Work from the section: "Geography"
Plan. I. General information(full name of the state, area, population, capital). II. Economic and political-geographical position: 1) EGP: geographical position of the country, borders (including maritime), access to the sea, trading partners. EGP assessment; 2) GWP: proximity to hotbeds of tension, regional conflicts, location in relation to political blocs. Estimated GWP. III. natural conditions and resources: 1) Briefly the main types of natural conditions. Assessment of natural conditions, their impact on the development of the country; 2) Natural resources, main types of natural resources, their condition. Assessment of the impact on the development of the country. IV. Population: distribution of the population, national composition, religious composition, state of labor resources, their qualifications, population reproduction, demographic policy, urbanization level, largest cities and agglomerations. v. general characteristics farms: brief historical reference features of the development of the economy in the country; general level development, features of the structure of the economy. VI. Characteristics of sectors of the economy: 1) Leading sectors of the economy ( state of the art, placement); 2) Other industries. VII. Characteristics of agriculture (leading branches of agriculture, state of the art, placement). VIII. Transport (features of the development of the TS, the largest transport hubs). IX. Foreign economic relations (foreign economic partners, export and import items). GERMANY (Deutschland), Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), area - 357 thousand km2. Population - 82.5 million people (2000). Germany is a federation with 16 states. They have their own sovereign power limited to certain areas, which they exercise with the help of their own legislation, executive power and justice. According to division state tasks and responsibility between the federation and the lands, the main share of legislation, in contrast to the constitutional and legal task, actually falls on the central state, the federation, while the lands are mainly responsible for administration, that is, the implementation of laws. This division of tasks is an essential element in the constitutional system of separation and balancing of power. The head of state is the president; the head of government is the federal chancellor. The legislative body is the Bundestag, the representative bodies of the lands are the Bundesrat. Capital - Berlin, seat of the President; the seat of the government and the Bundestag is Bonn (in 1991, a decision was made to transfer the government and the Bundestag to Berlin until 2000). In 2002, a new monetary unit (the euro) was introduced, replacing the old one (mark). The territory of the country is located in the central part of Western Europe. It has borders with the following countries: The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Poland and Denmark. It has access to two seas: the North and the Baltic. Main seaports: Hamburg, Bremen, Bremerhaven, Wilhelmshaven, Lübeck. It has the following main foreign trade partners: EEC countries, USA, Russia. The country has a fairly profitable EGP. Germany is also a member of the EEC, Germany is also a member of the NATO bloc, it joined this organization in 1955. In general, if we talk about politics, it must be said that Germany is in a very calm area in terms of regional conflicts, which undoubtedly plays a big role in the stability of the economy. The climate in the country is temperate, changing from maritime to continental. The average temperatures in January on the plains are from 0 to -3 °С, in the mountains up to -5 °С, in July, respectively, 16-20 °С, 12-14 °С. The annual norm of cages is 500 - 800 mm, in the mountains 1000 - 2000 mm. In general, it must be said that the climate in Germany is rather mild, which has a positive effect on the development of the country's economy, in particular on agriculture. There are several types of natural resources on the territory of Germany. One of the most common are minerals, the main of which are coal, brown coal, iron ore, polymetallic ores, copper ores, and some other minerals. Also widespread throughout the country water resources, there are large rivers - Rhine, Weser, Elbe, Oder. In the south of the country there is a rather large Lake Constance. It is located at an altitude of 395 m. The area is 538 km2, the length is 63 km, the depth is up to 252 m. It fills a tectonic depression formed by an ancient glacier. The Rhine flows through Lake Constance. The lake is navigable, there is a ferry crossing. On a level with water, forest resources are quite widespread, which make up about 30% of the entire territory of Germany. There are national parks - the Bavarian Forest, Berchtesgaden, as well as numerous reserves and natural monuments. In general, it must be said that the country is quite well endowed with natural resources, however, if we talk about minerals, then it must be said that these kinds of resources are rather depleted, undoubtedly, this hinders the development of the economy a little, at present most of the branches of the German economy work on imported, imported raw materials. The population of Germany is about 82.5 million people, the bulk of which lives in large cities such as Berlin, Hamburg, Bonn. The country is highly urbanized, with an urban population accounting for approximately 85.3% of the population of the entire country. National composition it is quite uniform, because about 90% are Germans, hence the main language is German. The religious composition is not very diverse, mainly Protestants (there are more than 50%) and Catholics, there are also representatives of other religions. The country belongs to the first type of reproduction, hence we can say that the state is pursuing a very measured and thoughtful demographic policy aimed at maintaining a constant level of demographics in the country. However, there is such a phenomenon as the aging of the nation. If we talk about the qualification of labor resources, it must be said that the country has quite qualified personnel needed to work in science-intensive production. The FRG is one of the leading powers of the capitalist world. With significant economic and scientific and technical potential, it ranks third after the United States and Japan in terms of industrial production, and is the main exporter of goods and services. After the Second World War, Germany was the first to embark on the path of structural transformation of its industry. This was caused not only by the needs of scientific and technological progress, the development of the international division of labor, but also by a specific factor - the split of Germany into two independent states and, as a result, disproportions in the structure of its economy. In the post-war period, the manufacturing industry developed rapidly. Among its industries, industries that produce investment goods have moved forward: the chemical and petrochemical industries, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, aircraft engineering, precision mechanics and optics. New industries also developed - the production of plastics, synthetic fibers, electronic devices. The development of the economy contributed to an increase in the living standards of the population. In 10 years, Germany has overtaken England in terms of volume industrial production and took second place in the capitalist world after the United States. Upon completion of the stage of economic recovery, Germany experienced an upsurge that lasted until the summer of 1966, and then a noticeable slowdown and recession in the economy began. In 1966 -1967. West German industry experienced a general crisis of overproduction, output fell by 6%, but an even deeper and more prolonged crisis occurred in 1974-75, which caused a reduction in industrial production by 12%. In the post-crisis period, the instability in the economic development of the FRG increased, the problems of providing raw materials and energy resources became more complicated. Since 1980 The German economy has again experienced a cyclical crisis. The crisis affected almost all the main branches of industrial production. The industrial growth rates decreased from 5.5% in 1979 to 0.3% in 1980. 1982 was a turning point in the development of Germany. At the end of the 1980s, the situation in West German industry changed in better side. In the country's economy, new processes in the accumulation of capital are more and more clearly indicated: high growth rates of the latest industries, modernization of traditional industries on a new technological basis. One of the prerequisites for the high competitiveness of West German goods is the renewal of products. The concentration of merchandise exports on products indicates that in the 1980s there were structural shifts not only in industry, but also in trade, which is reflected in the structure of merchandise exports of Germany. Particularly strong structural changes are taking place in the machine-building complex, which is the basis of Germany's international specialization and is of decisive functional importance for the entire economy of the country. At present, the overall development of the economy is at a very high level. The main sectors of the German economy are: metallurgy, engineering, and petrochemistry, which are located in the Ruhr industrial region, Hamburg, Bremen and a number of other cities. At present, it is more justified to locate such production in a zone adjacent to the sea, since the industry works on imported raw materials, but old enterprises continue to work at old deposits. There is a noticeable “shift” of new enterprises under construction closer to the coastal zone, which indicates the influence of the transport factor. The country also has a well-developed infrastructure. Agriculture is highly developed. It is dominated by livestock industries such as pig and dairy farming, and there is also fish farming. However, there is also crop production, which specializes in the production of grain (wheat, barley, etc.), sugar beets, potatoes, and grapes. There are also non-traditional branches of crop production, such as hop growing. Behind last years the German agro-industrial complex has some problems. Over the past 10 years in agriculture Germany has lost almost a quarter of all jobs. Half a million peasant households, mostly small ones, “disappeared”. Exactly the same, however, remains. Survived mainly "middle peasants" and "large landowners". Competition makes you get out of last strength: change the agricultural profile, unite, introduce new technologies ... In the new lands, the situation is a little better. There are few new farmers there (about 30 thousand) and the “showdown” with competitors from the EEC had almost no effect on them. The structure of agriculture in both parts of Germany, oddly enough, still remains different. In the west, family businesses predominate (up to 70 percent), in the east, about 60 percent of hired workers. In the EEC, Germany ranks third as a producer of agricultural products, but the nature of production has changed in recent years. The number of livestock farms has decreased by 30 percent. They now breed 26 million pigs, 15 million cattle and more than 2 million sheep. But the recent epidemics of "swine plague" and relapses of "cow madness", the convulsions of which took place throughout Europe, affected the mood of the German peasants. Many of them continue to produce more out of necessity. There is no former pleasure at all. Young people from peasant families are showing less and less desire to continue the work of their fathers and grandfathers. It stretches to the cities and abroad. It is possible that in the near future the remaining peasant households in Germany will look more like ordinary fodder factories. Germany has a pretty good transport system. The total length of all roads is 1996 thousand km, of which: railways 88.5, highways 650.7. Air and sea transport is widely developed. The largest transport hubs are the cities of Hamburg, Bremen, Lübeck, Bremerhaven, Wilhelmshaven and others. The main foreign economic partners are the USA, Russia, the EEC countries. The main exported goods are cars, equipment for light industry, chemical products, light industry products. The main import item is raw materials needed for industrial enterprises. ----------------------
Germany. The composition of its territories.
The Federal Republic of Germany in its current form was formed on October 3, 1990, by the merger of two German states - the FRG and the GDR. Administrative-territorial division: 16 federal states (Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Lower Saxony, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, North Rhine-Westphalia, Thuringia, Schleswig-Holstein).
BERLIN, city and land in eastern Germany, capital.
Economic-geographical and political-geographical position of the country. Germany is located in Central Europe. In the south it borders on Austria (the length of the border is 784 km) and Switzerland (334 km). In the west - with the Netherlands (577 km), France (451 km), Belgium (167) and Luxembourg (138 km). In the east - with Poland (456 km) and the Czech Republic (646 km). In the north, Germany borders on Denmark (68 km) and is washed by the North and Baltic Seas. The total length of the border is 3621 km, the length of the coastline is 2389 km. The total area of the country is 356,954 sq. km (land area - 349,520 sq. km).
The position of Germany in the center of Europe determines the main features of its climate - temperate, transitional from typical maritime to more continental when moving from the north - west, where the influence of the Atlantic is strong, to the south - east.
Such a favorable location definitely influenced the development of the country. It can be noted that this is one of the most developed countries both economically and politically. The position in the center of Europe and access to the sea contributed to the development of trade, transport, economic relations and, of course, the country's economy as a whole. The central location contributed to the development of capitalism in the country, which later determined the state system and political structure of the country. The role of Germany in world and European politics is also very great.
Population. demographic policy. Problems.
Germans currently make up 92.7% of the country's population. Indigenous national minority groups are few in Germany. This is about 70 thousand Danes, 30 thousand Dutch, 6 thousand Frisians. All other national groups are made up of recent emigrants, most retaining the citizenship of their countries.
This country has a high degree of ethnic diversity, due to favorable economic, environmental and other living conditions (it means, first of all, the conditions for migration).
WITH 
Now the population of Germany is 81 million 337 thousand people. In Germany, the phenomenon of slow population growth is observed, and in recent years, population growth has stopped (according to the latest data, natural increase = 0%).
IN 
Currently, Germany is experiencing an unprecedented low birth rate that does not ensure generational replacement. The decline in the birth rate in Germany in 1978 reached a level never before seen in any country in the world (9.4 births per 1,000 population).
In Germany, the following situation is observed: the female population is numerically superior to the male, the country is characterized by a large population aged 15 to 59 years (compared to other age categories, but when compared with other European countries, here the percentage of the population from 15 to 59 is one of the most low).
Due to the fact that in this country there are such problems as a decrease in the birth rate and an increase in mortality, a decrease in able-bodied citizens, Germany is pursuing a policy of encouraging the birth rate. In our time, Germany has adopted a complex system of encouraging demographic policy measures, which is divided into three main groups:
Family allowances and allowances;
childbirth benefits;
housing benefits.
In many countries of the world, by the end of the 20th century, there has been a rapid increase in the urban population. This trend also characterizes Germany, since the territory of the country does not allow to focus on the growth of the rural population, and then - the greater the proportion of the urban population, the higher the level of development of industries, the higher the level of economic development of the country.
Assessment of natural resource potential.
In addition to the Alps in Germany, there are also the following mountains: the Rhine Slate Mountains, Hertz, the Black Forest, the Ore Mountains, the ridge - the Thuringian Forest. The main rivers of the country are the Rhine with tributaries Main, Ruhr, Mosel, Danube, Elbe. The largest lake is Lake Constance.
L 
esa survived mainly in mountainous areas. The German forest is characterized by the predominance of pine, spruce, fir in the southwest and larch in the Alps. Oak-beech forests are located in the mountains. On the lowlands, mostly oak forests grow with a large admixture of birch, which has replaced beech.
Human activity has greatly changed and impoverished the animal world of the country. The last moose, bison, bears, lynxes are disappearing. Many species are close to extinction: a wild goat, from birds - an eagle and a vulture. The clearing of forests and their replacement with arable land led to the spread of other species of animals and birds that were not typical before - field mice, bustards, and larks. Pheasants and rabbits were bred by man. More than 50 nature reserves and “natural parks” have been created in Germany.
Germany has few types of fuel and raw materials. Deposits of ore minerals are confined to medium-altitude mountains, and oil and natural gas deposits are confined to the North German Plain. Among the countries of Western Europe, Germany stands out for its reserves (first place) of hard and brown coal. There are reserves of iron ore, but its quality is low. On the North German Plain there are significant deposits of rock salt. There are reserves of potassium and magnesium salts. The resources of raw materials for the production of building materials and the glass industry are great.
Germany is also not rich in alloying and non-ferrous metals. The situation with lead-zinc ore is relatively better. Finally, the country is not provided with the most important modern types of fuel. Oil and natural gas production rates are very low.
General characteristics of the country's economy.
Germany is one of the leading powers of the capitalist world. With significant economic and scientific and technical potential, it ranks third after the United States and Japan in terms of industrial production, and is the main exporter of goods and services.
At present, the scientific and technological revolution has become the main factor in development and the “transformer”. It manifests itself in everything: in the breakdown of the industrial structure, in the industrialization of agriculture, in a sharp increase in the costs of science and education, in the growth of the prestige and attractiveness of the centers of scientific and technological progress.
For 1950-1970 oil refining, the chemical industry, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering have grown many times over. Completely new industries were created - electronics, aircraft rocketry, nuclear technology and nuclear energy. The share of new and innovative industries has almost doubled. The face of German industry is now determined by oil refining, electrical engineering and automotive and shipbuilding.
The position of the FRG in foreign markets now depends on these industries. More than
40% cars, 30% chemicals, more than 20% electronics and electrical products. For the export of cars and many other products, Germany ranks first in the world.
The traditional industries of the country are well known - brewing and winemaking. A third of the brewed beer and wine produced is exported.
Geography of industry and agriculture.
Germany is a country of modern highly developed industry. Industry provides more than half of the gross national product; the economic situation of the country depends on it. Industry provides more than half of the gross national product; the economic situation of the country depends on it. Plants and factories are everywhere in Germany.
The scientific and technological revolution increased the concentration of production: only the strongest monopolies survived in the competitive struggle. Four concerns - Thyssen, Goescha, Krupp and Salzgitter AG - now control 9/10 of the turnover of the ferrous metallurgy. “The big four in the automotive industry (Volkswagen, Daimler-Benz, Opel and Ford) produce about 9/10 cars. And so it is in everything: 15 department store concerns control 1/3 of the total turnover of trade. Seven monopolies Food Industry left their competitors in the market "mini-part", equal to 7%.
The scientific and technological revolution has changed a lot in the supply of raw materials to Germany, and therefore in the location of industry. Imported oil and gas crowded out local coal; instead of local ore, mass imports of better quality overseas ore from Liberia and Brazil began. Proximity to coal, the Ruru used to be almost the most important factor in the location of production. Today, the conditions of fuel supply have changed, coal is no longer the main type of fuel; the entire territory of the country is crossed by oil pipelines. Proximity to the ways of delivery of raw materials and fuel from outside became important for the development of industry. In recent years, industry has moved to the sea, towards the flow of imported raw materials, and to the countryside in search of the cheapest labor. The location of industry was the creation of new centers of science and education, to which the latest industries gravitate.
The fuel and energy sector has undergone a major change. If earlier coal served as the fuel base in Germany, at present more than half of all processed fuel is oil. More than 9/10 is imported oil from Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Libya and other countries. Their gas sources in Germany are also small - only in the Esland region in the northwest. Coal mining in the FRG has sharply declined. The production of brown coal remains fairly stable. Brown coal has reliable consumers - power plants and briquette factories, and most importantly, it is the cheapest type of fuel in Germany. The main part of it is mined in four quarries of the Lower Rhine (Cologne) basin. Mining is open-pit and fully mechanized.
Hard and brown coal is the basis of the electric power industry of the Rhine-Ruhr region, which accounts for about half of all power plant capacities. Power lines go from here to all parts of the country. Only in Bavaria, hydroelectric power plants operate on the Alpine rivers - the Inn and other tributaries of the Danube. Prospects for the electric power industry are in the construction of nuclear power plants. Nuclear power is a typical example of an industry created by the state.
The problems of ferrous metallurgy are complex at the present time. Its production base has been rebuilt: the oxygen-converter method of steel melting has become dominant. The production of electric steel has grown, and work is underway on the direct recovery of metal from ore. However, the location of metallurgical plants mainly in the Ruhr and Saar, with huge imports of ore, became unprofitable. Ferrous metallurgy is associated with the old, most metal-intensive branches of engineering. The production of equipment for the mines of mines, for the metallurgical plants themselves, is concentrated in the Ruhr, here and in Baden-Württemberg they make machine tools. Wagons are built in Salzgitter, equipment for chemical plants is manufactured.
New branches of engineering, such as the automotive industry, are less dependent on the centers of metallurgy. Automotive centers or their branches are located throughout the territory.
German shipbuilding is one of the first places in the world. It also produces large tankers, and container ships, and entire fishing fleets, and the so-called Rhine vessels for inland routes. The main shipyards are located in Hamburg and Kiel.
All scientific and technological progress in industry, its re-equipment would be unthinkable without the development of the electrical industry, and in particular electronics. But Germany is noticeably behind the United States in electronics, and in radio electronics it is inferior to Japan. The American concern IBM owns the largest electronic computer plant in Europe in the city of Mainz and dominates the West German market, while Japanese radios and televisions successfully compete with German ones inside the country. The traditional areas of the electrical industry are the Southwest and the South. Here are the headquarters of the largest concerns - "Siemens", "AEG - Telefunken" and "Bosch". Their main scientific and industrial centers and parent enterprises. Major centers of electrical engineering and electronics are Munich, Nuremberg, Erlangen. Frankfurt am Main, Stuttgart. The radio engineering concern "Grunding" with its main enterprises in large Bavarian cities moved its branches to the countryside. What is connected with the use of cheap labor, especially female.
The German chemical industry is world famous. The "axis" of the chemical industry has long been the Rhine, where the main centers of concerns were located. Now they have concentrated in their hands the chemical industry of the three main regions along the Rhine - the Rhine-Ruhr, the Rhine-Main and Ludwigshafen-Mannheim. The development of chemical organic synthesis did little to change its geography: oil pipelines from ports were laid to all three main centers. Oil refineries sprang up near each of them.
The light industry of the FRG is noticeably inferior to the heavy industry; the FRG is forced to import fabrics and footwear in large quantities. The products of the ancient textile regions and centers around the Ruhr (Krefeld, Bergeschis Land, Münsterland) and in the south (Augsburg and the northeast of Bavaria) came under pressure from fabrics “from the retort” - from chemical and, above all, synthetic fibers. The competition of imported fabrics from the Common Market countries also has a great influence. The footwear industry has largely switched to artificial leather; The German market is flooded with cheaper Italian shoes.
In the structure of agriculture, the leading place belongs to animal husbandry: it accounts for about 1/3 of the value of the products of this industry. Germany has a significant number of pigs and cattle. Dairy farming gives the highest income, followed by meat farming. In all regions, animal husbandry is combined with crop production, which largely serves it. Arable land occupies a little more than 1/3 of the land in Germany. However, due to the high yield of agricultural crops, the fees are significant. Wheat stands out among the cereals (it is now harvested three times more than in the early 1950s) and rye, as well as barley and oats, which are used as feed. Barley is used to make beer, especially in Bavaria (hops are also grown there for this purpose). Potatoes are grown almost everywhere, and in many areas sugar beet is grown, which is associated with wheat and barley in crop rotation. Despite significant development, Germany's agriculture does not fully meet the needs of the country. We have to import part of the wheat and fats, a lot of food products, most of the wool and other raw materials. The agro-industrial complex occupies an important place in the West German economy: 1/5 of the country's self-employed population is concentrated in it.
Transport development.
Germany is distinguished by the high development of all types of transport.
Since Germany is located in the very center of Europe, its dense transport network not only serves the needs of its own highly developed, advanced economy, but also provides links with neighboring countries, primarily the connection of Northern and North-Western Europe with Austria and Switzerland and further through the Alpine tunnels and passes, with Italy.
The main water transport artery of Germany is the Rhine, which is characterized by a smooth and calm course. The river basins of the Rhine and Danube were connected to each other after the construction of a canal from the Main. Canals running through the Ruhr area connect it to the North German ports of Emden, Bremen and Hamburg.
Ferry lines connect the Baltic ports of Puttgarden (near Lübeck) and Warnemünde (Rostock) with the largest Danish island of Zealand, and the port of Sassnitz on Rügen with southern Sweden.
The main West German airport, the largest in all of continental Europe, is located in Frankfurt am Main. The largest airports after Frankfurt are Düsseldorf and Munich. Germany's leading aviation company is Lufthansa. In addition to air, it provides rail transport between Cologne, Düsseldorf and Frankfurt.
In united Germany, the total length of railway lines in 1996 reached 42,000 km. Passenger traffic is carried out mainly by high-speed trains.
In most large West German cities, new elements of transport infrastructure have been developed, linking urban and suburban rail traffic, metro, tram and bus lines into a single network.
Despite the efforts of the government to increase the role of rail transport in freight traffic, in Germany they are carried out mainly by road (with the exception of the transport of heavy goods). The role of trucks is also growing in international transportation. Private trips of citizens are also mostly carried out by cars.
By 1998, the length of the all-German network of express roads (autobahns) was 11.2 thousand km. West German autobahns are directly connected across the state border with similar networks of highways in Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Austria.
The largest transport hubs are large cities such as Berlin, Munich, Hamburg, Bremen, Bonn, Cologne and Frankfurt, and the largest water transport hubs are cities located on the banks of rivers and seas.
Foreign economic relations.
The value of Germany's merchandise imports in 1997 was DM 756 billion (about $416 billion), and its merchandise exports were DM 887 billion (about $488 billion). Most of the country's exports in 1997 were vehicles (17.8%), engineering products (14.7%), electrical engineering (13.1%), chemicals (13.2%), consumer goods (10.6% ). In the structure of imports, these categories of goods accounted for 10.8%, respectively; 5.6%; 11.4%; 9.2% and 14.9%. Agricultural and food products (including drinks and tobacco) accounted for 9.8% of imports, fuel for about 8%. More than half of Germany's foreign trade was with the countries of the European Union (EU). First of all, France, Great Britain and Italy as the main trading partners. Among other European countries, the Netherlands were the main partners, followed by Belgium and Austria. Outside of Europe, Germany's key foreign trade partners were the United States (7.7% of West German imports and 8.6% of exports) and Japan. Trade turnover with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe was about 10%. In 1997, Germany had a trade surplus with all major trading partners except Japan (16 billion DM deficit).
Bibliography.
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Bogdanovich O.I., Drozd Yu.A. "Countries of the world",
M: "Rusich", 2002
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M: "Dorling Kindereli", 1996.
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M: "Avanta +", 2002
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M: Dorling Kindersley, 1997
Characteristics of one of the branches of the German economy.
Geographical position. 2 State system. 2 Economy of Germany. 3 Industry. 3 Agriculture. 4 Geographic location. The Federal Republic of Germany is located in Central Europe, where the most important trade and transport arteries of world importance converge. It borders on...
Energy and automotive industry of Germany. Place of the chemical industry in the German economy. The main centers of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Characteristics of light and food industry in Germany. Transport and aviation industry of the country.
GERMANY (Deutschland), (FRG) (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), state in the Center. Europe, bordered by the North and Baltic Seas. 357 thousand km. The population is 82 million people (1999), among them 90% are Germans. Urban population St. 85%. The official language is German. Among believers - Protestants (Lutherans, ...
Abstract on the discipline "Regional Studies" on the topic: "Economic and geographical characteristics of Germany" Contents Introduction 1. General characteristics of the region
Germany
FGP and EGP. General characteristics Administrative-territorial division. Form of government. Population. natural conditions. History of education Economic indicators.
Politics Art Science 492 - The first campaign of the Persians in Greece under the command of Mardonius. 494 - The tragedy of Phrynichus “The Capture of Miletus” was staged on the stage of the Athens Theater
1. G O U D A R S T V E N A I S I M O L I K A. FLAG OF GERMANY State flag Germany consists of black, red and yellow horizontal stripes. The black color on the flag is considered as a symbol of the past, the former German Empire. The red color symbolizes the modern internal political...
Main brief information about Germany.
Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) is a state located in Central Europe. Washed by the waters of the North Sea.
Territory and geographical location of Ukraine, population estimate, language situation. Analysis of climatic conditions, minerals, development of industry and agriculture, transport. Features of the country's foreign economic relations.
General information (full name of the state, area, population, capital). Economy and political and geographical position. Natural conditions and resources. Characteristics of the branches of the economy.
General information about the country. Economic and geographical characteristics. Political and geographical position. Historical aspect. Assessment of boundaries and social position. Position concerning world transport highways.
The work on geography was done by a student of grade 10B of the Kharkov secondary school No. 130 I-III steps of the Kharkiv city council of the Kharkiv region Tatyana Bogomolova
Introduction.
Germany? What is behind the well-being of this European country? Is it just an economic and geographical position, a favorable combination of circumstances, or is it the result of the centuries-old searches of the Germans? Plundered and devastated after World War II, the country managed to turn into one of the world's leading powers in a few decades. From the fifth grade in the course of studying foreign language we got acquainted with the history, culture, economic and political life countries, but I could not answer my own questions. And while writing this essay on geography, I had the opportunity to get to know Germany better, to understand the psychology of its inhabitants. In preparing this essay, I studied a lot of literature about Germany, about its history and prerequisites for development. It was important for me to find out what qualities of the Germans made it possible to achieve the highest success in economic, cultural and political development. I got acquainted with the principles of building the German economy. This experience is very important for the further development of our country.
General information about the country.
Germany (Deutschland), Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) (Bundesrepublik Deutschland) - State in Central Europe.
Borders. In the north - Denmark, in the east - Poland and the Czech Republic, in the south - Austria and Switzerland, in the west - France, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands. In the north it is washed by the North and Baltic seas.
Territory area - 356,978 thousand square meters. km.
Population - About 82.080 million people. Germans - 95.1%, Turks - 2.3%, Italians - 0.7%, Greeks - 0.4%, Poles - 0.4%
The official language is German. There are dialect differences in different regions.
The monetary unit is the German euro (EUR), ?.
Religion. Protestants (mostly Lutherans) - 45%, Catholics - 37%, Muslims - 2%, Jews.
Administrative-territorial division of the country. Germany is a federation with 16 states.
Political system. The head of state is the president; the head of government is the federal chancellor. The legislative body is the Bundestag, the representative bodies of the lands are the Bundesrat.
The capital is Berlin.
main cities. The capital - Berlin (official) - the seat of the president, Bonn (administrative) - the seat of the government and the Bundestag (in 1991 a decision was made to transfer the government and the Bundestag to Berlin until 2000).
Largest cities- Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt am Main, Essen, Dortmund, Dusseldorf, Stuttgart, Leipzig, Dresden, Bonn.
Timezone. Standard: GMT+1 hour. Go to summer time on the last Sunday of March at 02:00:00 - GMT+2 hours. Changeover to winter time on the last Sunday of October at 03:00:00.
Relief. In the north - North German lowland. with hills and lakes, to the south - highlands and medium-altitude mountains (Rhine Slate Mountains, Black Forest, Thuringian Forest, Harz, Ore Mountains), alternating with plateaus and plains. In the south - the spurs of the Alps up to 2963 m (Zugspitze).
The climate is temperate, transitional from maritime to continental. The average temperatures in January on the plains are from 0 to -3 °С, in the mountains up to -5 °С, in July, respectively, 16-20 °С, 12-14 °С. Precipitation is 500 - 800 mm per year, in the mountains 1000 - 2000 mm.
Inland waters. Large rivers - Rhine, Weser, Elbe, Oder. In the south - Lake Constance.
General. OK. 30% of the territory is occupied by forests. National parks- Bavarian Forest, Berchtesgaden; numerous reserves, natural monuments.
Economic and geographical characteristics.
United Germany or still officially - the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) occupies 357 thousand km2, i.e. territories of the Federal Republic of Germany, the former GDR and West Berlin.
Germany is located in Central Europe. The central position is also determined by the largest number of neighbors - 9. In the south it borders on Austria (the length of the border is 784 km) and Switzerland (334 km). In the west - with the Netherlands (577 km), France (451 km), Belgium (167) and Luxembourg (138 km). In the east - with Poland (456 km) and the Czech Republic (646 km). In the north, Germany borders on Denmark (68 km) and is washed by the North and Baltic Seas. The total length of the border is 3621 km, the length of the coastline is 2389 km. The total area of the country is 356,954 km² (land area is 349,520 km²).
Germany is a highly developed industrial country. In the structure of GDP (1992), the share of industry and construction is 33.6%, agriculture 1%. The economic potential of Germany is one of the most powerful in the world. Occupying 12th place in the world in terms of population, it is second only to the United States and Japan in terms of GDP and industrial production, it consistently ranks second in terms of merchandise imports, and in some years it even came out on top in terms of merchandise exports, ahead of the United States.
Great economic benefits are provided by Germany's location in Central Europe among a large group of economically highly developed countries, at the intersection of the trans-European raw materials highways of the latitudinal and meridian directions.
The basis economic development Germany is based on principles that combine a free market economy and its social orientation. This economic model has allowed Germany to rapidly move from a completely war-torn economy to a prosperous economy that produces 30% of Europe's gross domestic product.
The structure of the German economy is such that 1.1% of GDP is created in agriculture, 34.5% - in industry, 64.4% of GDP - in the service sector. The German economy is characterized by “super-industrialization”, i.e. a fairly large share of industry in the production of GDP in comparison with many developed countries of the world. Perhaps only Japan, Ireland and Portugal are even more industrialized than Germany. And this is no coincidence. Germany's specialization in the world economy is the production of industrial (primarily engineering) products.
German agriculture has been and is distinguished by a very high level of development. It satisfies about 90% of the country's food needs. Agricultural production, like many basic industries, receives from state budget significant subsidies, which somewhat reduces its effectiveness. Germany exports such agricultural products as meat, milk, grain.
In Germany, as in almost no other major industrialized country, the economy is oriented towards the world market. Almost every third euro companies earn through exports, almost every fourth place depends on foreign trade. Germany's high international competitiveness is most evident where companies from different countries compete with each other. Despite the decline in world trade, the share of exports in the German economy exceeded the average. The continuous growth of direct investment by both foreign companies in Germany and German companies abroad underscores the good position of the German economy compared to foreign competitors. At the national level, this is facilitated by favorable trends in prices and wage costs per unit of output, as well as a stable social climate.
The German economy continues to attract foreign investors thanks to its well-developed infrastructure, qualified labor force with high work motivation. Outstanding Achievement in the Field scientific research and development - another "trademark" of Germany.
One of the important advantages is the coastal position of Germany and proximity to major port cities of neighboring countries (Rotterdam, Antwerp, etc.).
The sea front of Germany increased sharply after the unification of Germany at the expense of the Baltic coast. But still, the ports of the North Sea - its "window to the Atlantic" - remain the facade of German foreign relations.
Germany does not have very large reserves of any minerals. Therefore, its economy is concentrated mainly on the industrial production and service sectors. Large areas of the country are used for agriculture. Despite this, only 2-3% of the total working population is employed in agriculture.
Institute "Kaliningrad Higher School of Management"
Department of State, Municipal Administration
and regional economy
Course work
in the discipline "Economic Geography"
on the topic: "Economic and geographical characteristics of Germany"
work completed:
student gr. 07 VGUZ
Kolycheva Yu.S.
scientific adviser:
Senior Lecturer
Cherepko N.V.
Kaliningrad
Introduction - 3
Economic and geographical position of Germany - 4
Natural conditions and resources
Population
3.1. Demographic characteristics
3.2. National and religious features
General characteristics of the German economy
4.1. Industry
4.1.1. Industries
4.2. Agriculture
4.2.1. crop production
4.2.2. animal husbandry
Transport
Foreign economic relations
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
The Federal Republic of Germany is the most economically powerful state in foreign Europe. This country is part of the "Big Eight" of Western countries. It plays a significant role not only in the European, but also in the global economy and politics.
At the present stage of development international relations, during the expansion of NATO and the EU to the east, Germany is seen for Russia as the most promising partner from the West. That is why I chose Germany as the object of my own research.
1. Economic and geographical position of Germany
Germany (Deutschland), the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), a state in Central Europe, is washed by the North and Baltic Seas.
The total area is 356,957 km². It borders on nine states (see Map1) - Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Austria, Switzerland, France, the Czech Republic and Poland. In the south, it borders on Austria (the length of the border is 784 km) and Switzerland (334 km). In the west - with the Netherlands (577 km), France (451 km), Belgium (167) and Luxembourg (138 km). In the east - with Poland (456 km) and the Czech Republic (646 km). In the north, Germany borders on Denmark (68 km) and is washed by the North and Baltic Seas. The total length of the border is 3621 km, the length of the coastline is 2389 km.
Map 1: Geographic location Germany
In administrative-territorial terms, Germany consists of 16 states (see Diagram 1), each of which has its own capital, constitution, parliament and government. The federal lands are divided into old and new, in addition there are three cities - independent states are Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg. The new federal states include: Schleswig-Holstein (Kiel), Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Schwerin), Brandenburg (Potsdam), Saxony (Dresden), Saxony-Anhalt (Magdeburg), Thuringia (Erfurt) and the state-state of Berlin. The old federal states are: Lower Saxony (Hannover), North Rhine-Westphalia (Düsseldorf), Rhineland-Palatinate (Mainz), Hesse (Wiesbaden), Saarland (Saarbrücken), Baden-Wüttemberg (Stuttgart) and Bavaria (Munich) and two land-states - Bremen and Hamburg.
Scheme 1: administrative-territorial division of Germany.
The head of state is the president; the head of government is the federal chancellor. The legislative body is the Bundestag, the representative bodies of the lands are the Bundesrat.
The largest cities: Berlin (3,467 thousand people), Hamburg (1,708 thousand people), Munich (1,240 thousand people) and Cologne (964 thousand people).
EGP Germany is extremely profitable. The country is located in the center of the most economically developed region of Europe, where the largest trade and transport arteries of world importance converge. All major trade routes connecting Western and Eastern Europe pass through Germany. The country has access to the North and Baltic Seas, which also contributes to the strengthening of the country's trade and economic ties.
Germany is a highly developed industrial country. Extraction of brown (1st place in the world) and hard coal, oil, natural gas, polymetallic ores, potash and sodium chloride. Electricity production, mainly at thermal power plants (about 1/4 at nuclear power plants). Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, a variety of mechanical engineering: machine tool building, electrical engineering and radio electronics, instrumentation, automobiles, shipbuilding, etc. Powerful chemical and petrochemical industries. The woodworking, light, food and flavor industries, the production of porcelain products, and musical instruments are well developed. High-intensity agriculture with a predominance of animal industries (pig and dairy farming). Crop production specializes in the production of grain (wheat, barley, etc.), sugar beets, and potatoes. Hop growing. Winemaking. Fishing. Main seaports: Hamburg, Bremen, Bremerhaven, Wilhelmshaven, Lübeck, Rostock - Warnemünde. Export: machinery, equipment, chemical products, light industry products. The main foreign trade partners are the EEC countries, the USA, Russia. Monetary unit - Euro.
2. Natural conditions and resources
German landscapes are extremely diverse. Low and high mountain ranges are interspersed with plateaus, hilly, mountainous and lacustrine landscapes and wide plains. From north to south, Germany is divided into five large landscape zones.
The North German Plain is characterized by lake-rich, hilly landscapes with barrens and peat bogs, with fertile lands approaching the mid-altitude mountain threshold. Here are located such lowlands as the Lower Rhine, Westphalian and Saxon-Thuringian. In the North Sea, not far from the coast, there are islands such as Borkum, Norderney, Sylt, and Helgoland. In the Baltic Sea are the islands of Rügen, Hiddensee and Fehmarn. On the Baltic coast, there are both gentle sandy and rocky steep shores. Between the North and Baltic Seas lies a low-lying hilly area - Holstein Switzerland.
The medium-altitude mountain rapid serves as the border between the north and south of Germany. The valley of the middle Rhine and the Hessian basins serve as natural landmarks for the transport routes linking north with south. Located in the center of Germany mountain range Harts. In the east of Germany, in particular, are the Bavarian Forest, the Fichtelgebirge and the Ore Mountains.
On the edge of the Upper Rhine Plain are the Black Forest, the Spessart and the Swabian Alb. The Rhine, the most important transport artery between north and south, carves its way through a narrow valley through the Rhine Schist Massif.
The appearance of the South German Alpine foothills is defined by hills and large lakes in the south, as well as gravel plains, the Lower Bavarian hilly area and the Danube lowland. This landscape is also characterized by peat bogs, chains of domed hills with lakes and small villages.
The German part of the Alps between Lake Constance and Berchtesgaden is quite small. Surrounded by Alpine mountain peaks, there are picturesque lakes, such as Königssee near Berchtesgaden, and popular tourist places in particular Garmisch-Partenkirchen and Mittenwald
Along with other western regions of Europe, Germany has a temperate maritime climate. In winter, temperatures decrease towards the east: the average January isotherm of 0°C runs along the Lübeck-Bonn line. In the south of the country, temperatures decrease due to high altitudes. Snow cover usually lasts 20-25 days in the north, more than 40 days in southern Bavaria and over 100 days in the Alps and on the peaks of the Black Forest.
In summer the situation is opposite. Temperatures rise southward, with the highest levels occurring in the Upper Rhine Plain. The average July temperature there is 19°C. Summer temperatures in the North German Plain rise towards the east and southeast. The average July temperature in Berlin is 18.5°C.
The average annual precipitation in the North German Plain reaches a maximum of about 750 mm on the coast of the North Sea and gradually decreases towards the east. To the south of the lowland, in conditions of a dissected relief, the distribution of precipitation is more complicated: in the mountains, more than 1000 mm, and sometimes up to 2000 mm, of precipitation falls, while in some isolated basins no more than 500 mm falls per year. Equally small amounts of precipitation fall in the strip north of the Middle German Mountains, in their rain shadow. Precipitation peaks throughout the summer, although the northwestern maritime areas receive most of their rainfall in winter under mild weather conditions.
The country's natural resource potential is rather depleted. The main wealth of Germany is stone (the Ruhr and Saar basins) and brown coal. The Ruhr Basin ranks first in Western Europe in terms of reserves, however, the conditions for extraction are difficult. There are also large reserves of potash salts (between the Weser and Saale rivers).
The largest deposits of brown coal are found in the Rhine region, in the south of Brandenburg and in Saxony. In addition, deposits in Saxony-Anhalt and in the east of Lower Saxony are of importance. The volume of deposits considered suitable for development is 43 billion tons. 85% of the brown coal produced is used to generate electricity. Together with coal and atomic energy, it is the most important source electricity in Germany. Brown coal was the most important source of energy (70%) in the former GDR. But the one-sided orientation of energy supply to brown coal has led to massive environmental pollution. After the reunification of Germany, its production in the new lands fell by 70%. Despite this, brown coal, albeit at a lower level, still retained the role of the main energy carrier.
The most important coal basins are the Rhine-Westphalian and Saar regions. Coal deposits are estimated at 24 billion tons. However, its extraction is unprofitable.
In 1950, the share of coal in primary energy consumption in the old states was 73%. By 1997, it had dropped to 14.1%.
The share of oil in energy supply also declined due to the sharp rise in oil prices in the 1970s. From 55%. in 1973 this share in the consumed energy decreased to 38.5%. in 2001. In terms of share in primary energy consumption, oil remains the most important energy source in Germany
The Federal Republic of Germany is a modern state located in the center of Europe. State borders the states of Poland and the Czech Republic in the east, in the south with Switzerland and Austria, the north of Denmark, western borders with Luxembourg, France, the Netherlands and Belgium.
The capital of the state is the city of Berlin, but many ministries and departments are located in Bonn. Germany consists of 16 federal sovereign states. The form of government in the state is parliamentary, the supreme power belongs to the legislative body of the Bundestag.
Relief and climate of Germany
The territory of Germany is characterized by plains and depressions, but in the south of the country the mountain system of the Alps begins. The central part is foothills covered with mixed forests.
Many full-flowing rivers flow on the territory of the state, the largest of which are the Danube, Rhine, Weser, Elbe and Oder. All rivers are connected by canals. Lakes are also very common in the country. Lake Constance is the largest, its depth becomes 260 m, and the total area is 550 km2.
climatic weather in the country are very unstable: the heat is replaced by a sharp cooling. Because of a large number Rivers for Germany are very characteristic of frequent floods.
Due to the fact that the country is located on the Eurasian plate and has no internal intersections between tectonic plates, earthquakes are rare here. The average annual temperature is - + 6 - + 12, which is very typical for the temperate climate zone.
State population
The population of Germany is 83 million inhabitants. Over the past decade, the annual increase has been significantly reduced, and today it is approximately 0.1%.
In Germany high level urbanization of the population, urban residents 92% of the population. The largest cities in the country are Hamburg, Berlin, Munich and Cologne. Germany is a mono-ethnic country, the number of ethnic Germans is 94%.
The majority of Germans are Christians, Catholicism and Lutheranism occupy a dominant position. Due to immigrants from the Middle East, Islam makes up 6%, significantly ahead of Orthodoxy and Judaism.
Economy of modern Germany
Despite elevated level unemployment caused by the recent economic crisis Germany ranks fifth in the world in terms of GDP per capita. Germany is a country with a highly developed industry.
The industry is represented by electrical, engineering, automotive, chemical and coal industries. With the exception of central region, the territory of the state is poor in raw materials.
Therefore, the mining and manufacturing industry is represented only by the coal industry. Germany is the world's leading exporter of automobiles and electronics. These spheres of economic production are monopolized by large enterprises.
Agriculture lags far behind the industrial industry, but the state pursues an active policy to strengthen it. This gives visible results today: the state exports cereals, grapes, fodder crops, as well as livestock products.
