Lists of children evacuated from Leningrad. Leningrad blockade. Why weren't all Leningraders evacuated? Connection with besieged Leningrad

September 8, 1941 is called the date of the beginning of the blockade of Leningrad - on this day, the land connection of the city with the rest of the country was finally cut off. In fact, the city was cut off from the outside world two weeks earlier, when only the railway connection was interrupted.

Literally from the first days of the Great Patriotic War, a large-scale evacuation was launched in the Soviet Union. From June 1941 to the spring of 1943, more than one and a half million people were evacuated from Leningrad.

Children were the first to leave the city back in June 1941. In those days, the lack of information and the certainty that fighting must cross into enemy territory, led to the fact that most of the evacuees were taken to the south Leningrad region where the Germans were rapidly advancing. Soon, in a hurry, the children had to be returned to the city again. Evacuation of the population and industrial enterprises turned to the east.

Leningraders in Siberia

The evacuation of the population from Leningrad took place in several stages. From June to the end of August, people left the city railway. On August 27, railway communication with the country was interrupted. And on September 8, 1941, the blockade closed around Leningrad. After the siege of the city, the scale of evacuation decreased sharply, and under constant shelling, Leningraders were sent to mainland already only by planes and along the waterway of Lake Ladoga (until November by water, and after - along the ice Road of Life).

For the inhabitants of Leningrad, exhausted from hunger, in distant Siberian cities - Omsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Barnaul, Tomsk and Krasnoyarsk - evacuation points were hastily created. The cities and villages of Siberia with poorly developed infrastructure were not ready to accept such a number of refugees.

In anticipation of a roof over their heads, exhausted people lived for weeks at train stations and stations. The refugees who arrived were settled in clubs, pioneer houses, old multi-tiered barracks, attics and dugouts, and the local residents were densified.

Evacuation to Krasnoyarsk

According to the recollections of the residents of Krasnoyarsk, at the end of September 1942, almost one and a half thousand children arrived from Leningrad. 22 schools, 5 nurseries, 13 kindergartens and 4 orphanages were moved to the Krasnoyarsk Territory in an organized manner. Immediately after the arrival, all the children were examined by doctors and were horrified by the number of dystrophics among toddlers.

Kindergarten No. 26 spent three years in the Siberian evacuation. Photo: Archival photo

The most "heavy" were urgently distributed to hospitals, the rest were sent to the cities and villages of the region. Krasnoyarsk residents took some children to their families directly from the station and adopted them.

Kitten journey

In October 1942, a whole kindergarten No. 26 was moved to the Karatuzsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The kids came with all the staff - from the manager to the teachers, linen workers and cleaners. 50 pairs of children's felt boots were quickly found for the 50 little Leningraders who arrived, local residents brought clothes, books and toys. Gradually, the kindergarten acquired its own farm and began to live as one big family.

A hay plot, land for a subsidiary farm were allocated especially for Leningraders, two horses and four cows were bought. The guests were accommodated in the building of the local pioneer house. Once this solid wooden house belonged to the merchant-gold merchant Claudia Kolobova. In its spacious and warm rooms, Leningrad children lived for three years, until the blockade was lifted, the war ended and they returned to their hometown.

In the summer of 1945, the grown up and strengthened children were escorted back to Leningrad by the whole village. Karatuz children, who knew from the stories of Leningraders that there were no cats or dogs left in the city during the blockade, gave their friends a little kitten as a keepsake. The children took care of the tiny creature all the way and brought it safely to Leningrad.

For Anastasia Stepanova and Nikolai Shishkin, the evacuation became a fateful one. Photo: Archival photo

One of the educators kindergarten, 20-year-old Anastasia Stepanova found her destiny in the Siberian village - the Hero Soviet Union junior sergeant Nikolai Shishkin. Together with her husband, she returned to her hometown and continued to work as an educator.

On the eve of the 70th anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War at the initiative of the Archives Committee Petersburg created electronic base data (hereinafter referred to as the DB) “Siege of Leningrad. Evacuation". Now users can independently find information about their relatives evacuated from besieged Leningrad in 1941-1943

The painstaking work on the project is carried out by specialists from several services and departments: archivists of the Central State Archive Petersburg, their colleagues from the departmental archives of district administrations, employees of city committees on education and health, as well as employees Petersburg Information and analytical center.

The creation of the database took place in several stages. First of all, in the Central state archive documents on the evacuated townspeople were handed over from the archives of the district administrations. Admiralteisky, Vasileostrovsky, Vyborgsky, Kalininsky, Nevsky, Primorsky and Central regions promptly provided the necessary materials. In most cases, these are card indexes - that is, alphabetically selected cards on the evacuees. As a rule, they indicate the number, surname, name, patronymic of a citizen, year of birth, address of residence before evacuation, date of evacuation, as well as the place of departure and information about family members who traveled with the evacuee.

Unfortunately, in a number of districts, such as Kurortny and Kronstadt, file cabinets were not kept or have not been preserved. In such cases the only source information are lists of evacuees, filled out by hand, often in illegible handwriting, which are poorly preserved. All these features create additional difficulties when transferring information to a single database. In the Petrogradsky, Moskovsky, Kirovsky, Krasnoselsky and Kolpinsky districts, documents have not been preserved, which significantly complicates the search.

The next step in creating a database is the digitization of file cabinets, that is, their translation into electronic form by scanning. Digitization is carried out on in-line scanners by the staff of the Information and Analytical Center. And here it is of particular importance physical state scanned documents, as some of them have hard-to-read text or are physically damaged. In many ways, it is this indicator that affects the quality and speed of the information subsequently loaded into the database.

On final stage electronic images of cards are sent for processing to the operators of the Information and Analytical Center, who enter the information contained in them into the database by manual typing.

On the eve of the anniversary of the Victory on April 29, 2015, as part of the reception of veterans, the reception at the Archives Committee Petersburg war veterans and residents of besieged Leningrad within the framework of events held on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - database “Siege of Leningrad. Evacuation" was solemnly opened and became available to a wide range of Internet users at: http://evacuation.spbarchives.ru.

In the process of working on the project, additional large volume documents of the war period (1941 - 1945), the work with which will continue in the future, as well as the replenishment of the database with new information. Currently, about 620.8 thousand cards have been entered into the database.

However, work on the project continues. To replenish the database with new information, Long procces scanning authentic lists of evacuated residents of Leningrad.

Although entry into Leningrad required special passes and permits, after the blockade was lifted and, especially, after the end of the war, evacuees began to return to the city and many conflict situations began to arise. But first, about the evacuation.
The evacuation from Leningrad went in three stages. The first stage began a couple of weeks after the start of the war and was carried out on trains, in normal long-distance cars, then in freight cars. It is impossible to talk about what rules and procedures were during the evacuation, who was recommended to leave, because the orders changed all the time. First, it was proposed to leave Leningrad to kindergartens, and parents whose children did not go to kindergartens, to register them in kindergartens, and send them to evacuation. Those groups that went to the east, to different places, further or closer to Leningrad, left normally and there, more or less, they lived normally. But many were sent literally to meet the enemy. To Novgorod, to Staraya Russa, other cities near Leningrad, where the enemy was rapidly advancing. It is difficult to describe what happened at the same time, how confused the teachers were, how they lost their children and ran away on their own, and that's what happened. But many brought the children back. And then an order came out, the mothers were allowed to go for the children. Many went, found their children, someone did not find it, for everyone. At this time, in July-August, those who wanted to leave, and who had somewhere to go without evacuation, simply left. But it was difficult, because more trains were given for evacuation. Enterprises were leaving by decision of the Moscow and Leningrad authorities. And with their enterprises service staff, that is, those working in enterprises and their families. There was also everyone who was allowed, who was not allowed, how much luggage, how many family members, who could go. They traveled by rail in wagons. Each train carried several hundred people. This stage of the evacuation ended in September, when Leningrad was surrounded, fell into a blockade. People did not know the truth, they sat in line from the Moscow railway station along Ligovka, with luggage. They were waiting for the train to pass. Everything was very secret, no one really knew anything, it was impossible to ask anyone, because it seemed that there were spies around. So this evacuation was interrupted and many who wanted to leave remained in the blockade ring. The second stage began in the winter in January, they write that it was the twenty-fourth of January, but it seems to me that it began earlier. The evacuation was carried out on the ice of Lake Ladoga in cars. But how much a truck could take, ten, fifteen people. We drove trucks and cars. It was dangerous to drive, this line was all under fire. In addition, some cars fell through the ice, people died. January, February, March, April people were taken out along this single road. Permission to evacuate was very strictly limited and was issued in Smolny in the city committee of the party. They were allowed to go only on a call, to the families of some high-ranking military personnel, and, of course, by acquaintance. And they broke through there to Smolny by hook or by crook. Of course, a truck is not a train car; it won’t take much away.
And the third stage was when navigation through Lake Ladoga was opened. They were already taken out by barges. The barge could accommodate many hundreds of people. And then the government of Leningrad was highly recommended to mothers and relatives to take away all the children. Then the elderly and the sick were allowed to go. They were waiting for a new attack on Leningrad and wanted to take out the ballast - people who could not or did not want to work. And then, already in August, when all the children and the elderly were taken out, they offered to evacuate all women who want to leave, and the directors of enterprises - to let such women leave their jobs, because at that time, permission from the directorate was needed to quit their jobs. In order to leave Leningrad, in addition to the last stage, it was necessary to make quite a lot of effort, collect certificates, obtain permission, check out at Zhakt, etc.
At the end of the summer of 1942, there was a complete division of Leningraders into two parts, those who were evacuating, leaving Leningrad and remaining in the city. All women who wanted to leave were allowed to leave, regardless of their family relationship. There was no call to leave. Here, all women who wanted to leave were allowed to leave. And everyone decided this future fate in their own way. Was independent solution everyone, leave or stay. Many left to save their children, or the remnants of their families, or fearing new winter, a repetition of the first military winter, fearing cold, hunger, fearing the explosion of shells and bombs, and a very difficult life that was coming again. It was already heavy, but in winter it would be even worse. Freelance men could also leave, but there were very few of them in Leningrad. Of course, the evacuation was also not sweet for many. Everyone's life was different and very much depended on the circumstances of the departure. Whether people traveled with their own enterprise, that was one thing, whether they got a job there at their own enterprise or at another. Whether they were traveling with or without families. Were there enough people in these families who could work and feed their families? Where did they get to the city or the village. Many went to the villages and were engaged in rural labor there. At the same time, the atmosphere and life of each person changed. We must not forget that the evacuees lived during the war in Leningrad from a month to a year, and in evacuation for 3-4 years. And of course they also somehow adapted. Those who remained, remained by their own decision. I can speak for myself. There was a choice. Firstly, my parents showered me with letters: come, come, come. They were in Uzbekistan in the small town of Margelan, there was a silk factory where my father worked. And he wrote that I will have there good job so I had somewhere to go. Secondly, my brother arranged for me to be transferred to Kronstadt, in military unit freelance chemist. I already wrote about it. In Leningrad, my rooms were not adapted to housing, the windows were broken and there was no suitable stove. I had to make some arrangements if I were to stay next winter. We did not know what kind of winter it would be, cold or not. I somehow thought less about food, because I received a work card, at the very least it was possible to live on it, although I was hungry. We were left without electricity, without gas, without sewerage, without running water, with partial transport - there were only a few tram routes. But this is not the main thing. Of course, it was possible to compare life in evacuation and in Leningrad, here and there, how much bread they get, what the temperature is in the rooms, and so on. But one thing separated them from us, they lived and worked in a zone that was not subjected to shelling and bombing. All the years and months of the war they did not know about it, being in the evacuation. We lived and worked in a zone with shelling, all 24 hours to the sound of a metronome, almost every day to the sound of a siren, when the alarm was announced not in the city, because it could drag on for God knows how long, but in the districts. The metronome began to beat rapidly and a voice was heard over the loudspeaker: “The area is under artillery fire, stop traffic along the streets, take shelter for the population.” There was nowhere to hide. I worked at the State Institute of Chemistry in a two-story building, when shells hit the building, they exploded both on the first and second floors, breaking through the roof and ceiling, or two ceilings. But in the summer of 1942, I still did not know where I would live. Where I then settled down, in a very good location in a residential building GIPH on the top floor under the roof. The house was also shelled. So all 24 hours I was in the firing zone. But that was not the worst.

When the question was being decided whether to leave or not to leave, for me the most terrible danger was: in the event of an offensive German troops to Leningrad, it was so as not to fall into the clutches of the Nazis.
We spoke to the Germans, but now it is inconvenient to say to the Germans, let's say to the Nazis. Because I would be hung on the first bitch, as a Jewess and as a Komsomol member. And I understood this very well. It was the worst. And yet. Nevertheless, I firmly decided to stay in Leningrad. I believe that this decision was the only heroic one during the war. And the people who decided to stay in Leningrad did heroic deeds. Why did I stay? There is only one reason. My own conscience kept me here. Only my own conscience did not allow me to leave to escape, to save my own skin, while others would be under shells, in the cold, in hunger, in terrible conditions, to work, providing the Leningrad Front with uniforms and products necessary for the war. This conscience told me that I could only leave Leningrad for the front. I also refused to be transferred to Kronstadt because it did little. Here I still worked in my specialty, an unskilled girl could not replace me. Therefore, it was wise not to touch. And I decided to stay in besieged Leningrad no matter what.
We must not forget that we, those who remained, worked all the time, while those who were leaving were fussing about documents and the right to leave. Many, by hook or by crook, sometimes left without any permits across the icy road by agreement with car drivers, but they were few. In January-February-March, it was necessary to get permission through Smolny, through the Leningrad City Party Committee. At this time, while they were upholstering the thresholds, we were working. In February, our small organization worked, releasing red streptocide - a medicine for the front. And since March they have been working continuously, first to clean up the city and then at their own enterprises. In the third period of departure in the summer of 1942, we were overwhelmed with work, I talked about this, during the day at the enterprises, then for the development of specialties, on Sunday in the gardens, and in August all Sundays on the demolition of wooden houses - procuring fuel. In some of the remaining hours, whoever could, worked in the gardens, equipped premises in their personal homes. We didn't have a break, we worked. Those who left, fussed about leaving, and we worked. Throughout the war, throughout the blockade, we worked. Despite all the conditions for frost, for alarms, for shells, for the life to which we have adapted. We worked. It was the foundation of our life. Work for the front.

This work of the Leningraders, in the 42nd, 43rd and beyond, the government noted by the fact that at the end of the 42nd year a decree was issued to award the Leningraders with a medal for participating in the heroic defense of Leningrad, residents of Sevastopol, Odessa, Stalingrad were also awarded.
It was very easy to distinguish the working, remaining Leningraders from those who left, despite the efforts of the latter, as if there was no difference between us, it was very easy to separate them according to documents. Firstly, at that time there was a stamp in the passport about work in Leningrad, then stamps were put in the passport, then there was an entry in the work book. It was then impossible to work without a work book, it was not allowed. And the work book recorded where you work, at what time, when you were hired, when you were fired, the name of the enterprise and position. Enterprises sent lists of those who needed to be awarded, working in 1942-43, to the district executive committees, and there documents on the award were drawn up and medals were issued for almost the entire 1943 year.
The war ended and evacuees began to arrive in Leningrad. Leningrad still remained a closed city. It was impossible to just come to it, register and get a job. We needed a call from Leningrad. When summoned, certificates should have been attached stating that the person in question had previously lived in Leningrad, had a living space and this living space was free. In addition, there were some other conditions for coming to Leningrad. For example, it was suggested that those who give commitments to work, it seems, for two years in scarce professions, they were given a challenge. One way or another, by hook or by crook, the former Leningraders returned. Arriving in the city, they behaved very actively, but it was impossible otherwise. The first thing they needed was to recapture their living space. Often the living space of the evacuees was occupied, or liquidated, or given away according to the law, according to orders, or simply inhabited without permission, or most often sold by management farms to new tenants. Rooms in communal apartments often had to be recaptured by the courts. If this area was claimed by two former evacuees from Leningrad and re-entered, even by law having received warrants from the housing departments, then the court decided in favor of the former owners who arrived. One of my friends lost her husband during the war, he died of starvation, she had two children, and their house was bombed, although her room was untouched, but still she lost everything. She moved three times and was left homeless. The first time she just moved into a spare room in the apartment where her friends lived, and then she received a warrant twice and was evicted twice, former tenants came there. It ended up that she fenced off part of the hallway in a communal apartment, leaving only a narrow passage, placed a bed and a bedside table there, and lived there for about a year. She slept on the bed with her daughter and her son slept with relatives. So she lived for almost a year, and then she got a room, creepy, in the form of a pencil case, where at the end of one wall there was a window that did not even illuminate the whole room, and so she lived until she left for another world.
Other causes of microwars were familial. Many needed to return their husbands, who had already created another family. If in the first case the issue was resolved in the direction of the former evacuees, then here it ended in different ways. Did the men stay with the new family, or did they go to their old wives. I don't know what was more. But at that time, for a divorce, in addition to the consent of both parties, it was necessary to place an advertisement in the newspaper. Entire pages in the newspapers were filled with these divorce announcements. I don't know how the courts handled it. In addition, those who arrived had to get a job. And this could be done only after registration. And many could get a residence permit only after the courts.
If the newcomers before the war had a whole apartment, there were few of them, but there were large families who lived in separate apartments, or had two or three rooms, then all the same, several rooms were taken away and left to them alone. In general, there was something to fight for. In addition, of course, those who left and arrived with the enterprise and remained there to work were lucky. But all this was shaken up over the course of several post-war years.

On May 7, the editors of AiF will hold a marathon in memory of the Voice of Victory at the Radio House for the sixth time. This year it is dedicated to the fate of children evacuated from the besieged city.

Mass evacuation is a separate page in the history of the blockade. It was carried out in several stages, from June 1941 to November 1943, and affected hundreds of thousands of little Leningraders.

kids under the bombs

The whole country accepted them. So, 122 thousand kids and teenagers arrived in Yaroslavl. Such a large number of explained by the fact that this city on the way to the east was the first railway junction and regional center not occupied by the Germans.

The Germans knew about the evacuation and did not spare anyone. A terrible tragedy occurred on July 18, 1941 at Lychkovo station Novgorod region. There arrived a train of 12 heating wagons, where there were 2,000 children and the teachers and doctors accompanying them. The German plane flew in so suddenly that no one had time to hide. The pilot accurately dropped about 25 bombs, and an hour later four more appeared ... The Nazis had fun by shooting the fleeing kids with machine guns. The exact number of children who died then has not been established so far, but few managed to escape.

They were buried in a mass grave along with teachers and nurses. The monument was erected only in 2003. On a granite slab - the flame of an explosion that threw up a child, at the foot of the monument - toys.

Cared for like her own

Despite the risk, children continued to be sent inland. So, 3.5 thousand children were sheltered by Kyrgyzstan. Most were settled in orphanages on the shores of Lake Issyk-Kul. 800 little Leningraders left without parents were adopted by the Kyrgyz into their families.

A unique story is connected with Toktogon Altybasarova, who became the mother of 150 children from besieged Leningrad. In the Great Patriotic War, she was only 16, however, “for activity and literacy,” the girl was elected secretary of the village council of the village of Kurmenty, where they brought the starving Leningraders.

She welcomed them like family. Some could not walk, and the villagers carried the children in their arms. Toktogon distributed everyone to their homes and looked after them as if they were her own. Over time, the younger ones began to call the woman Toktogon-apa, which in Kyrgyz means “mother”. She died in 2015, and all this time the grateful pupils and their descendants communicated with their mother - sent letters, came to visit.

Alas, not all evacuees managed to return home after the war. Leningrad remained a closed city for a long time, and in order to register here and get a job, even the natives needed a call and a lot of information. As a result, many settled in Siberia, the Urals, and Kazakhstan. Today, over 11,000 of those same evacuated boys and girls live in 107 cities in Russia and abroad. And although they are outside the city, in their hearts they still remain Leningraders.

BLOCKADE. PART 5. CHILDREN OF LENINGRAD February 17th, 2014

"I saw the boy in the hospital.
Under him, a shell killed his sister and mother.
He had his arm torn off at the elbow.
The boy was five at the time.

He studied music, he tried.
He liked to catch a green round ball ...
And here he lay - and was afraid to moan.
He knew already: crying is shameful in battle.

Lying quietly on a soldier's bunk,
stumps of arms stretched along the body ...
Oh, childish inconceivable fortitude!
Damn the warmongers!

Damn those who are there, across the ocean,
behind the bomber builds a bomber,
and waits for unshed children's tears,
and prepares the wounds again for the children of the world.

Oh, how many of them, legless and armless!
How echoing in the stale bark of the earth,
not like all earthly sounds,
short crutches clatter.

And I want, without forgiving the offense,
wherever people protect the world,
were small invalids,
as equals with the bravest men.

Let the veteran, who is of age
twelve years old,
when they freeze around
for a lasting peace
for the happiness of the peoples
lift up the stumps of children's hands.

Let him convict tormented childhood
those who are preparing war - forever,
so that they have nowhere else to go
from our coming judgment"

Olga Berggolts

Evacuation

Evacuation of the Leningrad orphanage. July 2, 1942

Farewell before evacuation

Children of the besieged city

Leningrad schoolchildren before evacuation. 07/03/1942

While boarding the ship. 1942

Children evacuated from besieged Leningrad in Kotelnich

Evacuated from the city

Children of the Leningrad Orphanage No. 38

Children from the Leningrad boarding school No. 7. 09/21/1941

Children on the streets of Leningrad

Children of the kindergarten in the Oktyabrsky district. st. Dzerzhinsky (now Gorokhovaya). 07-08.1942

Children on a walk. 12.1941

Children from kindergarten No. 237

Detsatians

Children play on one of the streets of Leningrad. 1942

To the shelter

Nursery pupils having lunch in a bomb shelter

"I remember the bread of the blockade years,
Which in orphanage we were given.
He was not from flour - from our troubles,
And what they didn’t put in it then!

The bread was with chaff, cake and tops,
With bark. Prickly so that the gum cuts.
Heavy, bitter - with needles, quinoa,
For a holiday, very rarely - just clean.

But the strongest hunger was when
We didn't get bread for two or three days.
We understood that war is a disaster,
But every day they waited with hope for bread.

We didn't starve for days, but years.
At least once you dreamed of eating your fill.
Who saw will never forget
How children died of hunger

L. Khamelyanina

In a bomb shelter during an enemy air raid