ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION OF THE SETTLEMENTS OF THE TOBOLSK PROVINCE IN THE LATE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES

Tomilov Igor Sergeevich
Tobolsk Integrated Scientific Station of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
laboratory assistant of the Laboratory of the history of the development of Siberia

ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION SETTLEMENTS TOBOLSK PROVINCE IN THE LATE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES

Tomilov Igor Sergeevich
Tobolsk integrated research station RAS
lab worker Laboratory history of the development of Siberia

The work was supported by the program of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Traditions and Innovations in History and Culture” No. 15-13-4-11.

The development of capitalist relations in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. contributed to the formation of a single all-Russian market, which eventually included the Siberian network. The expansion of the domestic market became possible due to the growth of the commercial and industrial (primarily urban) population, the impulses for the development of trade were the intensive strengthening of commodity-money relations, the beginning processes of decomposition of the patriarchal peasant life, as well as a significant increase in the share of crafts and commercial agriculture.

The development of capitalist relations led to the formation of an all-Russian market, the structure of which was also drawn into the Siberian network. The growth of the urban and commercial-industrial population contributed to the expansion of the domestic market, and both the strengthening of commodity-money relations and the beginning decomposition of the patriarchal life of the peasants, as well as an increase in the share of commercial farming and crafts, were an incentive for trade.

In the last third of the XIX century. there is a noticeable revival of trade operations in the cities of the Tobolsk province. In view of the absence until the end of the XIX century. railway lines, inadequate and undeveloped communication routes, as well as isolation from the largest centers of European Russia, a significant role, especially for the northern territories, was played by fair (bazaar, market, delivery) trade.

In trade, by the turn of the century, thanks to the Trans-Siberian Railway, there were also positive developments. Fundamental transport transformations increased intra-Siberian trade, accelerated the movement of goods and the turnover of capital in monetary circulation.

Trade continued to dominate industry. V.A. Skubnevsky considers such a disproportion towards trade relations to be the result of the fact that this particular industry attracted capital to a greater extent, and trading firms were given priority in obtaining bank loans. Among the cities of the Tobolsk province, Kurgan was considered commercial, and Tobolsk and Tyumen were considered commercial and industrial centers. Some cities did not have a pronounced predominant economic direction. Mixed were Ishim, Tyukalinsk, Yalutorovsk, Surgut, Turinsk and Berezov. Natural in this state of affairs was the predominance of representatives of urban entrepreneurs in major cities with a developed structure in the management of the economy. In relatively medium-sized cities with less economic development, it was predominantly petty-bourgeois who were elected to public administration bodies.

Siberia, by virtue of established traditions, climatic conditions and autocratic predisposition, specialized in the production of agricultural products, receiving in exchange for them industrial goods from the center of the country. The development of crafts proceeded extensively and intensively, spreading to the territories being developed, passing into more mature forms of industry, thanks to an increase in output, expansion of the sales market, separation of industry from agriculture.

By the turn of the century, industry has become one of the main factors in the growth of old and the emergence of new cities in the region. Cities developed multifunctionally, the commercial and industrial population was of ever-increasing importance. In the leading industrial centers (Tyumen, Kurgan) the processes of social classes grew: the proletariat, the bourgeoisie and the middle stratum. In smaller cities, the development of new formations was slower, due to which their economy was a mixed type of industrial and agricultural production. Small towns of the province (Berezov, Surgut, etc.), located in the northern part of the region or floodplains, were considered agricultural settlements - their population was mainly engaged in traditional, non-city-specific activities (fishing, hunting, gathering, farming, cattle breeding).

The occupations of the townspeople were typical, for the most part connected with agriculture, often constituting a subsistence or semi-subsistence economy. Such a bias towards the agrarian sectors led to a shortage of urban land and an increase in trade with the villagers. This gave contemporaries reason to call even some provincial cities "agricultural villages inhabited by philistine plowmen and artisans with a rather weak admixture of trading merchants."

The late imperial period is characterized by the dominance of the economic formation of the capitalist type. In the Tobolsk province, a mixed patriarchal-modernization form of industry prevailed, consisting in parallel existence feudal vestiges and new technologies being introduced.

Thus, the commercial development of the cities of the Tobolsk province of the second half of XIX- the beginning of the XX century. largely depended on the economic and geographical position of the settlement. Cities with a clear industrial bias or agrarian direction were distinguished, as well as settlements of a mixed type, in which, along with agriculture, trades and handicrafts, trade played a significant role. In general, the development of cities proceeded under the colossal influence of the processes of penetration and establishment of capitalist relations in Siberia, which transformed the class structure, employment and professional specialization of the urban and rural population of the region. The increase in the budget amounts of cities by the beginning of the 20th century. was determined by the amount of income associated with commercial and industrial development, which led to an increase in requests and a subsequent increase in expenses. The most prosperous in terms of trade were the last few prewar years, which became the period of the highest rise of imperial Russia.

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Administrative-territorial division Russian Empire throughout the eighteenth century, has undergone a number of changes. They concerned directly both the whole of Siberia and the Siberian Trans-Urals.

In December 1708, the Siberian province was formed with the center in Tobolsk, which included cities and counties from Perm and east to Yakutsk. In March 1711, Prince Matvey Petrovich Gagarin was appointed the first Siberian governor. Under him, stone construction began in Tobolsk, new fortresses were founded along the Ishim and Om (Omskaya) rivers, and the first archaeological excavations were carried out. In 1719, he was removed from office, accused of embezzling the treasury. The commission of inquiry confirmed the accusations, and in March 1721 Gagarin was hanged in the presence of Peter 1 and, as a warning to others, hung for almost a year. With his name, Siberia began to be perceived as a land of extortion.

In May 1719, with the dismissal of M.P. Gagarin, three provinces were formed as part of the Siberian province, including Tobolsk. The provinces of Vyatka and Solikamsk were transferred to the Kazan province in 1727. In 1764, the Siberian province was divided into the provinces of Irkutsk and Tobolsk.

The second governor, after M.P. Gagarin, in 1719 - 1724 was Alexei Mikhailovich Cherkassky. He was not distinguished by special energy, with him nothing in Siberia changed. In February 1724, Peter 1 was forced to sign the Decree "On the suppression of abuses in Siberia", which noted that, despite the lesson taught by the execution of Gagarin, “ here in Siberia idlers do not let up, namely: extra fees are collected from zemstvo commissars, and insults are made to the people, and judicial commissars, who, in settlements, do great dirty tricks and untruths, and although there are petitions and denunciations against them from poor people, but no search and decision are not repaired, but whoever I hit with my forehead, they go at will, and it is notable that such thieves are given indulgence from court judges. So about the wrongs committed from the soldiers and from others, they don’t fix considerations and resolutions and they don’t arrest such idlers, from which more dirty tricks are done ... ” Abuses continued under the governorship of Mikhail Vladimirovich Dolgoruky (1724-1730) .. So in the minds of Russian society, negative image the edges. In 1730, Alexey Lvovich Pleshcheev was appointed governor, in 1736 he was replaced by Pyotr Ivanovich Buturlin. The governors Ivan Afanasyevich Shipov (1741-1742), Alexei Mikhailovich Sukharev (1742-1752), Vasily Alekseevich Myatlev (1752-1757) did not leave noticeable traces of their activities.

A significant mark in the history of Siberia was left by the Tobolsk governor Fyodor Ivanovich Soymonov. He was appointed in 1757. But his interests were mainly connected with Transbaikalia, with the strengthening of the Russian border in southern Siberia. Denis Ivanovich Chicherin, who replaced him in 1763, took steps to populate the postal route from Tobolsk to Irkutsk. Under him, a geodetic school was opened in Tobolsk, a hospital was built, he prescribed a doctor and assistants and ordered that the townspeople be vaccinated against smallpox. He ruled until 1780. In 1882, another administrative reform was carried out in Russia, governorships were established. E.P. Kashkin was appointed governor of Perm and Tobolsk. In 1787, Alexander Vasilievich Alyabyev was appointed governor of the Tobolsk province, who ruled the region until 1796. He opens the first private printing house in Siberia, the Main Public School, patronizes the development of literature and education. Under him, theatrical performances resumed in Tobolsk. A.V. Alyabiev turned out to be generous to A.N. Radishchev, who was exiled to Siberia, and allowed him to stay in Tobolsk.

From 1719, when the first population census (“revision”) was conducted in Russia, to 1795 (the year of the fifth census), the population of Siberia increased from 241 to 595 thousand people. This region is becoming an integral part of Russia, actively participating in all spheres of its life, including the cultural one.

John Maksimovich, Metropolitan of Tobolsk and Siberia.

The reading circle of Siberians also included spiritual literature, the writings of the church fathers and its hierarchs. The Tobolsk diocese was often headed by hierarchs who not only patronized the development of culture and literature, but were themselves known as spiritual writers. Metropolitan Philotheus Leshchinsky not only blessed the creation of a theater in Tobolsk in 1703, but he himself wrote spiritual plays for it.

In June 1711, Archbishop John Maksimovich of Chernigov was made Metropolitan of Tobolsk and Siberia, and in August he arrived in Tobolsk. John was already widely known in church circles, including as a spiritual writer. After his death, the handwritten Siberian Chronicle noted that he “he was quiet, humble, prudent, compassionate and merciful about the poor”. And then it was noted: "He had only one amusement - to write soulful essays."

John's main works were written before his arrival in Tobolsk. He graduated from the Kyiv Theological Academy. Having become the Archbishop of Chernigov, John began to write and translate instructive writings. In 1705 he compiled short biographies of various saints and published these descriptions in a book "Alphabet assembled, folded in rhymes ...". Instructions, advice and teachings to the chiefs and in general to all those in power made up the content of his book " Theatron, or moralizing shame... published in 1708. Spiritual instructions, the interpretation of prayers and psalms, questions of Christian morality, he covered in books that were published regularly in the Chernigov printing house, which he founded. Among them, of great interest is Synaxar about the victory near Poltava". This book is based on the sermons of the Archbishop of Tver Theophylact and Feofan Prokopovich about the Poltava victory of Peter 1. The book was very famous. Published in 1710, a volume of translations from the Latin " God-thinking for the benefit of the faithful" quickly sold out, the next year he came out in the second, and then the third edition. It is known that he presented four books to Peter 1, and he not only accepted them favorably, but also thanked them. Before leaving for Siberia, John completed work on the book " Iliotropion, the conformity of the human will with the divine punishment". He left the manuscript in Chernigov, and it came out there in 1714, when he was already serving in Tobolsk. After his death, a manuscript of his unpublished book, already written in Tobolsk, was found in the diocesan office. Wayfarer».

Bibliographers point to 10 books written and published by John between 1705 and 1711. True, A. Sulotsky is skeptical about his sole authorship " most of the massive compositions”, For in parallel he was engaged in the affairs of the diocese, led services. The volume of these books is evidenced at least by the fact that in the "Alphabet ..." there were 10322 verses, and the book " Mother of God Virgin"(1707) - 24260 verses. It was a syllabic verse. True, the poet Antioch Cantemir spoke rather ironically about his poetry, but this testifies to the fame of his writings. His other books combine poetry and prose, while some are written in prose. Many of them were in the parishes of the Tobolsk diocese. Sulotsky testifies that they met him in the homes of Tobolsk old-timers. Some of them are still kept in the funds of the Tyumen Museum of Local Lore. I.Ya.Slovtsova.

Ivan Maksimovich died on June 10, 1715, while praying, kneeling. His ascetic activity left a deep memory of himself among the Siberians. In 1915, the Russian Orthodox Church canonized Ivan Maximovich as a saint and canonized him.

"Memorial Notes" N.B. Dolgorukova.

Following A.D. Menshikov, an associate of Peter 1, the disgraced princely Dolgorukov family, including the young princess Natalya Borisovna, was exiled to the north of the Tobolsk province. At the end of her life, after being released from exile, already in the monastery, where she went voluntarily, N. Dolgorukova wrote her Memoirs. They are recognized as one of the monuments of memoir prose of the 18th century. They also reflect the details of her life in Berezovo, where the family was exiled.

She was born in 1714, was the youngest daughter of Field Marshal Count B.P. Sheremetev. At the age of 16, Natalya became the bride of the young prince Ivan Dolgorukov. She was proud of her fiance, his position in society. The Dolgorukovs were very close to the court, their daughter Ekaterina became the bride of Peter P. Natalya Sheremeteva and Ivan Dolgorukov got engaged in December 1729. And in January 1730, Emperor Peter II, who reigned for only a few months, suddenly fell ill with smallpox and died suddenly. The Senate did not recognize the will of Peter II, forged by Dolgorukov Sr., according to which he handed over the crown to his bride. Natalya Sheremeteva and Ivan Dolgorukov got married in April 1730, and a few days later, by decree of Anna Ioannovna, the entire Dolgorukov family was first exiled to their Penza estates, and in the middle of the road they were turned around and sent to Berezov.

In Tobolsk, they were forced to walk under escort to the pier. “The procession was pretty good: a crowd of soldiers is following us with guns, like robbers. I was already walking, lowering my eyes, not looking back, there are a lot of watchmen on the street where we are being led.” After a month of sailing along the Irtysh and Ob, at the end of September 1730 they were taken to Berezov. Here, soon after the upheavals and the difficult road, the elder Dolgorukovs, Alexei Grigoryevich and Praskovya Yuryevna, die. The story of her stay in Berezovo Natalya Borisovna is sparing. She did not like the town at all, she characterizes it as a "small empty place": “The huts are cedar, the windows are ice instead of glass; winter 10 months or 8; unbearable frosts, nothing will be born, no bread, no fruit - not even cabbage. Impenetrable forests and swamps, bread is brought by water for a thousand miles. We reached such a place that there was nothing to drink, eat or wear. They don’t sell anything, not even a roll.”

In Beryozov, her husband, Prince Ivan, did not behave in the best way - he drank a lot, chatted too much. But in the "Memorial Notes" there is not a word of reproach to her husband. She calls him « comrade», « compassionate»: « I had everything in him: a gracious husband, and a father, and a teacher, and a prospector for my happiness ... In all misfortunes, I was a friend to my husband». They had three children here. But in 1738, on a slander, Prince Ivan, his brothers and several people assigned to them were arrested and taken away. In 1739, the Dolgorukov brothers were subjected to a savage execution - wheeling. In 1740, Natalya Dolgorukova and her children were allowed to return to Moscow. Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, who soon ascended the throne, forgave all the Dolgorukovs. Natalya Borisovna raised her sons, then went to Kyiv and became a monk there.

Her Memoirs depict the image of a courageous woman, devoted to her husband and family, persistent in adversity and able to forgive. She died in 1771. She became the heroine of one of the thoughts of K. Ryleev, in which he puts the following words into her mouth:

I was driven everywhere

The rod of autocratic fate;

Alas! All my youth

Rushed in the rainy autumn.

In the fight against the warring fate

I blossomed in captivity

I have a friend, beautiful and young,

Was given, like a ghost, for a moment.

I forgot my native city,

Wealth, honors and nobility,

To share the cold with him in Siberia

And experience the vicissitudes of fate.

The life story of N.B. Dolgorukova was an example for the wives of the Decembrists, who voluntarily went to Siberia for their exiled husbands.

Development of education.

Back in 1698, Metropolitan Ignatius received a decree on the opening of a school at the bishop's house. However, the school was not opened immediately. In 1703, 5 learned monks arrived in Tobolsk from Kyiv as school teachers. They brought with them books on Russian grammar, psalters, books of hours and other educational literature, a total of 206 books. At the same time, a school was opened in the voivodeship courtyard. It had 96 students. At the same time, the school of the Swede Anton Deloval operated in Tobolsk for the children of prisoners of war, who during Russian-Swedish war sent to Tobolsk. In 1716, a digital school was opened, in which in 1722 there were already 224 students and which was the second largest in Russia. In 1732 it was transferred to the category of garrison schools. In 1772, there were 173 students in it, and in 1797 - 200. In 1789, it was planned to build a new building in Tobolsk to replace the one that burned down in 1788.

In 1748 the bishops' school was transformed into a seminary. Her training lasted eight years. Up to 100 students were enrolled in the first classes, and no more than ten remained in the senior ones. Depending on their success and diligence, the seminarians could stay longer. In 1765, 200 seminarians studied there, and in 1791 - 280 seminarians. Metropolitan Pavel in 1759 began to open Latin schools at monasteries and churches. But it was difficult to find teachers who knew Latin, and therefore many of the Latin schools were replaced by Slavic-Russian ones, and after 1764 they were transferred to state content.

In 1782, by decree of Catherine II, a “Commission for the Establishment of Public Schools” was formed. On February 3, 1789, in Tobolsk, the decree of the Empress on the opening of the Main Public School in the city was solemnly read. 3118 rubles were collected from the townspeople, books necessary for teaching were purchased, teachers arrived. On March 11, 1789, the grand opening of the school took place. It enrolled: 49 students - in the first grade, 31 - in the second and 8 - in the third grade. These were the children of officials, merchants, soldiers, priests. By the end of 1789, the number of students had reached 165 and a fourth class was opened for those who passed the tests under the program of three.

In parallel with the opening of the Main Public School in Tobolsk, small public schools began to open in the county towns of Siberia. In Tyumen, such a school was opened in 1789. It is noteworthy that in Tyumen there were 28 girls among the students of the small public school, which indicates a great desire of the population for education.

In the Tobolsk province, education in private schools was widespread. Retired and exiles were taken to teach children. Several people usually studied in private apartments. The administration tried to take action against private schools, because the number of students in public schools was declining. In 1796, private schools in the cities where public schools were opened were prohibited. But the number of students of the Tobolsk Main Public School was declining, in 1795 there were 88 students, in 1796 - 76, and in 1797 - only 53 students. Nevertheless, in terms of the level of education of the main population, the Tobolsk province, like the whole of Siberia, did not lag behind European Russia.

Cherepanovskaya chronicle.

At the end of the 18th century, the process of formation of the Siberian self-consciousness began. It is based on the careful preservation of the memory of the history of the settlement of the region, the formation of the first cities and settlements. Evidence of this was the manuscript, called the Cherepanov Chronicle. Its author is Cherepanov Ilya Leonidovich. He was born in 1724 and came from a "learned coachman family." In Tobolsk he was well known both as an artist and an architect.

I.L. Cherepanov's interest in history manifested itself in the fact that he carefully collected all the sources known and available to him. From the sources, he wrote out characteristic information, systematized them according to the weather, giving the appearance of a chronicle. His manuscript, discovered after the death of the author, is of a compilation nature. Its main body is compiled on the basis of a number of sources that Cherepanov does not hide, including the chronicles of S.U. Remezov and the Siberian chronicle available to him, supplementing them with information from the work of G.F. ... ". There are many details in the Cherepanov Chronicle, information about which the author received from eyewitness accounts. So, testifying to the first stage performances in Tobolsk, he notes that during one of the performances, in 1705, “ On the 8th of May, on the day of St. John the Theologian, in Tobolsk, during the play of comedy, a cruel storm arose with the flow and broke the cross over the altar of the Cathedral Church, as well as from the St. Sergius Church, the whole top with a poppy seed and a cross ... At the same hour, on the market star sazhens from three mountains slipped from the place of the surface.

I.L. Cherepanov died in 1795. The original of his manuscript is kept in the Russian state archive ancient acts, and a copy - in the Tobolsk Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve. Having undoubtedly cultural interest, it testifies to the level of education of the population of the region.

M.I. Galanin.

On the territory of the Tyumen region, the Old Believers became widespread. This was facilitated, firstly, by a significant migration movement from the second half of the 17th century. Secondly, the weak corps of official priests, many of whom were even illiterate. The Siberian-Ural Old Believers had a sharp bespopovshchina character. It also nominated a number of spiritual writers, whose writings were distributed in manuscript form and were greatly revered. One of them was M.I. Galanin.

Miron Ivanovich Galanin was born in 1726. Since childhood, he accepted the faith of his fathers, and in the 40s signed up for a double schismatic salary. Among fellow believers, he gained fame in 1777 with his passionate speech at the Nevyansk Cathedral of the Old Believers against the "corrected priests." He declared: “Our Iryumians reject the ruled priesthood and have confusion in it.” The Old Believers of the villages located in the basin of the Iryum River called themselves Iryumchis. Of the 18 villages, only two were Orthodox. It was here that the Trans-Ural peasant organization of chapel harmony took shape. Among them, Galanin found recognition, he was called the Holy Mironushok.

M. Galanin is also known as an Old Believer writer. Manuscript " About ancient fathers”was created by him in the 70s of the 18th century, during the period of disputes among the fugitives about priests. He is one of the authors of the message of faith". It deals with the ritual-dogmatic side of worship. His main work is "A story about ancient piety". This is a great historical story about the struggle of the Ural-Siberian peasants with the official church. The full text of this work has not been found, but excerpts from it were found in various places among the Siberian Old Believer epistles. They are also contained in the work Genealogy of chapel consent”, created in the Urals by Father Nifont at the end of the 19th century. In the early 70s of the twentieth century in the funds of the Tobolsk branch of the archive Tyumen region N.N. Pokrovsky found the manuscript “ Lives of the Siberian Fathers”, in which the researcher suggested borrowing from the story of M. Galanin that has not come down to us.

M. Galanin was one of the leaders of mass anti-church demonstrations in the Siberian Trans-Urals. For this reason, his name is found in the papers of the Tobolsk bishops' house, and at the end of the 18th century, even in the affairs of the Holy Synod. In the 1850s, he was imprisoned in the Melkovsky (Zarechny) prison. After that, for many years he was in spiritual exile in Tobolsk, was imprisoned in the Znamensky Monastery.

« Much grief, - M. Galanin described his misadventures, - when I was in the city of Tobolsk: people of faith were all around us alone, like fierce beasts rose up against us in the Znamensky Monastery at the Pyatnitskaya Church, languished in chains with monk Joachim twice, everything was an exhortation in order for us to accept the new Nikonian rites. And there were also various tortures that were arranged at the monastery cells. In the same Znamensky monastery was our first ascetic and sufferer for the faith, Avvakum…”.

M.I. Galanin died in the village of Kirsanovo, which is located on the territory of the modern Isetsky district, on June 9, 1812. Even today his name is surrounded by respect and honor, and in the Isetsky district Galaninsky readings, scientific and practical conferences on the history and culture of the Old Believer population are held.

A hundred years ago these days in Russia they drank a lot, rallied, wore red bows - they celebrated the revolution in every possible way. Euphoria, it seemed, seized all segments of the population of Central Russia. Tobolsk province is by no means the outskirts of the empire, but other moods reigned here, and for most what happened was a surprise. Here they lived slowly, thoroughly, "with foundations." The candidate told Komsomolskaya Pravda - Tyumen about what were the political moods of Siberians in the years before the “great turning point” historical sciences Alexei Konev, Leading Researcher at the Institute for the Development of the North of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Earth and people

- At first XX century, Tobolsk province was at the stage of more active socio-economic development compared to the previous century?

- Yes it is. True, the pace and depth of these changes differed markedly in different parts of the region. The province was one of the largest in the Russian Empire in terms of area, occupying a vast territory from the Kurgan forest-steppe to the cold tundra of Yamal, had a motley ethnic and confessional composition of the population.

The most important transport arteries connecting the south and north remained the rivers - Tobol, Irtysh, Ob. It is no coincidence that shipping has developed rapidly here. Tobolsk province was the location of large shipping companies and shipyards. Tobolsk North was a major supplier of squirrel fur and valuable fish species to the Russian and international markets.

The total catch of fish by 1914 reached a record 2 million poods (more than 32 million tons). Fish canning and logging, butter-making, flour-grinding, leather, distillery, and brewing industries were actively developing. I note that there were few large enterprises, the main part of the industry was still represented by small handicraft and semi-handicraft establishments.

– What was the population of the province?

- Not very big, in comparison even with neighboring ones. By the beginning of the First World War, there were just over 2 million 103 thousand people, of which about 93% lived in countryside.

The vast majority of the few inhabitants of the two northernmost counties were "yasak foreigners": Samoyeds (Nenets), Ostyaks and Voguls (Khanty and Mansi), who led a nomadic and semi-nomadic lifestyle, which, on the whole, had changed little since the 18th - 19th centuries. The main occupations of the northerners are the extraction of furs, deer grazing, fishing, and the collection of wild plants.

The agricultural south was inhabited mainly by the Russian old-timer population, compact groups of Siberian Tatars and the so-called "Bukharans" lived in five counties. This population experienced a more significant impact of developing capitalism. The growth of Tyumen, Kurgan and Ishim is noticeably accelerating, Tobolsk and Yalutorovsk grew at a slower pace. In total, a little more than 130 thousand people lived in the cities of the province by 1917 (in 1897 - 87.5 thousand people).

The increase in the population of the south of the province was facilitated by the active resettlement of peasants from European Russia during the years of the Stolypin agrarian reform, some of which settled in the cities. And yet, the processes of urbanization in our region were noticeably lagging behind not only the central regions of the country, but also the nearest Tomsk province, moreover, during the years of the World War, the number of citizens decreased by 10 thousand people.

– The growth in the number of immigrants probably caused some problems in relations with the “locals”?

– Yes, the old-timers and foreigners in the settlement areas were dissatisfied with this, they had to share their land: the government formed a colonization land fund and introduced new norms for allotments here. Because of this, many conflicts arose.

Yes, and the settlers expressed dissatisfaction with the fact that they were given "uncomfortable", for example, in forested and swampy areas. In addition, the issue of land ownership remained unresolved, which reduced the interest in more intensive development of arable land.

Nevertheless, mass resettlement caused an increase in sown areas (by 30% compared to 1907) and, as a result, a noticeable increase in grain harvest. The settlers brought with them new varieties of agricultural crops and methods of cultivating the land.

The province has become an important grain-producing region. The Siberian peasants for the most part were much better than the peasants of most regions of the European part of the country, provided not only with land, but also with horses, had more large and small cattle.

In general, they lived prosperously, which was repeatedly noted by contemporaries.

urban civilization

– What were the Siberian cities of that era like?

- They made a contradictory impression, even large and provincial ones with some of their districts and way of life. Everyday life part of the townspeople rather resembled rich villages, and small northern ones, like Berezovo and Surgut, in fact, did not differ from the villages. The streets were rarely paved with cobblestones, not to mention asphalt, which by that time had appeared only in St. Petersburg and Moscow as an experiment.

Wooden pavements were a characteristic feature of most West Siberian cities, drainage was carried out along gutters laid between the carriageway and the pedestrian part of the street. The sanitary condition of urban settlements raised many questions and was the object of harsh criticism.

At the same time, in Tobolsk, Tyumen, Kurgan, Ishim, there were noticeable changes that influenced their appearance and level of improvement. First, stone house-building revived. Stone buildings, both public and private, erected in the late 19th - early 20th centuries still define the unique charm of the historical quarters of our cities.

Between 1904 and 1914 more than one hundred and forty stone buildings appeared in Tobolsk. According to this indicator, it was not much inferior to Omsk, which by that time had greatly surpassed Tobolsk in size. The new building of the Mariinsky Women's Gymnasium, the Men's Diocesan Theological School, became a real decoration.

A water supply system appeared in the provincial capital, with a daily supply of water in 110 thousand buckets, new large public baths. The first electricity was supplied from the generator of the water station in 1908, a little later a power plant with a capacity of 40 kilowatts was introduced.

In Tyumen, power plants operated at shipbuilding and sawmill factories. By 1912, practically in all cities of the province, the main streets were illuminated with kerosene lanterns. But electric ones, and then only 6 pieces, were available only in Tobolsk. The cinematograph has become a new mass entertainment for the townspeople.

By 1910, there were 4 “electrotheaters” in Tobolsk, and 3 in Tyumen. In some large Siberian cities, such a remarkable sign of the upcoming modernization appeared as country dachas, which served exclusively for summer holidays, and not then to work on the land.

Account and diploma

- Before the October Revolution, the vast majority of the population in Russia, including Siberia, was absolutely illiterate. Perhaps that is why people were not interested in politics “in the capitals?”

- This is an incorrect statement. The question is, what were the trends in the development of the education system, what level of literacy are we talking about and among what segments of the population. By the way, by 1917 the region was well saturated with educational institutions.

So, in Tobolsk all levels were represented educational institutions other than the university. Education could be obtained both secular and spiritual, both classical and applied (real).

Secular (county, real, commercial) and religious schools, progymnasiums, and agricultural schools operated in the cities of the province. In rural areas there were parochial and mobile one-class schools. Muslim children were taught to read and write in a mekteb. Before the First World War, the country planned to introduce a universal primary education teachers' institutes are opening en masse. In 1916, such an institute was organized in Tobolsk.

I note that more than 90% of urban and about 30% of rural children of school age in the province received primary education at that time. There were big problems with the involvement of the children of the peoples of the North in the education. The inhabitants of the taiga and tundra, as well as a significant part of the Russian peasants, did not see the need for this and feared that the study would tear their children away from their usual way of life, would not contribute to obtaining the necessary life skills.

Many peasants taught their children to count and read and write at home and thought that this would be enough. The majority of urban residents have formed an idea of ​​the importance of children getting at least primary education in schools.

- Siberia is still identified with the word "link". Hundreds of thousands of convicts were sent beyond the Urals to serve their sentences for various crimes. In the Tobolsk province, exiles at the beginning of the 20th century accounted for 3% of the total population. How did the Siberians react to the presence of such a number of exiles?

Both residents and local authorities were equally dissatisfied with a large number of “shackles”. Among the exiled settlers there were many "politicals", some of whom were engaged in active propaganda work among students, intellectuals, small employees, workers and peasants.

During the surge of protest activity during the years of the revolution of 1905-1907. cells of the main political parties were formed in the province, but not all of them were able to show themselves actively enough in the future, to act legally.

Groups of the RSDLP were crushed by the police, the largest underground organization of the Social Democrats in Tyumen disintegrated in 1914. The Socialist-Revolutionaries also by this time curtailed underground activities and focused on work in the legal press and consumer cooperatives.

A branch of the Cadet Party arose on the basis of the Tobolsk Union of Civil Liberty. With the support of liberals in the third State Duma passed the provincial agronomist, known public figure N. L. Skalozubov.

The local branch of the Octobrist Party, supported by the guild merchants, the intelligentsia and some officials, after the defeat in the elections to the Third Duma, practically curtails its activities. Did not have success at that time in the elections from the Tobolsk province and representatives of the monarchist party "Union of the Russian people".

- It turns out that general political problems were of little interest to the majority of the population of the region?

- The inhabitants of the province were characterized by, as the Social Democrats expressed, petty-bourgeois views. This was due to the insignificant stratum of the big and middle bourgeoisie, the predominance of peasants and philistines. The majority of local residents, I believe, did not experience a conscious need for radical reforms.

Rather, they were concerned about their current problems. The scourge of Siberian life is the arbitrariness of officials. So, many were dissatisfied with the judicial system, which they encountered in the analysis of property disputes, family quarrels, and criminal offenses. But in general, as a rule, people rarely translated their problems into a political plane.

Extreme irritation with the current government and distrust of it will form in the context of a protracted war, under the pressure of economic difficulties and a growing political crisis, under the influence of propaganda from the “political” and the mindset of soldiers demobilized from the front.

*The editorial staff of Komsomolskaya Pravda - Tyumen thanks Alexei Konev for providing photographic materials.

Population dynamics and main demographic processes in the Tobolsk province in 1861-1913.

Panishev Evgeny Alexandrovich,

postgraduate student of TSPI named after DI. Mendeleev

Scientific adviser - Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor

Pribylsky Yuri Panteleimonovich.

In 1861, the population of the Tobolsk province consisted of 1,087,614 people. There were nine county towns in the province, two provincial towns and one without a county. The population of cities was 77456 people. or 1/14 of the total population of the province. In 1869, Omsk and Petropavlovsk were withdrawn from the Tobolsk province and attached to the Akmola region. Berezovsky Okrug was divided into Berezovsky Okrug proper and Surgut Okrug. In 1868 Surgut was returned the status of a city. The status of Tyukalinsk changed only in 1876, when the city began to be called district from a provincial one. Thus, since 1876, the Tobolsk province included 10 cities with districts: Tobolsk, Berezov, Ishim, Kurgan, Surgut, Tara, Turinsk, Tyukalinsk, Tyumen and Yalutorovsk.

Tobolsk province occupied 7.1% of the area of ​​the entire Russian Empire. The northern districts (Berezovsky and Surgut) occupied 68% of the area of ​​the Tobolsk province, the southern ones (Kurgan, Ishim, Tyukalinsky and Yalutorovsky) -12%. The rest was occupied by the middle districts - Tobolsk, Tyumen, Tara and Turin.

In the national composition of the Tobolsk province there were nationalities: Russians, which are the dominant ethnic group, Siberian Tatars and Bukharians. The indigenous alien population consisted of three ethnic groups: Ostyaks (Khanty), Voguls (Mansi), Samoyeds (Nenets). Official statistics did not single out the Selkups as a separate ethnic community, ranking them among the Ostyak-Samoyeds. Jews, Germans and Gypsies lived among the desperstly settled peoples on the territory of the Tobolsk province. A fairly significant percentage of the population were Poles.

In the post-reform period, the population of the Tobolsk province grew rapidly. Population growth was formed by natural and mechanical (artificial) growth.

The factors of natural population growth were fertility, marriage and mortality, which caused a constant change of generations.

When characterizing marriageability, such characteristics as the age of marriage, the seasonality of marriages, and the level of divorces took place. In the traditional culture of Russians, the norms of behavior forbade premarital sexual contacts, prescribed to marry only with the blessing of the parents, to keep the family under any conditions, to remarry in the event of widowhood.

By decrees of the Holy Synod, the degrees of kinship for marriage were determined, marriages between close relatives, cousins ​​and sisters were prohibited.

Special permission from the bishop (archbishop) was required if: 1) two brothers married cousins, 2) two brothers - the aunt and granddaughter of her own sister, 3) grandfather and grandson - cousins, 4) father and son - on second cousins.

An important indicator was the age of marriage. According to Ch. 2 "Family Rights" of the Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire, the minimum marriageable age for men was set at 18, for women - 16 years. . According to the metric books of the churches of the Tobolsk province, the average age of first marriage for men is 22-23 years, women - 21-22, and the age of marriage for the city is on average 3 years older than in the countryside. In rural areas, there were frequent cases when a girl got married at 15, and boys got married at 17. Under the law, this was allowed, with the permission of local church authorities, if the age of majority was less than six months.

After the introduction of universal military service in 1874, the marriageable age of men increased, as the wedding was postponed until they returned from service. Average age marriage for men began to approach 24 years.

According to the Tobolsk spiritual consistory in 1874-1913. the age of first marriage ranged from the minimum: for men 17-18 years and women - 15, to the maximum: for men - 46-64 years, women - 39-49 years.

The age of first marriage was different for different nationalities. For the Muslim population (Siberian Tatars and Bukharans) it was lower than for Russians and was: for men - 20-22, for women - 18-22 years. A higher age limit than that of the Orthodox can be traced among the Jewish population. According to Jewish traditions, the head of the family must be a wealthy person, have the means to support the family. The Jews, unlike the Russians, did not tend to marry their eldest son as soon as possible.

The most common marriage age among the Ostyaks and Voguls was the age of 17-20 years. Marriages among Samoyeds were concluded mainly at the age of 16-20 years. However, early marriages were also widely practiced: parents agreed on the wedding of their children when they were 3-6 years old, and at the age of 12 a Nenets girl became a mother. E.V. Kuznetsov wrote that "Samoyeds marry early, it happens that the groom is 13-14 years old ...". Researcher B.M. Zhitkov described a married couple he met on Yamal, in which the husband was 10 and the wife 11 years old.

Remarriages between widowers and girls are the second largest. At the same time, the age of girls entering into marriage remained 21-22 years, for men it increased to 40-50 years. The initiative to enter into such marriages belonged to a widower who sought to prolong family life and find a mother for orphaned children. As a rule, these were well-to-do, wealthy people.

The smallest number of registered marriages are marriages between single men and widows. It was much more difficult for a widow to enter into a second marriage than for a widower. The reason for this was the negative attitude towards the widow formed by public opinion. A widowed woman, especially at a young age, often received a reputation as a harlot, a fallen woman.

The norms of marital behavior of the indigenous small population of Siberia prescribed a different attitude towards the widow. Ethnographers recorded the existence in the north of the ancient custom of levirate, in which the widow, along with her children, passed to the younger brother of her deceased husband.

An important point in characterizing mating behavior is the seasonality of marriages. In the traditional calendar rituals, Russian weddings took place in late autumn-winter, that is, at a time when all agricultural work was completed. In addition, there is a direct dependence of marriages by months on the religious factor. The autumn extremum of Orthodox marriage occurred in October-November and lasted from the feast of the Intercession (October 14) until the beginning of the Advent (November 28). Most of the winter marriages fell on the time from Christmas to Shrove Tuesday (before the beginning of Lent, that is, the end of February - the beginning of March).

For the Muslim population, the seasonality of marriages differed from Orthodox marriages. Most Muslim marriages fell in March and December.

Attention is drawn to the extremely small number of divorces, especially among the Russian population. The reason is the negative attitude of the Orthodox Church towards them. Any divorce proceedings were carefully considered by church authorities. For a divorce, a weighty reason was needed: adultery (adultery), a long absence (more than 5 years) without explanation, deprivation of one of the spouses of all the rights of the state.

In the second half-end XIX V. 10-15 petitions for divorce were filed annually in the Tobolsk spiritual consistory, at the beginning of the 20th century. their number increased several times, which was a symbol of the demographic. For the period 1903-1913. 649 petitions were submitted to the Tobolsk spiritual consistory. The largest number of them came from peasants - 507 (78.1%) and philistines - 48 (7.3%), followed by petitions from nobles and officials - 32 (4.9%), military - 31 (4.7%) , raznochintsy - 8 (1.2%) and exiles - 6 (0.9%). The smallest number of petitions came from the merchants - 4 (0.6%) and the clergy - 3 (0.4%).

Other indicators in the study of demographic processes are fertility and mortality. The highest birth rates in this period can be traced among the Russian and Tatar population, the lower ones - among Jews, Polish exiles and representatives of the indigenous population of Siberia. Russians have traditionally been fixed orientation towards large families. According to registers of births, there were families with 15-17 children. During her life, a Russian woman on average gave birth 7-8 times, with 1/3 of the children dying between the ages of 1 and 5 years.

The number of children in the families of the indigenous population of Siberia was small. It should be noted that the natives have a higher infant mortality than other ethnic groups. To a large extent, this was facilitated by the environment in which the birth took place. Ethnographer A.I. Jacobiy noted that women among the Samoyeds during the migrations gave birth right on the sled. The woman had to rely only on her own strength, since there was no medical care in the tundra.

Like marriage, fertility has its own seasonality. The largest number of births occurred in spring and summer, the smallest - in autumn and winter, which was associated with the seasonality of marriages and prohibitions on sexual relations during fasts.

An important criterion is the proportion of births of illegitimate children. The increase in the number of illegitimate children is not only an indicator of the breaking of traditional norms of behavior, when the birth of children was welcomed only in marriage, but also an indicator of a social crisis in society.

It should be noted that there are more births of children out of wedlock in cities than in rural areas. For example, in 1881, 273 illegitimate children were born in the cities of the Tobolsk province (10.7% of the total number of newborns), in the districts - 3676 (5.37%).

Another indicator is the death rate of the population. Mortality is closely related to a number of social causes - sanitary and hygienic conditions settlements, the level of medical care, working conditions, etc. Depending on these factors, it is possible to study such indicators as the level of infant and child mortality, life expectancy.

Throughout the study period, the high level infant and child mortality, which was caused by a lack of medical care and poor sanitary and hygienic living conditions. In the 1860s children who died from birth to 5 years old accounted for 58.4% of the dead, in the 1880s - 59.7%, in the 1890s - 58.5%.

At the turn of XIX - XX centuries there was a downward trend in mortality due to improved medical care, increased sanitary control, and improvement of cities. Despite the overall decline, infant and child mortality rates remained very high. For example, according to the materials of the registers of Tobolsk, children who died from birth to a year accounted for 50.6% of the dead, aged from one to 5 years - 16%.

An essential indicator in characterizing demographic processes is the size of the family. There is a clear trend in the change in family size in different types of settlements. According to the 1897 census, in large cities of the Tobolsk province (over 20 thousand people), families of 4-5 people prevailed, in medium-sized (5-10 thousand) - 5-6, in small towns (1-5 thousand .) and rural areas - over 6 people.

Attention should also be paid to such an indicator as the age and sex structure of the population. It depends primarily on the characteristics of population reproduction and the nature of migration processes; crop failures, epidemics, etc. had a significant impact on it.

The age structure, in turn, affects the birth rate, mortality and marriage rates of the population. A specific feature of the age structure of the population of the Tobolsk province in the second half XIX V. the birth rate in rural areas was higher, so the proportion of children was greater than in cities. On the edge XIX -XX centuries. the constant outflow of young people to the cities led to the fact that the proportion of older people in rural areas grew.

The sex composition of the population is also related to the indicator of the age structure. The birth rate records that for every 100 girls, 104-107 boys were born. However, higher mortality among boys led to the fact that by the age of 15-20 years, the sex ratio leveled off. In middle age, women began to outnumber men.

The gender composition of the population in the cities and districts of the province differed significantly. Rapidly growing cities attracted large numbers of male migrants. In addition to men who came to work in the cities, soldiers and exiles were concentrated. For example, in Tobolsk there were a reserve infantry battalion, a prisoner company of a civilian department, and hard labor prisons with big amount prisoners. There was also a strong gender disproportion with a significant predominance of men in Omsk.

Resettlement of peasants at the turn XIX - XX centuries brought about a significant change in the sex ratio. This led to the fact that by 1913 there were 887 women per 1000 men.

Thus, during the period of the study, the disproportions in the sex composition of the population of the Tobolsk province are smoothed out. In 1881 women accounted for 56.26%, in 1897 - 51.7%, in 1913 - 50.33%.

The result of the demographic processes of the Tobolsk province in the second half XIX - the beginning of the twentieth century. was population growth. If in 1861 the absolute population of the province was 1,087,614 people, then in 1868 it was 1,152,442 people. It can be seen that the increase was 5.96%, that is, an average of 0.85% per year. After the withdrawal of Petropavlovsk, Omsk and the Omsk District from the Tobolsk Governorate, the population decreased by 74,832 people. and amounted to 1077610 people.

In subsequent years, the population growth rate was stable. From 1869 to 1881 The population of the Tobolsk province increased from 1,077,610 to 1,206,430 people, that is, over 12 years the increase was 10.67%, on average per year - 0.88%. From 1881 to 1897 population growth rates slightly decreased (growth - 8.42%, on average per year - 0.57%). For 16 years, the population of the Tobolsk province has increased by 226,613 people. and reached 1433043.

At the turn of XIX -XX centuries. the growth rate of the population of the province remained, so from 1897 to 1913. the population of the province increased by 674183 and amounted to 2107226 people. The average annual population growth remained at the level of 5%.

In our opinion, the high level of population growth in Siberia was a direct consequence of the migration movement. The high natural increase in the population of Siberia can be explained by changes in the age structure of the population, since young people predominated among the migrants, the proportion of old people was less.

However, the population growth rate in the period under review in the Tobolsk province was the lowest in the region. At the Central Siberian level, they were only in the Tyukalinsky and Tara districts. The number of settlers settled in the Tobolsk province was much less than in the Tomsk and Yenisei provinces - the province was not only a colonized, but also a transit area on the route of the settlers to the depths of Siberia and to Far East. The population growth of the Tobolsk province was only 2%. For comparison, the same figure for the Tomsk province was 2.4%, in Russia as a whole - 1.5%. The Russian Empire in terms of population growth was ahead of all European countries (the same figure for England - 1.2%, Germany - 0.9%, France - 0.2%).

Literature

1. Ilyin V. Statistical information for the Tobolsk province for 1861 // Tobolsk provincial journals, 1861, No. 39. P.262.

2. Geographical and statistical dictionary of the Russian Empire / Comp. P. Semenov, V. Zverinsky. SPb., 1885. S. 154.

3. Isaeva T.A. Tobolsk province, Surgut district // Motherland, Spec. Issue, 2002. S. 87.

4. Turchaninov N.V. Asian Russia. T.1. SPb., 1914. P.67

5. Pushkareva N.L., Kazmina O.E. Russian system of marriage laws in XIX V. and traditional attitudes // Ethnographic Review, 2003, No. 4. P. 67.

6. Tobolsk Diocesan Gazette, 1886, No. 27. P.124.

7. Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. SPb., 1887, vol. IX, ch. II, Art.6.

8. GUTO GA in Tobolsk. F. 417. Op.1. D. 179. L. 140, 142; D. 180. L. 37-38, 39, 213, 216 (rev.); D. 191. L. 21; D. 192. L. 82, 86.88; D. 198. L. 2.40.

9. Ibid. F. 156. Op. 33. D.3. L. 15; D. 4. L. 47; D. 51. L. 17; D. 52. L. 56.

10. Ibid. F. 686. Op. 1. D. 433. L. 126.

11. Kushnirov M. "Cain and Artem" (Jewish question on the Russian screen) // Motherland, 2004, No. 7. P.103.

12. Sokolova Z.P. Marriage age for Khanty and Mansi XVIII - XIX centuries // Soviet ethnography, 1982, No. 2. P. 71.

13. Golovnev A.V. Tundra nomads: the Nenets and their folklore. Yekaterinburg, 2004, p. 47.

14. Kuznetsov E.V. On the beliefs and rituals of the Samoyeds // Tobolsk provincial journals, 1868, No. 4. P. 20.

15. Zhitkov B.M. Yamal Peninsula. SPb., 1913. S. 218.

16. Khomich L.V. Nenets. SPb., 1995. S. 186.

17. Zverev V.A. The annual cycle of fertility among Russian peasants of the Trans-Urals: the influence of nature, economy and culture (second half XIX -beginning of the twentieth century) // Ethnocultural history of the Urals XVI-XX centuries: Materials of the international. scientific Conf., Ekaterinburg, 1999. S. 23.

18. GUTO GA in Tobolsk. F. 686. Op. 1. D. 433. L. 15.

19. Ibid. F. 156. Op. 18. D.1. L.15; D. 37. L. 40; D. 43. L. 10; D. 63. L.5; D.83. L. 1.

20. Jacobiy A.I. The extinction of foreign tribes. SPb., 1893. S. 28.

21. Overview of the Tobolsk province for 1881. Tobolsk, 1882. P.10.

22. Anuchin E. Average life expectancy and longevity in Tobolsk // Commemorative book for the Tobolsk province for 1864. Tobolsk, 1864. P. 326; GUTO GA in Tobolsk. F. 417. Op. 1. D. 181. L. 27(rev.)-28.

23. GUTO GA in Tobolsk. F. 417. Op. 1. D. 192; F. 73. Op.1. D.51.

24. Overview of the Tobolsk province for 1913. Tobolsk, 1915. S. 10.

25. Wiebe P.P. Geodemographic consequences of peasant colonization in the Tobolsk province in the second half XIX - the beginning of the twentieth century. // Proceedings of the Omsk State Museum of History and Local Lore. Omsk, 1996, No. 4, p. 167.

26. Siberian Chronicle. // Eastern Review, 1896, No. 45. P. 1.