necessary to know their temperament. To determine the temperament of a person, one should pay attention to his activity.
VD Nebylitsin distinguishes general, motor and emotional activity in the structure of temperament.
General activity is a person's readiness for activity, for mastering everything new, the desire for transformation, overcoming obstacles. A high level of general activity differs in choleric and sanguine people, a low level in melancholic and phlegmatic people.
Motor activity is the speed, rhythm, strength of human movements (gait, gestures, facial expressions), as well as the strength, speed and rhythm of speech. A high level of physical activity is characteristic of choleric and sanguine people (walk quickly, rhythmically, speak loudly, etc.). Low - for melancholic and phlegmatic people (they walk smoothly, speech is calm, quiet, etc.).
Emotional activity is the ease with which emotions become the motivating force of an act. A low level of emotional activity is characteristic of sanguine and phlegmatic people. High - for choleric and melancholic. Cholerics and melancholics are impressionable, but choleric people are impulsive, melancholic people are not. Cholerics have a rapid change in emotional states, melancholics do not.
The combination of general, motor and emotional activity characterizes the temperament of a person.
Character is formed on the basis of temperament.
Activity level
Incredible Facts
Temperament type largely determines who we are, what we do, and why we do it.
The idea of the existence of 4 temperaments: choleric, melancholic, sanguine and phlegmatic was invented 2000 years ago by Hippocrates. He argued that differences in personality are due to the fluid that prevails in the human body.
Choleric - yellow bile of the liver
Sanguine - blood of the heart
Melancholic - black bile of the kidneys
Phlegmatic - phlegm of the lungs
Thus, the predominance of one of the fluids made a person energetic and optimistic (sanguine), silent and sad (melancholic), passionate (choleric) or calm (phlegmatic).
Temperament and character
Temperament should not be confused with personality. Personality is a combination of many human factors, while temperament is only one of the factors, although a very important one.
It is a need that motivates us to behave according to our natural innate inclinations. If it is not satisfied, the person will not feel good or function effectively.
Again, for example, take the temperament of a sanguine person. Being in the company of people and communication are his needs. If such a person does not communicate regularly and is not in a circle of people, he begins to worry and suffer from low self-esteem.
Each type of temperament has its own needs: the choleric needs quick results, the sanguine needs to be in the company of people, the phlegmatic needs a stable environment, and the melancholic needs a detailed plan.
Test for the type of temperament
There are several tests to determine the type of human temperament. Because pure type temperament is quite rare, this test will help you determine which type of temperament you have and which are secondary.
For this test, you will need a piece of paper and a pen. The test consists of 20 questions with four possible answers. Write the numbers of questions from 1 to 20, and choose one of the most appropriate answers ( a B C or G). After you have answered all the questions, count the total number of letters.
Choose one statement that suits you best.
A) I am fussy and restless
B) I am cheerful and cheerful
c) I am cool and calm
D) I am shy and shy
A) I am quick-tempered and unrestrained
B) I am businesslike and energetic
C) I am thorough and consistent
D) I get lost in a new environment
A) I am direct and blunt towards other people
B) I tend to overestimate myself
c) I can wait
D) I doubt my abilities
A) I am unforgiving
B) if something ceases to interest, I quickly cool down
C) I strictly adhere to the system of work and daily routine
D) I involuntarily adapt to the character of the interlocutor
A) my movements are jerky and abrupt
b) I fall asleep and wake up quickly
c) I have a hard time adjusting to a new environment
D) I am shy and inactive
A) I am intolerant of the shortcomings of others
B) I am efficient and hardy
C) I am constant in my interests
D) I am easily injured and sensitive
A) I'm impatient
B) I quit what I started
B) I am reasonable and cautious
D) I find it difficult to connect with new people.
A) my facial expressions are expressive
b) I speak quickly, loudly and clearly
B) I am slowly getting to work
D) I am easily offended
A) I have fast, impassioned speech
B) I quickly get involved in a new job
B) I easily restrain impulses
D) I am very impressionable
A) I work in jerks
B) I take on any new business with enthusiasm
C) I don't waste my energy
D) I have a quiet, weak speech
A) I am inherently incoherent
B) I am persistent in achieving the goal
C) I am lethargic and inactive
D) I seek the sympathy of others
A) I am quick to decide and act
B) in difficult situations, I maintain composure
C) I have an equal relationship with everyone
D) I am not sociable
A) I am proactive and determined
b) I pick up new things quickly
C) I do not like to talk in vain, silent
D) I easily endure loneliness
A) I strive for something new
b) I am always cheerful
B) I like neatness
D) I am shy and inactive
A) I'm stubborn
B) in interests and inclinations, I am not constant
C) I have a calm, even speech with stops
D) When I fail, I feel confused and depressed.
A) I have a tendency to be hot
B) I am burdened by monotonous painstaking work
C) I am not very susceptible to censure and approval
D) I have high expectations for others and myself
A) I am risk-averse
b) I adapt easily to different circumstances
c) I finish what I start
D) I get tired quickly
A) I belong abrupt shifts sentiments
B) I tend to get distracted
B) I have patience
D) I am too susceptible to censure and approval
A) I am aggressive, bully
B) I am responsive and sociable
B) I'm ugly
D) I am suspicious and suspicious
A) I am resourceful in an argument
B) I easily experience failure
c) I am patient and restrained
D) I tend to withdraw into myself
Result:
Now count the number of answers "a", "b", "c" and "d".
Multiply each number you get by 5 to get the percentage.
For example, you got 7 "a" answers, 10 "b" answers, 2 "c" answers and 1 "d" answer.
"a" \u003d 7 * 5 \u003d 35%
"b"=10*5=50%
"at"=2*5=10%
"g"=1*5=5%
Answers correspond to the following types of temperament:
"a" - choleric
"b" - sanguine
"in" - phlegmatic
"g" - melancholic
Thus, in the example, we have obtained that a person has a dominant type of temperament sanguine ("b" = 50%), a secondary type of temperament is choleric ("a" = 35%), and further down the descending phlegmatic ("c" = 10 %) and melancholic ("g" \u003d 5%)
40% or more, this type of temperament is dominant in you.
If some type of temperament typedfrom 30 to 39%, this type of temperament is pronounced in you.
If some type of temperament typedfrom 20 to 29%, this type of temperament is moderately expressed in you .
If some type of temperament typedfrom 10 to 19%, this type of temperament is weakly expressed in you .
Short temperament test
There is another fast way definitions of temperament. It is based on the ancient Greek doctrine of what kind of liquid prevails in the human body.
So just answer 2 questions:
1. Your hands and feet at normal temperature usually:
A) warm
B) cold
2. Under normal conditions, your skin usually:
B) wet
D) dry
Result:
AB - sanguine
AG - choleric
BV - phlegmatic
BG - melancholic
Temperament Type Sanguine
Sanguine - very sociable person who likes to be around people. Of all the temperaments, the sanguine is the easiest to communicate with. They bring energy and breathe life into any company with their mere presence. Their cheerfulness and humor illuminate everything around.
This is the optimistic type of person who believes that life is a wonderful, fun-filled experience and should be lived to the fullest.
Inactivity causes them stress because they live in a fast and active rhythm. This is the most impulsive of all temperaments.
The sanguine person excels in matters of connection and communication, however, this is the least disciplined and organized type of all temperaments.
He is open, very enthusiastic, friendly, understands the feelings of other people, but can be rude and inattentive.
Sanguine can hardly be called a devoted friend, as he does not like to bind himself with obligations, but simply wants to have fun. They live as if they have no past or future. Rarely admit their mistakes, but tend to exaggerate in order to look more successful in the eyes of others.
Since this type of temperament loves pleasure many sanguine people are prone to various kinds of addictions, as well as overeating.
A person with this type of temperament is ready to take on difficult tasks and complete a task or project while his ego is fueled. However, at the slightest hint of their shortcomings, they quit.
They are easily upset if they are not appreciated and not assured of love. They are very demanding in terms of love and affection, tormented by feelings of jealousy if the attention that belongs to them goes to someone else.
Characteristics of a sanguine person
Strengths:
-
Curious
Lives in the present
Changeable mood
Childlike
Attractive personality
Talkative, good storyteller
Sole of company
Good sense of humour
Good memory for colors
Emotional and persuasive
Full of enthusiasm and expressive
Weak sides:
-
Talking and laughing loudly
Lets circumstances take control
Gets angry easily
Growing up hard
Talkative
Tends to exaggerate
Surface
Doesn't remember names
May scare others
Too carefree
restless
Selfish
Sanguine at work
Takes initiative at work
Invents new activities
Looks great
Creative and bright
Full of energy and enthusiasm
Inspires others
enchants many
In the field: marketing, travel, fashion, cooking, sports, entertainment
Sanguine friend:
Makes friends easily
loves people
Blooms with compliments
uplifting
He is envied by many
Holds no evil
Apologies quickly
Don't let others get bored
Sanguine child, adolescent, adult
infant
Pros: energetic and inquisitive, funny and cute, walks a lot and makes various sounds, flaunts, reacts vividly to people.
Minuses: cries demands attention, knows about his irresistibility, constantly needs company, often gets into trouble, self-centered.
Child
Pros: charming personality, bold and energetic, looks innocent, cheerful and enthusiastic, likes to have fun, comes to his senses easily, loves the company of people.
Minuses: does not follow through, disorganized, easily distracted, quickly loses interest, emotional ups and downs, demands recognition, forgetful and restless, tends to exaggerate.
Teenager
Pros: knows how to charm others, cocky, popular, soul of the company, inventive and bright, knows how to please, quickly apologizes.
Minuses: prone to cheating, making up excuses, easily distracted, needing attention and approval, prone to cheating, finds studies boring, immature, does not know how to handle money.
Adult
emotional needs: other people's attention, touch, approval of one's actions, acceptance
Cause of depression: life has become boring, no hope for the future, feels unloved
How to get rid of stress : go shopping, have fun with friends, delicious food.
Energy level: gets a boost of energy from other people, frantic pace of life, periods of fatigue
Temperament Type Choleric
This type of temperament is considered the most powerful and destructive of all. It is no exaggeration to say that the world's most formidable dictators and criminals were of a choleric temperament. However, when they use their power for good, they can become excellent leaders.
Cholerics are incredible resilient and resilient. If they decide on something, they do not change their opinion, even if it is wrong.
Cholerics rarely listen to the advice of others. They want to have complete control over themselves and others. They are of the opinion that they know what is best and what is acceptable behavior for others.
They have serious anger management problems. Cholerics rarely express such emotions as love, tenderness, friendliness and empathy, but this can be compensated by a secondary type of temperament. In addition, on the part of other people, they consider these emotions inappropriate and useless.
Cholerics believe that no one can do a task better than them. They tend to overwork themselves and can bring themselves to nervous exhaustion.. To achieve their goal, they are ready to do anything.
Unlike melancholics, who see the shortcomings of the project before taking any action, choleric people do not see any pitfalls. The choleric will move regardless of the cost that is required, because for him the end justifies the means.
Cholerics are self-centered and often do not consider the needs of others.
They are perfectionists, and even their shortcomings they consider flawless. It's hard for them to admit they're wrong.
Characteristics of choleric
Strengths:
Natural Leaders
dynamic and active
Strong need for change
Willful and determined
unemotional
They are hard to break
Independent and self-sufficient
Exude self-confidence
Take on any business
Weak sides:
They love to command
impatient
Hot-tempered
Can't relax
Too impulsive
They love to argue
Don't give up even when you lose
Do not have flexibility
surly
They do not like manifestations of sentimentality and emotions.
Unresponsive
Choleric at work
Purposeful
Sees the big picture
well organized
Looking for a practical solution
Moves quickly to action
Distributes tasks
insists on his
Sets goals
Stimulates activity
Likes to argue
The most suitable professions in the field of: management, technology, statistics, engineering, programming, business
Choleric friend:
Doesn't need a large circle of friends
Will lead and organize
Always right
Handles unexpected situations well
Choleric child, teenager, adult
infant
Pros: decisive look, fearless, energetic, sociable, rapid development
Minuses: demanding, loud and noisy, throws things, sleeps poorly
Child
Pros: born leader, courageous and energetic, productive, purposeful, fast moving, self-sufficient, likes to compete, self-confident
Minuses: controls parents, tends to manipulate, capricious, restless, insists on his own, likes to argue, stubborn, disobedient.
Teenager
Pros: aggressive, competent, quickly organizes any business, takes leadership, solves problems, self-confident, stimulates others, knows how to act in a critical situation, good potential, responsible.
Minuses: likes to command, controls his friends, thinks he knows everything, tends to look down, becomes unpopular at times, decides for others, can offend, does not like to repent, blames others.
Adult
Emotional Needs: devotion of the crowd, a sense of power, appreciation, gratitude for one's actions
Cause of depression: life is out of control, problems with money, work, spouse, children or health
How to get rid of stress: work more, get more physical activity, avoid tough situations
Energy level: excess energy, needs a reboot
Temperament Phlegmatic
To an observer, the phlegmatic seems slow and stubborn. People of a phlegmatic temperament go through life slowly, slowly, spending as little energy as possible.
It is difficult to say whether the phlegmatic really lacks energy, or whether they simply refuse to use it.
They are task-oriented and very efficient when the job requires precision, thoroughness and a minimum of energy.
Perhaps the world will never recognize those brilliant thoughts, great books and works of art that were consigned to oblivion by the phlegmatic. They rarely use their ideas and talents, as their implementation requires a lot of effort.
The phlegmatic sits and watches how representatives of other types of temperament make mistakes and notes what needs to be changed in this world so that everything is right. They perfectly catch cases of any injustice, but very rarely take any action against this injustice. They can inspire others to action, but they personally will not participate in this.
Phlegmatic is the only type of temperament that a choleric person cannot control (which terribly infuriates a choleric person).
This is the most stable temperament. He can also be called the most stubborn when it comes to change. Since he tends not to interfere in other people's affairs, he can be a good mediator and diplomat. Peace at any cost is the motto of the phlegmatic.
The phlegmatic is not afraid of being rejected and can easily cope with a cold and hostile person. They are calm, carefree, not subject to a surge of emotions, anger, feelings of bitterness, like other types of temperaments. Their restraint and coldness can sometimes hurt loved ones.
Phlegmatic characteristic
Strengths:
Balanced
Compliant and calm
Assembled
Patient
prone to persistence
Silent but witty
Benevolent and kind
Tends to hide his emotions
Easily reconciled to his fate
Universal Man
Weak sides:
Deprived of enthusiasm
Fearful and anxious
Indecisive
Avoids responsibility
weak will
Selfish
Too shy and secretive
Compromising too often
Complacent
Phlegmatic at work:
Competent and permanent
Peaceful and efficient
Possesses administrative skills
Serves as a mediator when problems arise
Avoids conflict
Capable of working under pressure
Finds easy ways
The most suitable professions in the field of: medicine, education, psychology and psychotherapy, child development, social service
Phlegmatic friend
He's easy to get along with
Pleasant in communication
Harmless
good listener
Dry sense of humor
Likes to watch people
Capable of Compassion
Phlegmatic child, teenager, adult
infant
Pros: good-natured, unpretentious, joyful, adapts easily
Minuses: slow, modest and aloof, indifferent, unresponsive
Child
Pros: observes others, easily amuses, causes no problems, stable, pleasant, calm
Minuses: selfish, indecisive, avoids work, fearful, a little stubborn, lazy and sleepy, watches TV a lot.
Teenager
Pros: pleasant personality, witty, good listener, can mediate problems, can lead if pushed, serious attitude
Minuses: indecisive, unenthusiastic, compromises too often, lacks motivation, sarcastic, stays away, procrastinates.
Adult
Emotional Needs: peace and tranquility, sense of significance, lack of stress, respect
Cause of depression: chaos in life, many problems, pressure from outside
How to deal with stress
: streamline life, turn off the TV, eat and sleep regularly
Energy level: lowest energy level, needs rest, feels drained in the presence of people
Temperament Melancholic
Melancholic people have very sensitive, emotional nature and sometimes feelings take over. Emotions can lift their mood to unprecedented heights, and the rest of the time they are in a depressed and gloomy state. However, a secondary temperament often balances this feature.
Melancholics need to learn how to communicate their emotions as they try to shield and protect themselves emotionally. Often they demonstrate their love by loyalty and responsibility towards another person.
If the melancholic makes full use of his strengths, he is capable of great and wonderful accomplishments. When they give in to their weaknesses, they are prone to self-destructive behavior.
A pure melancholic is an introvert and a loner. Melancholics are goal-oriented, they are perfectionists and often set the bar too high for themselves and those around them.
They can be called very devoted to his friends and family. If the melancholic has made a promise, he will keep it. These are creative people, but prone to deep depression. They can also be called secretive and quite serious.
They are independent, do not respond to promises and rewards, or to the threat of punishment. They are rarely satisfied with the result, because they feel that they can do it better. They have a realistic view of what is happening. Melancholics know their limits and rarely take on more than they can handle.
Melancholic temperament most self-centered. Due to their sensitive nature, they are easily offended or offended. They may be suspicious and come to unfounded conclusions. They tend to be introspective to the point where it can lead to inactivity and low energy, among other problems.
A melancholic person can be calm and quiet on the outside, but feel angry or deeply offended on the inside. They keep these feelings to themselves until they build up and one day they explode.
Characteristics of a melancholic
Strengths:
Deep and thoughtful
Analytic mind
Serious and focused
Gifted
Talented and creative
Artistic and musical
Aptitude for philosophy or poetry
connoisseur of beauty
Sensitive to others
Selfless
Conscientious
Idealist
Weak sides:
Remembers negative moments
Mood swings and depression
Likes to be offended
Soars in the clouds
Low self-esteem
selectively listens
Self-centered
Closed
Often feels guilty
prone to persecution mania
prone to hypochondria
melancholic at work
Stick to the schedule
Perfectionist, sets the bar high
Pays attention to details
Persistent and meticulous
Organized
Careful
Economical
Sees problems
Finds non-standard solutions
Likes charts, lists
Most Suitable Professions and in the field: research, arts, sciences, administration, social work
Melancholic friend
Makes friends with care
Prefers to stay in the shadows
Trying not to draw attention to himself
Loyal and faithful
Ready to listen to complaints
Can solve other people's problems
Concerned about other people
Looking for the perfect partner
Melancholic child, adolescent, adult
infant
Pros: serious and quiet, well-behaved, tries to please, likes routine
Minuses: dislikes strangers, looks sad, can cry easily, is attached to parents
Child
Pros: thoughtful, talented, musical and artistic, loves to dream, good friend, perfectionist, deep, responsible.
Minuses: prone to mood swings, complaining and fussing, insecure, too sensitive, focuses on the negative, withdraws into himself, sees problems, uncommunicative.
Teenager
Pros: good student, Creative skills, likes to explore, organized and goal oriented, sets the bar high, conscientious, sensitive to others, pleasant personality
Minuses: overly perfectionistic, depressed and critical, inferiority complex, suspicious, low self-esteem, vengeful, needs encouragement
Adult
Emotional Needs: sensitivity and understanding, support when discouraged, space to be alone, silence and the absence of other people
Cause of depression: life is imperfect, unbearable emotional pain, lack of understanding
How to deal with stress: move away from people, read, start studying something, meditate, go to bed on time
Energy level: average energy level, depleted in the presence of people, needs peace and quiet
