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Babylonian conquests

• The first mention of Babylon is contained in the inscription of the Akkadian king Sharkalisharri (23 century BC)
• In the 22nd century Babylon was conquered and sacked by Shulgi, the king of Ur, the Sumerian state that subjugated all of Mesopotamia.
• In the 19th century, descended from the Amorites (a Semitic people who came from the southwest), the first king of the first Babylonian dynasty, Sumuabum, conquered Babylon and made it the capital of the Babylonian kingdom.
• At the end of the 8th c. Babylon was conquered by the Assyrians and, as punishment for the rebellion, in 689 it was completely destroyed by the Assyrian king Sennacherib. After 9 years, the Assyrians began to rebuild Babylon.

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Babylon reached its greatest dawn during the period of the New Babylonian kingdom (626-538 BC). Nebuchadnezzar II (604-561 BC) adorned Babylon with luxurious buildings and powerful defensive structures. In 538, Babylon was taken by the troops of the Persian king Cyrus, in 331 it was captured by Alexander the Great, in 312 Babylon was captured by one of the commanders of Alexander the Great, Seleucus, who resettled most of its inhabitants, the city of Seleucia founded by him nearby. By 2nd c. AD on the site of Babylon, only ruins remained.

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ancient babylonia

Babylonia is a primitive slaveholding (early slaveholding) state ancient east, located along the middle and lower reaches of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers.

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Population

The oldest settlements discovered in Babylonia proper near modern Jemdet Nasr and ancient city Kish, belong to the end of the 4th and the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. The population here was mainly engaged in fishing, cattle breeding and agriculture. Crafts developed. Stone tools were gradually replaced by copper and bronze ones.

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slavery

Slave owners looked at slaves like cattle, imposing on them the stigma of ownership. All lands were considered to belong to the king. A significant part of them was in the use of rural communities and was cultivated by free community members.

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• The ancient Babylonian state reached its peak in the reign of Hammurabi (1792-50 BC).
• Hammurabi's code lists bread, wool, butter, and dates as trade items.
• In addition to small retail, there was also wholesale trade.
• The development of trade entailed further social stratification of rural communities and inevitably led to the development of slavery.
• Great importance had a patriarchal family in which developed ancient species domestic slavery: the head of the family had to obey all its members. Children were often sold into slavery.

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Enduring slavery

Slavery has reached a significant development. The cost of a slave was low and equaled the wages of an ox (168 grams of silver). Slaves were sold, exchanged, donated, passed on by inheritance. The laws protected the interests of slave owners in every possible way, they severely punished obstinate slaves, established punishments for runaway slaves, and threatened severe punishments for their harborers.

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conquests

Nabopolassar and his son and successor Nebuchadnezzar II (604 - 561 BC) led an active foreign policy. Nebuchadnezzar II made campaigns in Syria, Phoenicia and Palestine

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The last heyday of Babylon under Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar II found its outward expression in a large construction activities these kings. Especially large and luxurious buildings were erected by Nebuchadnezzar, who rebuilt Babylon, which became the largest city in Asia Minor.

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ancient babylon

Babylon is the largest city of ancient Mesopotamia, the capital of the Babylonian kingdom in the 19th-6th centuries. BC, the most important commercial and cultural center of Asia Minor. Babylon comes from the Akkadian words "Bab-ilu" - "Gate of God". Ancient Babylon arose on the site of the more ancient Sumerian city of Kadingir, whose name was later transferred to Babylon.

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Babylonian conquests

The first mention of Babylon is contained in the inscription of the Akkadian king Sharkalisharri (23 century BC). Babylon was conquered and sacked by Shulgi, the king of Ur, the Sumerian state that subjugated all of Mesopotamia.

In the 19th century descended from the Amorites (a Semitic people who came from the southwest), the first king of the first Babylonian dynasty, Sumuabum, conquered Babylon and made it the capital of the Babylonian kingdom.

At the end of the 8th c. Babylon was conquered by the Assyrians and, as punishment for the rebellion, in 689 it was completely destroyed by the Assyrian king Sennacherib. After 9 years, the Assyrians began to rebuild Babylon.

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Babylon reached its greatest dawn during the period of the New Babylonian kingdom (626-538 BC). Nebuchadnezzar II (604-561 BC) adorned Babylon with luxurious buildings and powerful defensive structures. In 538, Babylon was taken by the troops of the Persian king Cyrus, in 331 Alexander the Great took possession of it, in 312 Babylon was captured by one of the commanders of Alexander the Great, Seleucus, who resettled most of its inhabitants in the city of Seleucia founded by him nearby. By 2nd c. AD only ruins remained on the site of Babylon.

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ancient babylonia

Babylonia is a primitive slave-owning (early slave-owning) state of the Ancient East, located along the middle and lower reaches of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers.

Slide 8

POPULATION

The oldest settlements discovered in Babylonia proper near modern Jemdet-Nasr and the ancient city of Kish date back to the end of the 4th and the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. The population here was mainly engaged in fishing, cattle breeding and agriculture. Crafts developed. Stone tools were gradually replaced by copper and bronze ones.

Slide 9

SLAVE OWNERSHIP

Slave owners looked at slaves like cattle, imposing on them the stigma of ownership. All lands were considered to belong to the king. A significant part of them was in the use of rural communities and was cultivated by free community members.

Slide 10

The ancient Babylonian state reached its peak in the reign of Hammurabi (1792-50 BC). Hammurabi's code lists bread, wool, butter, and dates as trade items. In addition to small retail, there was also wholesale trade. The development of trade entailed further social stratification of rural communities and inevitably led to the development of slavery. The patriarchal family was of great importance, in which the most ancient types of domestic slavery developed: all its members had to obey the head of the family. Children were often sold into slavery.

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Enduring slavery

Slavery has reached a significant development. The cost of a slave was low and equaled the wages of an ox (168 grams of silver). Slaves were sold, exchanged, donated, passed on by inheritance. The laws protected the interests of slave owners in every possible way, they severely punished obstinate slaves, established punishments for runaway slaves, and threatened severe punishments for their harborers.

slide 12

conquests

Nabopolassar and his son and successor Nebuchadnezzar II (604 - 561 BC) pursued an active foreign policy. Nebuchadnezzar II made campaigns in Syria, Phoenicia and Palestine

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The last flowering of Babylon under Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar II found its outward expression in the great building activity of these kings. Especially large and luxurious buildings were erected by Nebuchadnezzar, who rebuilt Babylon, which became the largest city in Asia Minor.

Slide 14

Wonderful architecture of Babylon

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hanging gardens before…

Babylonia, or the Babylonian kingdom The ancient kingdom in the south of Mesopotamia (the territory of modern Iraq), which arose at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. e. and lost its independence in 539 BC. e .. The capital of the kingdom was the city of Babylon, after which it received its name. The Semitic people of the Amorites, the founders of Babylonia, inherited the culture of the previous kingdoms of the Mesopotamia of Sumer and Akkad. State language Babylonia had a written Semitic Akkadian language, and a disused unrelated language Sumerian long preserved as a cult.

Babylon The city of Babylon was founded in ancient times on the banks of the Euphrates. Its name means "Gate of God". Babylon was one of largest cities ancient world and was the capital of Babylonia, a kingdom that existed for a millennium and a half, and then the power of Alexander the Great. The city of Babylon was founded in ancient times on the banks of the Euphrates. Its name means "Gate of God". Babylon was one of the largest cities of the Ancient World and was the capital of Babylonia, a kingdom that existed for one and a half millennia, and then the power of Alexander the Great. The ancient world of BabyloniaAlexander the GreatThe ancient world of BabyloniaAlexander the Great

Old Babylonian Period Ancient Babylon arose on the site of the more ancient Sumerian city of Kadingir, whose name was later transferred to Babylon. The first mention of Babylon is contained in the inscription of the Akkadian king Sharkalisharri (XXIII century BC). In the XXII century BC. e. Babylon was conquered and plundered by Shulgi, the king of the Sumerian state of Ur, who subjugated all of Mesopotamia. Ancient Babylon arose on the site of the more ancient Sumerian city of Kadingir, whose name was later transferred to Babylon. The first mention of Babylon is contained in the inscription of the Akkadian king Sharkalisharri (XXIII century BC). In the XXII century BC. e. Babylon was conquered and plundered by Shulgi, the king of the Sumerian state of Ur, who subjugated all of Mesopotamia.

Middle Babylonian period Under Hammurabi's successor Samsu-ilun (BC) in 1742 BC. e. Kassite tribes attacked Mesopotamia, later forming the Kassite-Amorite state of Khan, which XVI century BC e. controlled most of the country. Under Hammurabi's successor, Samsu-ilun (BC) in 1742 BC. e. Kassite tribes attacked Mesopotamia, later forming the Kassite-Amorite state of Khan, which by the 16th century BC. e. controlled most of the country. official name The state of the Kassites was Karduniash. Its kings in the 18th century BC e. owned vast territories of the Lower Euphrates valley, the Syrian steppe up to the borders of Egyptian possessions in southern Syria. The reign of Burna-Buriash II (ca. BC) was the apogee of Kassite power, but after his reign, a 150-year period of Babylonian-Assyrian wars begins. The Kassite dynasty was finally defeated by the Elamites around 1150 BC. e. The official name of the Kassite state was Karduniash. Its kings in the 18th century BC e. owned vast territories of the Lower Euphrates valley, the Syrian steppe up to the borders of Egyptian possessions in southern Syria. The reign of Burna-Buriash II (ca. BC) was the apogee of Kassite power, but after his reign, a 150-year period of Babylonian-Assyrian wars begins. The Kassite dynasty was finally defeated by the Elamites around 1150 BC. e.

Neo-Babylonian period Babylon reached its greatest prosperity during the period of the Neo-Babylonian kingdom (BC). Under Nebuchadnezzar II (BC), new rich buildings and powerful defensive structures appeared in Babylon. Babylon reached its greatest prosperity during the period of the Neo-Babylonian kingdom (BC). Under Nebuchadnezzar II (BC), new rich buildings and powerful defensive structures appeared in Babylon.

“...Babylon was built like this ... It lies on a vast plain, forming a quadrangle, each side of which is 120 stadia (m) long. The circumference of all four sides of the city is 480 stadia (m). Babylon was not only very big city but also the most beautiful of all the cities that I know. First of all, the city is surrounded by a deep, wide and full of water moat, then there is a wall 50 royal (Persian) cubits (26.64 m) wide and 200 (106.56 m) high. The royal cubit is 3 fingers larger than usual (55.5 cm) ... “... Babylon was built like this ... It lies on a vast plain, forming a quadrangle, each side of which is 120 stadia (m) long. The circumference of all four sides of the city is 480 stadia (m). Babylon was not only a very large city, but also the most beautiful of all the cities that I know. First of all, the city is surrounded by a deep, wide and full of water moat, then there is a wall 50 royal (Persian) cubits (26.64 m) wide and 200 (106.56 m) high. The royal cubit is 3 fingers larger than usual (55.5 cm) ... Herodotus about Babylon

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon is one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Seven Wonders of the World Unfortunately, this marvelous architectural creation has not survived to this day, but the memory of it still lives on. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, also known as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, is one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Unfortunately, this marvelous architectural creation has not survived to this day, but the memory of it still lives on.

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon The date of the destruction of the Gardens of Babylon coincides with the time of the decline of Babylon. After the death of Alexander the Great, the fairy-tale city fell into disrepair, the irrigation of the gardens stopped, as a result of a series of earthquakes, the vaults collapsed, and the rain water washed away the foundation. But nevertheless, we will try to tell about the history of this grandiose structure and describe all its charms. The date of the destruction of the gardens of Babylon coincides with the time of the decline of Babylon. After the death of Alexander the Great, the fairy-tale city fell into disrepair, the irrigation of the gardens stopped, as a result of a series of earthquakes, the vaults collapsed, and the rain water washed away the foundation. But nevertheless, we will try to tell about the history of this grandiose structure and describe all its charms.

The Tower of Babel The Tower of Babel, which at that time was simply a miracle of technology, brought fame to its city. Babylon known from Old Testament, during its three thousand-year history it was destroyed to the ground three times and each time rose again from the ashes, until it completely fell into decay under the rule of the Persians and Macedonians in the 6th-5th centuries BC. The Tower of Babel, which at that time was simply a miracle of technology, brought fame to its city. Babylon, known from the Old Testament, was destroyed to the ground three times in its three thousand-year history and each time rose again from the ashes, until it completely fell into decay under the rule of the Persians and Macedonians in the 6th-5th centuries BC.

Tower of Babel The tower of Babel was the subject of a biblical tradition. According to this legend, after the Flood, humanity was represented by one people who spoke the same language. From the east, people came to the land of Shinar (in the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates), where they decided to build a city (Babylon) and a tower as high as heaven in order to "make a name for themselves." The construction of the tower was interrupted by God, who created new languages ​​for different people, because of which they ceased to understand each other, could not continue the construction of the city and the tower, and scattered throughout the earth. The biblical tradition was dedicated to the Tower of Babel. According to this legend, after the Flood, humanity was represented by one people who spoke the same language. From the east, people came to the land of Shinar (in the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates), where they decided to build a city (Babylon) and a tower as high as heaven in order to "make a name for themselves." The construction of the tower was interrupted by God, who created new languages ​​for different people, because of which they ceased to understand each other, could not continue building the city and the tower, and scattered throughout the earth

Babylonian Mathematics The Babylonians wrote in cuneiform characters on clay tablets, which have survived in considerable numbers to this day (more than 400 of them are related to mathematics). Therefore, we have a fairly complete picture of the mathematical achievements of the scientists of the Babylonian state. Note that the roots of the culture of the Babylonians were largely inherited from the Sumerians cuneiform writing, counting technique, etc. The Babylonians wrote with cuneiform signs on clay tablets, which in a considerable number have survived to this day (more than 400 of them are associated with mathematics) . Therefore, we have a fairly complete picture of the mathematical achievements of the scientists of the Babylonian state. Note that the roots of the Babylonian culture were largely inherited from the Sumerians - cuneiform writing, counting techniques, etc.

Babylonian Mathematics Babylonian 60 Numbers The Sumerians and Babylonians used the 60 positional number system, immortalized in our division of the circle into 360°, the hour into 60 minutes, and the minute into 60 seconds. They wrote, like us, from left to right. However, the recording of the required 60 digits was peculiar. There were only two icons for numbers, let's designate them as E (units) and D (tens); later there was an icon for zero. The numbers from 1 to 9 were depicted as E, EE, .... Babylonian 60 Numbers The Sumerians and Babylonians used the 60 positional numeral system, immortalized in our division of the circle into 360°, the hour into 60 minutes, and the minute into 60 seconds. They wrote, like us, from left to right. However, the recording of the required 60 digits was peculiar. There were only two icons for numbers, let's designate them as E (units) and D (tens); later there was an icon for zero. The numbers from 1 to 9 were depicted as E, EE, .... Next came D, DE, ... DDDDDEEEEEEEE (59). Thus, the number was displayed in positional 60-decimal system, and its 60-digit digits in additive decimal. Next came D, DE, ... DDDDDEEEEEEEE (59). Thus, the number was displayed in positional 60-decimal system, and its 60-digit digits in additive decimal.

Writing The oldest known writing system is the Sumerian script, which later developed into cuneiform. Cuneiform is a writing system in which characters are pressed with a reed stick onto a tablet of wet clay. Cuneiform spread throughout Mesopotamia and became the main writing system of the ancient states of the Near East until the 1st century BC. n. e. The wedge-shaped badge fixes some general concept(find, die, sell), and the system of additional icons is uniquely tied to the designation of any class of items. For example, there is an icon denoting a predatory animal: When using it in any text, using icons, the author indicates that it was a specific predatory animal: a lion or a bear. The oldest known writing system is the Sumerian script, which later developed into cuneiform. Cuneiform is a writing system in which characters are pressed with a reed stick onto a tablet of wet clay. Cuneiform spread throughout Mesopotamia and became the main writing system of the ancient states of the Near East until the 1st century BC. n. e. The wedge-shaped icon fixes some general concept (find, die, sell), and the system of additional icons is uniquely tied to the designation of some class of objects. For example, there is an icon denoting a predatory animal: When using it in any text, using icons, the author indicates that it was a specific predatory animal: a lion or a bear.

Culture of Mesopotamia Many sources testify to the high astronomical and mathematical achievements of the Sumerians, their building art (it was the Sumerians who built the world's first step pyramid). They are the authors of the most ancient calendar, recipe guide, library catalogue. Many sources testify to the high astronomical and mathematical achievements of the Sumerians, their building art (it was the Sumerians who built the world's first step pyramid). They are the authors of the most ancient calendar, recipe guide, library catalogue.

Culture of Mesopotamia The Babylonian (actually, Old Babylonian) kingdom united the north and south of the region of Sumer and Akkad, becoming the heir to the culture of the ancient Sumerians. The city of Babylon reached its pinnacle when King Hammurabi (reigned BC) made it the capital of his kingdom. The Babylonian (actually, Ancient Babylonian) kingdom united the north and south of the region of Sumer and Akkad, becoming the heir to the culture of the ancient Sumerians. The city of Babylon reached its pinnacle when King Hammurabi (reigned BC) made it the capital of his kingdom.

Culture of Mesopotamia The Babylonians contributed to world culture positional number system, an accurate time measurement system, they were the first to divide an hour into 60 minutes, and a minute into 60 seconds, learned to measure the area geometric shapes, to distinguish stars from planets and dedicated each day of the seven-day week “invented” by them to a separate deity (traces of this tradition are preserved in the names of the days of the week in the Romance languages). The Babylonians also left to their descendants astrology, the science of the alleged connection of human destinies with the arrangement of heavenly bodies. All this is not a complete enumeration of the heritage of Babylonian culture in our everyday life. The Babylonians introduced a positional number system, an accurate time measurement system into world culture, they were the first to divide an hour into 60 minutes, and a minute into 60 seconds, learned to measure the area of ​​​​geometric shapes, distinguish stars from planets and devoted every day of the seven-day week “invented” by them to a separate deity (traces of this tradition are preserved in the names of the days of the week in the Romance languages). The Babylonians also left to their descendants astrology, the science of the alleged connection of human destinies with the arrangement of heavenly bodies. All this is not a complete enumeration of the heritage of Babylonian culture in our everyday life.

Architecture There are few trees and stone in Mesopotamia, so the first building material were mud bricks from a mixture of clay, sand and straw. The architecture of Mesopotamia is based on secular (palaces) and religious (ziggurats) monumental structures and buildings. The first of the temples of Mesopotamia that have come down to us date back to the 4th millennium BC. e. These powerful cult towers, called ziggurats (ziggurat holy mountain), were square and resembled a stepped pyramid. The steps were connected by stairs, along the edge of the wall there was a ramp leading to the temple. The walls were painted black (asphalt), white (lime) and red (brick). There are few trees and stone in Mesopotamia, so the first building material was raw bricks made from a mixture of clay, sand and straw. The architecture of Mesopotamia is based on secular (palaces) and religious (ziggurats) monumental structures and buildings. The first of the temples of Mesopotamia that have come down to us date back to the 4th millennium BC. e. These powerful cult towers, called ziggurats (ziggurat holy mountain), were square and resembled a stepped pyramid. The steps were connected by stairs, along the edge of the wall there was a ramp leading to the temple. The walls were painted black (asphalt), white (lime) and red (brick).

Architecture A constructive feature of monumental architecture was going from the 4th millennium BC. e. the use of artificially erected platforms, which is explained, perhaps, by the need to isolate the building from the dampness of the soil, moistened by spills, and at the same time, probably, by the desire to make the building visible from all sides. Another feature based on an equally ancient tradition, was broken line walls formed by ledges. Windows, when they were made, were placed at the top of the wall and looked like narrow slits. Buildings were also illuminated through a doorway and a hole in the roof. The coverings were mostly flat, but the vault was also known. A constructive feature of monumental architecture was going from the 4th millennium BC. e. the use of artificially erected platforms, which is explained, perhaps, by the need to isolate the building from the dampness of the soil, moistened by spills, and at the same time, probably, by the desire to make the building visible from all sides. Another characteristic, based on an equally ancient tradition, was the broken line of the wall, formed by ledges. Windows, when they were made, were placed at the top of the wall and looked like narrow slits. Buildings were also illuminated through a doorway and a hole in the roof. The coverings were mostly flat, but the vault was also known.

Architecture Residential buildings discovered by excavations in the south of Sumer had an open courtyard around which covered rooms were grouped. This layout, which corresponded to the climatic conditions of the country, formed the basis for the palace buildings of the southern Mesopotamia. In the northern part of Sumer, houses were found that had a central room with a ceiling instead of an open courtyard. Residential buildings discovered by excavations in the south of Sumer had an open courtyard around which covered premises were grouped. This layout, which corresponded to the climatic conditions of the country, formed the basis for the palace buildings of the southern Mesopotamia. In the northern part of Sumer, houses were found that had a central room with a ceiling instead of an open courtyard.

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Babylonia, or the Babylonian kingdom The ancient kingdom in the south of Mesopotamia (the territory of modern Iraq), which arose at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. e. and lost its independence in 539 BC. e .. The capital of the kingdom was the city of Babylon, after which it received its name. The Semitic people of the Amorites, the founders of Babylonia, inherited the culture of the previous kingdoms of Mesopotamia - Sumer and Akkad. The official language of Babylonia was the written Semitic Akkadian language, and the obsolete unrelated Sumerian language was long preserved as a cult language.

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Babylon The city of Babylon was founded in ancient times on the banks of the Euphrates. Its name means "Gate of God". Babylon was one of the largest cities of the Ancient World and was the capital of Babylonia, a kingdom that existed for a millennium and a half, and then the power of Alexander the Great.

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Old Babylonian Period Ancient Babylon arose on the site of the more ancient Sumerian city of Kadingir, whose name was later transferred to Babylon. The first mention of Babylon is contained in the inscription of the Akkadian king Sharkalisharri (XXIII century BC). In the XXII century BC. e. Babylon was conquered and plundered by Shulgi, the king of the Sumerian state of Ur, who subjugated all of Mesopotamia.

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Middle Babylonian period Under Hammurabi's successor Samsu-ilun (1749-1712 B.C.) e. Kassite tribes attacked Mesopotamia, later forming the Kassite-Amorite state of Khan, which by the 16th century BC. e. controlled most of the country. The official name of the Kassite state was Karduniash. Its kings in the XV-XIV centuries. BC e. owned vast territories of the Lower Euphrates valley, the Syrian steppe - up to the borders of Egyptian possessions in southern Syria. The reign of Burna-Buriash II (c. 1366-1340 BC) was the apogee of Kassite power, but after his reign, a 150-year period of Babylonian-Assyrian wars begins. The Kassite dynasty was finally defeated by the Elamites around 1150 BC. e.

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Herodotus about Babylon “...Babylon was built like this ... It lies on a vast plain, forming a quadrangle, each side of which is 120 stadia (21,312 m) long. The circumference of all four sides of the city is 480 stadia (85,248 m). Babylon was not only a very large city, but also the most beautiful of all the cities that I know. First of all, the city is surrounded by a deep, wide and full of water moat, then there is a wall 50 royal (Persian) cubits (26.64 m) wide and 200 (106.56 m) high. The royal cubit is 3 fingers larger than usual (55.5 cm) ...

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The Hanging Gardens of Babylon is one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, also known as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, is one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Unfortunately, this marvelous architectural creation has not survived to this day, but the memory of it still lives on.

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Description of the slide:

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon The date of the destruction of the Gardens of Babylon coincides with the time of the decline of Babylon. After the death of Alexander the Great, the fairy-tale city fell into disrepair, the irrigation of the gardens stopped, as a result of a series of earthquakes, the vaults collapsed, and the rain water washed away the foundation. But nevertheless, we will try to tell about the history of this grandiose structure and describe all its charms.

slide number 10

Description of the slide:

The Tower of Babel The Tower of Babel, which at that time was simply a miracle of technology, brought fame to its city. Babylon, known from the Old Testament, was destroyed to the ground three times in its three thousand-year history and each time rose again from the ashes, until it completely fell into decay under the rule of the Persians and Macedonians in the 6th-5th centuries BC.

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Description of the slide:

Tower of Babel The tower of Babel was the subject of a biblical tradition. According to this legend, after the Flood, humanity was represented by one people who spoke the same language. From the east, people came to the land of Shinar (in the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates), where they decided to build a city (Babylon) and a tower as high as heaven in order to "make a name for themselves." The construction of the tower was interrupted by God, who created new languages ​​for different people, because of which they ceased to understand each other, could not continue building the city and the tower, and scattered throughout the earth

slide number 12

Description of the slide:

Babylonian Mathematics The Babylonians wrote in cuneiform characters on clay tablets, which have survived to this day in considerable numbers (more than 500,000, of which about 400 are related to mathematics). Therefore, we have a fairly complete picture of the mathematical achievements of the scientists of the Babylonian state. Note that the roots of the Babylonian culture were largely inherited from the Sumerians - cuneiform writing, counting techniques, etc.

slide number 13

Description of the slide:

Babylonian Mathematics Babylonian 60 Numbers The Sumerians and Babylonians used the 60 positional number system, immortalized in our division of the circle into 360°, the hour into 60 minutes, and the minute into 60 seconds. They wrote, like us, from left to right. However, the recording of the required 60 digits was peculiar. There were only two icons for numbers, let's designate them as E (units) and D (tens); later there was an icon for zero. The numbers from 1 to 9 were depicted as E, EE, .... Next came D, DE, ... DDDDDEEEEEEEE (59). Thus, the number was displayed in positional 60-decimal system, and its 60-digit digits - in additive decimal.

slide number 14

Description of the slide:

Writing The oldest known writing system is the Sumerian script, which later developed into cuneiform. Cuneiform is a writing system in which characters are pressed with a reed stick onto a tablet of wet clay. Cuneiform spread throughout Mesopotamia and became the main writing system of the ancient states of the Near East until the 1st century BC. n. e. The wedge-shaped icon fixes some general concept (find, die, sell), and the system of additional icons is uniquely tied to the designation of any class of objects. For example, there is an icon denoting a predatory animal: When using it in any text with the help of icons, the author indicates that it was a specific predatory animal: a lion ↓↓ or a bear.

Description of the slide:

Culture of Mesopotamia The Babylonian (actually, Old Babylonian) kingdom united the north and south - the regions of Sumer and Akkad, becoming the heir to the culture of the ancient Sumerians. The city of Babylon reached its pinnacle when King Hammurabi (reigned 1792-1751 BC) made it the capital of his kingdom.

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Description of the slide:

The culture of Mesopotamia The Babylonians introduced into the world culture a positional number system, an accurate system for measuring time, they were the first to divide an hour into 60 minutes, and a minute into 60 seconds, learned to measure the area of ​​​​geometric shapes, distinguish stars from planets and devoted every day to their own "invented" seven-day week to a separate deity (traces of this tradition are preserved in the names of the days of the week in the Romance languages). The Babylonians also left to their descendants astrology, the science of the alleged connection of human destinies with the arrangement of heavenly bodies. All this is far from a complete enumeration of the heritage of Babylonian culture in our everyday life.

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Description of the slide:

Architecture There are few trees and stone in Mesopotamia, so the first building material was raw bricks made from a mixture of clay, sand and straw. The architecture of Mesopotamia is based on secular (palaces) and religious (ziggurats) monumental structures and buildings. The first of the temples of Mesopotamia that have come down to us date back to the 4th-3rd millennia BC. e. These powerful cult towers, called ziggurats (ziggurat - holy mountain), were square and resembled a stepped pyramid. The steps were connected by stairs, along the edge of the wall there was a ramp leading to the temple. The walls were painted black (asphalt), white (lime) and red (brick).

slide number 19

Description of the slide:

Architecture A constructive feature of monumental architecture was going from the 4th millennium BC. e. the use of artificially erected platforms, which is explained, perhaps, by the need to isolate the building from the dampness of the soil, moistened by spills, and at the same time, probably, by the desire to make the building visible from all sides. Another characteristic, based on an equally ancient tradition, was the broken line of the wall, formed by ledges. Windows, when they were made, were placed at the top of the wall and looked like narrow slits. Buildings were also illuminated through a doorway and a hole in the roof. The coverings were mostly flat, but the vault was also known.

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Architecture Residential buildings discovered by excavations in the south of Sumer had an open courtyard around which covered rooms were grouped. This layout, which corresponded to the climatic conditions of the country, formed the basis for the palace buildings of the southern Mesopotamia. In the northern part of Sumer, houses were found that had a central room with a ceiling instead of an open courtyard.

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Topic: “Ancient Babylon. Laws of Hammurabi. Communal government agency « high school No. 44 of the education department of the Akimat of the Merken district "

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The purpose of the lesson: - educational: to create conditions for the assimilation of knowledge about the emergence, flourishing of a powerful state in the interfluve of the Tigris and Euphrates Babylon; - developing: work on development oral speech set goals for the lesson, apply their knowledge to solve problematic problems; express your point of view; - educational: to create conditions for educating schoolchildren respect for creative work, on the example of the first code of laws of Hammurabi, to educate respect for the laws of the state.

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Tasks: Subject: - to organize the work of students in the study of the ancient code of laws of the Babylonian king Hammurabi; - Investigating and comparing individual laws of King Hammurabi, illustrate to students the thesis about the social inequality of society. - to develop the ability to work in a group, to negotiate, to develop the thinking, speech of students, the ability to analyze individual articles of laws, to draw conclusions. Interdisciplinary (universal learning activities): - Cognitive: through independent research work with the articles of the law, through analysis and logical conclusions, answer questions and solve the problem of the “justice” of the laws of King Hammurabi. - Regulatory: act in accordance with the task, make adjustments to the actions of students (when working with the timeline, at the stage of primary consolidation, reflection, etc.) - Communicative: be able to work in a group, cooperate, negotiate, control their actions and learn to analyze group activities. Personal: - orient students to the ability to organize their activities in the classroom, to understand the reasons for success in their studies - to form a respectful attitude towards other people's opinions

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Test: 1. The great rivers of Mesopotamia: A) Nile and Araxes B) Tigris and Ganges C) Tigris and Euphrates D) Nile and Indus 2. The first inhabitants of Mesopotamia were called: A) Libyans and Egyptians B) Persians and Medes C) Jews and Assyrians D ) Sumerians and Akkadians 3. The founder of the Sumerian-Akkadian kingdom was: A) Sharukkin B) Patesi C) Nabanda D) Uruk 4. The Sumerian-Akkadian state reached its peak during the reign of: A) Naramsin B) Gutei C) Elam D) Urartu 5 Basically, the Sumerians built houses from: A) stone B) wood C) brick D) reed

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Ancient Babylon Babylon is the largest city of ancient Mesopotamia, the capital of the Babylonian kingdom in the 19th-6th centuries. BC, the most important commercial and cultural center of Asia Minor. Babylon comes from the Akkadian words "Bab-ilu" - "Gate of God". Ancient Babylon arose on the site of the more ancient Sumerian city of Kadingir, whose name was later transferred to Babylon.

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POPULATION The oldest settlements discovered in Babylonia proper near modern Jemdet-Nasr and the ancient city of Kish date back to the end of the 4th and the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. The population here was mainly engaged in fishing, cattle breeding and agriculture. Crafts developed. Stone tools were gradually replaced by copper and bronze ones.

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SLAVE OWNERSHIP Slave owners looked at slaves like cattle, imposing on them the stigma of property. All lands were considered to belong to the king. A significant part of them was in the use of rural communities and was cultivated by free community members.

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The ancient Babylonian state reached its peak in the reign of Hammurabi (1792-50 BC). Hammurabi's code lists bread, wool, butter, and dates as trade items. In addition to small retail, there was also wholesale trade. The development of trade entailed further social stratification of rural communities and inevitably led to the development of slavery. The patriarchal family was of great importance, in which the most ancient types of domestic slavery developed: all its members had to obey the head of the family. Children were often sold into slavery.

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Conquests of Babylon The first mention of Babylon is contained in the inscription of the Akkadian king Sharkalisharri (23 century BC). Babylon was conquered and sacked by Shulgi, the king of Ur, the Sumerian state that subjugated all of Mesopotamia. In the 19th century descended from the Amorites (a Semitic people who came from the southwest), the first king of the first Babylonian dynasty, Sumuabum, conquered Babylon and made it the capital of the Babylonian kingdom. At the end of the 8th c. Babylon was conquered by the Assyrians and, as punishment for the rebellion, in 689 it was completely destroyed by the Assyrian king Sennacherib. After 9 years, the Assyrians began to rebuild Babylon.

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1. What is the law? The rules by which they live in the state. 2. What do you think, were there laws in Ancient Babylon? King Hammurabi drew up the first laws in antiquity, and they were carved on a high stone slab, which has survived to this day and is now kept in the Louvre Museum. We fix the versions on the board: 1) agreed; 2) general rules(laws of life): 3) so that there is order 3. And why do you think these rules - laws arose? What assumptions will you have, versions of the solution to the problem?

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Two rivers flow in Mesopotamia: E_ _ _ _ t and T _ _ r. The country lying between the Euphrates and the Tigris is called D_ _ _ _ _ _ e or M _ _ _ _ _ _ ya. The king of the city of Uruk was a favorite hero of legends. His name was G _ _ _ _ _ _ sh. The letter that arose in ancient times in the Southern Mesopotamia is called k _ _ _ _ _ _ _ b. The famous Babylonian king was H _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and. He ruled from __________ to ________ BC. Task number 1

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Let's start by marking the dates of the reign of King Hammurabi on the time tape and find out how many years he ruled in Babylon. We work in notebooks on p. 45 task number 54, and 1 student - at the blackboard. BC. AD _______1792__________1750__________________ РХ____________________________2012 __ Assignment No. 2 2) How many years did King Hammurabi rule? Answer: 1792-1750=42 years King Hammurabi ruled in Babylon. 1) How many years ago did the reign of King Hammurabi begin? Answer: 1792+2012=3804 years ago King Hammurabi began to rule. 3) What year precedes 1792 and what comes after it? Answer: 1793 B.C. - preceded by; 1791 BC - next after 1792

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Research in groups with documents: "From the laws of King Hammurabi"): 1st gr. – document 1: “(p. 1) If a person swore an oath accused someone of murder, but did not prove it, then the accuser should be punished ... (p. 3) If a person spoke in court for perjury, then this person should be punished ... (p. 5) If the judge examined the case, made a decision, and then changed it, then this judge should be expelled from the judicial chair and punished with a heavy fine. Questions for paper 1: Come up with a title for the first paragraph of the law. Why do you think King Hammurabi begins his laws with him? What are the requirements for a judge? What qualities should a judge have?

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Research work in groups with documents: "From the laws of King Hammurabi"): 2nd gr. - document 2: “(p. 218) If a doctor performed a heavy operation on a person with a bronze knife and killed him, then the doctor needs to chop off his hands ... (p. 237) If a person hired a boatman and a boat and loaded it with goods, and this boatman sank the ship and destroyed everything that was in it, then the boatman must compensate everything ... (n. 239) If the builder built the house, and he collapsed and killed the owner, then this builder should be executed. Questions for paper 2: Draw a conclusion about the level of development of medicine in ancient Babylon. What information about the occupations of the inhabitants of ancient Babylon did you get from Document 2? Were severe punishments applied in the Babylonian kingdom?

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Research work in groups with documents: "From the laws of King Hammurabi"): 3rd gr. – document 3: “(clause 8) If a person stole either an ox, or a sheep, or a slave, then he must pay a fine. If he has nothing to pay, then he should be executed ... (p. 117) If a person sold his wife, son, daughter into slavery for debts, then they should be in slavery for three years, and on the fourth they will be set free ... (p. 282) If a slave said to his master, “You are not my master,” then the master must prove that it is his slave, and then he can cut off the ear of the slave.” Questions for Document 3: Who could be called a slave in ancient Babylon? What were the ways to get into slavery? What was the position of slaves in ancient Babylon? Trainers do a good enough job with this work and answer the questions, the answers to which they found in the documents.

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Invincible slavery Slavery has reached a significant development. The cost of a slave was low and equaled the wages of an ox (168 grams of silver). Slaves were sold, exchanged, donated, passed on by inheritance. The laws protected the interests of slave owners in every possible way, they severely punished obstinate slaves, established punishments for runaway slaves, and threatened severe punishments for their harborers.

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Babylon reached its greatest dawn during the period of the New Babylonian kingdom (626-538 BC). Nebuchadnezzar II (604-561 BC) adorned Babylon with luxurious buildings and powerful defensive structures. In 538, Babylon was taken by the troops of the Persian king Cyrus, in 331 Alexander the Great took possession of it, in 312 Babylon was captured by one of the commanders of Alexander the Great, Seleucus, who resettled most of its inhabitants in the city of Seleucia founded by him nearby. By 2nd c. AD only ruins remained on the site of Babylon.