The wars of conquest of the consulates and the empire were the conclusion. Consulate and the formation of the Napoleonic Empire. The significance of the consulate and the empire for France

History of the New Age Grade 8

From revolutionary France to bourgeois France.
"Liberty, Equality and Fraternity!"
"Revolutionary on the Throne"
"The True Glory of Napoleon"

Plan:

Since 1789 there have been many upheavals in France. General Bonaparte was quietly accepted as head of state. He established a military dictatorship, engaged in the restoration of the economy and the legal system.

From revolutionary France to bourgeois France

Since 1789 there have been many upheavals in France. General Bonaparte was quietly accepted as head of state. He established a military dictatorship, engaged in the restoration of the economy and the legal system.

Napoleon Bonaparte

1 consul-
Napoleon Bonaparte

2 consul
Emmanuel - Joseph
Sieyes

3 consuls
Roger Ducos

From revolutionary France to bourgeois France

Deliberative
voice

The First Consul had the greatest rights, who could declare war and make peace, legislate, appoint and remove ministers.

The First Consul had the greatest rights, who could declare war and make peace, legislate, appoint and remove ministers.

From revolutionary France to bourgeois France

First Consul -
Bonaparte

During the years of his consulate, the legislative power was sharply limited, local government, prefects were sent to the departments - assistants to the consul.

During the years of his consulate, the legislative power was sharply limited, local self-government was destroyed, prefects were sent to the departments - assistants to the consul.

First Consul -
Bonaparte

The regime of personal power was established in the country. The French were tired of the revolution, and the regime of personal power was approved in a plebiscite.

"Calmness, order, nationality!"

The regime of personal power was established in the country. The French were tired of the revolution, and the regime of personal power was approved in a plebiscite.

First Consul -
Bonaparte

Consulate- the period in the history of France, when the power belonged to Napoleon Bonaparte. Lasted from November 9, 1799 to May 18, 1804

"Let's write down the definition

Consulate- the period in the history of France, when the power belonged to Napoleon Bonaparte. Lasted from November 9, 1799 to May 18, 1804

During the first period of the consulate, laws were passed:

During the first period of the consulate, laws were passed:
1) Confirmation of the right of property acquired during the years of the revolution;
2) Encouragement of entrepreneurship

Napoleon
Bonaparte

Bonaparte carried out a monetary reform, including the creation of a French bank and the strengthening of a new monetary unit, the franc.

Bonaparte carried out a monetary reform, including the creation of a French bank and the strengthening of a new monetary unit, the franc.

"Liberty, equality and property!"

Currency unit
France

The emperor paid special attention to strengthening the police. Joseph Fouche, who created a powerful police detective machine, was placed at the head of the police ministry.

The emperor paid special attention to strengthening the police. Joseph Fouche, who created a powerful police detective machine, was placed at the head of the police ministry.

Joseph Fouche

"A society without religion is like a ship without a compass"

"Revolutionary on the Throne"

Consecration of Emperor Napoleon I and coronation
Empress Josephine in Notre Dame Cathedral

To strengthen the prestige of believers, Bonaparte entered into negotiations with the Pope. The Catholic Church was declared the religion of all the French. In 1805, Napoleon was crowned in Milan in the Dome Cathedral.

To strengthen the prestige of believers, Bonaparte entered into negotiations with the Pope. The Catholic Church was declared the religion of all the French. In 1805, Napoleon was crowned in Milan in the Dome Cathedral.

First Emperor -
Bonaparte

"Revolutionary on the Throne"

“I can fool both a politician and a military man, but I am not able to deceive the hostess who goes to the market every day”

"Revolutionary on the Throne"

In 1800, Napoleon and his army crossed the Alps, went behind the Austrians and won the Battle of Marengo. France received Piedmont and Genoa.

In 1800, Napoleon and his army crossed the Alps, went behind the Austrians and won the Battle of Marengo. France received Piedmont and Genoa.

Conquest wars of consulate and empire

Battle of Marengo

In 1805, the Battle of Cape Trafalgar took place, as a result of which the French fleet was destroyed, and England rejoiced.

In 1805, the Battle of Cape Trafalgar took place, as a result of which the French fleet was destroyed, and England rejoiced.

Conquest wars of consulate and empire

In December 1805, a bloody battle took place near the village of Austerlitz, where Napoleon won a brilliant victory over the Austrian and Russian emperors.

In December 1805, a bloody battle took place near the village of Austerlitz, where Napoleon won a brilliant victory over the Austrian and Russian emperors.

Conquest wars of consulate and empire

In 1806, the French army entered Prussia and defeated it near Jena. Napoleon solemnly entered Berlin and signed the decree on the continental blockade there.

In 1806, the French army entered Prussia and defeated it near Jena. Napoleon solemnly entered Berlin and signed the decree on the continental blockade there.

Conquest wars of consulate and empire

In 1807 Napoleon made peace with Russia. The two emperors met at Tilsit. On the raft, they shook hands and signed a peace treaty.

In 1807 Napoleon made peace with Russia. The two emperors met at Tilsit. On the raft, they shook hands and signed a peace treaty.

Conquest wars of consulate and empire

Meeting of emperors
in Tilsit

In 1808, the French army invaded Spain, Napoleon installed his elder brother Joseph on the Spanish throne.

In 1808, the French army invaded Spain, Napoleon installed his elder brother Joseph on the Spanish throne.

Conquest wars of consulate and empire

But the Spaniards did not accept the occupation. A general uprising took shape guerrilla war, limited the power of Joseph. The Spaniards did not recognize the power of the impostor king.

But the Spaniards did not accept the occupation. The general uprising took the form of guerrilla warfare and limited Joseph's power. The Spaniards did not recognize the power of the impostor king.

Conquest wars of consulate and empire

Shooting of the rebels
night of May 3, 1808

Napoleon in 1804 issued the famous Civil Code, or Napoleonic Code, which proclaimed equality, inviolability of the person, freedom of conscience, etc.

Napoleon in 1804 issued the famous Civil Code, or Napoleonic Code, which proclaimed equality, inviolability of the person, freedom of conscience, etc.

Conquest wars of consulate and empire

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Homework:

Paragraph 11, question 3.5 or 6 in writing

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Resources used in the work

Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769 on about. Corsica. In 1785 he graduated from the Paris military school in the rank of lieutenant. Your professional military service began in 1785 with the rank of second lieutenant of artillery. He advanced during the French Revolution, reaching the rank of brigadier and then divisional general (1794) under the Directory and the post of commander of the rear military forces, and then commander of the Italian army (1796) at the age of 26.

- The Great French Revolution of 1799 - a coup d'état (18 Brumaire - November) A provisional government was created from the three consuls Napoleon Bonaparte, Roger Ducos, Sieyes. - the period of the consulate in the history of France.

Domestic politics Napoleon during the consulate of During the Brumaire coup of 1799. Napoleon comes to power, he is appointed first consul. December 1799 The new constitution of the French Republic is adopted

Formation of the consulate of the city - the adoption of the new Constitution of France, the establishment of the consulate. 1st consul 2nd consul3rd consul Creation of lawsDeclaration of war Appointment of ministers and officials Conclusion of peace LEGISLATIVE VOICE

Domestic policy of Napoleon during the consulate of the years. Legislature Council of State (drafting and editing bills. Drafting laws) Tribunate (debating bills. Checking the conformity of laws with the Constitution) Legislative Corps (adopted or rejected bills)

Domestic policy of Napoleon during the consulate of the years. Executive Power First Consul (Napoleon) full executive power, partly judicial and legislative power. Second consul - advisory vote Third consul - advisory vote elected for 10 years, exercised leadership of the executive power in the center and in the field

Consulate of Napoleon Bonaparte 1. Created laws (then they were discussed and adopted in the Senate). 2. Declared war and made peace. 3. Appointed ministers and officials. 4. He destroyed local self-government (government officials - prefects were sent to departments for management, mayors were appointed instead of elected communes in cities). Bonaparte First Consul, Painter Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique

Domestic policy of Napoleon during the consulate of the years. The main principle of Napoleon's state apparatus is bureaucratic centralization. Destruction of elective local and departmental self-government Creation of a system of prefectures headed by the prefect (appointed by the government) belonged to the full administrative power.

Consulate of Napoleon Bonaparte 1. Contributed to the development of entrepreneurial activity. The big bourgeoisie were given lucrative state orders. 2. Conducted a reform of the financial system, including the creation of a French bank and the strengthening of a new monetary unit - the franc. 3. Launched a large construction in the country. The capital of France has become even more beautiful. 4. Hastened the industrial revolution, created new jobs. 5. Prohibited strikes and unions of workers. Those who showed dissatisfaction with the policy of the First Consul were expected to be executed, arrested, or exiled. Mr. - concluded an agreement (concordat) with the Pope on the normalization of relations. The separation of church and state was abolished. 7. Declared an amnesty for emigrants. He personally appointed former aristocrats to important government posts. 8. Created a powerful police detective machine.

1802 - Napoleon Bonaparte became Consul for Life 1804 - Napoleon Bonaparte became Emperor of France. Concentrated in his hands the legislative and executive power of the year - Napoleon Bonaparte became the king of Italy

Domestic policy of Napoleon during the consulate of the years. In May 1804 Napoleon Bonaparte was proclaimed emperor. By the beginning of 1805 France became known as an empire. 1807 The final establishment of an authoritarian regime (the Tribunate was abolished, the Legislative Corps rarely met)

Reasons for establishing an empire in France 1. The desire of the "new rich" to keep their property acquired during the years of the revolution. 2. The desire of the peasants who bought the land of emigrants to keep their property 3. Napoleon Bonaparte dreamed of becoming an emperor. One of the leaders of the bourgeoisie expressed the general opinion of these people, declaring: "Only by establishing the hereditary power of the new dynasty, we can destroy the chimerical hopes of the old dynasty in the bud, giving the new order of things a lasting character."

1804 - The Civil Code, or the Napoleonic Code, was published. He proclaimed the equality of citizens before the law, the inviolability of the person and property, freedom of conscience, etc. This was legislation reflecting liberal values. The old order in France was done away with forever. The code spread throughout all European countries. “My true glory is not that I won forty battles: Waterloo will blot out the memory of all these victories. But what cannot be forgotten, what will live forever, is my Civil Code.” Napoleon.

The wars of conquest of Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon's goals 1. Establishment of hegemony (leadership) in Europe 2. Robbery of the occupied territories 3. Planting obedient regimes in the conquered countries 4. Strengthening personal power 1805 - creation great army Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte's wars of conquest ancient egypt§ 11 page

Napoleon Bonaparte's wars of conquest - First Italian Campaign - Egyptian campaign of Bonaparte d. - Second Italian campaign d. - First Austrian campaign d. - Prussian campaign d. - Polish campaign - Spanish-Portuguese Cam d. - Second Austrian campaign d. - Russian campaign d. - Saxon campaign d. - Battle for France d. - Belgian campaign

Conquest wars of Napoleon Bonaparte Anti-French coalitions. - First Italian Campaign - Egyptian campaign of Bonaparte d. - Second Italian campaign d. - First Austrian campaign d. - Prussian campaign d. - Polish campaign - Spanish-Portuguese campaign d. - Second Austrian campaign d. - Russian campaign d. - Saxon campaign d. - Battle for France d. - Belgian campaign d. - I anti-French coalition. Russia, England and Austria - II anti-French coalition. Russia, Austria, Ottoman Empire, England and the Kingdom of Naples. 1.Italian campaign of 1799. 2.Swiss campaign of 1799 - III anti-French coalition. Russia, England, Austria, Sweden and Sicily - IV anti-French coalition. England, Sweden, Prussia, Saxony and Russia - V anti-French coalition. Austria, England and Spain - VI anti-French coalition. Russia, England, Spain, Austria and Prussia - VII anti-French coalition. "Hundred Days" of Napoleon England, Holland, Prussia.

The contradictory nature of the aggressive policy of Napoleon Bonaparte Firstly, the French soldiers on their bayonets carried the ideas of freedom to the peoples of Europe. In other words, Napoleon's wars finally crushed the feudal system in Europe, primarily in its main powers of that time in Austria and Prussia. However, having brought with him freedom to the peoples of Europe, Napoleon himself soon became a “despot” in the eyes of these peoples, which gave rise to a powerful national liberation movement on the continent (primarily in Germany and Spain). Not to mention the fact that the conquests of Napoleon led to the plunder of the conquered peoples, to looting and violence perpetrated by the French troops, which, if not encouraged, certainly was not prohibited. Secondly, having started his wars in Europe, Napoleon sought to establish the all-European dominance of France, which could not but upset the balance of power on the continent. And the United Kingdom has traditionally advocated maintaining this balance. Under such conditions, the conflict between Napoleonic France and the “mistress of the seas” was inevitable. Thirdly, if at first the wars were beneficial to various segments of the population, then in the future the “blood tax” became more and more burdensome for the people. And this was one of the reasons for the collapse of the empire in 1814.

Reasons for weakening Napoleonic Empire 1. Two years in a row there were strong crop failures. The people didn't eat. 2. Continental blockade caused a decline in industry and trade. 3. Inside France, dissatisfaction was growing with continuous wars and recruitment sets for the army. 4. The relations of the empire with the conquered countries were also complex. On the one hand, the French authorities carried out bourgeois reforms. But at the same time, Napoleonic extortions and indemnities choked the peoples of the conquered countries, and the “blood tax” was especially burdensome. Tens of thousands of soldiers were supplied to the emperor's army by conquered countries. Behind the outward obedience was hidden an ever-increasing hatred of the oppressors.
The collapse of the empire of Napoleon Bonaparte 1813 - defeat in the battle of Leipzig ("Battle of the Nations") 1914 - Napoleon's abdication and exile to Fr. Elbe. Russian army enters Paris

gg. - Congress of Vienna The first in world history diplomatic congress of representatives of almost all European states (except Turkey). Representatives of England, Austria, Prussia and Russia played the main role. The Congress was supposed to decide the fate of post-war Europe: 1) to restore the former dynasties and the power of the nobility, 2) to make a territorial redistribution in the interests of the winning coalition. Members of the Congress of Vienna

Winning countries Territories obtained by decision of the Congress of Vienna Territorial changes by decision of the Congress of Vienna. § 12 page

Europe after Napoleonic Wars 1. Russia received part of Poland - the Duchy of Warsaw; 2.Prussia Rhineland and Westphalia, western Polish lands. 3. Two Italian regions of Lombardy and Venice went to Austria. 4. Instead of more than two hundred small German principalities, the German Union of 39 states was created. 5.England retained the island of Malta, and the former Dutch colonies - the island of Ceylon off the coast of India and the Cape in southern Africa. 6. Restored the secular power of the pope over the Roman region. 7. In the Kingdom of Naples, power passed to the former Bourbon dynasty. 8. Restored the Bourbon throne in Spain. 9. The territory of France was returned to the borders of 1792 and a huge indemnity was imposed on it. 10. Russia's entry into the ranks of the leading states of Europe.

1815 - Holy Alliance of Russia, Austria and Prussia. The first attempt to create a system of European balance, which ensures respect for existing treaties, for the established territorial delimitation. European equilibrium is such an order in which all states restrain each other so that none of them can impose their dominance on another by force, subjugate it to itself. In the period from 1818 to 1821, all their activities were reduced to the fight against revolutions. Together, the revolutions in Spain and Italy were strangled. In other matters, there was no unity in the policy of the members of the Union. Wish Holy Union to maintain stability on the continent increasingly came into conflict with the desire of the peoples of Europe to establish democratic orders and create national states. Vienna System of International Relations

Event, result: Napoleon begins his plans to conquer Europe. His army enters Italy

Event, result: The battle with the Austrians at Hohenlinden after the French invasion of German lands. Napoleon's victory.

Event, result: The utterly defeated Austrian army surrendered to Napoleon. For this period, the war of the “third coalition” is already going on in Europe. England, Russia, Sweden, Austria, Prussia and the Italian Republic of Naples are already opposed to Napoleon.

Event, result: Napoleon defeated his opponents from the "Third Coalition" in legendary battle at Austerlitz. It opposed Napoleon Russian empire and Austria-Hungary. The battle is called in history "the battle of the three emperors"

Event, result: With Austria, the Peace of Pressburg was concluded, according to which Napoleon, at his will, divided the lands of the Holy Roman Empire. He got part of western Germany and Venice, and the HRE ceased to exist. Also, Napoleon, at his own will, distributed part of the European royal and ducal crowns to his brothers and friends.

Event, result: Defeated Prussia in the battle of Jena and Aursted. He has now become the master of all Germany definitively. Soon solemnly entered with the troops in Berlin

Event, result: Smashed near Friedland (Kaliningrad region) Russian army General Benigsen, which came to the aid of the German allies

Event, result: Napoleon put his protege on the throne in Portugal, thus subjugating himself and Portugal

Event, result:"First call" weakening the power of Napoleon. In Spain, subject to him, the Madrid uprising began. It is suppressed by the French, but others are coming to replace it. The uprisings in Spain would haunt Napoleon until the very end of his career.

Date of: 1809

Event, result: Deprived secular power Pope and annexed his possessions to France

Event, result: Napoleon attacked Russia. His troops crossed the border river Neman without any declaration of war.

Event, result: Napoleon occupied Minsk and went further towards Moscow

Event, result: Battle of Borodino. Both armies suffered heavy losses. Napoleon's advance stopped.

Event, result: The commander of the Russian army, Mikhail Kutuzov, decided to surrender Moscow to Napoleon without a fight. The French enter the capital

Event, result: Napoleon and his weakened army leave Moscow, as they do not have the resources to spend the winter there. The retreat of the hungry and frozen French begins through half of Russia back to Europe.

Event, result: Battle of the Berezina in Belarus. Fleeing from the attack of the Russian army, Napoleon abandons 21,000 of his more weakened soldiers at the crossing of the Berezina River, ordering the bridges to be burned in front of them. With only 12,000 soldiers, he moves on to the border. Most of the French left died in the cold, the rest were captured.

Event, result: Napoleon crosses the Neman and returns to Europe. He has only about 5,000 soldiers with him. The great French army is destroyed.

Event, result: Napoleon's Battle of Waterloo with the Seventh Coalition of European Powers. It was opposed by Prussia, England, Holland (plus small principalities) Complete defeat of Napoleon. His power and power came to an end.

Event, result: The Treaty of Paris was concluded, according to which the throne of France was returned to the Bourbon dynasty, and Napoleon was sent into exile on the island of St. Helena. Where he died 6 years later.

The end of the XVIII - the beginning of the XIX century - the most important period in the history of France. The ruling factions replaced each other with swift force and speed. From the Jacobin dictatorship, France passes to the board of the executive body - the Directory, as a result of the coup of 18 Brumaire, power falls into the hands of 3 consuls, one of whom was Napoleon Bonaparte. Where the political, economic and foreign policy vectors of France's development will be directed in the future, you will learn by studying this lesson.

Consulate and the formation of the Napoleonic Empire

background

From 1789, revolutionary changes took place in France. In 1794, after the overthrow of the Jacobin dictatorship, a shaky Directory regime was established.

His features:
.financial crisis, inflation, skyrocketing prices;
.lack of compromise between various political forces in France, fierce political struggle and conspiracies;
The French were largely tired of the internal instability that followed the revolution and desired strong power;
.France achieved the main successes during this period in the military field: the growing popularity of the military against the backdrop of an inability to cope with the internal problems of the Directory.

Political circles were increasingly thinking about eliminating the unpopular Directory and establishing a tougher political regime that, with the support of the army, could bring order to the country.

Events

November 1799 - Coup of 18 Brumaire (about the coup). The popular General Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows the government, disperses the Legislative Assembly; a government of three consuls is established - Bonaparte and former members of the Directory who prepared the coup: Abbé Sieyes and Roger Ducos.

December 1799 - the adoption of the constitution, according to which Napoleon became the first consul with full power, pushing the allies into the background (Constitution of 1799).

1800 - creation of the Bank of France (still exists), stabilization of the financial situation in the country.

1801 - Concordat (agreement) between France and the Catholic Church, normalization of relations damaged by the revolution.

1802 - Napoleon declared himself consul for life.

1804 - the adoption of the Civil Code, which influenced the system of civil law throughout the world ().

Conclusion

In May 1804, Napoleon was crowned Emperor Napoleon I in the presence of the Pope. This ended the 12-year history of the First French Republic. A new era began in the history of France - the First Empire.

Parallels

The French themselves of the era of the Revolution and Napoleon liked to compare themselves with the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. The overthrow of the Bourbons was likened to the expulsion of the royal Tarquinian dynasty in Ancient Rome. The struggle of political groups, accompanied by terror, resembled a period. Bonaparte was compared with Julius Caesar and Octavian Augustus: the Bonapartist regime stopped internal strife, reconciled various social and political strata, increased the economic stability and military power of France.

In this lesson will be discussed on the consulate and the creation of the Napoleonic empire in France. Last year, in the 7th grade general history course, the issue of the French Revolution of 1789 was considered. Recall that the King of France, Louis XVI, was executed in 1793, and in the summer of that year, Jacobin dictatorship(the political regime in revolutionary France that existed from June 1793 to July 1794). After the collapse of the Jacobin dictatorship, a new body came to power in France, which was called Directory(executive authority of the French Republic under the Constitution of the French Republic, adopted by the National Convention in 1795). The era of the Directory in France, which falls on 1795-1799, was not a very successful time. It was a time when France was rampant economic crisis. By 1799, the Directory in France had become unpopular. What was needed was a person or an authority that would enjoy popular support. People wanted to see a strong ruler.

A young general became such a ruler (Fig. 1). Beginning in 1796, he waged active wars in Italy. He also effectively forced Switzerland to join France. At the same time, the French conquest of the Netherlands. Numerous victories of Napoleon, his warlike image caused delight among a considerable part of French society. Napoleon's finest hour was to be his Egyptian campaign(Fig. 2). If this campaign had been successful, then the British, the main opponents of France, would have had serious problems, because the capture of Egypt by France opened French army road to India, and India was the most important source raw materials and resources. But Napoleon's Egyptian campaign ended in failure. In August 1798 in the battle of Aboukir the British practically destroyed the French fleet (Fig. 3). Attempts to gain a foothold in the eastern Mediterranean were unsuccessful. However, Napoleon managed to rehabilitate himself. In 1798 and 1799 he undertook two campaigns, in Italy and Switzerland. The enemy of Napoleon and his subordinates in these campaigns was Russia, General Russian army at that time was (Fig. 4). Despite the merits of Suvorov, this campaign for Russia was unsuccessful. Napoleon introduced himself to the French as the winner of the Russians and Suvorov himself, whose merits were known and honored throughout Europe after Russian-Turkish war. Thus, by 1799 Napoleon's authority in France was enormous.

Rice. 1. Napoleon Bonaparte ()

Rice. 2. Napoleon's Egyptian campaign ()

Rice. 3. Aboukir naval battle ()

Rice. 4. Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov ()

Members of the Directory decided to use this authority for their own purposes. They underestimated Napoleon and decided to use him as a puppet in their hands. In October 1799, Napoleon returned to Paris in triumph. Public opinion it was with him that victories were connected recent years. But just a few days after his return, Napoleon carried out a coup d'état. He went down in history as the coup of 18 Brumaire.(Fig. 5). The coup has happened November 9, 1799. The disclosure of the Jacobin conspiracy was announced. The Council of Five Hundred was expelled from the meeting room at the Palais Saint-Cloud. It was announced that all power in the country passes into the hands of three persons, who began to be called in the Roman manner consuls. These consuls are:

Sieyes, who actually brought Napoleon to power,

Roger Ducos.

This era, which began in 1799 with the coup of 18 Brumaire and ended in 1804, is called consular era.

Rice. 5. Coup 18 Brumaire ()

The main task that had to be solved in France in the era of the consulate was the task of social unification of the country. In France, there were many supporters of various ideas, currents, theories and doctrines. There were monarchists, republicans, supporters of strong military power.

The new Constitution, adopted by the consuls in 1799, proclaimed inviolable the right to property. As a result, those who previously feared for their lives and their wealth were drawn into the country. All emigrants who had previously fled the country were allowed to re-settle in France. An exception was made only for monarchists. Napoleon did not need such rivals.

Napoleon did a lot to normalize the financial situation in the country. This was primarily of interest to entrepreneurs. But ordinary citizens were also interested in the fact that the monetary unit of France was stable. In 1800, Napoleon created Bank of France which exists to this day. IN 1803 was put into circulation silver franc(Fig. 6) - convertible (freely exchangeable for other monetary units) currency.

Rice. 6. Silver franc ()

Napoleon managed to solve the problem in his relationship with the Pope. France was and remained a Catholic country with a predominantly Catholic population. Relations with Italy and the pope were unstable. Rome negatively perceived the French Republic and the expulsion of nobles from the country. In 1801, Napoleon and the Pope signed concordat(an agreement between the Pope as the head of the Catholic Church and any state). In 1804, the Pope even came to Paris to conduct the coronation ceremony of Napoleon. However, the services of the pope were not required, Napoleon laid the crown on himself, but the very presence of the pope at this ceremony was very important for Napoleon. Napoleon, however, believed that he had the right to dispose of church property. The Pope had a completely opposite opinion on this matter.

In 1802, Napoleon received the expected respite. Constant revolutionary wars exhausted the country. A break was needed in order to gather strength and prepare for new military campaigns. Between France and England in 1802 was concluded Peace of Amiens. This was done in order to strengthen the French position in Italy. Immediately after the signing of the peace treaty, such Italian territories as Piedmont and the island of Elba were annexed to France.

In 1802, the British did not take Napoleon very seriously. They believed that the general would not be able to cope with the economic situation in the country. But they miscalculated. Already in May 1803, Napoleon created a large military camp on the English Channel coast, known as (Fig. 7). In this camp, troops are gathering for the coming invasion of Great Britain.

Rice. 7. Boulogne camp ()

The problem remained the crossing of these numerous troops across the English Channel (the strait separating England and France, Fig. 8). After the rout French Navy in the battle of Aboukir, England controlled all movements on the seas, especially off its coasts. France did not have a serious fleet at that time. He could not compete with England in numbers and maneuverability. English cartoonists, ridiculing Napoleon's army, depicted the crossing of French troops across the English Channel in landing basins.

Rice. 8. The English Channel separating England and France ()

In March 1804 Napoleon introduced in France Civil Code(Fig. 9). This document was prepared by a special commission chaired by Napoleon himself. It enshrines such important provisions as freedom of private property, freedom of enterprise and family law. According to the Civil Code, a new type of family relations was fixed. woman before early XIX century in Europe was not considered as a subject of law. It was believed that she should be completely subordinate to her husband or father. The Napoleonic Civil Code gave women in Europe the right to divorce for the first time. However, this right for women did not last very long. In 1816 it was taken away and restored only in 1884. The Civil Code failed to equalize the rights of women with men. Women did not have the right to vote.

Rice. 9. Napoleonic Civil Code ()

Napoleon himself understood the significance of his Civil Code. He wrote that his military victories might mean nothing, Waterloo alone crossed them all out, and what will live for centuries is the Civil Code. Following the model of the Civil Code, a Commercial Code appeared in France a few years later, and a little later, the Criminal Code.

In 1802, Napoleon secured an extension of his powers as consul. He received lifetime powers, but even this was not enough for the general. On May 18, 1804, he was declared by the French emperor under the name NapoleonI. In December, the ceremony of his coronation took place in Paris (Fig. 10). As noted above, Napoleon himself placed the crown on his head. Thus, France, which for 12 years was a republic, returned to the monarchy again.. The period of the first republic in France ended. The period of the first empire began.

Rice. 10. Napoleon's coronation ()

Bibliography

Jomini. Political and military life Napoleon. A book covering Napoleon's military campaigns up to 1812
Manfred A.Z. Napoleon Bonaparte. - M.: Thought, 1989.
Noskov V.V., Andreevskaya T.P. General history. 8th grade. - M., 2013.
Tarle E.V. "Napoleon". - 1994.
Chandler D. Napoleon's military campaigns. - M., 1997.
Yudovskaya A.Ya. General history. History of the New Age, 1800-1900, Grade 8. - M., 2012.

Veter-stranstvii.ru ().
Jurkom74.ru ().
Treeland.ru ().
be5.biz().

Homework

Describe the first military campaigns of Napoleon. Which of them were successful and which were not?
When did the coup of 18 Brumaire take place and what regime was established as a result?
What was the reason for the negative relationship between Napoleon and the Catholic Church (the Pope)?
When was the Civil Code created? In what did Napoleon see its significance for French society?

CONSULATE AND EDUCATION of the Napoleonic Empire

Topic 2 Lesson #1

Gubanova L.A. Teacher the highest category School No. 29 in Sevastopol

LESSON PLAN

1. From revolutionary France to bourgeois France.
2. Domestic policy of NAPOLEON during the period of the CONSULATE
3. Revolutionary on the throne.
4. Napoleon's wars of conquest

1789 - Fall of the Bastille
1791 - adoption of a constitution that destroyed absolutism and limited the power of the king
1793 - execution of Louis XYI
1793 - adoption of the new Constitution, which proclaimed FRANCE a republic
November 9-10 (Brumaire 18-19), 1799 - a bloodless coup. The rise to power of Napoleon Bonaparte.
“WE HAVE COMPLETED THE ROMAN REVOLUTION. NOW YOU NEED TO SEE WHAT IS REAL IN IT ”(Napoleon Bonaparte)

PROBLEM QUESTION:

Napoleon said " .

1 . Domestic policy of Napoleon during the period of the Consulate (1799-1804)

18 Brumaire 1799 - There was a coup d'état in France.

Power transferred to 3 consuls headed by Napoleon Bonaparte.

1799 - 1804 - Consulate period

"REVOLUTION IS THE TROUBLE OF THE GENERATION THAT MADE IT" (Napoleon Bonaparte)

According to the Constitution of 1799:
LEGISLATIVE POWER is limited
EXECUTIVE POWER belongs to 3 consuls:
1 consul - NAPOLEON - all the fullness of the executive, partly judicial and legislative power
2nd and 3rd consuls have an advisory vote
Local government destroyed

ACTIVITIES OF NAPOLEON

"Liberty, Equality, Property". Encouraging entrepreneurship development

1802 –
financial reform. Introduced a new coin - the golden franc
The separation of church and state was abolished. The main religion is Catholicism. Other beliefs are also allowed.
1802 – Napoleon became consul for life

2. REVOLUTIONARY on the throne "God gave me this crown"

May 1804 . – proclamation France an empire, and Napoleon an emperor. The final establishment of an authoritarian regime.

1804 – Napoleonic Civil Code:

A) equality of citizens before the law

B) freedom of conscience

B) inviolability of person and property

1805 - Crowned as King of Italy

Independent work

PAGE 93 and Document on page 100, Art. 7.8
What groups of French society supported Napoleon? Why?

PROBLEM QUESTION:

Napoleon said " I am either a fox or a lion. The whole secret of management is knowing when to be this or that.” Analyze the activities of Napoleon and confirm his words with facts .