Hungarian tribes. Hungarians are relatives of the native Urals. In the Carpathian Basin, the birthplace of the Hungarians, many ancient European cultures originated

MAGYARS, a people who are identified with the state of Hungary, created by him and existing to this day (in the language of the Magyars, "Hungary" sounds like "Magyarorsag", which means "land of the Magyars").

The distant ancestors of the Magyars, who spoke languages ​​belonging to the eastern (Ugric) branch of the Finno-Ugric language family, occupied the area of ​​the middle reaches of the Volga and its eastern tributaries. In 1 thousand BC. some of these peoples moved eastward into the territories located in the basins of the Ob and Irtysh rivers. The most eastern of the ancestors of the Magyars came into contact with the western Turks (Chuvash). Anthropological features and the study of names support the assumption that the initial relationship of the more militant and culturally more advanced Turks with the relatively primitive tribes of the Ugric had the character of conquest. However, in the history of these peoples there comes a moment of their complete mixing. The new community used the Ugric lexical base, but this language contained a large number of Turkic words, and his grammatical structure was mostly Turkish. This mixed Turkic-Ugric community consisted of free people, whose way of life was typical for the steppe nomads.

In the 5th c. The Magyars crossed the Volga and settled in the steppe zone north of the Caucasus. They are known at that time as On-Ogur (Ten Arrows); the name "Hungarian", which the Magyars do not refer to themselves, comes from a Slavicized version of this word (some make "Magyar" from the Ugric Mansi and Turkic Eri, "man"). The Magyars lived in this region for approx. 400 years. Until now, the widely held assumption of their identity with Attila's Huns is false. In the subsequent period of their history, the Magyars increasingly acquired the characteristic features of the Turks, being under the rule of the Bulgars. OK. 830 AD they moved west across the Don River, and in 896, under the leadership of Prince Arpad, they crossed one of the passes of the Carpathians and stopped in that place, namely in Hungary, which became their permanent European home.

Soon the Magyar cavalry began to make their raids across Europe, but in 933 AD. were defeated by the Germans under the leadership of Heinrich Ptitselov. An even more serious lesson was inflicted on them in 955 AD. Heinrich's son is Otto the Great.

The Magyar prince Geza (r. 972–997) conceived the idea of ​​converting his people to Christianity. This plan was brought to an end by his son and successor, St. Stephen (r. 997–1038), who received the royal crown from Pope Sylvester (1000), introduced the foundations of legislation and contributed to the creation of a single political system in Hungary, which has been preserved since that time in one form or another.

From the very beginning of their presence in Hungary, the Magyars formed a privileged class of free people, ruling both over the slaves they brought with them or acquired again, and over the local subjugated peoples. Social and political differences corresponded to ethnic differentiation. Soon the situation changed, as a large class of unfree Magyars developed, which by the 15th century. accounted for three-quarters of the entire population of the Magyars. At the same time, many non-Magyars were incorporated into the Magyar tribal nobility. The great majority of them adopted the Magyar language and culture, and the Hungarian state continued to exist as fundamentally Magyar. Having retained this trend even after the war between Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and the subsequent resettlement from the devastated territories, by the end of the 18th century. decreased in numbers due to the Magyars. There are less than half of them left relative to the entire population of Hungary; Magyars were the majority only in the central lowland regions of the country. In the 19th century their numbers in some regions were restored, but the non-Magyars were now no less significant in the life of the Magyar national state. In 1920 Hungary was divided along national lines. However, this principle was applied inconsistently, and more than a quarter of the Magyar-speaking population of Hungary were included in those parts of the divided country where representatives of the indigenous nationality were supposed to live. Therefore, despite the fact that today Hungary is still truly "the land of the Magyars" ("Magyarorszag"), the Magyars themselves live in neighboring countries as ethnic minorities. An approximate picture of their numbers is as follows: Hungary - 9,750,000 (excluding 300 thousand non-Magyars); Romania - 1,700,000; Czechoslovakia - 400 thousand; Yugoslavia - 500 thousand; Ukraine - 150 thousand. Crisis in the agrarian sector of the late 19th century. became the reason for the emigration of many Magyars to the United States (who since then have been mostly assimilated), there were much fewer people who left for political reasons, which was most pronounced relatively recently: in 1945–1946 and in 1956.

Despite the fact that the Magyars have long been Europeans, they retain not only their ancestral language, but also many customs and characteristics that put them in a special position compared to their neighbors.

Where did they come from? The answer to this question was obtained by chance, when the relationship between the languages ​​of the Hungarians and a number of peoples of the Far North of Russia was discovered. It's hard to believe, but nomadic reindeer herders came to Europe, becoming one of the most distinctive peoples of the Old World.

The beginning of the 1st millennium AD in Eurasia was marked by the invasion of the Huns and a significant cooling, which was the beginning of the Great Migration of Peoples. The wave of movement was also picked up by the Ugric ethnic group, who inhabited the territories on the border of the southern taiga and the forest-steppe of Western Siberia, from the Middle Urals to the Irtysh region - the Proto-Ugrians. From those who went north came the Khanty and Mansi, and those who moved west to the Danube were the ancestors of the Hungarians, or Magyars, as they call themselves - the only representatives of the Finno-Ugric language family in Central Europe.

Relatives of the Magyars

The very names of the Mansi and Magyar peoples come from the common root "Manse". Some scholars believe that the words "Voguls" (an outdated name for the Mansi) and "Hungarians" are consonant variants of the same name. Gathering, hunting and fishing - that's what the ancestors of the Magyars, Mansi and Khanty did. The vocabulary associated with the last two classes has been preserved in the Hungarian language ever since. Basic verbs, words describing nature, family ties, tribal and communal relations are also of Ugric origin. It is curious that the Hungarian language is more similar to Mansi than to Khanty. The first two languages ​​turned out to be more resistant to borrowings from others and retained more from the ancestor language.

In the mythology of the Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi are also traced common features. All of them have an idea of ​​dividing the world into three parts: in the Khanty-Mansiysk myths these are the air, water and earth spheres, and in the Hungarian myths - the upper (heavenly), middle (earthly) and lower (underground) worlds. According to the beliefs of the Magyars, a person has two souls - a soul-breath and a free soul-shadow, which can leave a person and travel, the existence of the same is mentioned in Mansi myths, with the difference that men can have 5 or 7 souls in total, and women have 4 or 6.

Neighbors of the Hungarians, their influence on culture

Moving along the Volga region, the ancestors of the Hungarians met on their way the Scythians and Sarmatians - the peoples of Iranian origin, who taught them cattle breeding, agriculture and metal processing - copper, bronze and later iron. It is very likely that the proto-Hungarians in the second half of the 6th century were part of the Western Turkic Khaganate and, together with the Turks, actively participated in Central Asian and Iranian politics. Iranian motifs and plots can be traced in Hungarian mythology and fine arts, and in the Hungarian chronicles Persia is often mentioned as the country where the "relatives of the Magyars" live. Their search was carried out by Arminius Vamberi, a famous Hungarian traveler and orientalist, traveling in the second half of the 19th century in Central Asia and Iran.

Mastering cattle breeding in the steppes east of the Southern Urals, the ancestors of the Magyars lead a nomadic lifestyle, and hunting and agriculture begin to play a supporting role in the economy. Probably, after the uprising of part of the Ugric tribes against the Turkic Khaganate, by the end of the 6th century, proto-Hungarians appeared on the territory of modern Bashkortostan, in the basin of the Lower Kama, the Southern Cis-Urals, partly near eastern slopes Ural. Presumably, Great Hungary (Hungaria Magna) was located in this area - the ancestral home of the Hungarians, which is mentioned in the report of the medieval monk-diplomat Giovanni Plano Carpini and in the Hungarian chronicle "Gesta Hungarorum". Some researchers locate Great Hungary in the North Caucasus, others believe that it did not really exist, because in the Middle Ages scientists were inclined to look for the ancestral home of all peoples. In favor of the first, most common version, speaks the discovery of the Bayanovsky burial ground in the lower reaches of the Kama.

Russian and Hungarian archaeologists investigated it, found in it similarities with the burials of the Hungarians of the 9th-10th centuries, as well as objects of clearly Hungarian origin, and believe that the finds speak of the common ancestors of the population of the Cis-Urals and European Hungarians. Similar tribal names of the Bashkirs and Hungarians and the same geographical names in Bashkiria and Hungary confirm the former neighborhood of these peoples.

Expansion and migration of the Magyars

In the 6th-7th centuries, the Magyars gradually migrated to the west, to the Don steppes and the northern shore of the Sea of ​​Azov, where they lived next to the Turkic Bulgars, Khazars, and Onogurs. Partial confusion with the latter gave the Magyars another name for the ethnic group - the Hungarians, this is especially noticeable in the Latin Ungari, Ungri, English Hungarian (s) and others. European languages, and the Russian language borrowed the Polish węgier. On the new land - Levedia (named after the outstanding leader of one of the Hungarian tribes), the Hungarians recognized the power Khazar Khaganate participated in his wars. Under the influence of new neighbors, the structure of society, the rule of law and religion gradually became more complicated. The Hungarian words "sin", "dignity", "reason" and "law" have a Turkic origin.

Under the pressure of the Khazars, the territory of residence of the Magyars shifted to the west, and already in the 820s they settled on the right bank of the Dnieper, where they used to be. After about 10 years, the Hungarians left the power of the Khazar Khaganate, and by the end of the 9th century they gradually settled in the steppes between the Dnieper and the Dniester.

They called their new homeland Atelkuza - in Hungarian Etelköz means "interfluve". The Magyar union of tribes participated in the Byzantine wars. In 894, the Hungarians and Byzantines launched a crushing attack on the Bulgarian kingdom on the Lower Danube. A year later, when the Magyars went on a long campaign, the Bulgarians, led by Tsar Simeon I, together with the Pechenegs, struck back - they ravaged Atelkuza and captured or killed almost all the young women. The Hungarian soldiers returned and found their lands devastated, pastures occupied by enemies, only a small part of the whole people remained. Then they decided to leave these lands and move to the Danube, where the Roman province of Pannonia used to be, and later the center of the Hunnic Empire.

The direction was not chosen by chance, because, according to Hungarian legend, the blood of the Huns flows in the Magyars. Perhaps there is some truth in it, because after the defeat of the troops left after the death of Attila, the remaining Huns, led by his son, settled in the Northern Black Sea region and lived there as a separate nation for about two hundred years, until they completely assimilated with the locals. It is likely that they could intermarry with the ancestors of modern Hungarians.

As they say in the Hungarian chronicles of the Middle Ages, the Magyars went to the Danube to pick up the legacy of their leader Almos, descended from Attila. According to legend, Emesh, the mother of Almosh, dreamed that the mythical bird Turul (from the Turkic “hawk”) impregnated her and predicted to the woman that her descendants would be great rulers. Thus the name Almos was given, from the Hungarian word "àlom" - sleep. The exodus of the Hungarians took place during the reign of Prince Oleg and was noted in 898 in the ancient Russian chronicles as a peaceful departure through the Kievan lands to the west.

In 895-896, under the command of Arpad, the son of Almosh, seven tribes of the Magyars crossed the Carpathians, and their leaders concluded an agreement on the eternal union of the tribes and sealed it with blood. In those days, there were no major political players on the Middle Danube who could prevent the Hungarians from seizing these fertile lands. Hungarian historians call the 10th century the time of finding a homeland - Нonfoglalas. The Magyars became a settled people, subjugated the Slavs and Turks who lived there and mixed with them, because they had practically no women left.

Having adopted much from the language and culture of the locals, the Hungarians did not lose their language, but, on the contrary, spread it. In the same X century, they created a written language based on the Latin alphabet. Arpad began to rule in his new homeland and founded the Arpadovich dynasty. The seven tribes that came to the Danubian lands numbered 400-500 thousand, and in X-XI centuries 4-5 times more people began to be called Hungarians. This is how the Hungarian people appeared, who founded the kingdom of Hungary in 1000. In the 11th century, they were joined by the Pechenegs, expelled by the Polovtsy, and in the 13th century by the Polovtsy themselves, who fled from the Mongol-Tatar invasion. The ethnic group of the palocei of the Hungarian people are their descendants.

In the 90s of the XX century, genetic studies were carried out to search for the ancestors of the Hungarians, which showed that the Hungarians are a typical European nation, given some distinctive features inhabitants of the north of Hungary, and the frequency of a group of genes characteristic of peoples speaking Finno-Ugric languages ​​in Hungarians is only 0.9%, which is not at all surprising, given how far fate has taken them from their Ugric ancestors.

The question of where the name comes from, which is given to the people by their neighbors, is always the subject of controversy among scientists. No less secret is usually shrouded in the name that the representatives of the people themselves give themselves.

This article provides some information about how the people of Europe, the Magyars, who are the state-forming people in Hungary, call themselves and how other European peoples call them, and also provides Interesting Facts from the history of the centuries-old wanderings of the Hungarian people, their relationship with various states and the creation of their own country.

The article also contains brief description the national culture of Hungary and its traditions, that is, it contains the answer to the question: “Who are the Magyars?”

Second name

Examples parallel existence two or more names of the same nation are a great many.

So the tribes of the Celts who lived in the Middle Ages on the territory modern France, the inhabitants of the Roman Empire were called Gauls. The name of Germany also comes from Latin. The indigenous people of this country themselves call each other "Deutsch".

The name "Germans" has Russian roots. So in ancient Rus' called all the people who spoke foreign, incomprehensible languages.

The same thing happened to the Chinese people. The Chinese themselves call their nation "Han". The Russian name "Chinese" is the Russified name of the dynasty that ruled China during the first visits of Russian travelers to this country.

The word "China", which is used in English language happened in a similar way. European merchants first came to the Chinese Empire when the rulers of the Chin dynasty were in power.

What are Magyars?

As for the history of the origin of the Magyars and the name of this people, the existence of many names for it is due to the fact that for many centuries the Hungarians led a nomadic life, now and then, moving to a new place. They either turned out to be conquered by other tribes, or they themselves acted as conquerors. Contacting with other peoples, each of which gave this tribe a name corresponding to the rules of phonetics of a given language, they moved forward from the banks of the Volga River to their current place of residence.

Thus, the Magyars are the name of the Hungarians, which they themselves use.

Language will bring to Kyiv ...

Despite the considerable geographical distance that this people had to travel in the process of long migration, the language of the Magyars remained unchanged. And today the Hungarians speak the same language of their ancestors, which was adopted in ancient times in the Volga region. This language belongs to the Finno-Ugric group Indo-European languages. The closest relatives of the Magyar language are the languages ​​spoken today by the Khanty and Mansi peoples living on the territory of the Russian Federation.

Of course, with such a long existence in the conditions of nomadic life, he could not help absorbing some elements foreign languages. It is known that most of the borrowings in the Hungarian language have Turkic roots. The reason for this was that in the Middle Ages, the Hungarians were constantly raided by various nomadic Turkic tribes, including the Khazars, who repeatedly attacked Rus'.

Bashkirs are relatives of the Magyars

It is interesting that in medieval Persian chronicles there is a mention of the Magyars, who are also referred to in the same documents as Bashkirs. Historians believe that the ancient Hungarians could well have been pushed back by the Pecheneg tribes from their original territory to the area where modern Bashkiria is located. In Hungary itself, back in the thirteenth century, oral folk traditions were preserved that in ancient times their people lived in other parts and had their own state, called Great Hungary.

This country was in the Urals. Modern historians say that the hypothesis of the origin of the Bashkirs from the peoples of the Ugric group sounds quite plausible. The Bashkirs could change their language to the current one, belonging to the Turkic group, after the migration of part of the people to the Black Sea regions.

Another relocation

After leaving the Urals, the Magyars settled in the area, which was called Levadia. This territory was occupied before them by various tribes, including Slavic origin. It is possible that it was at this time that the European name of the Magyars appeared - Hungarians.

Behind long years wanderings and military conflicts with neighboring tribes, the Magyars turned into skilled warriors. It happened that countries with which the Hungarians had established trade relations turned to them with the aim of using them as mercenary soldiers.

A long-term military alliance between the Magyars and the Khazars is known, when the Khazar king sent the Magyars troops, first to pacify the rebellious inhabitants of one of the cities subject to him in the Crimea, and then to war with the Pechenegs in the territory where the Hungarian state was later formed.

Traditional activities

A few words should also be said about the culture of the Magyars and their traditional occupations.

This will help to better understand the question “who are the Magyars?”

In the Middle Ages, when the tribes of the ancient Magyars lived in the Volga region, their traditional occupations were fishing and hunting. In this they differed little from all other Ugric tribes. Later, during their resettlement, one of the main occupations of the Hungarians was military raids on peoples less developed in terms of the manufacture of weapons and military craft. When the Hungarians settled in the current territory, the sedentary lifestyle allowed them to engage in cattle breeding and agriculture. Hungarians are known as excellent horse breeders as well as experienced winemakers. In the twentieth century, a powerful leap in the development of technology allowed many Hungarians to leave their work in the agricultural field and find employment in the field of production. According to the latest census of the population of Hungary, most of the citizens of this country live in large and small cities.

The most popular occupation among modern Magyars was work in the service sector and production work.

Costume

The national women's costume of the Hungarians consists of a short linen shirt with wide sleeves. Also for national women's clothing this country is characterized by loose skirts, and in some areas even several skirts were worn. Mandatory elements of a traditional men's suit are a shirt, a narrow vest and trousers. The most commonly used hat was a straw hat. summer time and a fur cap in winter. The appearance of women in public without a headdress was considered unacceptable.

Therefore, Hungarian women always wore headscarves or bonnets. This style of clothing is typical for many peoples of Transcarpathia. Well describes what kind of people the Magyars, folk traditions and life of this people Bram Stoker in his famous novel "Dracula".

Many sources indicate that the most striking feature of the national mentality of the Hungarians is their pride in the fact that they belong to this particular nationality.

Musicians and poets

Speaking about the folk culture and art of the Magyars, it is worth mentioning the numerous forms of oral creativity: this and lyrical ballads and folk legends about brave warriors that exist in both poetic and prose form. Thus, the Magyars are a very gifted people from a poetic point of view.

Musical works also gained worldwide fame. Created by the Hungarian people. The most famous Hungarian national dances that have become popular far beyond the borders of the country are Czardas and Verbunkos.

The Magyars are a highly musical nation.

In the Hungarian works of musical culture, echoes of the influence of the musical traditions of other peoples, including gypsy, French and German music, are heard.

History of Hungary.

Carpathian basin.

In the III millennium BC. Finno-Ugric peoples lived between the Ural Mountains and the Volga River, in the area of ​​the Kama River. Approximately in the period from 2000 to 1500 BC. the Ugric tribes, who were fishermen and hunters, slowly moved south. Having reached the border of the steppes, they began to lead a nomadic lifestyle. One group, the Magyars, even dared to move further south (about 600 BC). Here they intermingled with the Bulgarian-Turkic people with a similar but more highly developed nomadic culture. Ethnically this mixed group probably became more Turkic than Ugric; highly developed religious ideas, music and social organization of the Turks mixed with the northern heritage of the Hungarian people. Even their name comes from the Bulgarian-Turkic name used for the Hungarians - "onogur", meaning "ten tribes" (i.e. seven Hungarian tribes plus three Khazars who later settled in the Carpathian basin); hence the word "Hungary".

Around 680 AD Hungarians settled between the rivers Don and Dnieper, were part of the Jewish Khazar Khaganate. Even under the rule of the Khazars, they had their own organization of power and culture. The Hungarians traded with the Arabs and byzantine empire; they believed in one supreme god and in the immortality of the soul, they preferred monogamy; were known for their love of freedom and courage in the fight against invaders. Although the Hungarians lived among the Turkic peoples for more than a thousand years, they retained their language.

In 830, the Hungarians broke away from the weakened Khazar Khaganate, but remained in the steppes, which were under the rule of Kyiv from 840 to 878. In the middle of the 9th century. they invaded Central Europe and the Balkans. Around 890, the Pechenegs, a Turkic people, drove seven Hungarian tribes to the west, in the territory between the Dniester and the lower Danube. Here the Hungarians united with three Khazar tribes. Under pressure from three powerful neighbors - Pechenegs, Russians and Danube Bulgarians - ten tribes decided to create a more centralized state. The leaders of the tribes entrusted the supreme leadership to Almosh, the leader of the most significant and powerful tribe - the Magyars.

In 892, the Hungarians (Magyars) fought in the Carpathian Basin in alliance with the Holy Roman Emperor Arnulf against the Moravans. In 895, the entire people, led by Arpad, the son of Almosh, migrated to the Carpathian basin. By 896, the conquest of the territory, from that time called Hungary, was basically completed. Soon the Hungarians, who at that time numbered about half a million people, assimilated most of the Slavic and Avar groups scattered throughout this territory. In the second half of the tenth century, Transylvania was colonized. In the tenth century, the Szeklers (probably a tribe of Avar origin), who adopted the Hungarian language, were sent to the eastern part of Transylvania to guard the borders from the Pechenegs and other eastern enemies.

During this period, the Hungarians raided Germany, France, Italy and the Balkans. At the same time they began to build a new state. The Hungarian society of that time was based on the cooperation of the tribes, which consisted of free warriors, who were all equal and participated in popular assemblies as full members. There were 108 clans, the lowest unit of which was a "big family" headed by an elder. Those who did not belong to them were usually excluded from this political community, although they could be admitted to it for certain merit.

Two events isolated Hungary and kept it within its borders - the defeat in 955 at Leh (near Augsburg), inflicted by Otto the Great, which pushed the Holy Roman Empire to the Hungarian borders, and the collapse of the Khazar Khaganate and its inclusion into Rus' in 969. Geza, grandson of Arpad, together with his wife Charlotte, established centralized power over all the tribes and laid the foundation for the pro-Western foreign policy. In 973, at the request of Geza, Holy Roman Emperor Otto II sent missionaries to Hungary to convert the population to Christianity.

Geza's decision to join Western Christianity had major historical implications. His plans were carried out by his son Istvan (r. 997–1038), later canonized. Hungary, following the coronation of Stephen in 1000 (or 1001), became a recognized Christian state. He received the crown and at the same time both spiritual and secular power from Pope Sylvester II, but with the consent of Emperor Otto III. He was granted the title of apostle (used by the kings of Hungary until 1920), with power in the hands of the bishops (dioceses), as well as the right to propagate the faith and autonomously govern the church within Hungary. This made it possible for Hungary, unlike Poland and Bohemia, to maintain its independence throughout the Middle Ages.

The centralized state of Stephen was modeled after the state of Charlemagne. The tribal organization disappeared (although the birth remained), and the king became the supreme monarch. The Royal Council had only advisory functions. Although the clergy had the most privileged position, all "princes, counts and military leaders" (i.e. all descendants of the conquerors) were also free and represented a single social stratum. They could be appointed to a certain position, did not have to pay taxes and had the right to take part in public meetings. The unfree class consisted of the Hungarians, whose descendants had lost their position in their tribe due to some kind of misfortune or the commission of criminal offenses; slaves captured during wars (slavery, however, was gradually eliminated); the remnants of the peoples who lived in the territory that the Hungarians captured; slaves set free (former slaves); immigrants. To this last group belonged, firstly, the Khazars who lived in the steppes, as well as other peoples of the steppe, as well as Italian, German and French missionaries and knights, and significant groups of townspeople. Members of the non-free classes, by royal permission, could also become free members of the Hungarian "nation".

Istvan revolutionized the life and culture of his people, bringing both eastern and western influences into them and making Hungary part of the European community. He is revered as the patron saint of Hungary.

Many Hungarians opposed the changes carried out by István, seeing them as the destruction of the old Hungarian culture. The riots led to a civil war, during which Istvan was overthrown with the help of the German knights. However, the troops loyal to Stephen resisted the emperor Conrad II, who invaded in 1030, and won.

Half a century after the death of Istvan passed under the sign of repulsing the German attack and the struggle of dynasties for power. Order was restored by two powerful kings, St. Laszlo I (r. 1077–1095) and Kalman the scribe (r. 1095–1116). A new wave of dynastic struggle in the 12th century. and the weakening of the state led to the attack of the Byzantine Empire. Bela III (r. 1172–1196), one of the most powerful rulers in Europe, averted this external threat, and royal power was again consolidated. He ensured the hegemony of Hungary in the Balkans, under him the integration of the country into Western European civilization was completed.

Thanks to Bela III's close ties, Hungary strengthened cultural ties with France. For a century, the monks in most Hungarian monasteries were French, and many Hungarians studied at the University of Paris. Bela III's palace and the cathedral at Esztergom were built in the French-Romanesque architectural style; later Gothic architecture appeared in Hungary.

Bela III's successors weakened royal power, based primarily on royal possessions, by transferring royal lands to their supporters. As a result of these divisions of land, a new social group arose - the barons, who sought to subjugate the free citizens who lived on their estates. In 1222, an uprising of free citizens against the barons forced András II (r. 1205–1235), who led the fifth campaign of the crusaders in 1217, to dissolve the Royal Council and issue a law on rights, known as the Golden Bull, on which everyone swore an oath after that. new Hungarian king. Like the English Magna Carta, it guaranteed the nobles and royal servants personal freedom, exemption from taxes and compulsory military service outside the country, as well as the right not to recognize illegal royal decrees. At the court, annual assemblies-receptions were held by the king or count palatine, where all the nobles and royal servants had the right to attend.

Gradually, the nobles and free citizens took control of the committees into their own hands. The meetings of the committees promulgated the laws of the country, and the officials of the committees enforced them. The first parliament was convened in 1277. In 1290, annual congresses of the national assembly were announced to control and, if necessary, to bring to justice the highest royal officials.

Béla IV (r. 1235–1270) was the last strong ruler of the Árpáds, the dynasty that turned Hungary into a major power. medieval Europe. During his reign, Hungary was devastated by the Tatar-Mongol invasion (1241-1242). After the Mongols left, Bela created a system of forts and invited German settlers to guard the country's borders. His activities earned him the name of "the second founder of the country". During the reign of Laszlo IV (1272-1290), the country again plunged into chaos. In 1301 the last king of the Árpád dynasty, András III, died without heirs.

There are about ten million inhabitants. They also inhabit Romania (about 2 million people), Slovakia and many other territories not only on the Eurasian continent, but also in America and Canada.

How many are there?

Total Magyars per the globe about fourteen million people. Their main language is Hungarian. There are also many dialects that make speech varied depending on the territory.

Magyars are very ancient people, in whose history you can understand for a long and exciting time. Writing has developed since the tenth century. The most widespread religion is Catholicism. Most of the rest are followers of the Lutheran and

Where did they come from?

Modern Magyars describe their origin as follows: earlier they were nomadic small tribes, mainly engaged in cattle breeding. They came from lands to the east of the Urals.

At the dawn of the first millennium, these people followed the Kama basin, then settled on the northern coast of the Black Sea. At this time, they had to obey the peoples ruling in that territory. At the end of the ninth century, the Magyars rose to and settled on the banks of the Danube River.

Here they stayed for a long time, because in this territory there was everything for a settled way of life. The Magyars are, in essence, farmers. In the eleventh century, these people became part of the Hungarian state and converted to Catholicism.

Thus, the ancient Magyars merged into the Hungarian people, creating enclaves. The locals accepted them. It is worth noting that in what was then Hungary, even without the Magyars, there were many different nationalities who were mutually enriched culturally and spiritually.

Officially, first Latin was used for writing, and then German. It is from them that I got a lot of terms. The Magyars are part of a huge seething cauldron, the contents of which have changed and flowed from one place to another over the centuries.

Also, some representatives of this people left the territory of Hungary in order to settle in the beautiful lands of the Eastern Carpathian region. In the 16th century there was Ottoman yoke, it also affected Hungary, so that its citizens had to flee towards the north and east.

People in the state has become much smaller. When the Austro-Turkish war ended and the liberation movement was suppressed, the Habsburgs took over the lands of the Hungarians. German colonists were settled on the territory of Hungary. Over time, the Magyars changed as a people. History and cultural heritage experienced tangible changes at that time, because national contradictions only grew.

The strength of the state grew stronger, and all the settled peoples underwent Magyarization. This is how Hungary became an independent republic.

Which one was good at what?

Various groups of Hungarians began to form. The Magyars are not a small cluster of inhabitants, but a whole people, as numerous as they are heterogeneous. Since the eighteenth century, these groups have retained their distinctive features. Of course, each settlement had its own strong point, something in which they differed and in which they succeeded more than their fellow citizens.

For example, the inhabitants of the mountains (palocy and mother) were distinguished by great skill in embroidering on leather and canvases. The Sharkez people are mostly remembered by their descendants for their excellent skills in creating decorative arts and clothing. To the west of the Transdanubian region, during the Middle Ages, groups formed in the territories of Khetesh and Göcey. In terms of achievements in material culture, they most resembled their neighbors - the Slovenes.

On the territory washed by the rivers Raba and Danube, the Rabakoz people settled. Kumans, they are also Kuns, descendants of the Polovtsy, feeling the onslaught of the Tatar-Mongols in the thirteenth century, as well as the Yasses, were awarded land from the kings of Hungary. Like a sponge, they absorbed culture and language. This is how haiduks appeared.

But what about today?

And now, centuries later, what is the Hungarian nation? The Magyars do not forget their origin and honor history. Today, Hungary is considered a fairly developed state. On high level industry, as well as the service sector. However, there is also an important role agriculture, because these lands are still fertile and fertile, and technological progress only opens up new opportunities for its cultivation. Both cattle breeding (which was the first to feed the Hungarians) and agriculture are well developed.

Where did it all start?

In ancient times, the flat territories of the country in the east were distinguished by the development of cattle breeding. Especially popular was the breeding of horses in the southern part of Hungary. There are many benefits from pig farming. The Hungarians learned about the art of cultivating the land from the Turkic-speaking Proto-Bulgarians, as well as the Slavs. This is reflected even in the then vocabulary of the peoples listed above.

Most of the Magyars were fed by wheat. The main fodder crop was corn. Potato cultivation began in the eighteenth century. Winemaking, cultivation of garden trees and various vegetables were not left without attention. Flax and hemp were processed. Special attention can be paid to the beautiful and unique embroidery, lace, works. Also, the Magyars were excellent at handling leather. Modern Hungarians respect their traditions and try to preserve the ancient customs.

What conditions did they live in?

The villages of the Hungarians were quite large, they also settled on farms (mostly in the eastern part of Hungary). Today, the overwhelming majority of the population of the state are city dwellers. From the Middle Ages to the present day, cities such as Pec, Buda, Gyor and others have survived.

In addition, formed settlements, radically different from the classical idea of ​​megacities. In the past they were inhabited by peasants, so hence the name - agricultural type towns. Today, the difference between the two types of cities is not felt so much.