Olga Orlova: Philosopher Nikolai Berdyaev called the Silver Age a spiritual and cultural Renaissance. But at the same time, he wrote, Russian souls were seized by a premonition of approaching catastrophes. Russian poets saw not only the coming dawns, but also something terrible approaching Russia and the world. Why should we listen to poets today? On the Hamburg account, we decided to ask the director of the Institute of World Literature Russian Academy Sciences Vadim Polonsky.
Hello, Vadim Vladimirovich.
Vadim Polonsky: Good afternoon.
O.O.: We are very glad to see you in our studio.
V.P.:Thanks, it's mutual.
Vadim Polonsky. Born in 1972 in Smolensk. In 1994 he graduated from the Philological Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University. In 1998 he received the degree of candidate of philological sciences. Since 1998 - Senior Researcher at the Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Since 2006, he has been in charge of the Department of Russian Literature of the End XIX - early XX century. In 2008 he defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic "Mythopoetic Aspects of Genre Evolution in Russian Literature of the End XIX - early XX century". Since 2010, Deputy Director for scientific work. Since 2015 - Director of the Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Author of over 170 scientific publications.
O.O.: Vadim Vladimirovich, your institute, you and your colleagues publish another volume of "Literary Heritage" about once every 3 years. And the last issue was devoted to the biographical materials of Andrei Bely. And it's very complex figure. A figure that is almost such a peculiar bridge from past life, tsarist Russia, associated with the flourishing of the younger symbolists, very closely associated with Blok, Bryusov. But Bely died already in 1934. He died in Soviet Russia. And the obituary is published in Izvestia. What materials in this volume can give us some details or shed light on some questions related to his fate? Why did he escape the fate of Nikolai Gumilyov? Why was he so lucky to die a natural death in 1934?
V.P.:I don't think he was that lucky. He died quite a young man, though. He was under 54 years old. He escaped the fate of Gumilyov, but his own fate was not so enviable. It must be said that in 1931 he almost accidentally escaped arrest. Then they took all his inner circle. It was an anthroposophic environment. At that moment Bely was absent from Moscow. He was not in Kuchino, where he lived in recent years.
OO: Yes, where he lived in recent years.
V.P.:At that time he was in Detskoye Selo. And, apparently, this predetermined his absence among those who were taken.
OO: So it's just a coincidence?
V.P.:Apparently yes. At the same time, his materials were arrested. They took away the chest with his manuscripts. And for Bely it was a big blow. Bely received back the materials of his chest, with the exception of the most important one. Missing was the manuscript of the central work of his later years, the manuscript of his diary. Bely was frightened by the fact of the arrest of his inner circle.
The materials of his diary were used in the preparation of a note by the secret political department of the OGPU to the leadership of the state on the anti-Soviet activities of the intelligentsia in 1931. This document was recently discovered and published. It contains excerpts from Bely's diary. He begins to diary in detail on the threshold of the 1920s. When he has already returned to Russia, but then leaves for Germany, but then he soon returns again, he experiences a break with Asya Turgeneva, his first wife, and at the same time his relations with Western anthroposophists worsen. And all this, of course, is superimposed on the experience of social cataclysms: first the First World War, then the revolution, Civil War. In Bely's mind, all this adds up to a total sense of crisis, the way out of which (and here this is an anthroposophic plot) is work on one's own self, autoreflection.
O.O.: Do I understand correctly that such purely human loneliness still forces him to start keeping this diary?
V.P.: Certainly.
O.O.: Because this is such a terrible combination of circumstances - foreign policy, one's own destiny and a way to somehow survive it, to reflect.
V.P.:Absolutely right.
O.O.: And this should have been reflected there.
V.P.:Yes, absolutely true. Bely's autobiographical work developed in different genres. Let's say Blok's death spurred him to sit down for memories of Blok. What follows is a series of large memoirs. Their fate is different, their ideological component is different. The first edition of the book at the beginning of the century was published in Berlin. It is still free from self-censorship caused by the Soviet context. Two other volumes of his memoirs are not free from this.
Later literary texts Bely - "Kotik Letaev", "Baptized Chinese", "Notes of an Eccentric" and so on and so on. But a number of texts remained outside these genres, which nevertheless had a literary outlet. This is what the compilers of this book call autobiographical codes. These are two types of texts that were written for themselves.
Firstly, these are texts that record, so to speak, an intimate biography. Experiences, reflection, live impressions. And texts fixing the external circumstances of life. Cultural events, events of social and political life, lectures, reading circles, meetings with other people and so on. And then he moves on to daily records. And what is worth paying attention to here? The two main texts in this book are the so-called "Materials for a Biography" and "Foreshortening to a Diary". Here I want to dwell on the second text - on the "Perspective to the diary".
This is an extremely interesting education. And in fact, this is a summary of another large diary, which Bely begins to keep from 1926 and keeps until 1931 - the year of the arrest of the anthroposophical entourage. This is the same text that disappeared.
O.O.: Excuse me, Vadim Vladimirovich. Why keep a diary? Why keep two parallel texts in fact?
V.P.: It's a mystery.
OO: And you don't know the answer to it yet?
V.P.:Apparently, Bely's diary was conceived by him as perhaps his main, central work. In Bely's creative self-awareness, any stage of work implied several sub-stages. And "Angle" was preparatory stage to the actual diary entries, apparently.
"Foreshortening" is a summary that allows us (hypothetically, of course) to reconstruct with some verifiability what was in that big diary.
The diary was indeed very large. It's about 150 sheets. Why do we know this? Because Bely in "Foreshortening" fixes the number of pages that were written in the previous months.
V.P.:Yes. This is about 150 author's sheets. The author's sheet is 40,000 characters. Can be enlarged. This is one of Bely's largest texts. And, apparently, he is recognized by him as the final one. And with a high degree of probability, we can assume that this text could become one of the central, most important texts in Russian literature. XX century. Perhaps this loss can be compared with the loss of the burned volume of "Dead Souls".
O.O.: Vadim Vladimirovich, are you sure that it has been lost?
V.P.:There is hope. Negative answers followed from the FSB. But the compilers of this book undertook additional searches through the relatives of the repressed anthroposophists. And traces were found in the cases of the repressed anthroposophists. Lengthy quotations from Bely's diary came to light. Of course, chosen tendentiously to show his anti-Soviet nature. And attached to the case separately printed extract from the diary. Collectively, this is one author's sheet.
O.O.: But there are no signs that the text was destroyed at all, either? So there is no such evidence?
V.P.: No.
О.О.: What directions of search can be? Anyone have personal archives?
V.P.:Various funds inside the FSB archive.
O.O.: That is, they simply searched badly inside.
V.P.:I think yes. In addition, relatively recently, a certain archival fund. Our state archives couldn't buy it. The stakes were outbid. It was purchased by a certain oligarch.
O.O.: Not Russian?
V.P.:We can't discuss it. But since it was acquired, firstly, it is possible that it may contain relevant texts. And, secondly, after all, we cannot rule out that sooner or later these texts will become available.
Now I will return to the appearance of the relative well-being of Bely's fate. Bely's entourage believed that the story of the arrest of anthroposophists hastened his death. Relatives were convinced that this was not their own death. Conditionally speaking. That is, metaphorically.
OO: This is what is called "bringing to ...".
V.P.:Yes exactly. And this trouble was reflected even in the story with the obituary that you mentioned. Indeed, after Bely's death, an obituary was published in the Izvestia newspaper written by Sannikov, Pasternak and Bilnyak, his friends. The obituary is weird. The obituary that stunned everyone. Because there were put on paper things that were completely impossible in the ideological context of that time. First of all, two things. There Bely was called a genius and the founder of an entire literary school.
O.O.: Yes. That given the already developed Soviet literature, Soviet in the worst sense, already dominant in some way, this sounded like a challenge.
V.P.:And as such it was accepted. Why was it published? The chief editor at Izvestia was Gronsky, a figure already quite influential and courageous. We know from testimonies that his first reaction was very wary - "this cannot be printed." But then he took the risk anyway. And it is possible that this played a role in removing him from his post, because a month later he ceased to be the editor-in-chief of Izvestia, and after N th number of years was repressed, as you know. When he was released, he was no longer allowed important positions in the ideological department. He was allowed to work as a junior researcher at IMLI.
OO: He worked at your institute.
V.P.:Yes exactly. But the publication of this obituary caused a scandal. And in fact, he broke out already over the coffin of Bely in essence. And it was decided to immediately issue a whole series of materials that disavow the characteristics that are dubious from an ideological point of view, given in this obituary. And literally a day later, on the pages of the same Izvestia, Kamenev's correct text appears, where everything is put in its place, where Bely is called "a person alien to our modernity" and so on, so on, so on. This correct text was signed by Kamenev, the first director of, again, IMLI, by the way.
O.O.: I understand that your colleagues and you at the institute are engaged not only in studying the heritage that remains from the literature of past centuries, but also quite modern, as they say, tabloid literature, or mass literature. You have published a collection about the genesis of mass literature, and a collection of "Poetics of the Detective Genre" is being prepared, that is, what we are used to reading in the subway, on the beach as such entertainment.
Not so long ago, such an event took place, probably surprising for literary critics: 21 million views of the battle of rappers Oksimiron and Slava CPSU, and this is 21 million views only on Youtube. At the same time, this is an event that is being discussed in the top Yandex.News, this is an event that is being discussed on central television channels, this is an event that is being discussed in the State Duma. Just two modern rappers met in a closed audience and talked in obscene verses for an hour. Please tell me what you think about it.
V.P.:I watched this battle with curiosity. Talented guys, of course.
OO: Talented?
V.P.:Yes, definitely. And this is a cultural phenomenon.
O.O.: Sorry, one of the participants has an education in English Literature (Oxford) - Oksimiron (Miron Fedorov). And already by his pseudonym there is some hint of his certain literacy in this. Did you feel his literary background? It was noticeable.
V.P.:Yes, sure. He is quite a sophisticated fellow. IN good sense words sophisticated. Both of them are people with a certain cultural background. Probably even a lot. Well, this is felt at the level of citations, allusions, reminiscences and more. Here it must be said that their texts are not overloaded with this. It is there, but it does not stick out of all the cracks, as it should be in such classic postmodern exercises. In the case of Oksimiron, for me, an indicator of his education is the sophistication in the use of rhythmic patterns, rhythmic modulations, his rhetorical sophistication.
O.O.: Yes, rhetoric techniques.
V.P.:Yes. Understanding the structure of the text and even its, if you like, diachrony, as it were, the history of these techniques. All this is also played in an interesting way by him. I was pleased with his use of rare, exquisite rhythmic solutions. Let's say a hyperdactylic rhyme is a rhyme when the stress falls starting from the fourth syllable from the end. A rare thing for Russian poetry. In fact, it began to be introduced in ... only in such a developed Silver Age. This is somewhere between 1900-1910s.
O.O.: So you liked how it was done?
V.P.:How it's done, yes. As for the phenomenon as a whole, the very genre of this kind of battle makes us remember the so-called agon - a verbal duel, which is an important part of the genre of Attic comedy (Aristophanes). In fact, it is already present in Euripides. Many mythological traditions know this as an important part of such word mythology. Turkic akyns, their verbal fights, which also consisted of scolding their counterpart in the best possible way, are from the same series. Skaldic poetry knows this. Greek antiquity knows a wonderful genre, the genre of psogos - reproach. If we wish, we can take all this into deep archaism completely, recall twin myths, where there is a cultural hero (an analogue of Oksimiron) and a trickster attacking him, deconstructing him in a blasphemous way. You can play around with this theme here. We can recall poetic fights closer to us Silver Age and early Soviet years, the duel between Mayakovsky and Severyanin, and so on and so forth.
O.O.: Tell me, please. You always refer to Oksimiron. And then he won the battle Glory of the CPSU.
From your point of view, do you agree with how the judges voted?
V.P.: Yes.
O.O.: Slava won.
V.P.: Yes.
OO: I confess to you that I am a big fan of Oksimiron's work. I was at his concert, I drive with his records to work in the car, I listen to him all the time. I love and respect him very much. But when I watch a battle, it was physically hard for me to watch. Although he did not use profanity in this battle. But he usually uses, and at concerts. And here Slava CPSU used it a lot. It's hard for me to watch battles because of this.
How do you perceive it?
V.P.:Quietly, to certain limits, of course.
O.O.: That is, you seem to be tolerant?
V.P.:My reaction is the same as yours.
O.O.: Just now there was such a story when Alexandra Elbakyan, the creator of the famous pirate resource sci- hubwhere available for free at in electronic format most relevant articles recent years. And scientists can get them from all over the world. Not all of our viewers simply know that getting a scientific article in general is expensive. Just in order to read it on the site - this is about $ 30 on average, a scientist has to pay to read the article of his colleague. Many scientists believe that this is not normal. And Alexandra Elbakyan, together with her associates, created such a resource. She is from Kazakhstan. Hiding, as far as I know, on the territory of Russia, because he is doing a dangerous thing that she started. And so she took offense at some popularizers and some scientists from Russia for political reasons and closed access to all Russian scientists. This problem, which is now so widely discussed, the availability of scientific knowledge, it has not gone away. And indeed there are journals that do not allow it, but there are scientists who say: "Let's make it all accessible."
You, your colleagues, have made as many as three new philological journals that are published in paper form, which is unusual in itself, you have made available to everyone. Magazine " Studioliterarum", the journal "Literature of Two Americas" and "Literary Fact". Here are three new journals. I went in and checked. Indeed, any article is available. And this is amazing. Your attitude to the problem of access to knowledge.
V.P.:We decided on this, of course, not by chance. This is a position. It seems to me that the great evil of the modern scientific infrastructure is the monopolization of subscriptions and citation indexes by several large companies, which dictate the conditions thereby, sharply inflate prices, put their own filters. And in the end... Okay, purely commercial restrictions - this is extremely unpleasant. It can interfere with science. But even that can be dealt with. Although calculations have been made and such a figure has been proposed as working material, that a modern graduate student, if he works with an average intensity, but tries to film the articles he needs, must spend about $ 1,000 per week at current rates. Who has these resources?
O.O.: I’ll just note that some of our viewers may think, who doesn’t know, that scientists from Russia need this pirated resource the most ( sci- Hub), but most downloads come from the US, Western Europe and China. That is, these are the three places where science is best funded. But even there, even from there, scientists prefer to download for free from sci- Hubbecause they don't have the money and their organizations don't have the money to pay the amounts they need to advance science and continue research.
V.P.: Yes exactly.
O.O.: Then let's get back to your magazines, to the fact that you, on the one hand, started such an archaic action - to publish paper magazines, and on the other hand, such a progressive one - to make the contents of these magazines available to everyone, and not required by subscription. That is, you also entered into a kind of polemic with the policy of world publishers?
V.P.:Yes. This is indeed our position. I must say that paper is archaic, of course, but it is pragmatic archaic. In the long run of culture, paper lives longer. Any blockout - and where is your figure? Earthquake in California - servers crashed. Plus there is natural evolution technologies. And the previous services may remain unavailable, non-convertible, and so on. Paper still lives longer. There is some demand for paper. He is. And in the end, there is simply a sign, symbolic component: we still remain in the space of Gutenberg culture. It exists next to the digital culture, for God's sake. We can live side by side, we can live peacefully.
And general availability. Yes, it is very important for us. It is important for us not to play simulacra. Knowledge as such is important to us. Articles that serve knowledge as such must reach the consumer. Knowledge as such is a shared value. It cannot be restricted. This is a public space of culture, a public space of human consciousness. We want direct access to the reader. The principle of multicolor is important to us. And a magazine Studia literarum accepts articles on five main European languages: in Russian, in English, in German, in French, in Italian and in Spanish. This diversity is important to us. Not unification. Articles on English are published in English? Wonderful. An article on Spanish studies can be published on Spanish articles. In Russian studies, it is most natural to write in Russian, which, of course, does not prevent, if there is such a need, to write in other languages. Let's welcome polyphony.
OO: Thank you very much. Our program included the director of the Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences Vadim Polonsky.
V.P.:Thank you very much. It was extremely pleasant.
21:48 - REGNUM
2018 will be remembered by everyone who cares about problems Russian education and science, unexpectedly sharp disputes not about dozens of educational standards, decisions on the introduction of which are constantly posted on the website of the Ministry of Education and Science, but a strange discussion only about the Federal State Educational Standards in Literature.
It seems to us that such a discussion is fundamentally fruitless. It is difficult to imagine the result of a dispute between about 1,000 teachers who signed a letter from one of the professional associations, the Guild of Literature, who spoke out sharply against the standard, and 15,000 parents who supported the Ministry of Education and Science.
Not without reason, as a result, the discussion was postponed by the decision of Deputy Prime Minister O.Yu. Golodets until June, that is, before the start of the work of the new government, which we will find out after the May inauguration.
It seems to us that it is necessary to discuss not so much a specific document as the entire educational and scientific agenda related to the humanities in general.
Currently, in the Russian Federation there is a considerable variety of types and types of school education, which are united on the territory of the country only by the USE.
These are ordinary secondary schools, and IB (International Baccalaureate) schools, religious secondary educational establishments, private schools and gymnasiums based on a variety of methods from "Finnish" to "Waldorf", not to mention national schools in many regions of the Russian Federation.
These schools have fundamentally different goals. If a secondary school prepares students for work and further education in the Russian Federation, then IB (International Baccalaureate) directly prepares students for admission to foreign universities. IB graduates may, in accordance with their desires, not receive a Russian certificate and not take the exam.
It is this diversity that requires the creation of standards that make it possible to realize the idea of equality of citizens within the framework of the Law on Education of the Russian Federation.
Obviously, the basis of such a standardized education is the Russian language and Russian literature based on Russian history. Of course, all these disciplines must be inscribed in the European and world historical and literary context.
The Literature Standard contains the minimum amount of texts that a student who receives a Russian certificate must know and thereby confirms his ability to interact with the cultural canon of Russia.
The issue of the teacher's freedom in choosing a teaching position or in choosing additional authors and essays and, if necessary, partial replacement of the studied works included in the program, is resolved here within 30% of the study time provided to the teacher for such work, which significantly exceeds similar indicators in European countries and the USA.
Exclusively important feature new standards is an increase in the number of literature lessons in high school from 2 to 3 per week, which allows the teacher to work with two rather than three classes within the framework of the pedagogical rate.
And what is subject to discussion is just the material and ideas with which the teacher should fill both these 30% and the “stable” 70%: the existing “methodological literature” is largely inadequate to the subject of study. We need a clear, competent and transparent examination of all these products.
Other serious problems remain.
First of all, this is an unrealistic number of hours that a full-time teacher must give, in accordance with the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation. In an effort to comply with these decrees, school principals, at the direction of the relevant governing bodies are not allowed to hire part-time or out-of-staff teachers.
Considering that 80 percent or more of teachers are women, not many of them, having children, will be able to carry out a workload of high quality, which in reality often involves working with four or even five grades, ranging from fifth to eleventh.
Hence the outflow of teachers from schools. At the same time, the system of communications between schools and universities was disrupted. For many years, teaching in schools was conducted by scientists and specialists who never needed a whole staff, but it was they who provided teaching in special schools and gymnasiums at elevated level while remaining employees of universities and academic institutions. Now the school does not have such an opportunity.
The rapid development of private tutoring in today's Russia was a response to the crisis modern school, regardless of either computerization or the often dubious "creativity" in teaching and learning.
A real disaster that destroyed best schools, at least, the city of Moscow was the enlargement of schools. Now the director of such a school manages 3-5 schools and 10-12 kindergartens, which form the "metropolitan" educational district. It is clear that such a director can no longer manage his leading school, which was supposed to “raise” the rest, and his the best teachers forced to work in several territories in schools of very different levels to fulfill the rate.
The answer was an outflow of teachers, at least in Moscow, to newly formed private schools. And this is also a symptom of an alarming situation.
A new problem arose in connection with the emergence of the Moscow Electronic School. Now teachers, on the one hand, receive a salary bonus for using its media resources, and on the other hand, they are forced to use someone else's electronic content in their lessons in a volume completely controlled by the system. Currently, work is already underway on the Russian electronic school.
This work is attended by the most severe critics of the new Federal State Educational Standard in Literature, some of whom are also the authors of the corresponding educational complexes. Probably, such activity does not contradict their ideas about the creative freedom of the teacher.
Today, proposals are already being made to apply a similar system in universities.
But any modern teacher will always be able to prepare for himself any interactive content corresponding to his views, program, textbook and level of students. Unless this is really a teacher, and not a service application to the mandatory "electronic resources".
In the conditions of the normative "Electronic School", there can be no talk of any freedom of the teacher, not to mention psychological problems the systematic use of technical teaching aids of this kind in the classroom.
It would be wiser and more effective to create interactive lecture courses for teachers who could use the received techniques and ideas in their daily live work with students. In accordance with own understanding the needs and abilities of their students.
You can often hear that today's student "sits" in several in social networks and owns a computer like a bicycle. Therefore, the school must comply with this trend. In our opinion, everything should be the other way around: school is the place where a student from virtual reality returns with the help of a teacher to the reality of life.
Without continuing the list of problems (and it is far from being exhausted), let's say that in the field of teaching literature, all the "measures" of recent years lead to the same result: to separate the student from the text of the work and belittle the role of the teacher, both ideologically and socially.
A special problem is the exam. Its composition is clearly tied to existing standards. However, a purely tabular assessment of work again leads only to the schematization of education in the upper grades and coaching for results in two or three disciplines.
We should return to the idea of a big graduation essay, which will force the student to learn to read and write long texts, and not to bring the teaching of reading and writing in school into line with the schematism and length of Twitter texts. Imagine a pre-revolutionary classical gymnasium, whose teachers would choose as a model writing telegram syllable. Even Chekhov's Belikov could not have imagined this. Not to mention the style of avant-garde poetry and prose, which to some extent corresponds to some of the current Internet resources, incl. named, but which no one has tried to reduce to this kind of rectilinear primitive.
The idea of a single USE throughout the country as the only way to enter higher educational institutions seems to be flawed.
Historically, decades ago, the strongest personnel were moved to the two capitals.
Everyone knows that the number of those who pass the exam and, accordingly, their checking experts, differs by one and a half to two orders of magnitude in small subjects of the federation and in Moscow.
Moreover, in a number of regions, the knowledge of the Russian language and the teaching of Russian literature and history are so different that such a process is fundamentally meaningless.
Thus, the USE in reality does not fulfill its task of equal and independent assessment of the level of knowledge of graduates throughout Russia.
We leave aside the problems of the status, payment and forms of work of USE experts, which today is almost voluntary-compulsory.
In itself, the school assessment of a student's knowledge also turns out to be very different in different regions, and graduates enter universities according to USE results. In addition, the school "5" in USE system is about 70 points out of 100 possible. This recognizes the impossibility of achieving the maximum mark without special training outside the school. This gives rise to additional classes in preparation for the exam and, inevitably, mass tutoring, in which there would be no big trouble if it, in turn, were not frankly of different quality. Only a school that is under the control of the state and society can provide the minimum required level of teaching, and if it does not cope with this, educational policy must be changed.
To date, the quality of preparation of applicants is fundamentally different, which leads to a large dropout in the first years of study at universities.
Olympiads do not solve the problem: it is no coincidence that the “main” universities of the country introduce their own internal exams.
All this suggests that we will have to return to the fundamental separation of graduation and entrance examinations, in whatever form they may be conducted. In this case, the USE will be a form of admission to entrance exams to universities, but will not decide the fate of a person. Everything that already now purposefully and consistently “works” for the social Darwinist paradigm, we consider absolutely unacceptable.
Daria Antonova © IA REGNUM
Under such a system, internal exams at universities should be as transparent as possible, which is quite possible in our creative and electronic age. The university must announce in advance the principles of verification approved by the Ministry of Education and Science, which will make it possible to actually certify the abilities and capabilities of future students from any regions of Russia. The results of the work of the commission members should be taken into account in an effective contract. In all cases, after the examinations, publication is required as examination tasks and the answers to them.
A "traditional high school" is needed.
If interactive games, computer training and psychological training are replaced by ordinary, but traditionally difficult studies, the minimum required in modern conditions the level of intellectual development of the individual is guaranteed to be unattainable.
The tradition of such a school provides for the leading role of the teacher in the educational process, education and assessment of the student's knowledge.
Main result educational process in such a school should be the formation of the ability to acquire serious knowledge in the conditions of the latest information environment, which is only a means, but not the goal of education and, moreover, subsequent scientific activity.
A special place in such a school should be occupied by the humanities: only they form creative personality capable of critically analyzing information flows different types, which means becoming true professionals, no matter what they do. At the same time, the study of history and literature must be synchronized and interdependent: otherwise, we will only get a “single space” of postmodern games in their most primitive and destructive form.
But graduation state exams in such a school, they must pass in all disciplines that are studied in it (minus, of course, optional "home economics", etc.). Only in this case it will be possible to speak about high school as a source of versatile knowledge, allowing students to make an informed choice of professional field of activity.
In this situation, it is possible to introduce a multi-level system of examinations depending on the choice of the area of interest of students, while all subjects school curriculum acquire the meaning of their existence, especially in the upper grades, and school education regains its integrity and universality.
Economists, not who know history, physicists who have not even read the basic classics, politicians who are not capable of even elementary calculations, no one needs.
A special problem is the correspondence between the structure of the average and higher education. It is necessary to consider the question of the types of higher education that allow and do not allow admission only with the USE, and the use of the so-called. Bologna system.
This system of the Anglo-Romance structure of higher education does not correspond to the traditional Russian one, which is closest to the German one, with its two-stage attestation system: doctor and doctor habilitat.
In today's conditions, when this system has been completely introduced in the EU and Russia, the way out is to allow serious universities to issue master's degrees after a 6-year traditional specialty.
The main problem here is that Russian and Soviet school education significantly different from the Western one. Even today, Russian schoolchildren do not need a four-year propaedeutic course of basic disciplines followed by specialization. Here graduate School only loses future specialists.
Daria Antonova © IA REGNUM
Besides, social structure The Russian Federation does not provide for the possibility of the unhurried education of "eternal students" at the expense of parents up to 30 years of age or more. Therefore, a 4-year break between tense high school and, even if preparing for the exam, and vocational education not required in Russia. There is no point in turning the traditional Russian education system into global “schools for life preparation” or global IB (International Baccalaureate) just so that our diplomas are allegedly “automatically recognized in the West”.
The experience of the mentioned IB (International Baccalaureate), which does not provide for education in Russia at all, showed that our graduates are most often expected only in third-rate universities, which, for the sake of their survival, are ready to accept anyone for paid education. But IB (International Baccalaureate) graduates are far from always worthy of just that.
Need to solve the ranking problem Russian universities in relation to the "teacher/student" criterion, significantly limiting its value. Of course, there are universities that teach traditional subjects that are completely controlled by this indicator. However, ancient languages ancient history, cultures, religions and languages of the countries of the East, complex political science specialties, and many others. pl. others require a teacher/student ratio that is absolutely impossible for a typical scheme. It is necessary to give the right to the leading universities of the country to request permission to obtain the right to teach such disciplines from the Ministry of Education and Science, without risking, following the example of the Russian State humanitarian university, turn out to be "ineffective", along with theatrical, artistic, architectural, etc. universities. This incident is still not forgotten in the university community.
In conclusion, let us return to the disputes about the Federal State Educational Standards in Literature, which gave rise to the entire discussion. The "Guild of Word Writers" solves its problems at the government level. But these problems concern those schoolchildren who are already oriented towards the humanities, and those teachers who recognize for the "Guild" the significance that it ascribes to itself. And GEFs are accepted for everyone without exception.
And we need to think about what Russian science and education, for example, the idea All-Russian Olympiad schoolchildren in literature, when almost academic and clearly extracurricular requirements creative task are evaluated on a par with all kinds of creative games. Isn’t it clear that history and philology are one thing, and “creative skills” are completely different?
Today, creative logic has already led to the emergence of the so-called overseas. "distant reading", when the texts of past centuries are fundamentally not read, but are evaluated according to formal parameters, a "context" of several classic writers is created, and this type of activity is victoriously opposed to "slow reading". We want future philologists who are taking the exam today to become professional readers, and not "creative" sociologists-statisticians. The latter in itself is not bad, but it is a different profession.
So, forward to the text, following the teacher.
Ivinsky Dmitry Pavlovich, Doctor of Philology, Professor, Moscow State University
Katsis Leonid Fridovich, Doctor of Philology, Professor, Russian State University for the Humanities
Polonsky Vadim Vladimirovich, Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the Institute of World Literature. A.M. Gorky RAS
Shaitanov Igor Olegovich, Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Russian State University for the Humanities, Chief Editor magazine "Questions of Literature"
Shkarenkov Pavel Petrovich, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Vice-Rector for continuing education, Director of the Institute of Philology and History of the Russian State University for the Humanities
Gurovich Nadezhda Mikhailovna, Ph.D. in Philology, teacher at School No. 45, Moscow
Philologists will gather at the Institute of World Literature (IMLI) of the Russian Academy of Sciences and discuss the contribution of Maxim Gorky to the development and development of Belarusian literature. This will be an exciting conversation. At one time, Alexei Maksimovich, after meeting the young Yanka Kupala and Yakub Kolas, was enthusiastic about their work. In one of the letters, he admitted: “These are very interesting guys! They write so simply, so affectionately, sadly, sincerely. Ours would have a little bit of these qualities.
On the eve of the "round table" columnist "SOYUZ" interviewed the director of IMLI RAS, Doctor of Philology Vadim Polonsky.
Vadim Vladimirovich, who owns the idea of holding the forum?
Vadim Polonsky: The idea to try to take a fresh look at the literary cooperation between Russia and Belarus arose about two years ago at the level of the Union of Writers of the two countries. We have implemented several initiatives. And in May of this year, the Belarusian Embassy in Moscow hosted a " round table" on this issue. And the idea to get together was born in the course of a recent competition for the best lesson in literature of Belarusian and Russian teachers "#SilaSlova", in which employees of the Institute of Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences took part as experts. When summing up and awarding the finalists in the presence of the Secretary of State Union State Grigory Alekseevich Rapota, the idea was voiced that the ties between Russian and Belarusian literature in the 20th century are largely associated with the initiatives and personality of Gorky. By the way, our institute also bears his name...
I think that this is not the only connection between your institute and Gorky?
Vadim Polonsky: We have a unique archive of Gorky, the wealth of which has not yet been fully disclosed. And it seemed natural to us to remind the teachers - contestants of the Union State that the huge potential of the archive is connected with Gorky's program of research on the mutual enrichment of the national literatures of the peoples of the world. We invited the finalists to visit the Museum-Apartment of Alexei Maksimovich, where on October 26, 1932, at a dramatic turning point in our common history, writers - "engineers of human souls" gathered to discuss the creation of a single Union of Writers in the presence of Stalin.
And now, 84 years later, the thought was voiced that the time had come to "remember everything", including the best that was in Russian-Belarusian literary relations, which today would help to rely on the good "power of the word."
It is hard to imagine a more suitable platform for this than your Institute. But why did this topic come up now?
Vadim Polonsky: It arose spontaneously, but there were also prerequisites. One of them is the upcoming anniversaries: the 85th anniversary of our Institute and the 150th anniversary of Gorky's birth. Besides us, many people are preparing for the celebration, especially the regions associated with the name of the writer. The celebration was given special meaning by the humanitarian component of the activities of the Standing Committee of the Union State, constantly reminding us of the historical kinship between Russia and Belarus, the close interweaving of the destinies and cultures of our peoples and the undoubted success of this interaction.
It is known that Gorky did not know the Belarusian language and translated into Russian only one work by Yanka Kupala - the poem "Who's Going There?" Some philologists consider the translation faulty. And Gorky himself later apologized to the young Belarusian poet for your translation. And yet, how do you assess the contribution of the author of "The Song of the Petrel" to the development and formation of Belarusian literature?
Vadim Polonsky: I think the key stage here is connected with the historical and cultural context of the early twentieth century, including the events of 1905. Circumstances stimulated free thought and gave impetus to the development of national Belarusian culture. Time gave our peoples outstanding writers: Maksim Bogdanovich, Yakub Kolas, Yanka Kupala, Zmitrok Byadul, Francis Bogushevich... Their work revealed not only to Gorky the treasures of Belarusian folklore, original plots from the life of Belarusians, but also, for example, to Lev and Alexei Tolstoy. .. In turn, the work of Pushkin and Gogol, Nekrasov and Saltykov-Shchedrin, and later - Vladimir Korolenko, Gleb Uspensky, Leonid Andreev and the same Gorky served as a creative stimulus in the formation of Belarusian writers. The influence of Gorky's revolutionary romance is felt in Kupala's poems "I am free in my soul" and "I am a song, I am a falcon, I am", and Gorky's fairy tales helped Belarusians to rethink and literary rework their own folklore, which is clearly felt in the fairy tales and poems of Kolas. We recognize the lush landscapes of the Russian classic in the images of the Volga created by Maxim Bogdanovich.
All these people not only read each other, but also closely communicated.
Vadim Polonsky: Of course, and this is the main thing! In June 1910, Gorky rests in Capri and receives a group of teachers from Russia. From them he learns the names of Kolas and Kupala. Immediately, he becomes eager to get to know each other and soon receives by mail collections of poems "Zhaleyka" by Kupala and "Songs of Pity" by Kolas. Begins to subscribe to "Nasha Niva" and books published on Belarusian language. And after meeting Gorky very quickly becomes a kind of moral support for young Belarusians, acts as an experienced "mentor-impresario" who loves his wards. And most importantly, he tries by all means to draw the attention of both Russian and Ukrainian writers to them. It was at this time that Alexei Maksimovich translated the poem by Kupala you named. And it's not about how successful the translation is. And what it was made for. Gorky's goal, as he himself writes in the article "On Self-Taught Writers", is to draw the attention of "skeptics" to the "young literature of Belarusians", to their pristine lyrical purity. He emphasizes " deep meaning this song - which, perhaps, for a while will become the national anthem of the Belarusians. " She became, as you know.
I would like to hear your assessment of the contemporary literary interaction between Belarus and Russia?
Vadim Polonsky: This is one of the constant themes of the research program of our Department of Literature of the Peoples of Russia and the CIS - the only scientific department of its kind in the country. Practically in every collective work published by them, materials devoted to Belarusian subjects are published. Recently, the Academic Council of the IMLI RAS approved for publication the next issue of the scientific series "Classics in the dialogue of cultures", which contains two major works: "Ales Adamovich - a dialogue with time" and "The last publication of Valentin Rasputin in Belarus." Our employees lively respond to Belarusian literary novelties, acting not only as academic researchers, but also as critics. For example, the first volume "Belarus - Russia" from the "Consonance of Hearts" series, recently released in Minsk, aroused our lively attention. Articles about the most prominent writers of Belarus are systematically published in our collective monographs and serial publications. We regularly participate in scientific conferences held annually at BSU, at the Pedagogical Institute. M. Tanka. And, of course, we are always glad to see Belarusian colleagues at scientific events organized by our Institute.
How do you work with the Standing Committee of the Union State?
Vadim Polonsky: Amazing! A striking event that determined our interaction was the second edition of the amazing literary monument created by Simeon Polotsky - the poem "The Russian Eagle". The book was prepared by the chief researcher of our Institute, Lidia Sazonova; it contains a facsimile reproduction of the author's manuscript - a most valuable artistic object. The preface to the publication was written by Grigory Alekseevich Rapota.
What problems do you see?
Vadim Polonsky: We have something to remember and something to study. Thus, the Department of Manuscripts stores the works of repressed Belarusian and Russian writers - these are complexes of materials that are waiting for thoughtful and painstaking researchers. I think they will help in stereoscopy to reconstruct our common history literature. One of the most important problems is the lack of regular publications of translations from Belarusian in mass periodicals in Russia. It is very sad that the monthly supplement to the "Literaturnaya Gazeta" - "Lad" - has been closed. Its editor, Belarusian prose writer Ales Kozhedub, regularly introduced the Russian reader to the works of Belarusian colleagues. True, there were also reverse processes. As if to compensate for the loss of "Lada" in the journal "Literary Studies" (by the way, the project of Maxim Gorky!), publications of translations from Belarusian resumed. Thus, the works of Gennady Buravkin are to be published in the December issue.
Is it possible to use the successful experience of Russia's cultural interaction with other countries? It is known, for example, that the Japanese are translated into Russian more often and more readily than Belarusians... What is the commercial component here, in your opinion?
Vadim Polonsky: Experience with different countries is different. Let me just say that the commercial demand for certain literary phenomena can largely grow thanks to purposeful educational and popularization activities, preferably with the support of state authorities and influential public organizations. It would be good for us to use the cultural experience of the same Gorky. It makes sense to present the literary heritage as part of a broad, rich and attractive cultural field. We must study our archives, delve into the micro-processes of cultural interaction and propose to our ministries of culture, the Standing Committee a long-term program of joint action. In the near future, we would like to meet with the leadership of the Institute of Literary Studies. Yanka Kupala, who was recently recreated in the system of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, talks about the prospects for systemic cooperation. Possibly on a regular contractual basis. We are convinced that great opportunities can open up here. And for our Institute, this is one of the priority research areas.
Yakub Kolas, classic of Belarusian literature:
There were nine hundred years ... Gorky walked with gigantic strides, gathering thousands of audiences of young people, freeing the minds from the tedious mold of decadence. A new word sounded, and the eyes of those who were looking for a way to new life. I have forever kept in my heart a deep gratitude to Maxim Gorky for his sensitivity to the first steps in literature that Yanka Kupala and I took.
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