INTRODUCTION 3
1. MAIN ORGANIZATIONAL FORMS OF STATISTICAL OBSERVATION 5 5 8
CONCLUSION 18
LIST OF USED SOURCES 19
INTRODUCTION
Statistical observation acts as one of the main methods of statistics and as one of the most important stages of statistical research. The importance of this stage of the study is determined by the fact that the use of only objective and sufficient complete information, obtained as a result of statistical observation, at subsequent stages of the study is able to provide scientifically based conclusions about the nature and patterns of development of the object under study.
Behind Lately approaches to the organization of statistical observation of the socio-economic phenomena of life have not undergone significant changes.
Interest in statistics is growing all over the world. Quantitative characterization of socio-economic processes in direct connection with their qualitative essence is impossible without deep statistical research. At present, statistical science faces actual problems further improvement of the system of indicators, techniques and methods for collecting, processing, storing and analyzing statistical information. This is of great importance for the development and improvement of the efficiency of automated control systems, the creation of automated data banks, distributive data banks, etc.
Statistical work consists in collecting numerical data on mass phenomena, processing them, presenting them in a form convenient for analysis, analyzing and interpreting the results obtained. Data collection is at the heart of all research. The reliability of the analysis results depends on the quality of the data used, their reliability and accuracy.
Whoever and whenever statistical observation is carried out, it must be organized according to certain rules, the observance of which makes it possible to provide a reliable basis for statistical research.
If an error is made in the collection of statistical data or the material turned out to be of poor quality, this will affect the correctness and reliability of both theoretical and practical conclusions. Therefore, statistical observation from the initial to the final stage must be carefully thought out and clearly organized.
1. MAIN ORGANIZATIONAL FORMS OF STATISTICAL
OBSERVATIONS
1.1. Concepts and requirements of statistical observation
Statistics is one of the social sciences, which aims to collect, analyze, organize and compare the numerical representation of facts related to the most diverse mass phenomena.
Statistical observation is the first stage of statistical research, which is a scientifically organized accounting of facts characterizing the phenomena and processes of social life according to a single program.
However, not every collection of information is a statistical observation. One can speak of statistical observation only when, firstly, the facts being established are registered in special accounting documents and, secondly, statistical regularities are studied, i.e. those that appear only in mass process, in a large number of units of some set. Therefore, statistical observation should be planned, massive and systematic.
The following requirements are imposed on statistical observation:
1) completeness and practical value of statistical data;
2) reliability and accuracy of data;
3) their uniformity and comparability.
Observation is the foundation of statistical research. In the process of observation, data are formed, which are processed and analyzed at subsequent stages of the study. The organization of statistical observation involves the definition of the object and unit of observation, the development of a program and an organizational plan for conducting observation.
The object of statistical observation is a set of social phenomena and processes that will fall under this statistical observation. The study of the object of statistical observation involves the allocation of individual units in its composition.
The unit of statistical observation is a constituent element of the object of observation, which is the carrier of features to be recorded in the process of this observation. The reporting unit, which is the source of information about units of observation, should be distinguished from the unit of observation.
The statistical observation program is a list of questions on which information is needed in relation to each unit under study during the observation process.
At the stage of preparing the survey, it is necessary to find out how often it will be conducted, whether all units of the population or only part of them will be surveyed, how to obtain information about the object (by phone interview, by mail, simple observation, etc.) - it is necessary to determine the forms , methods and types of statistical observation.
Signs that individual units of the population may differ from one another may be of a different nature. They can be quantitative (age, length of service, weight, etc.) and then individual units differ from each other in terms of the time of a given feature, the presence or absence of a particular feature. Signs can be qualitative (sex, marital status, occupation), and then individual units of observation differ from each other by the presence or absence of one or another quality.
When compiling the program, special attention should be paid to the wording of the questions. They should be formulated clearly, clearly and not cause different interpretations. The more specific the question, the greater the guarantee of its correct understanding and receipt of an accurate answer.
Filling in any statistical document is carried out in accordance with the instructions. The instruction contains written instructions and explanations for the implementation of the observation program. The instruction reflects the purpose and objectives of statistical observation, information about the object and unit of observation, the time and timing of the observation, the processing of the results and the timing of their submission to the relevant organizations, gives instructions on how to understand one or another question of the program, provides examples of possible answers. and how to complete the form.
Program questions and answers to them are recorded in special statistical forms, which can have different names (questionnaire, questionnaire, form, form, list).
There are two types of statistical forms - individual and list. In the first case, the form is entered for each unit of observation separately. In the second case, one form is compiled for several units.
Organizational matters plan of statistical observation include such important points as the definition of the subject of observation, place and time, form and method of observation.
The definition of the subject of observation is reduced to the answer to the question: who will carry out statistical observation? In some cases, these may be statistical bodies with their own personnel. If we are talking about large-scale observation (population census), then the general public can be additionally involved in statistical observation. Sometimes the population itself can be involved in the observation.
1. 2. Forms of statistical observation
Statistical observation can be carried out through reporting and through specially organized surveys. These are the main organizational forms of statistical observation. In Russian statistics, 3 main organizational forms of statistical observation are used:
Statistical reporting (enterprises, organizations, institutions, etc.);
Specially organized statistical observation (censuses, one-time counts and surveys);
Registers.
In the first case, statistical information is received from individual enterprises according to the established forms within the established time limits. Filling in the reporting is carried out by each enterprise on the basis of operational-technical or accounting data. Distinguish reporting by periods of time: daily, ten-day, monthly, quarterly, semi-annual, annual. In the practice of economic and commercial activities, reporting is divided into national and intradepartmental. National reporting can be submitted both to the parent organization and directly to the relevant bodies of state statistics. Intradepartmental reporting is submitted only to higher organizations. All these types of reporting, except for the annual one, are united by one name - the current one.
Current (continuous) is such an observation that is carried out systematically. At the same time, the registration of facts is carried out as they are completed, for example, registration of acts of civil status, accounting for manufactured products, the release of materials from a warehouse, and the revenue of stores. With current observation, one should not allow a significant gap between the moment of occurrence of a fact and the moment of its registration.
According to the method of transmission, reporting is divided into postal and telegraph, as well as transmitted through a computer network.
However, there is no need to constantly take into account all the phenomena of social life without exception (the cost of fixed production assets, the family budget). In such cases, the collection of information about the phenomenon of interest is carried out through a specially organized statistical observation in the form of censuses or special surveys. The information obtained as a result of specially organized statistical observation supplements the reporting data and allows a more detailed study of certain aspects of public life.
Reporting- this is the main form of statistical observation, with the help of which the statistical authorities receive the necessary data from enterprises, institutions and organizations within a certain period of time in the form of legally established reporting documents, signed by the persons responsible for their presentation and the reliability of the information collected. Reporting as a form of statistical observation is based on primary accounting and is its generalization. Primary accounting is a registration of various facts, events, produced as they occur, as a rule, on a special document called the primary accounting document.
The current statistical reporting is divided into standard and specialized. The composition of indicators in standard reporting is the same for enterprises of all industries National economy. In specialized reporting, the composition of indicators varies depending on the characteristics of individual sectors of the economy.
Reporting deadlines include daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, quarterly and annual reports. In addition to annual reporting, all of the listed types are current reporting.
According to the method of presenting information, reporting is divided into telegraph, teletype, postal.
Specially organized statistical observation. Census. Specially organized observation is carried out in order to obtain information that is not in the reporting, or to verify its data. Most simple example such observation is the census. Russian practical statistics conducts censuses of the population, material resources, perennial plantations, uninstalled equipment, construction sites under construction, equipment, etc.
A census is a specially organized observation, repeated, as a rule, at regular intervals in order to obtain data on the number, composition and condition of the object of statistical observation for a number of characteristics.
The characteristic features of the census are: the simultaneity of its conduct over the entire territory, which should be covered by the survey; unity of the monitoring program; registration of all units of observation as of the same critical moment in time. The observation program, techniques and methods of obtaining data should, if possible, remain unchanged. This makes it possible to ensure the comparability of the information collected and the generalizing indicators obtained during the development of census materials. Then it is possible not only to determine the size and composition of the studied population, but also to analyze its quantitative change in the period between two surveys.
Of all the censuses, the population censuses are the best known. The purpose of the latter is to establish the size and distribution of the population throughout the country, the characteristics of its composition by sex, age, occupation and other indicators. The first general census of the population of Russia was carried out in 1897, and the last in 1989.
During the preparation of the general census, a trial census is carried out to clarify and test the program, methodological and organizational issues of observation. For example, such a census was carried out in December 1986. This survey did not cover all, but only five percent of the country's population. Recording information during the census is always carried out on the basis of his survey (without the requirement to present any documents confirming the correctness of the answer).
In addition to censuses, statistics also conduct other specially organized observations, in particular budget surveys, which characterize the structure of consumer spending and family income.
Register form of observation. Register observation is a form of continuous statistical observation of long-term processes that have a fixed beginning, stage of development and a fixed end. It is based on the maintenance of a statistical register. The register is a system that constantly monitors the state of the unit of observation and evaluates the strength of the impact of various factors on the studied indicators. In the register, each unit of observation is characterized by a set of indicators. Some of them remain unchanged during the entire observation period and are recorded once; other indicators, the frequency of which is unknown, are updated as they change; the third ones are dynamic series of indicators with a pre-known update period. All indicators are stored until the completion of the observation of the unit of the surveyed population.
The population register is a named and regularly updated list of the population of a country. The surveillance program is limited by common characteristics such as gender, date and place of birth, date of marriage (these data remain unchanged throughout the observation period) and marital status (variable). As a rule, registers store information only on those variable features, the change in the values of which is documented.
Information is entered into the register for each person born and arriving from abroad. If a person has died or left the country for permanent residence, then information about him is removed from the register. Population registers are maintained for individual regions of the country. When changing the place of residence, information on a unit of population is transferred to the register of the corresponding territory. Due to the fact that the registration rules are rather complicated and the maintenance of the register is costly, this form of observation is practiced in states with a small population and a high culture of the population (mainly European countries).
It should be noted that the population register, like any register covering a significant set of units, contains data on a limited number of characteristics. Therefore, the maintenance of the register involves the conduct of specially organized surveys, including population censuses.
The register of enterprises includes all types of economic activity and contains the values of the main features for each unit of the observed object for a certain period or point in time. Enterprise registers contain data on the time of creation (registration of the enterprise), its name and address, telephone number, legal form, structure, type of economic activity, number of employees (this indicator reflects the size of the enterprise), etc.
Three registers have been developed in our country: industrial enterprises, construction sites and contractors. Their introduction into statistical practice has significantly increased the informational and analytical levels of statistics, and made it possible to solve a number of economic and statistical problems for which other forms of statistical observation are unsuitable. Currently, work is underway to create a single register for the same economic units. He is given great importance in the introduction of the system of national accounts in statistical practice.
The Unified State Register of Enterprises and Organizations of All Forms of Ownership (EGRPO) makes it possible to organize a complete observation of a limited range of statistical indicators of enterprises registered in Russia, allows you to obtain continuous series of indicators in the event of a change in the territorial, sectoral and other aggregate structure.
The register contains data on all enterprises, organizations, institutions and associations, regardless of their form of ownership, including enterprises with foreign investments, banking institutions, public associations and other legal entities.
1.3. Types and methods of statistical observation
Statistical observation differs in types and methods of implementation. Types of statistical observation can be classified according to a number of criteria.
Depending on the time factor, observation can be continuous (current) and discontinuous. Current observation is carried out continuously as the fact under study arises (statistical reporting). Discontinuous (periodic) is such an observation that is repeated at certain intervals. Discontinuous, in turn, is divided into one-time, if the observation occurs from case to case, as needed, and periodic, if it is repeated at regular intervals (year, 5 years, 10 years, etc.). Censuses are an example of discontinuous observation. Final indicators for a certain period are possible only on the basis of current observation (information on the number of births per year, on manufactured products, etc.).
In accordance with the coverage of the units of the observed object, a distinction is made between continuous and non-continuous statistical observation. A continuous observation is such an observation in which all units of the studied population, without exception, are surveyed (population census). Non-continuous observation is resorted to in cases where it is physically impossible to carry out continuous observation (population budget), when observation entails damage or destruction of the observed unit (research of food quality, checking the strength of parts), when there is a time or means limitation, etc.
There are the following types of non-continuous observation: observation of the main array, questionnaire, selective, monographic.
Observation of the main array involves the exclusion of insignificant units from the set and the study of its main part (the production of spare parts for cars - the collection of information on large enterprises, excluding private workshops).
Questionnaire observation is organized as follows. The organization, having set itself the task of studying a particular issue, sends out (or distributes) to a certain circle of consumers special questionnaires containing questions. Completing and returning questionnaires is voluntary. In addition, it is very difficult to verify the reliability of the collected material. Therefore, this method of observation can be used in cases where high accuracy of information is not required, but approximate characteristics are needed. It is used when conducting sociological surveys, in communication statistics, in libraries for polling readers, in trade to study the demand of the population for certain goods, etc.
Selective observation is a type of non-continuous survey in which a certain number of units are selected from the entire studied population by drawing lots or by another method, for which all signs of interest to the researcher are recorded and indicators are calculated, which are then distributed to the original population.
Monographic observation is a detailed, thorough study and description of one particular unit (one worker, one team, one enterprise). As a rule, scientific organizations are engaged in monographic observation.
According to how the collection of information from statistical observations is organized, the following methods of data collection are distinguished: forwarding method, private, postal or telegraph.
In the expeditionary method of observation, registrars go to the units about which information should be obtained and receive the necessary information on the spot (enumerators carry out population censuses).
But you can oblige each person to appear at the census section and there give the necessary information about himself. This is a private method (information about births, deaths, etc.).
Postal (telegraph) collection of information means that the necessary information is requested and transmitted using the appropriate communication agencies or directly by teletype.
Registration of the necessary information during statistical observation can be carried out on the basis of various sources. In cases where the necessary information is obtained by the registrars through direct personal inspection, measurement, weighing, they speak of registration on the basis of direct observation (counting the balance of inventory items in the warehouses of enterprises during the inventory).
In other cases, registration of information is carried out on the basis of a survey. So, in the census, all information about each person is recorded from the words of the respondent.
In some cases, information is registered only on the basis of the data registered in the document. This method of recording information is called documentary. It forms the basis for filling out reports (registration of a child in the registry office on the basis of a certificate from the maternity hospital).
When planning statistical observation, it is necessary to solve the issue of the time of observation (the population census is carried out in winter). Next, the question of the place of observation is decided (in the census, this is the place of residence).
The plan of statistical observation should decide which observation will be applied in terms of coverage (continuous or non-continuous), what time is chosen for the observation, how information will be collected, and on the basis of what sources the information will be recorded.
A survey is an observation in which the answers to the questions being studied are recorded from the words of the interviewee. For example, a survey is used in a population census.
In turn, the survey can be organized differently. In statistics, the following main survey methods are used:
Expeditionary (oral survey);
Self-registration;
Questionnaire;
correspondent way.
The forwarding method consists in the fact that specially trained workers, who are usually called counters or registrars, themselves establish the facts to be taken into account by direct observation on the basis of documents or by interviewing relevant persons and fill out the observation form themselves. This method provides more benign materials. The most important statistical surveys of the population are carried out in an expeditionary way.
With the method of self-registration (self-calculation), the relevant documents are filled in by the respondents themselves. The duty of the counters (registrators) here is to distribute the observation forms to the respondents, instruct them and then collect the completed forms, which are then checked.
The correspondent method consists in the fact that information is provided to the monitoring bodies by their correspondents. This method does not require large expenditures, but it does not provide High Quality materials, since it is not always possible to verify the accuracy of the reported information directly on the spot.
In connection with the creation of an automated statistical information system (ASIS), the organization of the collection, processing and delivery of observation data to the statistical authorities is changing in many respects. ASIS will provide reliable information to the needs of economic management at the sectoral and regional levels.
CONCLUSION
Statistics studies the phenomena of social life in specific conditions of place and time, which are reflected with the help of a special statistical tool - a statistical indicator. Statistical indicators play an important role in identifying the characteristics of society and the economy of the state. Indicators are necessary in the processes of social planning and management, economic development.
Currently, work is underway to improve the statistical methodology and the transition of the Russian Federation to the system of accounting and statistics adopted in international practice in accordance with the requirements of the development of a market economy.
Due to the current widespread use of modern information technologies, primarily the development and availability of the global information network Internet, as well as specialized Internet networks that ensure the confidentiality of transmitted information, the organization of collection, processing, storage and delivery in many ways is changing. statistical organizations observational data. So accounting packages allow you to automate the process of preparing reports by enterprises submitted to the statistical authorities.
Further development of the necessary infrastructure of information networks will make it possible to provide consumers with more reliable and high-quality statistical information.
LIST OF USED SOURCES
1. Bashina O.E., Spirin A.A. " General theory statistics” Textbook. 5th ed., add. and revised - M .: Finance and statistics, 2000. - 440 p.
2. Eliseeva I.I., Yuzbashev M.M. "General theory of statistics" Textbook. 4th ed., revised. and additional M. Finance and statistics, 2001
3. Social statistics / Textbook / M: Finance and statistics, 2001
4. Theory of statistics: textbook / ed. Shmoylova R.A. - M.: "Finance and statistics", 2000.
5. Eliseeva I.I., Yuzbashev M.M. "General theory of statistics" Textbook. 4th ed., revised. and additional M. Finance and statistics, 2001
6. Social statistics / Textbook / M: Finance and statistics, 2001
7. Tolstik N.V., Mategorina N.M. Statistics. - Rostov-on-Don, Phoenix, 2000.
8. Chernova. T.V. Economic statistics Textbook. Taganrog: TSURE Publishing House, 1999
9. Shmoylova R.A. Workshop on the theory of statistics: textbook. M .: "Finance and Statistics", 2000.
Statistical observation, stages of its implementation. Characteristics of statistical observation. Stages of preparation and conduct of statistical observation. Program-methodological issues of statistical observation. Organization of statistical observation. Forms. Reporting. Unified record of crimes and primary records in law enforcement agencies. Accuracy, errors and methods of control of statistical observation data.
The student must reveal the concept of statistical observation as a specific method of statistics. Determine the place of this method in the system of methodology of statistics. Statistical observation is the main method of collecting primary information, data, monitoring their quality, preparing data for processing. The stage of preparation of the observation includes the development of a plan for its implementation, which should contain the solution of the following issues: programmatic and methodological - determination of the goal and tasks (the solution of which leads to the goal), the object, units of observation, totality and measurement; composition of characteristics subject to registration; development of an observation program and documents for data collection, as well as the choice of place and time of observation; organizational - choosing the form, type, method of observation, determining the circle of persons and organizations responsible for conducting observation, selecting, training and instructing personnel, duplicating and distributing primary accounting documents and statistical reporting forms, setting deadlines for submitting materials, as well as other practical issues, related to statistical observation. It is necessary to build an answer taking into account knowledge from related disciplines, and to distinguish between studies in various fields of science, noting the features of constructing a statistical research program.
It is necessary to consider the automation of data processing of legal statistics. The published results do not always correspond to the legal reality. Cadets and listeners need to find out the causes of statistical errors and ways to overcome them by revealing the issue of the reliability of statistical indicators of legal statistics. By this issue the student must demonstrate knowledge of the previous topic, as statistical errors are a kind of result not only of any statistical study, but also of each specific branch of legal statistics in view of the specifics of the latter. As already mentioned, legal statistics distinguish between criminal law, civil law and administrative law statistics. The main objects of criminal law statistics are: crime; criminal, punishment. The objects of civil law statistics are: civil legal relations that have received their permission in court, arbitration or are confirmed in the order of notarial proceedings; parties in civil proceedings (plaintiff, defendant); outcome of the dispute. The objects of administrative and legal statistics are administrative offenses, the persons who committed them, and the measures of administrative responsibility applied to violators. It must be emphasized that legal statistics does not take into account its objects in isolation, but in close connection with the assessment of the activities of the internal affairs bodies, the prosecutor's office, justice and courts. It builds observation in such a way as to illuminate with its indicators certain stages of the criminal and civil process, as well as the main points of the activities of law enforcement agencies. The correct organization of primary accounting is the main condition for the compilation of statistical reports on crime, criminal record, administrative offenses, the activities of the internal affairs bodies, the prosecutor's office, justice and courts to strengthen socialist legality.
The student must show knowledge of both theoretical and practical nature about the types and methods of statistical observation, i.e. indicating the classification of statistical observation, support it with examples.
It is necessary to recall the disciplines related to legal statistics, and to distinguish between studies in various fields of science, noting the features of constructing a statistical research program. First of all, it is necessary to characterize researches in the field of sociology and criminology.
The concept and tasks of primary accounting. Documents of primary accounting of crimes. The system of statistical reporting in law enforcement agencies and the Ministry of Emergency Situations. Study and analysis of statistical reporting forms of law enforcement agencies. General requirements for statistical data. Control of the results of statistical observation. Reliability limits of data of criminal law statistics. Responding to All questions, it is important to analyze the existing regulatory documents regulating statistical activities in the Russian Federation. Speaking about primary accounting documents in law enforcement agencies and legal organizations, it is necessary to single out the concept of a single record of crimes, statistical reporting of law enforcement agencies. At the same time, it is necessary to point out the division of all legal reporting into administrative-legal, criminal-legal, civil-legal, as well as the reporting of justice bodies and courts. The role of legal statistics in modern jurisprudence, as well as further possible prospects for its development, should be taken into account.
1. The concept of statistical observation.
Statistical observation is the collection of necessary data on phenomena, processes of social life. But this is not just any collection of data, but only systematic, scientifically organized, systematic and aimed at registering features characteristic of the phenomena and processes under study. Statistical observation is the first stage of statistical research - systematic, scientifically organized and, as a rule, systematic obtaining of data (collection of information) about mass phenomena and processes of social and economic life by registering essential features each unit of their totality.
Statistical observation- this is the registration and collection of individual facts of the phenomenon or process under study and their properties according to a previously developed program.
Any statistical observation includes the following steps: preparatory work, direct collection of mass data, control over their quality, preparation of data for automated processing.
The stage of preparing the observation includes the development of a plan for its implementation, which should contain the solution of program-methodological and organizational issues.
The program and methodological issues include: definition of the goal (task), object, units of observation, totality and measurement; composition of characteristics subject to registration; development of an observation program and documents for data collection, as well as the choice of place and time of observation.
The organization of statistical observation includes:
· definition of goals and objectives statistical observation, which can be very different, stemming from real social and legal needs, from vital needs, burdening them with law enforcement and other legal institutions and the state as a whole;
· choice of object of observation, containing a set of social and legal relations that should be studied in order to achieve the goals;
· establishment of observation units, population units and units of measurement, their comparability- this is the most important requirement of statistical observation;
· programming statistical observation, i.e. this is the compilation of a list of clearly formulated questions to which reliable answers should be obtained in the course of the observation; the content of the program is determined by the goals and specifics of the object under study.
For a clear understanding, let's define the following terms:
Object of observation- a set of objects, phenomena, from which information should be collected. When defining an object, its main distinguishing features (features) are indicated. Any object of mass observations consists of their individual units, so it is necessary to decide what is the element of the totality that will serve as the unit of observation.
Unit of observation- this is an integral element of the object, which is the carrier of signs subject to registration and the basis of the account. (A more detailed definition will be given when considering the object of observation.)
Qualification are certain quantitative restrictions for the object of observation.
sign- this is a property that characterizes certain features and characteristics inherent in the units of the studied population.
Observation program is a list of features to be registered. The program is reflected in observation form. Organizational issues are highlighted: a list of measures to ensure the correctness of observation, as well as organizational plan, which takes into account the monitoring bodies, the time of observation, the procedure for receiving and delivering material, the procedure for obtaining information.
Observation period- the time during which registration must be carried out.
Critical observation date- the date as of which the information is reported.
critical moment is the point in time at which the observed facts are recorded.
To organizational - the choice of the type and method of observation, the determination of the circle of persons and organizations responsible for conducting observation, the selection, training and instruction of personnel, the reproduction and distribution of primary accounting documents and statistical reporting forms, the establishment of deadlines for the submission of materials, as well as other practical issues related to with statistical observation.
The direct collection of mass data is the filling of statistical forms - primary accounting documents (census forms, statistical cards, questionnaires, forms, etc.) and statistical reporting. It begins with their distribution and ends with delivery after filling in to the bodies (divisions) conducting the observation.
Organizational forms of collecting statistical information or the main forms of statistical observation - reporting (accounting) and specially organized observation.
Reporting - this is a form of observation in which enterprises, organizations provide statistical and higher authorities with permanent information characterizing their activities. Reporting is provided according to a predetermined program within strictly defined terms and contains the most important indicators necessary in the course of daily work.
Specially organized surveillance- such an observation, which is organized for a special purpose on a certain date to obtain data that, for various reasons, are not collected in statistical reporting, as well as in order to verify statistical reporting data.
These two forms can be combined, supplementing and clarifying the actual data about the object of study, closer to an objective and complete understanding of the observed social and legal realities.
The main issue in the organization of statistical observation is the definition of its program.
. Program it is a list of questions to be answered for each population unit.
Questions of the program are placed on a special form - a statistical form.
There are two systems of forms: card and list.
With the card system, each unit of observation and all its features are recorded on a separate card. With a list system, information about several units of observation is recorded in one form (sometimes in a journal).
The general characteristic of statistical observation is presented in the diagram.
2. Basic requirements for statistical observation.
Statistical observation must meet the following basic requirements:
1. Observable facts must have scientific and practical value.
2. Ensuring the completeness of the facts relating to the issue under consideration. Non-compliance with this requirement devalues the analysis, and makes its conclusions erroneous.
3. Ensuring the adequacy (correspondence) of statistical data to the phenomenon or process under study by checking (controlling) their quality - essential condition conducting statistical observation.
4. The creation of the best conditions for obtaining objective materials is provided by the theoretical substantiation and scientific organization of statistical observation.
The main requirement for statistical observation is the reliability and completeness of the collected initial information.
1. Reliability data , obtained as a result of statistical observation, is provided by many conditions:
· competence of the employee participating in the statistical observation;
· the perfection of the tools (forms, instructions);
· interest or readiness of the object, etc.
2. Completeness of data which is provided by:
· coverage of units of the study population;
· coverage of the most significant aspects of the phenomenon, since each phenomenon or set under study is quite complex and has a variety of characteristics;
· obtaining data for the longest possible periods.
Reliable and complete statistical data meet the needs of a comprehensive statistical study.
3. One more important requirement can be noted - this is the comparability of data, or uniformity . Each phenomenon or set studied in time or space must be comparable.
4. In modern conditions the importance of another requirement for the data collected as a result of observation is increasing - timeliness. Reliable, complete, but belated information is practically unnecessary.
The reliability of statistical indicators is greatly reduced when reflecting the actual state of crime and the real control over it by law enforcement agencies. Latent crime consists of unreported crimes, when the victim, witnesses, officials and other citizens who are aware of the crime do not report this to law enforcement agencies. The pattern that the more serious the category of crimes, the lower the latency coefficient for it, is not always absolute. When evaluating reported crime and official data on crime detection, as well as other results of the fight against crime, it is necessary to be aware of the degree of their reliability. If in doubt, the clarification of official statistical reporting can be carried out with the help of selective studies, including a selective survey of citizens.
Statistical observation is carried out strictly in accordance with the plan of statistical research.
In doing so, it is necessary to determine:
· purpose of statistical observation;
· object and unit of observation;
· develop a toolkit that is mandatory for each participant in the observation;
· determine the range of features that characterize the unit of observation, according to which data is recorded, or a program is developed;
· determine the timing and place of the observation, the provision on the organizational side of the observation, the training and placement of personnel, and other bodies that are usually included in the organizational plan for statistical observation, bodies performing statistical observation. These can be state statistics bodies of the Russian Federation or specific services, for example information centers MIA, Ministry of Justice, etc.
Given the collective nature of legal statistics, I would like to dwell separately on the objects of statistical observation in relation to its three components.
1. Object of criminal law statistics: three specific objects of registration of criminal law statistics, which she quantifies:
1) crime, those. a guilty socially dangerous act (action or omission) envisaged by criminal law that infringes on the personality, rights and freedoms of citizens, property, public order and public safety, the environment, the constitutional system of the Russian Federation, the peace and security of mankind (Articles 2, 14 of the Criminal Code RF);
2) criminal, those. sane individual who has reached the age of criminal responsibility and who has committed a crime (Articles 19, 20 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation);
3) punishment, those. a measure of state coercion, appointed by a court verdict (Articles 43, 44 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).
It is important to emphasize that criminal law statistics considers the concepts of "crime" and "criminal" not only from the standpoint of the elements of the crime, defined by the criminal law as an imperative set of features, but also more broadly, based on the properties of criminological concepts - the identity of the offender and the act of human behavior . In addition, it also aims to quantify the causes and conditions conducive to the commission of crimes. This also applies to punishment measures - the indicators of criminal law statistics also reflect the measures of public influence used both in the judicial and pre-trial stages.
All these objects in criminal law statistics are given a quantitative characteristic according to scientifically developed and normatively established features.
It must be borne in mind that the objects of criminal law statisticski reflect the specific features of each stage of the cornersprocess(initiation of a criminal case, indictment, sentencing, etc.) Therefore, statistical observation is organizationally built, as noted, based on the functions of the relevant bodies - inquiry, prosecutor's office, courts and correctional institutions,
2. Object of civil law statistics . As already noted, civil law statistics take into account only those civil legal relations that are civil offenses and are considered in court, arbitration, or confirmed by notarial proceedings. It takes into account its objects not in isolation, but in close connection with the assessment of the activities of the court and arbitration in the proceedings and resolution of civil disputes. Hence, civil law statistics should highlight with their indicators the individual stages of the civil process for the consideration of disputes about civil law.
The specific objects of civil law statistics are:
1) dispute over civil law(Civil case);
2) parties in civil proceedings(plaintiff and defendant);
3) judgment.
The indicators of civil law statistics reflect the main elements of civil legal relationship: right, duty, subject of law, object. First of all, it takes into account the types of legal relations considered by the court and arbitration - marriage and family, housing, labor, contractual and others, corresponding to the most important institutions of civil law. A significant number of indicators of civil law statistics characterize the subjects of rights and obligations (parties in the process), as well as the object of civil legal relations (what the rights and obligations of the subjects of legal relations are aimed at).
One of the constant objects of its statistical observation is the cash receipts to the budget received as a result of the activities of the courts and other institutions of justice (in addition to compensation for the damage caused by the crime), in particular, the amounts received from the confiscation of property, deductions from the earnings of those sentenced to corrective labor without imprisonment , fines collected by courts, state duty and legal costs.
The object of civil law statistics, in addition to disputes about civil law, also includes those civil legal relations that, not being the subject of a specific dispute and not acting in the form of an offense, are certified in a notarial or judicial proceeding (for example, making protests of bills, certifying the fact of finding citizen living or in a certain place, wills, purchase and sale of buildings, etc.).
3. The objects of administrative and legal statistics are:
a) administrative offenses (misdemeanors) that encroach on the state or public order, all forms of property, rights and freedoms of citizens, on the established management procedure; unlawful, guilty (intentional or careless) action or inaction, for which the legislation provides for administrative liability;
b) persons who have committed administrative offenses who have reached the age of sixteen at the time of its commission, if they were sane and did not act in a state of emergency or necessary defense;
c) measures of administrative responsibility - administrative penalties applied for the commission of administrative offenses.
Any object of statistical observation consists of individual elements. A complete picture of the object can be obtained using such statistical concepts as observation units (sets), reporting units and units of measurement.
Unit of observation- an indivisible constituent element of the studied population, the signs of which are recorded in the process of statistical observation. In other words, the unit of observation (sometimes called the unit of population) is it is a part, an element of the object of study, a carrier of signs registered during observation. The unit of observation can be a person, a fact, an object, a process, etc. For example, in a population census, all people living in a country are a statistical population, and each individual person is a unit of observation. In demographic surveys, it can also be an individual family. In legal statistics, such units are a criminal, a crime, a civil case, a plaintiff, a defendant.
Unit of observation should be distinguished from the reporting unit.
The reporting unit is the source from where the primary statistical information about the units of observation comes from. In criminal law statistics, for example, such sources are: police department, city (district) internal affairs bodies, district (interdistrict) prosecutor's office, district court, penitentiary institution, etc.
The unit of measurement shows in what quantities the socio-legal phenomena studied by statistics are taken into account. According to the theory of criminal law statistics, crime is measured in two interrelated units: criminal acts(i.e. facts) and subjects(i.e. the persons who committed them). Hence, registered crime is data both on the facts of crimes and on the persons who committed crimes.
It is important to separate these data. They almost always differ and, as a rule, the number of facts exceeds the number of persons who committed them. Here is a convincing example: in January-December 997, 2,397,311 crimes were registered in Russia, and 1,372,161 persons who committed crimes were identified. persons to be attracted as olfactory persons. Therefore, when comparing registered crimes simultaneously by facts and persons, it is advisable to take into account data on those crimes for which no persons who committed them have been identified. Differences in these total values are the result of the prevalence of group crime, as well as the commission of two or more crimes by the same person. So, in 1997, out of the total number of identified persons, they committed crimes: in a group - 446,708, including organized or as part of a criminal society - 16,100. For the same reasons, the unit of measurement of the prevalence of crime cannot be a criminal case (investigative or judicial proceedings, protocols and materials in progress), sometimes referred to in law enforcement practice as a unit of account.
Units of measurement in criminal statistics are determined by the purposes of observation.
All this is stated in the program of statistical observation, which contains questions that must be answered in the statistical form, justifies the type and method of observation, the main goal of statistical research.
A very important issue is the development of a program of statistical observation. Any phenomenon, in particular a crime, has many different features. Recall that a statistical feature is a specific property, quality, a distinctive feature of a unit of observation. Collecting information on all grounds is impractical, and often impossible. In these cases, those features are selected that are essential, basic for characterizing the object, based on the purpose of the study. To determine the registered signs, an observation program is being developed.
The observation program is a scientifically based list of signs (or clearly formulated questions) to be recorded during the observation process (or to which reliable answers must be obtained for each surveyed unit of observation). The observation program includes such issues and signs that are of the greatest practical and theoretical importance and are the most significant for a given object. The content of the program is determined by the characteristics of the observed object and the objectives of the statistical study. Hence, the compilation of an observation program presupposes a deep knowledge of the essence of the phenomenon under study, its features and most important features. In turn, a program drawn up correctly from a scientific point of view and strictly reliable data are the first conditions for successful statistics.
Criminal law statistics makes it possible to prepare extensive monitoring programs that characterize the entire course of implementation of state measures in certain indicators. social control over crime, its level, structure, dynamics, data on the identity of the offender and the victims.
The scientific basis of such programs is the theoretical provisions of criminology, criminal law and process, revealing the nature of crimes and crime and the actions of state bodies for social control over it provided for by law.
The legal basis for these signs (monitoring programs) are the criminal, criminal procedural and penal legislation in force on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as various normative (by-law) acts regulating the activities of bodies engaged in the fight against crime.
Based on the main task of the monitoring program of criminal law statistics - the characteristics of crime and the process of implementing state measures of social control over it, it should be divided into the following parts, highlighting their indicators:
1) the state of crime, its structure, dynamics, causes and conditions conducive to the commission of crimes, as well as the personality of the offender;
2) a system of victimological indicators and other socially dangerous consequences of crime;
3) the activities of the prosecutor's office;
4) activities of bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs;
5) activities of judicial bodies;
6) activities of institutions of the penitentiary system;
7) activities of other law enforcement agencies.
The monitoring program in civil law statistics should be divided into two parts, characterizing by their indicators:
1) the state of civil legal relations that are being resolved in courts, arbitration, notaries; the structure and dynamics of these relationships; reasons contributing to the violation of civil law; the composition of the parties (plaintiffs and defendants);
2) activities of courts, arbitration and notaries.
Certain requirements are imposed on the program of statistical observation.
1. The questions of the program must reflect the essential features that directly characterize the phenomenon under study, be accurate and unambiguous.
2. The sequence of their location is also important. The logical order of questions (features) will provide reliable information about the phenomenon under study.
3. It is advisable to include questions of a control nature in the monitoring program to verify and clarify the data being collected.
Modern technologies for collecting and processing data make it possible to create such statistical observation programs that respond flexibly to the characteristics of phenomena or the populations under study. However, today the situation in the country, the lack of funding has stopped the conduct of comprehensive statistical surveys, which cannot but affect the general state of the statistics of the Russian Federation and its role in the management of society.
Statistical tools are being developed to implement the program of statistical observation.
Traditionally, it includes instructions for conducting observations and recording data, forms of documents in which information is entered and other carriers of primary information. These are questionnaires, time sheets, reporting forms, census sheets. At present, technical media are gaining distribution, i.e. the so-called paperless technology for collecting information and entering it into a computer is being improved.
The data collected as a result are controlled and converted into a form perceived by modern technology, transferred to machine media. New technologies and documents are used to eliminate time-consuming operations in the formation of statistical databases. Thus, the data of the latest population censuses were entered on machine-readable forms using graphic marks, which made it possible to enter information into a computer directly from primary documents. For example, the procedure for collecting and processing statistical information in the courts is a multi-level system consisting of district, regional and federal levels, at each of which the values of statistical indicators are aggregated. Such machine processing of statistical information requires the unification of primary accounting documents and statistical reporting forms. The main stages of accounting and reporting in courts are filling in statistical cards by judges of the first and cassation instances, entering these data into a computer, conducting a computerized set of reporting information and issuing statistical reports. The openness of statistical data on crime and criminal record, their systematic publication make it possible to widely apply the methods of legal statistics for the analysis of topical criminological, criminal law, criminal procedure, forensic, penitentiary, administrative law and other problems of combating crime and offenses.
Of particular importance is the control of data obtained as a result of observation.
As practice shows, even with a well-organized statistical observation, there are errors, errors that need to be corrected. On present stage data control in conditions of continuous informatization is of particular importance. Provided various methods verification of received data.
This is a counting and logical control.
On the basis of counting control, the results and calculation of indicators are checked, the presence of an error is clearly established. Logical control is carried out by comparing the obtained data with other known signs and indicators. It is possible to compare for the past period for the same unit, or for the same period with data for another observation unit. As a result, implausible cases are revealed, i.e. logical control reveals the possibility of error.
Observation errors by source of origin can be divided into the following: intentional (malicious) those. errors that overestimate or underestimate the specific values of a sign or indicator, can grossly distort the actual situation and require complete control and unintentional, which in turn are subdivided into:
A) random errors which are more often associated with the carelessness of the registrar, negligence in filling out documentation, inaccuracy of measuring instruments, etc. With a sufficiently large number of registered phenomena, they can neutralize each other. Nevertheless, we emphasize that one of the tasks of observation is the elimination of such errors. To do this, it is necessary to carefully select and train personnel involved in monitoring, check instrumentation, carry out mass explanatory work, and so on.
b) systematic, which arise in a variety of situations, for example, when rounding a feature up or down.
c) representative (representative), which are inherent only in non-continuous observations and represent the difference between the value of statistical indicators obtained in the sample and the value of the same indicators that would have been obtained in continuous observation, with an equal degree of accuracy.
In accordance with these features, the methods of data control can be different.
When compiling a program, one should assess the degree of difficulty in obtaining the necessary and objective data. The program should not be overloaded and contain questions that can be answered reliably.
3. Types and methods of statistical observation.
The completeness of the coverage of population units and the continuity of accounting for facts over time are the main criteria for the specific division of statistical observations.
Statistical observation is subdivided into:
1. by coverage of population units into continuous and non-continuous;
2. by the time of conducting on continuous (current), one-time and periodic;
3. according to the method of organization for specially organized statistical observation and reporting;
4. by sources of information for direct observation, documentary observation and questioning.
1. Continuous observation covers all units of the population without exception and in statistics is called the complete accounting of all known units of the population. An example is the census of the population, registration in the bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of persons who have committed a crime, in courts - convicts, etc.
Discontinuous observation
In turn, non-continuous observation includes:
· method of monographic description; used for in-depth study of single objects that are typical in criminological or socio-legal terms, and is also applicable in the study of issues that cannot be sorted out with mass observations and limited forces and means; this method is permissible only if the objects of study are typical or specific, by examining which, it is possible to establish the causes of the existing features;
· survey of the main array, where the largest or most complex observation units are collected; it must be remembered that for some conclusions using this method, the representativeness of the main array may not be sufficient to judge the city, region or country as a whole;
· a questionnaire or sociological method, as a rule, is carried out in the form of specially organized statistical surveys and aims to collect information that is not available in the relevant institutions and their official documents;
· the selective method makes it possible to carry out the study with greater reliability, calculate the necessary limits of accuracy, and introduce appropriate corrections into the results obtained.
Continuous observation covers all units of the population without exception. An example is the census of the population, registration in the bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of persons who have committed a crime, in courts - convicts, etc.
Discontinuous observation covers only part of the study population. This part can be chosen in different ways.
Therefore, non-continuous observation can be subdivided:
· to the main array method;
· selective;
· monographic.
Survey of the main array - this is the observation of a part of the largest units that prevail in the study population.
Thus, the dynamics of prices can be studied according to the most big cities or the largest wholesale, retail markets.
. Monographic observation or a monographic survey is detailed description individual units of observation in the statistical population.
Before a monographic observation, the goal is not to characterize the entire population. It corresponds to the solution of problems for a deeper study of individual units of the population and is usually carried out in relation to typical units or characteristic types of phenomena. The program of monographic observation provides for a certain freedom of action for the researcher. This means that in the process of observation, not only answers are given to the questions posed, but signs and aspects of activity that may be of interest for further study or drawing up an observation program for the entire population are also recorded.
2. Continuous statistical observation, also called current, is carried out when it is necessary to register all units, cases, etc. as they arise.
It is a systematic recording of facts. Thus, all traffic accidents and illegal acts are continuously recorded. Territorial authorities carry out permanent registration of acts of civil status - births, marriages, deaths. Insurance companies record all accidents and other adverse random events as they occur. The statistical data obtained as a result of the current observation are richer, since they give a continuous picture of the phenomenon.
One-time observation is carried out as the need arises for data collection, in the study of a particular phenomenon or process. To obtain information not collected by current statistics, one-time counts are also carried out as a complete one-time observation or survey.
If the observation is carried out at certain intervals or periods of time, then such observation is periodic.
3. Modular surveys are being considered to improve data collection .
These are special observations that allow a comprehensive study of local, individual phenomena and aggregates.
4. Statistical observation may also differ according to the sources of information. There are three main sources of information or ways of recording data when conducting an observation − these are direct observation, documentary observation and questioning.
Direct observation is a reliable source of data, since the registration of signs, facts is carried out personally by the researcher, this requires significant labor costs, and there are also situations when it is simply impossible to directly “observe” some signs, facts. Therefore, such observation is used only in cases where all the necessary conditions are available for its implementation.
Documentary observation based on various documents. This is a reliable method for getting data. In practice, the most important types of statistical observation are based on the documentary method of data collection. Reporting is also based on documents.
One of the forms of direct documentary observation is register observation.
Register supervision is a form of continuous statistical observation of long-term processes that have a fixed beginning, stage of development and a fixed end. It is based on the introduction of a statistical register, which is a system that constantly monitors the unit of observation and evaluates the strength of the influence of various factors on the studied indicators.
Polls based on the questionnaire method. Questionnaires can be completed by the interviewees themselves or by a special person. It is possible to obtain information on specific issues from special correspondents. In this way, firms receive, for example, information from buyers (consumers) about their products. When conducting questionnaire observation, special attention is paid to the questionnaire. It should be clear, not to allow double interpretation of questions and answers. The answers to the questionnaire must be given voluntarily. The questionnaire is distributed among a certain range of population units - individuals, families, firms, etc.
Polls make it possible, at a sufficiently high level of their conduct, to obtain reliable and up-to-date information on such specific socio-economic phenomena and processes for which other methods are practically inapplicable. Polls, in particular, are used in the conduct of population censuses, budget surveys of families, buyers, youth, students, etc. Sociological surveys have become widespread, for example, on the quality of life, health, etc.
In modern conditions, a special organized systematic observation of the state of phenomena and processes, objects of the totality is becoming widespread - monitoring.
Monitoring is used to characterize and track social indicators that allow one to investigate, for example, the quality of life. Environmental monitoring is gaining ground. Monitoring data is summarized. It allows you to receive operational information for decision making. In practice, monitoring usually goes beyond traditional statistical observation.
Selective and sociological observations provide for special methods of selection and formation of the studied part of the population.
Methods of statistical observation are determined by the type of statistical observation.
The basis for the registration of facts can be either documents, or an opinion expressed, or chronometric data. In this regard, there are observations:
- direct (they measure themselves),
- documented (from documents),
- a survey (from the words of someone).
The following methods of collecting information are used in statistics:
– correspondent (staff of voluntary correspondents),
– forwarding (oral, specially trained workers)
- questionnaire (in the form of questionnaires),
– self-registration (filling out the forms by the respondents themselves),
- private (marriages, children, divorces), etc.
4. Selective method of collecting legal information.
On topical issues that are not reflected in official reporting, specially organized studies should be carried out, using such non-continuous observations that provide relatively reliable and reliable data. This can be achieved with selective observation, which makes it possible to carry out the study with greater reliability, set and calculate the necessary limits of accuracy, and introduce appropriate corrections into the results obtained.
The technique of selective observation is completely developed by mathematical statistics. It has received wide recognition and dissemination in various branches of science and as a method in many cases replacing the continuous study of certain phenomena and processes. Mastering the method of selective observation requires mathematical and statistical training.
Sampling theory is based on statistical patterns that are formed and found in mass phenomena and processes. This property of regularities is called the law big numbers It is based on the theory of probability. It is a branch of mathematics that studies random phenomena that have a stable frequency and probability, which helps to identify patterns in the mass repetition of phenomena.
The cornerstone of all statistical sampling studies is the conclusion - the more phenomena are studied, the more reliable the results obtained. data and the more accurate the revealed patterns.
The theoretical foundations of the sampling method would be incomplete without the laws of distribution random variables . Since there are hidden laws behind external random phenomena, the data that characterize these phenomena must be distributed in a certain way. It follows from the law of large numbers that the larger the set of random phenomena studied, the more ordered the distribution of the data obtained should be.
The simplest parameter for measuring the spread of the values of a variable attribute is the range of variation or fluctuations, and a more complete characteristic of the distribution is revealed through the value of the deviation of all variants from the average.
There are many quantities in statistics: means, mode and median; each of them performs its own analytical functions, but only the arithmetic mean is needed to calculate the indicators of sample observation.
With selective observation only a part of the units of the general population is registered, and this part in terms of volume should be such that all the information received accurately reflects the content and patterns of the phenomenon under study as a whole, i.e., turned out to be representative. This should be understood as the property of the sample population to reproduce the characteristics of the general population.
The difference between the data of the sample and the general population is called the representativeness error (sample error).
These errors are tendentious and random. The first errors are the result of incorrect or unintentional selection by the researcher of certain indicators, and the second ones are the result of accidents of incomplete selection.
The task of sample observation is not only to bring the sample data as close as possible to the data of the entire general population with less effort and money, but also to accurately measure the extent to which the results of the sample differ from the data of the general population. Here the question arises about the nature of the errors.
tendentious errors can not be measured, because they can be very different in size and content. It is possible to measure only random errors - unintentional inaccuracies of statistical observation, which can be directed both towards the exaggeration of the indicators of the attribute and towards its underestimation. With a relatively large study, random errors cancel each other out.
To avoid bias errors, one must strictly follow the rules of random selection of sampling units, and random errors in sample observation are objective, they cannot be avoided, but can be reduced by increasing the sample size and then accurately calculated.
A researcher who wants to obtain reliable data on the general population of phenomena and processes under study needs to determine the size of the sample. It is determined on the basis of given and available indicators. The given indicators here will be the marginal error of representativeness and the coefficient of confidence, and the cash - the variance of the studied features and the size of the general population.
The reliability of sample indicators largely depends on strict adherence to the rules of random selection of population units.
random way sampling involves a strict procedure for organizing and conducting it. In this case, it is possible to say exactly what is the reliability of the results of the study. The selection of population units must be made in such a way that each unit of the general population has the same chances of being included in the sample on an equal basis with all other units of this population.
The principle of equal opportunity and randomness in the selection of units in the sample is carried out in the following ways:
· proper random selection; it is given by an ordinary lottery, a draw, or the use of tables of random numbers;
· mechanical selection, which is a kind of random, it is more practical and rational, with it population divided by as many equal parts what the sample should be, and then one of the units is examined from each part;
· typical selection, which is needed to ensure that the study of the population reflects its entire complex structure; this applies to any element of the subject matter.
Proper application of sampling techniques helps to obtain reliable data that are not available in official reports in a short time, using small forces and means.
5. Sociological method of collecting legal information.
sociological methods are usually used in specially organized surveys and are intended to collect legally relevant information that is not available in the official records of law enforcement agencies and other legal institutions.
In the study of trends and regularities in social life, sociological methods are widely used, combined with selective studies.
A survey is a common concrete sociological method for obtaining empirical data, which is relatively widely used in criminological and socio-legal research in order to study various aspects public opinion citizens, voters, employees of legal institutions, offenders, victims, convicts, prisoners, etc.
The survey allows you to collect information that is not in official reports and other materials, as well as to interview representative groups of people under study in a short time and at low effort and, above all, to formalize its conduct in order to facilitate the generalization and analysis of the information received.
The survey determines: public opinion about the causes of crimes and offenses, latent crimes, the effectiveness of preventive measures and criminal penalties; attitude of respondents to moral and legal values: law, order, official duties; moods, legal consciousness, social orientations and motivation of offenders, plaintiffs, victims, defendants, etc. Any person who can shed some light on the problem under study can be interviewed.
Polls are forms of conversations, interviews and questionnaires.
Conversation with persons whose point of view is being studied, should be carried out according to a well-thought-out plan and in the form of free communication. This requires preliminary preparation from the researcher, as well as the ability to establish psychological contact with the respondents. In order to establish the trust of the interviewee, the researcher should follow the rules of psychological tact, so it is not always recommended to record the conversation with the interviewee. The advantage of this method is the ability to clarify and deepen the issues under study in the course of the conversation, and its disadvantage is the laboriousness and low possibility of formalization, which makes it difficult to further process and generalize the information received.
The interview is the same purposeful conversation, which is conducted according to strictly developed rules.
It, unlike a conversation, is more fleeting and more rigidly programmed, contains a limited number of questions. The interview allows you to cover large contingents of respondents in a short time and obtain relatively comparable results for subsequent generalization and analysis.
Interviews are divided into several types:
· a free interview is a simplified version of a directed conversation, where the respondent is offered a range of questions, in terms of which he conducts a free story, refined by the researcher;
· a standardized interview involves strictly formulated questions that are asked in the same form, and the answers to them must be clear and accurate;
· a panel interview is repeated communication with the same persons at certain intervals in order to establish the dynamics of their views and opinions;
· in a group interview, you can get the opinion of the group, which does not always express the opinion of the majority; group opinion is sometimes formed under the influence of suggestions, imitations, conformism and other socio-psychological phenomena, where the main role is played by the assessments, views and orientations of leaders.
One of the most common and effective methods for collecting primary statistical and sociological information is questioning. It represents the next step in an even more brutally planned survey.
Questionnaire does not have a rigid form, but when developing it, it is desirable to comply with certain requirements. The content of the questions, their sequence and number depend on the goals of the researcher and the procedure used by him in this type of survey. In the structure of the questionnaire, it is customary to conditionally allocate introductory, main and final parts.
In the introductory part contains an appeal to the respondents, the conditions of the survey and the rules for giving answers to the questions posed. The status part contains auxiliary questions about the socio-demographic position of the respondent, the data on which will help to more clearly assess the results of the survey.
In the main part of the survey put the main questions related to the topic of study.
Final part provides the respondent with the opportunity to speak freely on the problem under study, these statements serve as good material for the formation of new questions in subsequent studies.
Questionnaire is the most popular survey. Compared with the continuous survey, the questionnaire requires a scientific definition of qualitative and quantitative samples.
The main drawback of the survey may be the subjective nature of the information received, so the assessment of their reliability is possible only on the basis of a critical approach and comparison with statistical and other objective indicators.
sociological observation called so conventionally and is one of the most important empirical methods social, socio-legal and criminological study. It differs from the general social only in content, but the form of implementation remains the same.
Supervision can be full, participatory and participatory.
In full surveillance social-legal and criminological phenomena and processes are studied passively.
P ri included observation it is supposed to study socio-legal phenomena "from the inside", when the researcher is in the environment that he is studying.
In observation-participation the observer not only lives, but also actively participates in the processes and phenomena he studies. The last type of observation is the most active form, giving the deepest understanding of the phenomena under study.
Observation results can be reflected in specially designed cards, observation diary or using technical means. Observation does not require a special mathematical apparatus and usually supplements the results of the study, which are obtained using quantitative methods, with important and specific information.
social experiment qualitatively different from experiment in the natural sciences, and its application in law and criminology is severely limited.
Experiments in law possible only on the basis of a legislative decision.
Criminological experiments do not require regulatory permission and are possible only in a positive way - when they, allowing you to obtain the necessary information that cannot be obtained in other ways, do not create experimental criminogenic conditions and situations.
The social experiment helps to discover positive and Negative consequences this or that situation, to clarify its content, to work out the mechanism of action.
In the sociological and criminological literature there is a concept quasi-experiment. It proceeds spontaneously and in real life conditions, in which social influences of interest to the lawyer occur and their legally significant results are manifested. The meaning of the experiment is preserved if the researcher manages to fix the initial and final state of the phenomenon and accurately establish the effect of the criminogenic or anticriminogenic factor.
Questions for self-control:
1. Automated system for processing data of legal statistics and their publication.
2. Reliability of statistical indicators of legal statistics The concept of statistical observation.
3. Organization and forms of statistical observation
4. Types and methods of statistical observation
5. The concept of selective observation.
6. Sampling errors.
7. Sample object.
8. Selection methods that ensure the representativeness of the sample.
9. Types of sample.
10. Survey methods and their use in legal surveys
11. Sociological observation and social experiment in jurisprudence
12. Importance of legal statistics
13. Unified record of crimes
14. Statistical reporting of law enforcement agencies
15. Accounting for administrative offenses
16. Accounting and reporting of justice bodies and courts
main: ;
additional:;
normative legal acts:
If an error is made in the collection of statistical data or the material turned out to be of poor quality, this will affect the correctness and reliability of both theoretical and practical conclusions. Therefore, statistical observation from the initial to the final stage must be carefully thought out and clearly organized.
Statistical observation - this is the first stage of any statistical research, which is a scientifically organized accounting of facts characterizing the phenomena and processes of social life, and the collection of mass data obtained on the basis of this accounting.
However, not every collection of information is a statistical observation. One can talk about statistical observation only when, firstly, the facts being established are registered in special accounting documents and, secondly, statistical regularities are studied, i.e. those that appear only in a mass process, in a large number of units of some aggregate. Therefore, statistical observation should be planned, massive and systematic.
The following requirements are imposed on statistical observation:
1) completeness and practical value of statistical data;
2) reliability and accuracy of data;
3) their uniformity and comparability.
Statistical observation can be carried out by state statistics bodies, research institutes, economic services of banks, stock exchanges, firms.
The process of statistical observation includes the following stages:
Observation preparation;
Carrying out mass data collection;
Preparation of data for automated processing;
Development of proposals for the improvement of statistical observation.
Any statistical observation requires careful, thoughtful training. The reliability and reliability of information, the timeliness of its receipt will largely depend on it.
The preparation of a statistical observation is a process that includes various types of work. First, it is necessary to solve methodological issues, the most important of which are the definition of the purpose and object of observation, the composition of features to be registered; development of documents for data collection; the choice of the reporting unit and the unit to be observed, as well as the methods and means of obtaining data.
In addition to methodological issues, it is necessary to solve organizational problems, for example, to determine the composition of the monitoring bodies; select and train personnel for monitoring; draw up a calendar plan of work for the preparation, conduct and processing of observation materials; replicate documents for data collection.
Conducting mass data collection includes work related directly to the completion of statistical forms. It begins with the distribution of census sheets, questionnaires, forms, statistical reporting forms and ends with their delivery after filling in to the bodies conducting the observation.
Collected data at the stage of their preparation for automated processing subjected to arithmetic and logical control. Both of these controls are based on knowledge of the relationship between indicators and qualitative features. On final stage observation analyzed the reasons that led to the incorrect completion of statistical forms, and proposals are being developed to improve the observation.
Obtaining information in the course of statistical observation requires a lot of financial and labor resources, as well as time.
Program-methodological and organizational issues of statistical observation
Any statistical research must begin with a precise formulation of its purpose and specific tasks, and thus the information that can be obtained in the process of observation. After that, the object and unit of observation are determined, a program is developed, and the type and method of observation are selected.
Statistical observations most often pursue a practical goal - obtaining reliable information to identify patterns in the development of phenomena and processes.
The task of observation predetermines its program and forms of organization. An unclear goal can lead to the fact that in the process of observation unnecessary data will be collected or, conversely, the information necessary for analysis will not be obtained.
When preparing an observation, in addition to the goal, it is necessary to determine exactly what exactly is to be examined, that is, to establish the object of observation.
Object of observation - a set of socio-economic phenomena and processes that are subject to research, or the exact boundaries within which statistical information will be recorded.
For example, during a population census, it is necessary to establish which population is to be registered - cash, i.e. actually located in the area V moment of the census, or permanent, i.e. permanently living in the area.
The object of statistical observation is a certain phenomenon that is subject to observation. It is necessary to determine what is included in the object and what is not included. To establish the object of observation means to accurately determine the composition and boundaries of the population. For example, the object of the population census is the totality of all persons living in a given country, the object of observation in the study of the industry for the production of soft drinks is the totality of firms, companies, enterprises, etc., producing soft drinks.
In some cases, one or another qualification is used to delimit the object of observation. Qualification there is a limiting feature that all units of the studied population must satisfy.
Determining the objects of observation is a complex and responsible task, because various phenomena are closely related and mutually intertwined. It is not enough to indicate the object of study, it is necessary to give it a clear scientific definition that would allow us to distinguish this object from those adjacent to it. The definition of the object of observation should contain precise indications of its main features and properties. For example, it is not enough to say that the objects of observation are agricultural enterprises and farms, it is necessary to clearly define what forms of ownership they belong to (farmers, collective farms, etc.).
Therefore, the set of questions that need to be clarified in the object of observation must be precisely defined so that the results of the observation meet the goal.
Unit of observation is called an integral part of the object of observation, which serves as the basis for counting and has features that are subject to registration during observation.
So, for example, in a population census, the unit of observation is each individual person.
A unit of observation is a unit about which data are recorded that make up statistical study programs. In each specific statistical study of the objects of observation, as well as depending on the tasks that need to be resolved in the process of observation, it is determined how many units of observation should be examined (one or several). In a population census, for example, the unit of observation is the person; if families are also subject to study, then two units of observation are established: the individual and the family. The correct definition of the unit of observation is essential not only for the observation itself, but also for the subsequent stages of the statistical study.
The unit of observation should be distinguished from the unit of observation, i.e. the primary element of the object of statistical observation, the features of which are subject to registration and which is the basis of the kept account. For example, when accounting for pedigree livestock, the unit of observation is each agricultural enterprise (farm, collective farm, etc.), and the unit of the population is each animal; in the census of equipment, the unit of observation is each enterprise, and the unit of the population is the machine, etc.
Thus, the unit of observation is the source of information that is obtained as a result of observation, and the units of the population are the carrier of features to be observed.
It should be noted that the population unit and the attack unit may be the same. So, for example, in a population census, each resident of the country is the unit of the population and the unit of observation, but when studying the demand of the population for various products, the unit of the population will be each registered case of demand, both satisfied and unsatisfied; the unit of observation will be a trading company (enterprise, company, etc.). .d.) in which this observation is made. A clear definition of the population unit and the unit of observation is an important element of the scientific organization of statistical observation.
Every phenomenon has many different features. Collecting information on all grounds is impractical, and often impossible. Therefore, it is necessary to select those features that are essential, basic for characterizing the object, based on the purpose of the study. To determine the composition of the registered features, an observation program is developed.
Observation program - this is a list of issues on which information is collected, or a list of signs and indicators to be registered.
The observation program is drawn up in the form of a form (questionnaire, form), in which primary information is entered. A necessary addition to the form is an instruction (or indications on the forms themselves), explaining the meaning of the question. The composition and content of the questions of the observation program depend on the objectives of the study and on the characteristics of the social phenomenon being studied.
There are some requirements for the program of statistical observation. The program should contain essential features that directly characterize the phenomenon under study, its type, main features, and properties. You should not include in the program features that are of secondary importance in relation to the purpose of the survey or whose values will obviously be unreliable or absent, for example, in primary accounting or if reporting units are not interested in presenting such information, since it is the subject of a trade secret.
Program questions must be precise and not ambiguous, otherwise the received answer may contain incorrect information, and also easy to understand in order to avoid unnecessary difficulties in obtaining answers.
When developing a program, one should not only determine the composition of the questions, but also their subsequence. A logical order in the sequence of questions (signs) will help to obtain reliable information about phenomena and processes.
The choice of observation time consists in solving two questions:
Establishment of a critical moment (date) or time interval;
Determination of the period (period) of observation.
critical moment established in order to obtain comparable statistical data. The choice of a critical moment or time interval is determined, first of all, by the purpose of the study.
The term (period) of observation is determined based on the amount of work (the number of registered signs and units in the surveyed population), the number of personnel involved in collecting information. It should be borne in mind that the distance of the observation period from the critical moment or time interval can lead to a decrease in the reliability of the information obtained.
Organizational matters statistical observation include the definition of the subject, place, time, form and method of observation.
At the stage of preparing the survey, it is necessary to find out how often it will be carried out, whether all units of the population or only part of them will be surveyed, how to obtain information about the object (by telephone interview, by mail, simple observation, etc.). In other words, it is necessary to determine the forms, methods and types of statistical observation.
In domestic statistics, three organizational forms (types) of statistical observation are used:
Reporting (enterprises, organizations, institutions, etc.);
Specially organized statistical observation (censuses, one-time counts, continuous and non-continuous surveys);
Registers.
Statistical reporting – this is the main form of statistical observation, with the help of which the statistical authorities receive the necessary data from enterprises, institutions and organizations within a certain period of time in the form of legally established reporting documents, signed by the persons responsible for their presentation and the reliability of the information collected. Thus, reporting is an official document containing statistical information about the work of an enterprise, institution, organization, etc.
Reporting as a form of statistical observation is based on primary accounting and is its generalization. Primary accounting is a registration of various facts, events, produced as they occur, as a rule, on a special document called the primary accounting document.
For reporting, it is characteristic that, firstly, it is approved by state statistics bodies. Second, it is mandatory; legal force; documentary justification.
The current statistical reporting is divided into standard and specialized. The composition of indicators in standard reporting is the same for enterprises of all sectors of the national economy. In specialized reporting, the composition of indicators varies depending on the characteristics of individual sectors of the economy.
Reporting deadlines include daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, quarterly and annual reports. In addition to annual reporting, all of the listed types are current reporting.
By way of presentation information reporting is divided into telegraph, teletype, postal.
Specially organized statistical observation is carried out in order to obtain information that is not in the reporting, or to verify its data. The simplest example of such observation is the census. Russian practical statistics conducts censuses of the population, material resources, perennial plantations, uninstalled equipment, construction sites under construction, equipment, etc.
In addition to censuses, statistics also conduct other specially organized observations, in particular budget surveys, which characterize the structure of consumer spending and family income.
Register form of observation – it is a form of continuous statistical observation of long-term processes that have a fixed beginning, a stage of development, and a fixed end. It is based on the maintenance of a statistical register. The register is a system that constantly monitors the state of the unit of observation and evaluates the strength of the impact of various factors on the studied indicators. In the register, each unit of observation is characterized by a set of indicators. Some of them remain unchanged during the entire observation period and are recorded once; other indicators, the frequency of which is unknown, are updated as they change; the third ones are dynamic series of indicators with a pre-known update period. All indicators are stored until the completion of the observation of the unit of the surveyed population.
Organization and management register is impossible without addressing the following issues:
When to register and delete population units?
What information should be kept?
What sources should data be taken from?
How often to update and supplement the information?
In statistical practice, a distinction is made between population registers and business registers.
Population register– a named and regularly updated list of the inhabitants of the country. The surveillance program is limited by common characteristics, such as gender, date and place of birth, date of marriage. As a rule, registers store information only on those variable features, the change in the values of which is documented.
Information is entered into the register for each person born and arriving from abroad. If a person has died or left the country for permanent residence, then information about him is removed from the register. Population registers are maintained for individual regions of the country. When changing the place of residence, information on a unit of population is transferred to the register of the corresponding territory. Due to the fact that the registration rules are rather complicated and the maintenance of the register is costly, this form of observation is practiced in states with a small population and a high culture of the population (mainly European countries).
The population register, like any register covering a significant set of units under observation, contains data on a limited number of features. Therefore, the maintenance of the register involves the conduct of specially organized surveys, including population censuses.
Register of enterprises includes all types of economic activity and contains the values of the main features for each unit of the observed object for a certain period or point in time. Enterprise registers contain data on the time of creation (registration of the enterprise), its name and address, telephone number, legal form, structure, type of economic activity, number of employees (this indicator reflects the size of the enterprise), etc.
Unified State Register of Enterprises and Organizations of all forms of ownership (EGRPO) makes it possible to organize a continuous observation of a limited range of statistical indicators of enterprises registered in Russia, allows you to obtain continuous series of indicators in the event of a change in the territorial, sectoral and other structures of the population.
The collection of data on units of observation is carried out in the process of their state registration and subsequent accounting. When an enterprise is closed, the liquidation commission notifies the register maintenance service of this within ten days.
Statistical information can be obtained by various ways , the most important of which are direct observation, documentary accounting of facts and questioning.
direct called such an observation in which the registrars themselves, by direct measurement, weighing, counting or checking work, etc., establish the fact to be recorded, and on this basis make entries in the observation form.
documentary way observation is based on the use of various kinds of documents as a source of statistical information, as a rule, of an accounting nature. With proper control over the establishment of primary accounting and correct filling statistical forms documentary method gives the most accurate results.
Survey – this is a method of observation in which the necessary information is obtained from the words of the respondent. It involves an appeal to the direct carrier of signs to be recorded during observation, and is used to obtain information about phenomena and processes that are not amenable to direct direct observation.
The following types of surveys are used in statistics: oral (expeditionary), self-registration, correspondent, questionnaire and attendance.
At oral(expeditionary) survey, specially trained workers (counters, registrars) receive the necessary information on the basis of a survey of the relevant persons and record the answers themselves in the observation form.
At self-registration the forms are filled in by the respondents themselves, and the enumerators distribute the forms of the questionnaire to them, explain the rules for filling them out, and then collect them.
Correspondent method lies in the fact that information is provided to the monitoring bodies by a staff of voluntary correspondents.
This type of survey is the least expensive, but it does not give confidence that the material received is of high quality, since it is not always possible to check the correctness of the answers received directly on the spot.
Questionnaire method involves the collection of information in the form of questionnaires. A certain circle of respondents are given special questionnaires (questionnaires) either personally or by publication in the periodical press. The completion of these questionnaires is voluntary and is usually done anonymously. Usually, fewer questionnaires are received back than they are sent out. This method of collecting information is used for non-continuous observation. A questionnaire survey is used in surveys where high accuracy is not required, but approximate, indicative results are needed, for example, when studying public opinion about the work of urban transport, trade enterprises, etc.
Private method provides for the submission of information to bodies conducting surveillance in person, for example, when registering marriages, births, divorces, etc.
When choosing the type of a particular survey, it is necessary to take into account: with what accuracy it is necessary to conduct observations; opportunity practical application in one way or another; material possibilities.
Statistical observations can be divided into groups according to the following featured :
Time of registration of facts;
Coverage of population units.
By the time of registration of facts there is a continuous (current), periodic and one-time observation. At current observation changes in relation to the studied phenomena are recorded as they occur, for example, when registering births, deaths, marital status. Such an observation is carried out in order to study the dynamics of a phenomenon.
Data reflecting site changes can be collected through multiple surveys. They are usually carried out according to a similar program and tools and are called periodical. This type of observation includes population censuses, which are carried out every 10 years, registration of producer prices for individual goods, which is currently carried out monthly.
One-time examination gives information about the quantitative characteristics of a phenomenon or process at the time of its study. Re-registration is carried out after some time (undefined in advance) or may not be carried out at all. The 2006 Census of Agriculture is a one-time survey.
From point of view completeness of facts statistical observation can be continuous and non-continuous. Continuous observation represents a complete account of all units of the studied population. Discontinuous observation are organized as accounting for a part of the population units, on the basis of which a generalizing characteristic of the entire population can be obtained. Types of non-continuous observation include: main array method, selective observations, monographic descriptions.
Selective observation. This is a fairly common type, based on the principle of random selection of those units of the population under study that should be observed. With proper organization, selective observation gives sufficiently accurate results that are quite suitable for characterizing the entire population under study.
The size of the sample depends on the nature (character) of the socio-economic phenomenon under study. The sample population should represent all types of units present in the population under study. Otherwise, the sample population will not accurately reproduce the proportions and dependencies characteristic of the population in its entirety.
The next type of non-continuous observation is main array method. With it, the most significant, usually the largest units of the population under study are examined, which, according to the main (for a particular study) feature, have the largest share in the population.
Monographic survey is a type of non-continuous observation in which individual units of the studied population are subjected to a thorough examination, usually representatives of some new types of phenomena. It is carried out in order to identify existing or emerging trends in the development of this phenomenon.
A monographic survey, limited to individual units of observation, studies them with a high degree of detail, which cannot be achieved with a continuous or even selective survey. Thus, during a monographic survey, individual units of the population are subjected to statistical observation, and they can represent both truly isolated cases and populations of small size.
1. The program must contain essential features that directly characterize the phenomenon under study, its type, main features, properties.
2. Program questions should be precise and unambiguous and easy to understand in order to avoid unnecessary difficulties in obtaining answers.
3. When developing a program, one should not only determine the composition of the questions, but also their sequence. A logical order of research questions (signs) will help to obtain reliable information about phenomena and processes.
4. It is advisable to include questions of a control nature in the program to verify and clarify the data being collected. Questions in the program are asked in various forms. They can be closed or open. Open-ended questions can be answered in almost countless ways if the question is posed without a given answer structure. For example, “what values are most important to you?”.
To ensure the uniformity of the information received from each reporting unit (this is important in the subsequent processing of information), the program is drawn up in the form of a document called a statistical form.
statistical form- This is a document of a single sample containing the program and the results of the observation.
Mandatory elements of the statistical form are the title and address parts. The first contains the name of the statistical observation and the body conducting the observation, information about who and when approved this form, sometimes its number. The second includes the address of the reporting unit, its subordination.
The form may have different names: report, card, census form, questionnaire, questionnaire, etc.
There are two systems of the statistical form: individual (card) and list.
Individual the form provides for recording on it the answers to the questions of the program about only one unit of observation, list - about multiple units. So, all forms of statistical reporting are filled in by each enterprise separately, and during the population census, members of each family are recorded in one census form.
In addition to the form, a instruction, determining the procedure for conducting observation and filling out the reporting form, census form, questionnaire. Depending on the complexity of the surveillance program, the instructions are published as a separate brochure or placed on the back of the form. The form and instructions for filling it out are tools of statistical observation.
Places and times of observation. The choice of the survey site depends mainly on the purpose of the survey. If it is necessary to obtain data to study the composition of the population in the country, then in this case the observation will cover the territory of the entire country. When collecting information on the cost of the consumer basket in Moscow and St. Petersburg, the survey site will be the territories of these two largest cities in the country.
The choice of observation time consists in solving two questions:
1. Establishment of a critical moment (date) or time interval;
2. Determination of the period (period) of observation.
Under the critical moment(date) is understood as a specific day of the year, hour of the day, as of which the registration of signs should be carried out for each unit of the study population. If it is necessary to analyze the change in the volume of sales of any currency on the exchange market in the reporting month compared to the previous month, then it is not a critical moment that is set, but a time interval for which statistical data should be obtained.
The choice of a critical moment or time interval is determined primarily by the purpose of the study.
Term (period) observations is the time during which the statistical forms are completed, i.e. the time required to conduct a mass data collection. This period is determined based on the amount of work (the number of registered features and units in the surveyed population), the number of personnel involved in collecting information. It should be borne in mind that the distance of the observation period from the critical moment or time interval can lead to a decrease in the reliability of the information obtained. For example, the micro-census of the population mentioned earlier was carried out for ten days - from February 14 to February 23, 1994.
49. Average chronological in statistics; ways to calculate it for interval and instantaneous series of dynamics.
Time series in statistical science are called statistical data characterizing changes in phenomena over time, they are built to identify and study emerging patterns in the development of phenomena in various spheres of society.
There are two main elements in the series of dynamics:
1. time indicator (t);
2. levels of development of the phenomenon under study (y).
In the series of dynamics, certain dates of time or separate periods can act as indicators of time.
The levels that form the series of dynamics determine the quantitative assessment of the development of the phenomenon or process under study in time, they can be expressed in relative, absolute or average values. The levels of the time series, depending on the nature of the phenomenon under study, can refer to certain dates in time or to separate periods.
The dynamic series consists of comparable statistical indicators. For the correct construction of time series, it is necessary that the composition of the statistical population under study refer to the same territory, to the same range of objects and be calculated using the same methodology.
The time series data should be expressed in the same units of measurement, and the time intervals between the values of the series should be as equal as possible.
To obtain information about the state and development of the country's economy or other data characterizing the cultural and material level of society, a statistical study is carried out. The latter consists of three successive stages: statistical observation of the summarization and grouping of the collected materials and analysis of the results of the summary.
Statistical observation acts as one of the main methods of statistics and as one of the most important stages of statistical research.
Statistical observation- this is a systematic, scientifically organized collection of data on the phenomena and processes of social life by registering according to a previously developed observation program. In the process of statistical observation, primary statistical information is obtained, which is necessary for the implementation of statistical functions.
So, in the course of statistical observation, for example, of agricultural rental enterprises in the region, data are recorded on their number, the composition of employees, the products produced, the distribution of income, the number of livestock, the size of sown areas, etc. Or another example: when studying certain phenomena of social life, it turns out insufficient availability of accounting and reporting data, since they cannot always give a complete and accurate picture of any phenomenon or process. Take, for example, determining the size and composition of the population in a country. This issue is of great national importance. Meanwhile, there is no reporting that would give an accurate answer in terms of the size and composition of the population. Therefore, there is a need for the organization of special monitoring. Or such an example: the price level in the agricultural market. Monitoring the price level - a question public policy and is of great interest for economic analysis. At the same time, the necessary reporting on this issue does not exist.
In all such cases, a specially organized statistical observation is carried out. The latter is considered the foundation of a statistical study, because in the process of its implementation, information is generated that is subject to processing and analysis at the next stages of the study. The information of statistical observation must be objective and of high quality, and therefore, it must be ensured by the correct scientific organization of its receipt, by the proper execution of the observation itself.
The task of statistical observation is due to the tasks that are put before the study of certain processes and phenomena and arising from the needs of their management. Their essence is to obtain in the shortest possible time complete and reliable information about the facts under study. That is, the most important task of statistical observation is probably an objective reflection of the observed (investigated) phenomena and processes of social life. The task of statistical observation (as well as the goal) should be clearly formulated according to the results of the study and taking into account the object of observation.
The scientific organization of statistical observation leads to compliance with certain requirements for its implementation. Let's call them.
1. Phenomena that are subject to observation must have a certain national economic significance, as well as scientific or practical value.
2. Since social phenomena are in constant change and development and have a different qualitative state, statistical observation should ensure the collection of mass data. which reflects the whole set of facts. Incomplete information about the processes under study will lead to erroneous conclusions based on the results of the analysis.
3. The complex interrelationship and intertwining of economic phenomena leads to the orientation of statistical observation to the collection of not only information that directly characterizes the object under study, but also such that it contributes to a change in its state. So, the observational data must be complete. The completeness of data is understood as the completeness of the spatial coverage of the units of the studied population, the essential aspects of the phenomena, as well as the completeness of the coverage over time.
4. Information obtained from the results of statistical observation must be reliable. That is, the observed data are subject to careful and comprehensive verification of their quality. The peculiarity of this requirement is that in case of receiving false information, it is impossible to eliminate its defects in the process of further processing, which makes it difficult to make scientifically based decisions. It is clear that statistical information is considered qualitative if it is true, likely and accurate.
5. Statistical observation is carried out on a scientific basis according to a previously developed program that provides a scientific approach to solving methodological and organizational issues.
6. The data of statistical observation should be comparable. Only in this case their generalizations and comparisons in space and time are ensured.
In cases where statistical information is necessary for the implementation managerial functions, it includes such a requirement as timeliness. It is clear that statistical data, even if they are quite accurate (or probable), but come out of time, cannot be used to make managerial decisions.
In addition to the brevity of questions, one of the important requirements is to respect their sequence, since certain answers must control each other. For example, when conducting a population census, it is no coincidence that the question of age is on the form earlier than on education, occupation, sources of livelihood. Age information controls the correctness of the answers.
The scientific organization of statistical observation involves the definition of the object and unit of observation, the development and development of the program. Statistical observation is carried out in accordance with the organizational plan for its implementation.
Object of statistical observation is a set of social phenomena and processes subject to statistical observation. For example, when studying Agriculture the object of observation is the totality of agricultural enterprises.
The selection of the object of observation is, as a rule, a complex and responsible task. Mass social phenomena and processes are endowed with many properties, they are closely interconnected. Therefore, the selection of the object of study should be based on scientific principles its definitions. The latter should give grounds for separating this object from objects adjacent to it, which are the subject of independent research. The definition of the object of statistical observation must have precise indications of its features and properties.
For example, it will not be sufficient to indicate that the totality of agricultural enterprises is subject to observation. The selection of agricultural enterprises as an object of statistical observation requires the precise establishment of a system of signs of an agricultural enterprise. Depending on the tasks of observation, such signs can be: form of ownership, production line, level of technical equipment, organizational forms of management, etc. An accurate definition of the object of observation is necessary to obtain comparable data, in order to avoid possible cases of double counting of individual facts or the omission of a certain category its elements.
For the object of statistical observation, it is characteristic that it cannot be studied directly as a whole; this requires the allocation of individual units in its composition.
Unit of statistical observation- this is a constituent element of the object of study, which is the basis of the account and the carrier of essential features and properties that are subject to registration. This is the primary element of the object of study. The unit of observation is set based on the tasks of observation and the complexity of the object of study.
Therefore, in each specific statistical study of mass facts, one or more units of observation are adopted. Thus, in a population census, the unit of observation, as a rule, is a person. But if the family is also subject to research, then in this case two units of observation are already established: the person and the family.
In the statistical study of the agricultural sector in different cases and depending on the objectives of the study, different units of observation can be adopted. For example, when studying labor productivity and its payment, the unit of observation will be an individual worker: when studying the structure of agriculture by the size of enterprises, the unit of observation will be each individual enterprise, that is, the administrative and economic unit is separated. The latter includes collective agricultural enterprises, state farms, rental enterprises, farms, subsidiary farms of workers in the agricultural sector, etc.
The correct definition of the unit of observation is essential for the organization and conduct of statistical research. This is largely due to the objectivity of the results obtained.
Thus, the definition of the object and unit of statistical observation should be based on scientific principles - this should be well understood by everyone who participates in its organization and implementation.
