Czech Republic: geography, population and economy. Czech Republic. Geography, description and characteristics of the country Position of the state in the Czech Republic

Economic- geographical position Czech Republic Performer: Kataeva Maria, Performer: Kataeva Maria, student of class 11 "A", student of class 11 "A", MOU-SOSH 86 MOU-SOSH 86 Head: Bazueva Head: Bazueva Elena Vyacheslavovna Elena Vyacheslavovna

Purpose: To draw up an economic and geographical description of the Czech Republic. Purpose: To draw up an economic and geographical description of the Czech Republic. Relevance: Consider the emergence of a new state in Europe - the Czech Republic, and its relationship with Russian Federation and other countries of the European Economic Cooperation. Relevance: Consider the emergence of a new state in Europe - the Czech Republic, and its relationship with the Russian Federation and other countries of the European Economic Cooperation. Tasks: 1) Describe the EGP, Natural resources, population; Tasks: 1) Describe EGP, natural resources, population; 2) Consider the economy of the state for a given period. 2) Consider the economy of the state for a given period.

Political system The head of state is the president; The head of state is the president; The legislature is a bicameral parliament (the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies); The legislature is a bicameral parliament (the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies); The national currency is the Czech crown (Kč). The national currency is the Czech crown (Kč).

Economy of the Czech Republic In terms of gross domestic product (GDP) produced, the Czech Republic occupies - 48th place; In terms of gross domestic product (GDP) produced, the Czech Republic ranks 48th; In terms of GDP per capita - 65th place; In terms of GDP per capita - 65th place; In terms of living standards, the Czech Republic ranks 37th and 17th among EU member states. In terms of living standards, the Czech Republic ranks 37th and 17th among EU member states.

Agriculture There are almost 4.3 million hectares of agricultural land in the Czech Republic, of which 3.1 million hectares are arable land. The share of arable land in agricultural land is 72.4%. The Czech Republic has almost 4.3 million hectares of agricultural land, of which 3.1 million hectares are arable land. The share of arable land in agricultural land is 72.4%. Key problems are emerging in Czech agriculture: - problems related to the national economy; - industry problems. Key problems are emerging in Czech agriculture: - problems related to the national economy; - industry problems.

Transport system Modern economy of the Czech Republic presents modern requirements to transport. The modern economy of the Czech Republic makes modern demands on transport. Road transport carries out mainly domestic transportation; Road transport carries out mainly domestic transportation; Rail transport provides mass transportation to long distance; Rail transport provides mass transportation over long distances; Air Transport plays a significant role in domestic and intercity passenger traffic. Air transport plays a significant role in domestic and intercity passenger traffic.

The Czech Republic is an independent republic located on the territory Central Europe, formed in 1993 as a result of the collapse of the socialist Czechoslovakia into two independent states: Czech Republic and Slovakia. It has a border with Poland in the northern part, 658 km long, in the south - with Austria, the length of the border is 362 km, in the western and northwestern part - with Germany, 646 km, in the east - with Slovakia, 214 km. The capital of the Czech Republic is the largest tourist center in Europe and the country, the city of Prague. Major cities: Brno, Pilsen, Ostrava.

Physical location

The area of ​​the Czech Republic is 78.9 thousand km 2, the state is located in the geographical center of Europe, this is clearly confirmed by the obelisk installed in Western Bohemia with the eloquent inscription "Center of Europe". The country has a favorable geographical location in terms of cooperation and trade relations with other European countries, however, the lack of access to the oceans (the territory of the Czech Republic is not washed by the seas) negatively affects the country's external relations.

The population of the Czech Republic as of 2015 is estimated at 10.5 million people, it is a densely populated country with an average density of 133 people per 1 km2. About 90% of the population are ethnic Czechs, the rest are Moravians, Slovaks, Ukrainians, Poles, etc.

Nature

Mountains

The natural landscapes of the Czech Republic are diverse, most of the territory is represented by hills, plateaus and mountains of medium height. Depending on the geological structure The Czech Republic is divided into two parts: the western and central part called Bohemia is located on the territory of the Bohemian Massif, consisting of alternating plateaus, hills and hilly plains (here, in the Sudeten Mountains, is highest point Czech Republic - Mount Snezhka, 1602 m), the eastern part (Moravia) is characterized by the predominance of hills and relatively high mountains, Carpathians, there are few flat surfaces (about 21%), located in the valleys of the Laba and Morava rivers.

The central part of the country is dominated by plains, on the borders of the state - mountain ranges, in the northwest - the Krushne mountains, in the north - the Krkonoše, in the east - the Eagle Mountains, in the southeast the Carpathians, south and southwest - the location of the Sumava Mountains, west — Czech forest...

Rivers and lakes

The Czech Republic has a dense and branched river network, the main river routes: the Laba (Elbe), Vltava, Morava, tributaries of the Danube and Odra, the rivers belong to the basins of three seas - the Black, North and Baltic. For navigation, the riverbeds of the Laba and Vltava rivers are used, up to the location of Prague. In the Czech Republic there are a large number of ponds and reservoirs with dams that provide drinking water and electricity ...

Forests

In terms of forest cover, the Czech Republic occupies one of the leading places in Europe, forests occupy 30% of its territory. Spruce and pine growing here in large quantities are of great industrial importance, alpine meadows extend in the mountains above the boundaries of forest vegetation ...

Plants and animals

One third of the entire territory of the country is covered with coniferous forests; pines and spruces often grow in the highlands, oaks, maples and ash trees grow lower. The fauna is not distinguished by richness and species diversity; wolves, brown bears, wild boars, foxes, chamois, deer, beavers, pheasants, hares live in the Carpathian Mountains. On the territory of the country there are more than a thousand state reserves, several national parks, many Czech regions are distinguished by high environmental cleanliness, which makes them especially attractive for tourists and vacationers...

The climate of the Czech Republic

The territory of the Czech Republic is located in favorable, mild conditions of a temperate climate, which has features of both continental and maritime types. Winter here is mostly cloudy and wet, with relatively low temperatures (average t ° January -2, -3 ° C) and sometimes a complete absence of snow cover. In the mountains, on the contrary, a sufficient amount of snow falls, which contributes to the development of mountain tourism in winter. In July, the temperature reaches an average of +17, +18 ° С, in summer time more than 40% of the total annual precipitation falls, from 500 mm in the plains to 1500 mm in the mountains. Spring begins early, around the end of February, and autumn in October...

Resources

Natural resources

The Czech Republic is rich in such minerals as hard and brown coal (Otsravsko-Karvinsky, Mostetsky, Sokolovsky basins). There are also small reserves of uranium ores, natural gas and oil. Deposits of ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals are insignificant and are in an extremely depleted state, non-metallic minerals mined in the Czech Republic include graphite, kaolin, magnesite, quartz sands ...

Industry and agriculture

The successful and stable Czech economic system is one of the most developed among the former communist states. The Czech Republic belongs to the type of developed industrial European countries, its main industries are the fuel and energy complex, ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical, light and food industry, at a high level is the service sector and the tourism business. Share Agriculture(cultivation of sugar beet, wheat and potatoes, meat and dairy cattle breeding, poultry farming) and extractive industries in the country's economy is steadily decreasing every year...

culture

Peoples of the Czech Republic

The culture of the Czech people originated in the Stone Age and has a rich cultural and historical heritage, which, despite all the difficulties and upheavals, has managed to maintain its originality and uniqueness for many centuries...

The first thing that catches your eye upon arrival in this country is its magnificent architectural monuments: palace complexes, ancient castles, cathedrals, fortresses and other buildings of various historical eras, from Romanesque, Baroque and gloomy medieval Gothic to modern architectural forms (for example , the famous "dancing house" in Prague).

The Czech Republic is famous for its outstanding composers Antonin Dvorak and Berdzhik Smetana, the founder of Czech poetry Karel Macha, and another famous Karel in the field of fantasy and classical Czech prose of the 20th century - Capek.

The Czechs are very calm and good-natured people, distinguished by hospitality and respect for traditional family values, at the same time they do not like to flaunt their feelings and are extremely conservative in their views.

An interesting fact is that the Czech Republic ranks first in the world in terms of beer consumption, which is the national drink here and it is appropriate to drink it in the morning. Not a single Czech holiday can do without it, the most important of them are: New Year(January 1 - Renewal Day), Easter Monday (April 24), Labor Day - May 1, Saints Cyril and Methodius Day, Jan Hus Day - July 6, Independence Day - July 28, Christmas Eve - December 24, Christmas - 25, 26 December.

The Czech Republic is a relatively small state in the eastern part of Europe. The area of ​​the country does not exceed 80 thousand square kilometers, and the population is just over 10 million people. National composition quite homogeneous - about 94% of the total population are ethnic Czechs, and only 3% are Slovaks, the same number are Germans, quite a "tail" is gypsies, Jews, Hungarians. The main religious direction is Catholicism. In the north there is a border with, in the east - with, in the south - with, in the west - with. Favorable geographical position to a large extent ensured wealth and high level life of the population of the state.

Territorial division and geographical features of the Czech Republic

Historically, the entire territory of the Czech Republic is divided into three regions: Silesia, Bohemia and Moravia. Regional centers respectively located in the cities: Ostrava, and Brno. Mostly the central part is flat, and the mountains surround the territory of the Czech Republic as a natural border. In the northwest it is the Krusne mountain range, in the north it is the Krkonoše, in the east it is the Orlicka mountain range, in the southeast it is occupied by the famous Carpathians, in the south - the Sumava Mountains, in the west - the Czech Forest. It is thanks to such a mountain ring that the climate in the Czech Republic is quite mild. Thanks again to the mountains, the Czech Republic has become a Mecca for lovers of skiing. In the Czech Republic, coniferous forests are mainly distributed, and of deciduous species, birch, oak, beech and hornbeam are most common. It is worth noting that about 12% of the territory of the Czech Republic is a protected area or natural parks.

Natural resources

The Czech Republic is quite heavily dotted with freshwater springs: the Vltava, Morava, Alba, Dye rivers. There are also many small ponds and lakes. There is also a decent supply of minerals: silver is mined in mines, there are many quarries for the development of quartz deposits, and rock crystal is actively mined. But most of all, the Czech Republic is famous for its mineral springs. It is they who largely provide such an endless year-round influx of tourists to the country for treatment. In the Czech Republic today there are about three dozen resorts. The most famous are still

Historically located at the crossroads of numerous trade and economic routes, in the middle of the "European home", having a high degree of territorial contact (more than half of the European states are the closest neighbors for the Czech Republic), the Czech Republic had great opportunities to transfer the advanced achievements of science and technology, culture to its soil production, progressive forms of labor organization, methods of training qualified personnel.

This allowed the country, even before the Second World War, to firmly enter the top ten industrialized countries of the world, to achieve a fairly high standard of living for the population.

The Czech Republic is located on the Bohemian plateau, stretching across the country from west to east. West Side The country is framed on three sides by mountain ridges bordering the Bohemian massif. The Beskydy mountain group is located in North Moravia. The picturesque, not autumn high Bohemian-Moravian Upland separates the Czech Republic from Moravia.

The Czech massif is a heavily destroyed medium-altitude mountains, composed mainly of hard crystalline rocks. Their raised edges, almost coinciding with state border countries, only in some places exceed 1000 meters: in the northeast - these are the Jizera Mountains and the Krkonoše, in the northwest - the Ore Mountains, in the southwest - the Czech Forest and Šumava. In the east and southeast, the Bohemian massif is limited by the low (up to 800 meters) hilly Bohemian-Moravian Upland, which is distinguished by fertile soils.

The Jizera Mountains are a vast mountain range height up to 1100 meters. Large tall forests, crystal clear streams with a sandy bottom, peat bogs with small lakes and an abundance of game - all this is characteristic of the described area.

In South Bohemia, the Šumava stretches - a wide belt of low mountains with picturesque glacial lakes. The mountains are mainly composed of gneisses and granites. There are many peat bogs in the valleys, where numerous streams and rivers originate, in particular the Vltava River. Spruce and fir dominate in the forests covering the slopes of the Šumava. They are rich in animals, game and wild berries, in particular blueberries and strawberries, which are even exported. In mountainous areas, one of the main occupations of the population has long been the harvesting and rafting of timber. On the basis of significant timber reserves, a woodworking industry, as well as large-scale paper production, has developed in Šumava.

The Czech Republic is a country located within the European continent. Such an economic and geographical position of the state, on the one hand, gives many advantages for the development of mutually beneficial cooperation with neighboring countries, and on the other hand, it also has negative consequences, since the country is cut off from the oceans and has no access to any of the seas.

Until 1993, when Czechoslovakia was divided into two sovereign states, the country's policy and its economic potential were aimed at strengthening the socialist camp. The main partners of the Czech Republic were the socialist countries of Eastern Europe And Soviet Union. After the collapse of the socialist camp, the Czech government took a new political course and made the main bet on the development of bilateral relations with countries Western Europe and to attract foreign investment into the Czech economy (mainly Germany, France and Italy). The Czech Republic is a member of many international organizations - the United Nations (UN), the European Council (EU), NATO.

"Socio-economic development of the Czech Republic"

Introduction……………………………………………………………………….3
Chapter 1. Basic information about the camp and the situation in the modern world.
1.1 Economic and political-geographical position………………….4
1.2 Economic assessment of natural conditions and resources. Key Resources for Industry Development
1.2.1 Mineral resources………………………………………………..5
1.2.2 Forest resources………………………………………………………….6
1.2.3 Hydropower resources……………………………………….6
1.3 Opportunities for agricultural development
1.3.1 Relief……………………………………………………………… ….6
1.3.2 Agroclimatic conditions……………………………………………7
1.3.3 Soils………………………………………………………….…… ….8
1.4 Population geography
1.4.1 Formation of the modern population…………………………….8
1.4.2 Racial, ethnic and national composition of the population…………...9
1.4.3 Natural movement of the population…………………………………..10
1.5 General characteristics of the economic complex of the country.
1.5.1 The structure of the economic complex (the ratio of primary, secondary and non-productive areas or the share of agriculture, industry and other types of economic activity……………………………………..10
1.5.2 The level of development of the economy (the size of gross output per capita, labor productivity, etc.)…………………………………...10
Chapter 2. Sectoral structure of the economy, the ratio of its main branches
2.1 The primary sphere of human economic activity:
2.1.1 Agriculture………………………………………………………….12
2.1.2 Mining………………………………... 13
2.2 Secondary sphere of human economic activity (manufacturing industry, construction). Structure and location of the manufacturing industry………………………………………………………………………….12
2.3 Нематериальная (непроизводственная сфера. Важнейшие виды производственных и потребительских услуг и их размещение (услуги, торговля, финансы)………………………………………………………… …..16
2.4 Geography of means of communication and transport………………………….16
Chapter 3. Foreign economic relations of the country
3.1Characteristics of the most important forms of IER
3.1.1 MEO forms……………………………………………………… 18
3.1.2 Investment environment in the Czech Republic………………..18
3.1.3 Relations between the Republic of Belarus and the Czech Republic…………………………………………..21
3.1.4 Tourism in the Czech Republic…………………………………………………...22
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….25
List of used literature…………………………………………….... ..26
Applications
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Introduction
The Czech Republic with an area of ​​about 79 thousand km2, occupying a central place in Europe with a population of 10.3 million people and having strong trade ties with neighboring countries, especially with the Federal Republic of Germany, is an industrial type country and has a fairly high standard of living. The Czech Republic stands out for its developed mechanical engineering. This industry provides about half of all exports; a third of all industrial workers in the country are employed in engineering. In the international trade of machinery and equipment, the Czech Republic holds one of the first places. The best beer is brewed in this tempting country with its history. A cultural heritage Czech Republic attracts everything in its history large quantity tourists from all over the world.
The history of the Czech Republic is full of impressive facts. The Great Moravian State arose as the first state formation on the territory of the Czech lands, in the fate of which Charles IV played a special role. During his reign, he expanded the territory of the state, founded Nove Mesto and the university (1348), named after him and now the oldest university in Europe. In addition, the Charles Bridge was built, which is currently famous all over the world and is one of the main attractions of Prague. During the reign of the Habsburgs, the Czech Republic became the seat of the reign of Rudolf II, and Prague became the center of European culture and art. Germanization, a significant German influence on culture and society, had its impact. Having survived the economic decline in the 17th century and the First World War, the Czechoslovak Republic was formed on October 28, led by Tomas Garrik Massaryk. Further, the years of the totalitarian regime and economic problems resulted in the Prague Spring of 1968 and the arrival of Soviet troops. After the peaceful division into two independent states on January 1, 1993, the Czech Republic emerged today.
On this moment The Czech Republic is a member of 59 international organizations, including 51 as the successor of Czechoslovakia: the UN (since 1945), the OSCE (since 1975), the IMF (since 1995), the OECD (since 1995), the WTO (since 1995) and others. In addition, it has fairly strong trade ties with the Republic of Belarus.
The main purpose of the course work is its full study and assessment of the current socio-economic situation. The tasks set are as follows: study of the economic and political-geographical position and determination of the place in the modern world, analysis of the sectoral structure and foreign economic relations. This country is one of the most profitable employees of the Republic of Belarus. The work includes 3 main chapters. They consist of sections that help you learn more about certain topics. Sections, in turn, include subsections providing a detailed description of the issues of interest.
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Chapter 1. Basic information about the country and its position in the modern world .

Economic and political-geographical position

The official language is Czech. The monetary unit is the Czech crown. .

2.1 Economic assessment of natural conditions and resources. The main resources for the development of industry.
2.1.1. Mineral resources.
Among the natural resources, fuel resources, primarily hard and brown coal, are of the greatest importance for the national economy. The total reserves of hard coal are estimated at 13,942 million tons. The main and largest production area is the Ostrava-Karvinsky basin. Coal deposits are also found near the cities of Kladno, Pilsen and Brno. Brown coal accounts for 10,377 million tons - the largest deposits in the Mostetsky and Sokolovsky basins, lignite (reserves 1018 million tons). The Ostrava-Karvina basin sharply surpasses the rest in terms of coal quality: coking coal accounts for about 70% of the reserves there, and there is little sulfur in them, which is very important for the quality of metallurgical coke.
The reserves of brown coal are also quite large. The largest lignite basin in the country is the North Bohemian, which accounts for about two thirds of the total amount of reserves. The Czech Republic is dominated by deposits with a high spatial concentration of reserves, most of which can be developed by cheaper open-pit mining.
Reserves of uranium ores in the areas of Jachymov, Pribram, Zdar nad Sazavou, Czech Lipa, small reserves of oil (48.4 million tons) and natural gas (17,083 million cubic meters).
Metal ore resources such as iron ore, copper, zinc, lead,
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tin, tungsten, silver, gold are insignificant, and the best deposits are largely depleted. Poor phosphorous iron ores with a metal content of less than 30% predominate.
Largest deposits non-ferrous and rare metals is in the Ore Mountains. The Czech Republic is very rich in non-metallic minerals: magnesite, graphite and especially kaolin lying in the area of ​​Karlovy Vary and Pilsen.

2.1.2 Forest resources
The Czech Republic is one of the most forested countries in Europe. About 60% of the total forest area is occupied by coniferous trees, one fifth each is deciduous and mixed forests. Coniferous forests consist mainly of pine and spruce, while deciduous forests consist mainly of beech and oak. On the basis of significant timber reserves, a woodworking industry, as well as a large-scale pulp and paper production, has developed in the country.

2.1.3 Hydropower resources
The country is replete with mineral water springs remarkable for their healing properties, in the areas where world-famous resorts arose: Karlovy Vary, Marianske Lazne, Frantiskovy Lazne.
The main European watershed passes through the territory of the inland Czech Republic, separating the basins of the North, Baltic and Black Seas. Rivers (km) flow through the country: Laba (Elbe) (370), Vltava (433), Morava (246), Die (306), Odra (Oder) (135), Opava (131). The largest among natural lakes - Black Lake with an area of ​​18.4 hectares (Klatovy district). Pond pools in South Bohemia: the largest pond is Rožmberk with an area of ​​489 ha (Mndrichov Hradec district). (Enc. countries of the world). An example the largest hydroelectric power station on the territory of the Czech Republic is the Dlouge country.

3.1 Opportunities for agricultural development
3.1.1 Terrain
The western part (Bohemia) lies in the basins of the Laba (Elbe) and Vltava (Moldau) rivers, surrounded mainly by low mountains (the Sudetes and part of them - the Krkonoše), where the highest point of the country is located - Mount Sněžka with a height of 1,602 m. Moravia, eastern part , is also quite hilly and mainly lies in the Morava (March) river basin, and also contains the source of the Odra (Oder) river.
The Czech Republic is located on the Bohemian plateau, stretching across the country from west to east. The western part of the country is framed on three sides by mountain ridges bordering the Bohemian massif. The Beskydy mountain group is located in North Moravia. The picturesque, not very high Bohemian-Moravian Upland separates the Czech Republic from Moravia.
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The relief is dominated by highlands and medium-altitude mountains. More than 1/2 of the territory (66.97%) lies at an altitude of up to 500 m above sea level, 31.98% - 500-1000 m, 1.05% - at an altitude of St. 1000 m. Average height - 430 m.
The Czech massif is a heavily destroyed medium-altitude mountains, composed mainly of hard crystalline rocks. Their elevated edges, almost coinciding with the state border of the country, only in some places exceed 1000 meters: in the northeast - these are the Jizera Mountains and the Krkonoše, in the northwest - the Ore Mountains, in the southwest - the Czech Forest and Šumava. In the east and southeast, the Bohemian massif is limited by the low (up to 800 meters) hilly Bohemian-Moravian Upland, which is distinguished by fertile soils.

In South Bohemia, the Šumava stretches - a wide belt of low mountains with picturesque glacial lakes. Spruce and fir dominate in the forests covering the slopes of the Šumava.
In mountainous areas, one of the main occupations of the population has long been the harvesting and rafting of timber. On the basis of significant timber reserves, a woodworking industry, as well as large-scale paper production, has developed in Šumava.

3.1.2 Agro-climatic conditions.
The climate of the Czech Republic is determined by the geographical position of the country and is formed mainly under the influence of air masses moving from the Atlantic Ocean. The climate of the Czech Republic is generally temperate,
shifting from maritime to continental
The average annual temperature is plus 8-10 C. Thaws are frequent, especially in the west of the country. The range of temperature differences in summer is greater, since continentality, growing eastward, has a stronger effect, the average temperature in July is about + 17-18 C. The maximum temperature is +35 C. In the mountains, summer is cooler - + 8-13 C. Mild, pleasant weather happens in spring, from the second half of May, and in autumn, until mid-October.
The amount of precipitation in various regions of the Czech Republic ranges from 450 to 2000 mm per year. The predominant part of the territory of the republic receives 600-800 mm of precipitation per year, i.e. their total number is quite sufficient for the needs of agriculture. About 20% of them fall in the form of snow. The greatest amount of precipitation is characteristic of the windward slopes of high mountains. There are very few dry areas in the country. Large forest areas, meadows, numerous reservoirs and reservoirs help retain moisture in the soil. Of decisive importance is the seasonal distribution of precipitation. The presence of a summer maximum (about 40% of all precipitation in June-August) is a favorable factor for agriculture.

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3.1.3 Soils.
The variety of natural conditions is reflected in soil cover. Soils are affected by differences in relief, climate and hydrogeology of individual regions. Podzolic and brown forest soils are the most common, chernozem and other soils occupy a smaller area. A significant part of the podzols is covered with forests, and the share of these soils in the fund of agricultural land is much lower than in the total soil cover of the country.
On the territory of the Czech Republic there are two relatively significant regions of black earth soils in the central regions of the country and in Central Moravia. They are widely used under crops of sugar beet, winter wheat and barley. The main part of the country's grain crops is concentrated on burozems. Podzolic soils are mainly used for oats, rye and potatoes, but most of them are occupied by forest vegetation.
Arable land occupies 41% of the country's territory, forests and forests - 34%.

Major mineral deposits
Table 1. (compiled by the author)

4.1 Geography population
4.1.1 Formation of modern population
According to the language, the Czechs belong to the West Slavic peoples. The language of central Bohemia was put at the basis of the early works of Czech writing of the 13th-14th centuries. But as the influence in the country of the Catholic Church, German feudal lords and the patriciate of cities increased, the Czech language began to be subjected to oppression in favor of the German and Latin languages. But during the period Hussite wars literacy and literary Czech became widespread among the masses. Then came the two-century decline of Czech culture under the rule of the Habsburgs, who pursued a policy of Germanizing the subject Slavic
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peoples (by the middle of the XIX century on Czech 15% of the population spoke, the possibility of taking one of the Slavic languages, in particular the Russian literary language, was considered as a literary language).

4.1.2 Racial, ethnic and national composition of the population.
The basis of the population of the Czech Republic are ethnic Czechs and speakers of the Czech language (95%), immigrants make up about 4% of the country's population. Among the above, a large group is represented by Ukrainians, who amounted to 126,500 in 2007, followed by Slovaks, respectively, (67,880), many of whom, after the separation in 1993, remained in the Czech Republic approximately 2% of the population. In third place are citizens of Vietnam (51,000), followed by citizens of Russia (23,300) and Poland (20,600). Other ethnic groups include Germans, Gypsies, Hungarians and Jews.
Average population density: 129.7 people/km. most populous
are areas of large urban agglomerations - Prague, Brno, Ostrava, Pilsen(up to 250 people per 1 sq. km). The regions of Cesky Krumlov and Prachatice have the minimum population density (about 37 people per 1 sq. km).
The leading place in the Czech Republic among religions is occupied by Catholicism, adherents of which are 39.2% of the population. There are Protestants - 5% and supporters of the Czech Reformed Church, which separated from the Vatican in 1920.
There are also many other Christian communities of other denominations, the largest of which is the Hussite church, numbering about 700 thousand believers. As an independent denomination, it was formed in 1920 after a break with the Pope. In 1920, Rome was adamant in condemning Jan Hus and his teachings, which served as a signal for the formation of the Hussite church immediately after Czechoslovakia gained independence. Now many Czech Catholics are coming to the conclusion that it is necessary to canonize Hus in order to preserve and increase the influence of the Catholic Church.
The Czech Orthodox Church, to which 3% of the total number of believers belong, is part of the Churches of Ecumenical Orthodoxy. Ecumenical Orthodoxy is a collection of local Churches that have the same dogmas and a similar canonical structure, recognize each other's sacraments and are in communion.
In addition, the Czech Republic is the most atheistic state in Europe. 55% of the population of the Czech Republic does not identify themselves with any Church. The Czech Republic ranks 2nd in the world and 1st in Europe in terms of the proportion of atheists out of 60 countries where the survey was conducted. In the Czech Republic, 40% of citizens believe in God. Of the people who were brought up in religious families, three-quarters believe in God. TO
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it can be added 13% of people who grew up in atheistic families. Most believers in Moravia, a little less in the east and south of the Czech Republic. The largest percentage of atheists in major cities especially in North Bohemia. At the same time, in a traditionally Christian country, there is a growing interest in Islam. Preachers of Islam are most active in the eastern regions of the country.
The population is 10,403,100 people.

4.1.3 The natural movement of the population.
The main trends in the demographic structure of the population are low birth rates and an unfavorable age structure of the population. The birth rate is one of the lowest in Europe and the lowest since 1785, when statistics began to be kept in the Czech Republic. In terms of infant mortality (4.1 per 1,000 newborns), the Czech Republic occupies one of the first places in the world. The problem of population aging has aggravated: for the first time in the thousand-year history of the Czech Republic, there are fewer children under the age of 14 in the age structure of the population than older people over 60 years of age.
Total literacy has been practically achieved: 14% of the country's population has primary and incomplete secondary education, 74.4% - secondary and 11.6%
- higher education.
Economically active population - 5.3 million
Employed population by sector: agriculture: 3.6%, industry: 40.2%, services: 56.2% (2007)
Unemployment rate - 6% (2007)
Life expectancy for men - 72.1 years; women - 78.7 years.

1.5 General characteristics of the economic complex of the country.
1.5.1 The structure of the economic complex (the ratio of primary, secondary and non-productive areas or the share of agriculture, industry and other types of economic activity)
GDP at purchasing power parity - $16,800 (14) (2008)
Structure of GDP by industry:
agriculture - 4.1%
industry - 41.4%
service sector - 54.5%

1.5.2 The level of development of the economy (the size of gross output per capita, labor productivity, etc.):
GDP per capita - $10,460
GDP growth - 2%
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Conclusion for chapter 1.
In general, the country occupies an advantageous position that contributes to its economic development. It does not have a special abundance of natural resources, the main ones are iron ore, brown and hard coal. Areas of intensive agriculture are located in the Moravian and Polabian lowlands, where plowing is about 60-80%. The average level of intensity is typical for South Bohemia and, accordingly, low for the mountainous regions.
Czechs predominate among the population, mostly professing Catholicism. At the same time, 55% consider themselves atheists. The percentage of immigrants is increasing every year, and most of them are Ukrainians, as well as Slovaks, representatives of Vietnam, Russia. And this is especially expressed in such a socio-economic phenomenon as unemployment, the percentage of which is 6. Among the population, representatives of the elderly predominate. One of the main problems is the low birth rate and infant mortality, according to which the Czech Republic takes a sad first place.
Active internal and external migration is observed. The distribution of the population is uneven, the most densely populated are Prague and Brno.
The country has a fairly high level of GDP and the predominance of the service sector in the structure of GDP by industry.

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Chapter 2. Sectoral structure of the economy, the ratio of its main branches.
2.1 Primary sphere of human economic activity
2.1.1 Agriculture
Agriculture is characterized by high technical equipment and productivity. Grown wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn, sugar beets, potatoes. Widely cultivated hop. developed vegetable growing and gardening.
4278 thousand hectares, or 54.3% of the country's territory is occupied by agricultural land, incl. wheat - 3142 thousand hectares, meadows - 6520 thousand hectares, pastures - 272 thousand hectares, vineyards - 16 thousand hectares, hop-growers - 10 thousand hectares.
54.5% of the sown areas are occupied by grain crops. Grain yield is 44 centners/ha, including wheat - 42 centners/ha, potatoes - 213 centners/ha, sugar beet - 458 centners/ha. Grain production per 1 ha of agricultural land 1527 kg, potatoes 345 kg, sugar beet 656 kg.
The main branches of animal husbandry are pig breeding and sheep breeding. Animal husbandry has a meat and dairy direction.
In the agricultural sector, new organizational forms have become widespread: individual farms, limited liability companies and joint-stock companies, as well as cooperatives formed on the basis of the former unified agricultural cooperative structures.
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