October 4, 2017 marks the 60th anniversary of the beginning of the space age of mankind. On October 4, 1957, the first artificial satellite Earth.
During the class, students will expand their knowledge of scientific activity Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, the founder of practical astronautics in our country, will get acquainted with the characteristics of the first satellite, and also find out what types of satellites exist today and what tasks they perform.
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Quiz Rules [PDF] [DOCX]
Target:
- to systematize and expand students' understanding of the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite.
Tasks:
- expand students' understanding of space exploration;
- introduce artificial satellites of the Earth and their role in the life of modern man;
- to form a sense of patriotism through the study of the great achievements of the Russian people;
- fostering a sense of cooperation.
The topic of our class hour is “60 years since the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite”.
And I want to start it with the words of the founder of practical astronautics in our country, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev:
"There will come a time when spaceship with people will leave the Earth and go on a journey. A reliable bridge from earth to space has already been thrown by the launch of Soviet artificial satellites, and the road to the stars is open!
The beginning of the space era in the history of mankind was laid on October 4, 1957, when the first artificial satellite of the Earth was launched into orbit. The code designation of the satellite is PS-1 (The Simplest Satellite - 1).
It was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome on a Sputnik launch vehicle, created on the basis of the R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile.
Let's see satellite launch video.
The flight of the first artificial Earth satellite was seen by the whole world.
The signal sent by the satellite was caught by any radio amateur at any point the globe.
Many scientists worked on the creation of an artificial satellite of the Earth.
This work was headed by Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, a Soviet scientist, design engineer, founder of practical astronautics.
Under the leadership of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, the first cosmonaut of the planet was also launched. Let's see video about the scientific activity of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.
Watching and discussing a video about the scientific activities of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.
During the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, the following tasks were set:
- check the correctness of the calculations and technical solutions on which the launch was based;
- to determine the data on the density of the upper layers of the atmosphere on the descent deceleration of the spacecraft;
- investigate the ionospheric propagation of radio waves emitted by satellite transmitters;
- to analyze the conditions for adequate operation of the equipment of other aircraft.
Externally, the satellite was an aluminum sphere with a diameter of 58 cm, to which two curved antennas were attached crosswise, allowing the device to spread radio emission evenly and in all directions.
Inside the sphere, made of two hemispheres fastened with 36 bolts, there were 50-kilogram silver-zinc batteries, a radio transmitter, a fan, a thermostat, pressure and temperature sensors. The total weight of the device was 83.6 kg.
PS-1 was in orbit for 92 days and made 1440 revolutions around the Earth during this time, thus covering about 60 million kilometers. The satellite's radio transmitters operated for two weeks after launch. Then the apparatus burned up in the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere.
The news about the satellite launched into low Earth orbit by Soviet scientists immediately spread around the world. The launch of the first Earth satellite made it possible to obtain not only important technical data necessary for the further development of astronautics, but also valuable scientific information.
Newspapers published articles on the first artificial satellite of the Earth.
Postage stamps were issued anniversaries satellite launch.
Monuments were erected to memorable dates of the launch of satellites
Modern artificial satellites of the Earth perform many tasks and, depending on them, are divided into several types:
- astronomical satellites are used to study space objects and phenomena; in fact, these are mobile observatories outside the Earth;
- reconnaissance vehicles supply information to the military departments of their countries about the location and movement of strategic objects in the territory under study;
– communication satellites are needed to transmit a radio signal between very distant points on the surface that are outside the line of sight;
– navigation satellites provide the GPS global positioning system, which is very important for positioning Vehicle;
– meteorological satellites are indispensable for studying the weather and making meteorological forecasts;
– satellites for remote sensing using radar and photography of the Earth’s surface conduct exploration of mineral deposits, taking into account the location natural resources, state control ecological system;
– biosatellites are used to study living organisms in space;
- Experimental satellites are launched to test new developments.
Now the number of artificial objects in the earth's orbit exceeds 15.5 thousand.
Conducting a quiz.
The quiz is held according to the principle of the TV game "Own game".
At the end of the class hour, it is proposed
Quiz Rules
For the quiz, the class is divided into two teams. A draw is held to determine which team starts the game. Team members choose questions. If the question is answered correctly, the team continues the game. In case of an incorrect answer, the other team enters the game. The winner is the team with the most points.
Sources:
- The history of the development of domestic automatic spacecraft// Scientific editor I. V. Barmin. - M.: Capital Encyclopedia, 2015. - 752 p.
, Competition "Presentation for the lesson"
Presentation for the lesson
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Target: to expand the understanding of junior schoolchildren about space, to acquaint them with the history of space exploration.
Tasks: instill a sense of pride in one's country; respect for people who have dedicated their lives to space exploration.
Equipment: poster “55 years - the first satellite of the Earth”, drawings “My dreams of space”, PowerPoint presentation.
Class hour progress
Teacher. Since ancient times, the mysterious world of planets and stars has attracted the attention of people. Watching the stars through a telescope, people did not stop dreaming about traveling to them. This dream came true in the 20th century.
In the minds of scientists for many years
There lived a cherished dream:
Take off with rockets
Into interplanetary space. (Slide 1)
Teacher. October 4, 2012 marks exactly 55 years since the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite. (Slide 2)
Teacher. What does the word "satellite" mean? (Slide 3)
The first satellite was ready for flight
In the last century, the fifty-seventh year.
He flew through the work
Designers, rocket scientists, workers. (Slide 4)
Teacher. In 1955, S. P. Korolev, M. V. Keldysh, M. K. Tikhonravov came to the government with a proposal to launch an artificial Earth satellite (AES) into space using a rocket. The government supported this initiative. In August 1956, OKB-1 left the NII-88 and became an independent organization, the chief designer and director of which was S.P. Korolev. (Slide 5.)
Student. Sergei Pavlovich Korolev is an outstanding designer and scientist who worked in the field of rocket and rocket and space technology. Twice Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin Prize, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. (Slide 6)
Teacher. Guys, try to decipher the satellite (artificial satellite of the Earth). The satellite was an extremely simple device and had a code name. (Slide 7)
Student. The image of the simplest satellite for a long time entered the Soviet heraldry. (Slide 8)
Teacher. On the basis of artillery factory No. 88, a research institute (NII-88) was created, which became the center for the entire range of work. (Slide 9) Fitters Yuri Dmitrievich Silaev and Nikolai Vasilyevich Seleznev are assembling at the pilot plant. Oleg Genrikhovich Ivanovsky, chief designer of the first satellite, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes of the USSR.
The whole world knows nothing yet
The usual "breaking news".
And he flies through the constellations.
The earth will wake up with his name. (Slide 10)
Teacher. The satellite went over the horizon. People at the cosmodrome ran out into the street, shouting “Hurrah!”, rocked the designers and the military. And even on the first orbit, a TASS message sounded: “... As a result of the great hard work of research institutes and design bureaus, the world's first artificial satellite of the Earth has been created ...”. The Russian word "satellite" has entered many languages of the world. Sputnik cocktails appeared in the bars of Western Europe. Hairdressers have come up with new model hairstyles.
Student. The launch of the first artificial Earth satellite is the first step in space exploration. Without a launch vehicle, it is impossible to put objects into orbit. By 1957, such a rocket had passed all the tests. (Slide 11, 12)
Teacher. A launch pad was needed to launch a rocket. In 1955, it was decided to build a launch pad away from major settlements. (Slide 13)
Student. The satellite made 1440 revolutions around the Earth (about 60 million km), and its radio transmitters worked for two weeks after launch. His flight was seen by the whole world. The signal emitted by him was caught by any radio amateur anywhere in the world. (Slide 14)
Teacher. In 1958, near the Rizhskaya metro station in Moscow, a monument was erected to the creators of the first Soviet artificial Earth satellite. (Slide 15) In 1964, in honor of the launch of Sputnik-1 near the VDNKh metro station, a 99-meter monument to the Conquerors of Space was erected in the form of a rocket taking off, leaving behind a plume of fire. (Slide 16)
I know you on the Day of the military space forces
Any person would ask for one thing:
Take care of yourself and our entire globe,
Take trouble away from the Earth side!
As space warriors we congratulate.
If on a holiday they cannot leave their post.
Every moment they are supposed to be on the alert,
To save our unsteady peace on Earth! (Slide 17)
Teacher. The Day of the Space Forces is a holiday of those who have devoted themselves to the work on the creation of defense spacecraft, who have carried out and are carrying out their launches.
Subject:" Space trip".
Goals:
Expand children's knowledge about space, famous astronauts;
learn about the history of creation rocket technology;
develop curiosity, thinking;
to cultivate pride in their country, patriotic feelings;
Holiday progress:
Rockets rush to distant worlds,
The heart is torn to feats ...
Who believes winged, like a song, dreams,
He will achieve his goal!
Both boys and girls
Wake up and in good dreams,
Everyone dreams about space
About distant skies..
Today is the holiday of astronauts! -
Congratulations on this day.
Gagarin opened it to us.
Much has been said about him:
Student.
He is the first astronaut in the world,
Because everyone is a hero.
Was the kindest person
Was with an unearthly smile.
That is why this holiday
Became good for the kids
Because, you see, about space
Everyone in childhood thought:
Student.
Looks like Gagarin
All boys want to be
Children draw in honor of him
Multicolored starfall.
In honor of Gagarin - avenues,
Ships and boats...
Today is the holiday of astronauts:
Cosmonautics - "Hurrah!".
Teacher. What will be discussed today?
Children. About space, about astronauts.
Teacher. Earlier, long ago, when people were just beginning to recognize the Earth, they imagined it as an inverted bowl, which rests on three giant elephants, standing importantly on the shell of a huge turtle. This wonderful turtle swims in the sea-ocean, and the whole world is covered with a crystal dome of the sky with many sparkling stars.
Several thousand years have passed since then. People built ships and, having made world travel learned that the earth is a sphere. And astronomers have proven that the Earth flies in space, revolving around the Sun, making one revolution around its axis per year.
Then people built airplanes and began to fly in the air shell of the Earth (atmosphere). But people didn't stop there.
In 1955, a decision was made to build a launch pad for space rockets. It was in Kazakhstan. The location of the cosmodrome is Baikonur.
The founders of astronautics - Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.
These two people laid the foundation for space exploration.
October 4, 1957 - the beginning of the space age - the first artificial Earth satellite (PS-1) was launched.
November 3, 1957 - the second artificial satellite was launched, in its cabin there was a dog Laika, equipped with everything necessary for life.
12 April 1961 - the day of the flight of the world's first cosmonaut, Russian citizen Yuri Gagarin. April 12 has become a great national holiday in honor of pilot-cosmonauts, designers, engineers, employees and workers who create rockets, spacecraft and artificial satellites of the Earth.
And we dedicate our holiday to the 50th anniversary of the flight into space of the world's first cosmonaut - Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin.
Let's fast forward 50 years. A message is being broadcast on the radio, all over the country people have gathered at the radios: "Moscow is speaking! All radio stations are working Soviet Union! Moscow time- 10 hours 2 minutes. We are transmitting a TASS message about the world's first manned space flight. On April 12, 1961, the world's first spacecraft-satellite "Vostok" with a man on board was put into orbit around the Earth in the Soviet Union. The pilot-cosmonaut of the Vostok satellite is a citizen of the Soviet Union, pilot Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin.
Teacher.
- Yuri Gagarin went to school on September 1, 1941, the year when the Great Patriotic War with Nazi Germany. A carefree childhood ended. The Nazis broke into the village of Klushino, where the Gagarin family lived, and ruled it for almost two years. Yuri Gagarin hated his enemies and did his best to harm them: he scattered fragments of bottles, crooked nails on the road along which enemy cars drove. Cars at full speed jumped on these "mines" and pierced their tires.
And the happy day came. Soviet soldiers drove the enemies away. Adults began to build, restore destroyed houses, schools, factories. There were not enough working hands - after all, many fathers and older brothers did not return from the war. And Yuri Gagarin went to study as a worker. He worked during the day and went to school in the evening. He read a lot. Once he came across a book about rockets. He imagined spaceships and irresistibly wanted to fly himself.
Student
Vitalik said yesterday:
- I want to be Gagarin!
You call me Yura
I'm going to space.
Look, look:
Waiting for growing up - there's no strength,
Because something out of the box
I made a rocket.
Fly to the moon and stars
And I'll fly to Mars...
You call me Yura -
I want to be an astronaut!
Student.
In a space rocket
With the name "East"
He is the first on the planet
I was able to climb to the stars.
Sing songs about it
Spring drops:
Forever will be together
Gagarin and April.
Student.
Stories now donated
All mankind take off.
From space Yuri Gagarin
Goes into the legend of the people.
Teacher. The world held its breath. The world listened to the voice of a man flying over oceans and countries, and people in these countries repeated: "Gagarin," "Yuri," "Russia." The earth recognized the simple charming person that paved the way to the stars.
Many years have passed since the start of Yuri Gagarin. During this time, much has changed in cosmonautics: the technology, the training of crews, and the program of work in orbit.
They work in space now for a long time. The ships go into the sky one by one. Orbital stations circle the planet.
Teacher. Guys! Do you want to visit space?
Student.
The announcer will command:
"Attention - take off!"
And our rocket will rush forward.
Farewell blink and melt away
The golden lights of our beloved Earth.
Student.
We want to make friends with you, Luna.
So that you do not get bored all the time alone.
Mysterious Mars, wait for us a little bit.
We will be able to look at you on the way.
If we want to go to space
So let's fly soon!
The boldest will be our
Cheerful, friendly crew.
Teacher.
In flight, each astronaut must comply with special space rules. I will say the beginning of the rule, and you must all continue it together. So...
Astronaut, don't forget...
Children. You are on your way to the universe.
Teacher.Our main rule is...
Children. Follow any order.
Teacher.Do you want to be an astronaut...
Children. You have to know a lot.
Teacher.Any space route...
Children. Open for those , who loves work.
Teacher.Only friendly starship...
Children. You can take it with you on a flight.
Teacher.Boring, gloomy and angry...
Children. We will not take into orbit.
Teacher.Attention! Attention! Everyone get ready to launch!
Children. Got ready to launch!
Teacher:
Don't look around
Today you are an astronaut.
We start training
To become strong and dexterous!
Competitive program.
Contest "DESIGNERS"(Slide number 5)
- Well done! You need a rocket to go into space.
Teacher:
Dunno invented an interplanetary ship,
He drew drawings in a secret setting;
So that Vintik and Shpuntik do not know the secret,
I drew on separate sheets all details.
And you look at all his drawings
And fold the complete drawing from the details.
Everything must be noted, everything must be taken into account -
Perhaps there are unnecessary, superfluous ones?
Children assemble a rocket from parts, come up with a name for it, associated with space theme.
Teacher. So, the crews are formed, the rockets have their names, and now it's time to take off.
U. Attention! Get ready for the rocket launch!
D. Got ready!
U. Start the motors!
D. Got to start the engines!
U. Five! Four! Three! Two! One!
D. Start! Hooray!
U. Now we are in the center of the solar system. The solar system is a family in which our planet Earth also lives. In the center of its hot gas ball is the Sun. The earth receives only a small part of the sun's heat. 9 planets, thousands of asteroids and comets revolve around the Sun.
“Hey Earth, who are you friends with?”
Or are you circling the sun alone?
- I'm in decent company -
Seven brothers, one sister.
We are proud of our venerable
Our solar system.
Competition "Planets"(Slide number 6)
Arrange all the planets in ascending order. Whose team will do it faster and more correctly. (Children place cards with the names of the planets) Verification by poem.
All the planets in order
Call any of us:
Once - Mercury,
Two - Venus,
Three - Earth,
Four is Mars.
Five - Jupiter,
Six - Saturn,
Seven - Uranus,
Behind him is Neptune.
He is eighth in a row.
And after him already, then,
And the ninth planet
called Pluto.
Contest "Mysterious"(Slide number 6)
– In flight, astronauts in their free time not only draw, but also compose poetry. We'll train too. You need to finish the quatrains.
Not the first time, not the first time
In fire and thunder
Rocket launched into space
From the earth ( spaceport).
The crew takes to the sky
Now famous.
We will listen to the report
From space ( orbits).
Already left the moon rover
Footprints on moon dust:
On the nearest satellite of the Earth
path ( paved).
With friends you look at the sky,
Of course, firmly believing
That you grow up - and fly
To the mysterious Venus).
Our dreams come true:
Will be shown on TV
How do you walk on Saturn
In space ( spacesuit).
There are no wings, but this bird
It will fly and land on the moon. (Lunokhod.)
Miracle bird - scarlet tail
Flew into a flock of stars. (Rocket.)
The grain scattered at night,
And in the morning, there is nothing. (Stars.)
The fiery eye wanders alone,
Everywhere that happens
It warms with a glance. (The sun.)
A man is sitting in a rocket.
Boldly he flies into the sky,
And on us in your spacesuit
He looks from space. (Cosmonaut.)
Teacher: Everything is different in space than it is on Earth. After all, there is no air there, people and objects have no weight, everything that is not fixed flies. This state is called weightlessness ( card). Man wanted to overcome the earth's gravity and go into outer space. And in 1965 a man comes out in outer space. And again, this is the Soviet cosmonaut - Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov. And in 1969, a man steps on the surface of the moon. It was the American astronaut Neil Armstrong. Alexei Leonov not only went into outer space, but later showed people what he saw there. He painted pictures in which he captured what he saw. Look, the colors of space are amazing! Without special equipment, a person in space cannot survive. Special clothing has been created for astronauts.
Contest "Encryption"(Slide number 8)
Guess the rebus - and you will know what it is called.
A D A S F R N K
N ((( Space suit.)
Going into outer space, the astronaut puts on a spacesuit that protects him and allows him to breathe. Special food has been created for astronauts. Broth in a tube, which is usually toothpaste, chocolate in a tube, tea in a tube - this is how they ate in space before. Now in every space
The expedition sends not only tubes of food, but also fresh fruits, including kiwi, oranges, and apples. And lavash is also sent flying - white bread in the form of a large flat cake. It does not crumble and does not go stale as quickly as bread. When the station crew spends half a year in space, fresh pita bread or a piece of apple cheer up.
The song "Grass near the house" is performed.
Competition "Portrait of an Alien" While our cosmonauts were taking soil samples, other crew members, looking at the monitor screens, made the most important discovery: this planet is inhabited. What a pity that we forgot to take our camera and camera with us! Now you have to pick up pencils and draw a portrait of the inhabitant of the planet yourself. Each crew chooses an artist, and the rest of the team prompts him with the details that they managed to see.
The task is to draw a portrait of an inhabitant of the planet.
Space is not only the lot of the courageous and brave. It is for the inquisitive and patient, savvy and firm, seeking and believing in the future of this as yet unexplored world.
Y. Gagarin
- Well done, guys, you listened well, played. I want to conclude our meeting with the words of cosmonaut Gagarin: “Having circled the Earth in a satellite ship, I saw how beautiful our planet is. People, we will preserve and increase this beauty, and not destroy it.”
Let's fulfill the behest of the first cosmonaut!
To the music, all teams are awarded with diplomas and prizes.
Belousova Ksenia Igorevna
Educational institution: MBOU Irkutsk secondary school No. 50
Brief job description: Lesson objectives: Educational - to form knowledge about space exploration; O solar system; about the formation of planets, stars, galaxies; about the direct contribution of scientists to the practical development of interstellar space. Developing - to form the ability to put forward hypotheses, to substantiate them. Educational - to develop cognitive interest to the subject "Physics".
Publication date: 2018-04-27
Class hour to Cosmonautics Day: “Through thorns to the stars” Belousova Ksenia Igorevna MBOU Irkutsk secondary school No. 50 Lesson objectives: Educational - to form knowledge about space exploration; about the solar system; about the formation of planets, stars, galaxies; about the direct contribution of scientists to the practical exploration of interstellar space. Developing - to form the ability to put forward hypotheses, to substantiate them. Educational - to develop cognitive interest in the subject "Physics".
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Class hour for Cosmonautics Day: “Through hardships to the stars”
Theme of the lesson: "Through thorns - to the stars"
Lesson Objectives:
- educational– to form knowledge about space exploration; about the solar system; about the formation of planets, stars, galaxies; about the direct contribution of scientists to the practical exploration of interstellar space.
- Educational - to form the ability to put forward hypotheses, to substantiate them.
- Educational - to develop cognitive interest in the subject "Physics".
Equipment: computer; multimedia projector; educational literature; computer presentation; portraits of Yu.A. Gagarin, E.K. Tsiolkovsky, S.P. Queen.
Lesson plan.
- Introduction to learning activities- 1 min.
- Presentation by the history teacher - 5 min.
- About artificial satellites of the Earth - 5 min.
- Student presentation - 9 min.
- Presentation by the teacher of mathematics - 7 min.
- Consolidation - competitive program - 10 min.
- Summing up - 3 min.
During the classes.
Introduction to learning activities.
Presentation of the topic of the lesson and objectives of the lesson.
Presentation by a history teacher. (Accompanied by presentation) .
Squeezing the window sill with your palms,
You stand with your head thrown back
And the call signs of thoughts fly
TO distant stars- white doves.
Somewhere out there, in the endless darkness,
Beyond the stellar Arctic,
In an inaccessible space and time
Other galaxies float by.
I'm sure: in some constellation
There are planets like ours, green,
And your peers live there -
Astronauts, poets, scientists.
And on the same moonlit midnight,
Throwing back his head dreamily,
Sad young peer
On a planet in the constellation Pigeon.
The year 2011 is declared the Year of the first cosmonaut - Yuri Gagarin.
And today we will make an excursion into interstellar space.
If you ask the cosmonauts where the road to space begins, we will certainly hear “From a dream” in response.
Rockets rush to distant worlds
The heart breaks for deeds.
Who believes winged, like a song, dreams
He will achieve his goal.
For centuries, man has looked to the sky. He walked on land and was afraid to swim far into the sea. The sky was huge and incomprehensible to him.
For thousands of years, astronomers have mapped the universe. Before the invention of the telescope in 1608, these maps were based on hypotheses or religious beliefs.
An ancient Greek scientist named Ptolemy drew a map of the universe in the second century AD, with the Earth at its center and the Sun, planets, and stars revolving around it. According to Ptolemy, the Earth was motionless, otherwise the birds fell from the trees. Ptolemy's hypothesis about the central position of the Earth became fundamental for the Christian church. According to the Bible, the Earth was created by God as the center of the universe. The medieval church in Europe was very influential and people were afraid to argue with it.
In the 1500s, Nicolaus Copernicus hypothesized that the planets revolved around the sun. But Copernicus, like Ptolemy, believed that orbits were perfect circles.
Both believed that the stars were immovably fixed inside a huge sphere. This sphere was divided into segments, which were given a flat shape so that a map could be drawn.
Sometimes astronomers divided the celestial sphere into six parts.
In 1600, for supporting the theory of Copernicus, Galileo Galilei was imprisoned. And under pain of torture, the Inquisition forced him to renounce his views.
And then came the 20th century. Airplanes were already flying in the sky, and the first rockets were launched into space.
People believed that the day when a man will fly into space is not far off.
About artificial satellites of the Earth. (Accompanied by video).
The world's first artificial earth satellite was created in the Soviet country. It was launched October 4, 1957 . The satellite carried various scientific equipment for space exploration. Scientists have obtained a lot of valuable data about the atmosphere.
Soon, November 3, 1957 , the second artificial satellite was launched with scientific equipment and with the dog Laika inside it. This proved that a living being can withstand the speed at which a rocket rises. (To date, the number of artificial Earth satellites and automatic stations launched into space is many hundreds).
Satellites are launched in order to study the space between the planets and find out what is beyond the Earth.
The smallest particles of dust and gases are carried in space. This was told by instruments installed on artificial satellites of the Earth. Similar information about interplanetary space was obtained using the third Soviet satellite May 15, 1958 . It was a real flying laboratory. The instruments automatically made observations and transmitted the results to Earth by radio.
Satellites flew at an altitude of about one and a half thousand meters. This is such a distance as from Moscow to the Crimea. You can measure it on a globe or map.
Artificial Earth satellites have brought people a lot of valuable information about the uppermost layers of the atmosphere and what is behind them. They reported a lot of interesting data on the composition, density and temperature of the atmosphere of the Earth, Venus, Mars, and gave scientists other valuable scientific information.
The Meteor satellite system provides observation of climatic processes in the Earth's atmosphere.
The Molniya-1 satellites and the Orbita receiving station system made it possible to receive Central Television broadcasts in the most remote corners of the country.
A stable telegraph and telephone connection has been established: Earth-Space-Earth.
Artificial Earth satellites are able to provide and improve the driving of aircraft and ships in the open ocean.
Spacecraft can carry out patrol service for the protection of forest resources.
The television eye of the satellite and its equipment can "see" not only the fire, but also areas of the forest affected by pests.
Satellites can play an important role in mineral exploration.
Currently, hundreds of satellites revolve around our planet. The results of their research in scientific purposes clearly show that astronautics is already reliably serving national economy. Scientists believe that the use of the results of research conducted using satellites will have a huge impact on the further development of science.
They made it possible to determine the size and shape of the Earth with great accuracy, to measure the distances between the continents, to determine the structure and temperature of the upper layers of the atmosphere. Artificial Earth satellites are increasingly helping to solve scientific and practical problems.
On January 2, 1959, the Luna-1 artificial satellite was launched, it passed near the Moon and became the first artificial satellite of the Moon.
September 12, 1959 "Luna - 2", an automatic station, reached the surface of the moon, the Earth-Moon route was laid for the first time.
October 4, 1959 "Luna-3", an automatic interplanetary station, photographed reverse side Moon.
Artificial satellites are launched by powerful rockets. The first inventor of such rockets was a modest Russian teacher Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky.
As a child, he dreamed of manned flights to the moon and stars. For many years, a remarkable scientist worked hard and persistently on the invention of a rocket for flying into space.
The student talks about K.E. Tsiolkovsky.
The student talks about S.P. Korolev.
(Performances are accompanied by a presentation and video).
What is the date of the launch of the first spacecraft with the dogs Belka and Strelka on board?
Name the first astronaut on Earth.
The student talks about Yu.A. Gagarin. (Accompanied by video and presentation).
Presentation by a physics teacher. (Accompanied by presentation).
What is there in the sky?
Astronomers believe that the universe began about 15 billion years ago as a result of the so-called big bang. But no one knows what were the causes of this explosion and what happened before it. Scientists believe that the universe continues to expand after the Big Bang, this is the theory of the Open Universe. If so, then all the stars will eventually go out and die. Then the expansion will stop and contraction will begin, everything will shrink in the Big Bang, this is the "Closed Universe" theory.
Stars are grouped into galaxies, and around them is emptiness. There are countless clusters of galaxies in the universe.
One of the thousands of superclusters in the universe is the Virgo Supercluster.
And just one of the groups of galaxies in a giant group called the Virgo Supercluster - the Local Group, of about 30 galaxies. Its diameter reaches 100,000,000 light years. (One light year is approximately 9.5 trillion kilometers).
The closest galaxy to us is called the Large Magellanic Cloud, three times the size of our galaxy. It is 170,000 light years away from us.
The most distant is the Andromeda galaxy, located at a distance of more than two million light years.
The Milky Way is our galaxy. One of about 30 galaxies in a cluster called the Local Group. There are about 100,000 million stars in our galaxy. Diameter milky way 100,000 light years.
Our galaxy is spiral, has a central part and curved arms. The galaxy is spinning. Our Sun is 30,000 light-years away from the center of the Galaxy, which may contain a black hole.
Planets are formed from dust. When the gas cloud rotates, its central part heats up and begins to glow like a star. Then the jets of gas slow down and the dust ring begins to cool, forming new planets.
Life on Earth exists because this planet occupies an optimal position in the solar system. There is a protective atmosphere.
The orbit of the Moon is 384,400 km away from the Earth. The moon completes its orbit in 27 1/3 days.
The planets closest to the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are made of solid rock. The other four are mostly gas.
Jupiter is the largest of the planets with a colorful atmosphere, consisting of colored bands. The largest of the planet's atmospheric phenomena, the Great Red Spot, about 30,000 km wide, is the center of a huge storm. Jupiter has 16 moons.
Saturn is a huge ball of liquid and gas with a small solid center. In the region of its equator there is a strip of rings with a width equal to the distance from the Earth to the Moon.
The rings are made up of ice and dust ranging in size from tiny particles to kilometer-long boulders.
Neptune is a huge ball of gas. It can be seen through a telescope. Dark spots on its surface are considered violent storms. The largest of the storms is the size of the Earth.
Pluto is the planet farthest from the Sun. Now it is called a dwarf planet or just a piece of a block. If the orbits of the planets are mostly oval, then Pluto's is elongated, which is why sometimes Pluto is inside the orbit of Neptune.
The Sun keeps the planets in their orbits. The energy of the Sun is the result of a nuclear reaction taking place in its hot core. The energy propagates outward along the radiation zone.
A powerful tongue of flame erupts from the surface of the Sun, called solar flare. Solar flares appear suddenly and usually disappear after a few minutes.
Our Sun is a yellow star. He is about 5 billion years old, he lived about half of the time allotted to him.
There are stars that are bluish-white - about 5 times hotter than the Sun. There are red ones - much colder.
Competitive program "What I know about space".
Questions for the first team.
1. Which of the scientists of our country is the founder of astronautics? (K.E. Tsiolkovsky).
2. An aircraft moving due to the reactive force that occurs when gases are ejected from the engines. (Rocket).
3. The closest planet to the Sun. (Mercury).
4. What was the name of the spaceship of the first cosmonaut? ("East").
5. The astronaut who made the first spacewalk. (Alexey Leonov).
6. How many stars are there in the solar system? (One is the Sun).
7. Name the planets that are made of solid rock. (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars).
8. How many moons does Jupiter have? (16).
9. What does "light year" mean? (distance traveled by light in a year).
Questions for the second team.
1. Outstanding rocket designer - space systems, whose name is associated with the victories of our country in space exploration. (S.P. Korolev).
2. Place from where they go to long way spaceships. (Cosmodrome).
4. Protective suit of an astronaut. (Suitsuit).
5. The first woman is an astronaut. (Valentina Tereshkova).
6. What is the name of our Galaxy? (Milky Way).
8. Which planets do not have satellites? (Mercury and Venus).
9. How many days are in a leap year? (366).
10. List the planets in order of their location from the Sun. (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune).
Questions for the third team.
1. The first Soviet cosmonaut (Yu.A. Gagarin).
2. What is the name of the cosmodrome where spacecraft are launched? (Baikonur).
3. List the planets of the solar system.
4. What is the name of a multi-seat spacecraft? ("Union").
5. The first woman - an astronaut, who went into outer space and conducted experiments outside the ship. (Svetlana Savitskaya).
6. What does the word "cosmos" mean in Greek? (Universe).
7. What color are hot stars? (bluish-white).
8. Name the natural satellite of the Earth. (Moon).
9. At what phase of the moon is the whole night lunar? (On a full moon).
10. List the planets in order of their location from the Sun. (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune).
Game on the computer - "Create the world."
Summing up the lesson.
The lesson ends with the words: “And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of heaven, to separate the day from the night, and for signs, and times, and days, and years. And let them be lamps in the firmament of heaven to shine upon the earth. And it became so…” Genesis. Ch.1, 14-15.
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