"I want everyone..."
3. Combat awards established in 1943
In 1943, the Soviet award system was replenished with one medal and three orders, which immediately took an important place in the order hierarchy. Established at the very beginning of the year, the medal was intended not for the army, but for civilians who voluntarily stood up for the defense of the Fatherland, joining partisan detachments to fight behind enemy lines. To encourage the commanders of the Red Army in 1943, two more "military" orders were created. One of them was actually "Marshal's" - it was intended to reward only the highest front-level command. The second was more "democratic" - the lowest degree of this order could be awarded to ordinary soldiers and partisans, whose initiative and courage contributed to the success of the military operation. And, finally, the third order was purely "soldier", issued exclusively for personal feat in battle, which made it one of the most respected and revered military awards of the Soviet Union.
Established on February 2, 1943, it had I and II degrees - this is the only Soviet medal of the Great Patriotic War period that had two degrees. The 1st degree medal was made of silver, and the 2nd degree medal was made of brass.
This medal was awarded to: partisans of the Patriotic War, commanding staff partisan detachments and organizers partisan movement who showed bravery, steadfastness and courage in the partisan struggle in the rear against Nazi German invaders.
The medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War" I degree was awarded to partisans - the commanding staff of partisan detachments and organizers of the partisan movement for special merits in organizing the partisan movement, for courage, heroism and outstanding success in the partisan struggle in the rear of the Nazi invaders. The II degree medal was awarded to ordinary partisans who distinguished themselves in the fight against the Nazi invaders. In total, 127,000 people were awarded the “Partisan of the Patriotic War” medal: more than 56,000 people were awarded the I degree, and about 71,000 people were awarded the II degree.
The medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War" was worn on the left side of the chest and was located after the medal "For Labor Distinction".
Established October 10, 1943.
Consisted of three degrees: I, II, and III degrees. The highest degree of the order was the I degree. This is the only "military" order, the lowest degree of which could be awarded to ordinary soldiers and partisans.
This order was awarded to commanders and soldiers of the Red Army and Navy, leaders of partisan detachments and partisans, who showed special determination and skill in operations to defeat the enemy, high patriotism, courage and selflessness in the struggle for the liberation of Soviet land from German invaders.
The Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, 1st class, was awarded to commanders of fronts, fleets, armies, flotillas, their deputies, chiefs of staff, heads of operational departments of departments and heads of combat arms of fronts, fleets, armies and flotillas, commanders of formations of partisan detachments. They were awarded for a successful operation to liberate an area or city of particular importance (with a serious defeat to the enemy), for the defeat of the enemy headquarters, the capture of his base and for the liberation of a significant territory from the enemy.
The Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky II degree was awarded to the commanders of corps, divisions, brigades and regiments, their deputies, chiefs of staff, commanders of partisan units, their deputies and chiefs of staff, commanders of partisan units. They were awarded for breaking through the enemy's fortified zone, successfully forcing a water line, raiding behind enemy lines with a violation of his communications, and defeating enemy bases.
The Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, III degree, was awarded to privates, sergeants, foremen and officers up to and including the battalion commander, commanders of partisan detachments, commanders of subdivisions of partisan detachments and partisans - for inflicting damage on the enemy and disrupting his military operations, for personal initiative and courage that contributed to the success of the operation.
The Commander of the 12th Army of the 3rd Ukrainian Front, General A.I. Danilov - for the liberation of the city of Zaporozhye. The first Order of Bohdan Khmelnitsky II degree was awarded to the commander of the engineer battalion, Major B.V. Tarasenko - for building a crossing across the Dnieper under enemy fire. Commander of the Order No. 1 of the III degree was the deputy commander of the battalion, Senior Lieutenant T.D. Rybin. The Order of the 1st degree was awarded 323 times; among those awarded were such celebrities as the commander of the 3rd Belorussian Front, General I.D. Chernyakhovsky, army commander D.D. Lelyushenko, commanders of partisan formations S.A. Kovpak, I.F. Fedorov, A.N. Saburov. The Order of the II degree was awarded 2.390 times, and the III degree - 5.738 times. In addition, the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky was awarded to 106 military units, including the Czechoslovak brigade of General Ludwig Svoboda.
The Order of Bohdan Khmelnitsky was worn on the right side of the chest. In the presence of other orders of the USSR, the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky I and II degree was located after the Order of Nakhimov of the corresponding degree, the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky III degree - after the Order of Kutuzov III degree.
Established November 8, 1943.
The Order of Victory was the highest military order of the USSR. This military order was established simultaneously with the soldier's Order of Glory.
Persons of the highest commanders Red Army for the successful conduct of such military operations on the scale of one or several fronts, as a result of which the situation is radically changing in favor of the Red Army.
For those awarded with the Order of Victory, a memorial plaque was established, as a sign of special distinction, to include the names of holders of the Order of Victory on it. Memorial plaque installed in the Grand Kremlin Palace. In total, 11 of the most prominent Soviet commanders and 5 major military figures of the countries were awarded the Order of Victory anti-Hitler coalition. Among the Soviet commanders, the Order of Victory received (in the order of awarding): G.K. Zhukov, A.M. Vasilevsky, I.V. Stalin, K.K. Rokossovsky, I.S. Konev, R.Ya. Malinovsky, F.I. Tolbukhin, L.A. Govorov, S.K. Timoshenko, A.I. Antonov, K.A. Meretskov. At the same time, Stalin, Zhukov and Vasilevsky were awarded the Order of Victory twice. Of the foreigners, the holders of the Order of Victory were: Commander of the Yugoslav People's Liberation Army I.-B. Tito, Commander of the Polish Army M. Role-Zhymersky, English Field Marshal B.L. Montgomery, American General D. Eisenhower and King Mihai I of Romania.
The Order "Victory" is the only one of the Soviet orders that was produced not at the mint, but at the Moscow Jewelry and Watch Factory. According to the calculations of this enterprise, 300 grams of platinum and 110 diamonds were required for each order. In total, by order of the Council of People's Commissars, Glavyuvelirtorg was supplied with 5,400 diamonds and 9 kilograms of pure platinum for the production of the Orders of Victory. The estimated value of the order in 1945 was £3,750.
After the end of the war, the awarding of the Order of Victory was discontinued, and the order became part of history. However, more than 30 years after the war, another holder of the Order of Victory suddenly appeared: in 1978, on the eve of the 60th anniversary of Soviet army this order was issued by the Central Committee of the Party to the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU L.I. Brezhnev. This award was actually illegal: although at the time of the award, Brezhnev held the rank of marshal and held the post of Chairman of the USSR Defense Council, his actions did not comply with the Statute of the Order of Victory. Moreover, at the end of the war, Leonid Ilyich was only a major general, and as the head of the political department, he did not play any role in organizing and conducting large-scale front-line operations, for which the Order of Victory was awarded. Therefore, during the period of reforms that began in our country on September 21, 1989, by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, a decree on awarding L.I. Brezhnev's order "Victory" was canceled as contrary to the charter of this order.
The Order of Victory was worn on the left side of the chest 12-14 cm above the waist.
Established November 8, 1943.
Consisted of three degrees: I, II and III degrees. The highest degree of the order was the I degree. The award was made sequentially: first the third, then the second and, finally, the first degree.
The Order of Glory was established on the same day as the military order "Victory" as a purely "soldier" order. The main feature of this award was that this is the only combat distinction intended to be awarded exclusively to soldiers and sergeants (only in aviation they were also awarded to junior lieutenants, who were actually “ordinary air battles”). The Order of Glory was the only order in the USSR that was awarded only for personal merit - they were not awarded to military units, enterprises, or organizations. In addition, the Order of Glory was the last of the "land" orders created during the war years; after him, only two "marine" orders appeared.
The colors of the ribbon of the Order of Glory repeated the colors of the ribbon of the Russian Imperial Military Order of St. George, which in Soviet times was, to say the least, unexpected. In addition, the color and design of the ribbon were the same for all three degrees, which was also characteristic of the pre-revolutionary award system, but was never used in the USSR award system. The order of the 1st degree was made of gold, the 2nd degree - of silver with a central circle of gold, the 3rd degree - entirely of silver.
Those who were awarded the Orders of Glory of all three degrees were awarded the right to confer a higher military rank, which was also an exception for the Soviet award system. Privates, corporals and sergeants received the rank of foreman; having the rank of foreman received the rank of junior lieutenant; and junior lieutenants in aviation - the rank of lieutenant.
According to the Statute, only privates and sergeants of the Red Army were to be awarded the order, and in aviation, and persons with the rank of junior lieutenant who showed in battles for Soviet Motherland glorious feats of courage, courage and fearlessness. Moreover, it was very difficult to receive this award - for example, those who were the first to break into enemy positions with a fight, who, in a moment of danger, saved the unit’s banner or, risking their lives, saved the commander in battle, were considered worthy of being awarded the Order of Glory. The right to award the Order of Glory of the III degree was granted to the commanders of formations; II degree could only be awarded by the commander of the army (or flotilla), and the order of the first degree was awarded only by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
The Order of Glory III degree No. 1 was awarded to the armor-piercer of the 2nd Ukrainian Front, senior sergeant Kharin. The first Orders of Glory, II degree, were simultaneously received by sappers of the 10th Army of the 1st Belorussian Front, privates S.I. Baranov and A.G. Vlasov. The first Orders of Glory, 1st class, were also awarded simultaneously: sapper corporal M.T. Pitenin (died before the award was presented) and assistant platoon commander senior sergeant K.K. Shevchenko. Interestingly, in addition to the three Orders of Glory, Shevchenko also earned the Order of the Red Star, the Red Banner and the Patriotic War, which was phenomenal for a simple sergeant - at that time not every colonel and not even every general had six orders!
In total, during the war years, 980,000 people became cavaliers of the Order of Glory of the III degree, 46,000 of the II degree, and 2,562 people of the I degree (that is, full cavaliers of the order). Among the full holders of the Order of Glory were 4 Heroes of the Soviet Union and 4 women. In addition, the "Battalion of Glory" appeared in the 69th Army of the 1st Belorussian Front - for the successful assault on the impregnable enemy defense line on the Vistula River, the entire personnel of the 1st Battalion of the 215th Guards Rifle Regiment (except officers) was awarded the Order of Glory III degree!
The authority of the Order of Glory, revered by the people as the only soldier's order, issued exclusively for feat of arms on the battlefield, and today remains an indisputable symbol of the heroism of a simple Soviet soldier, like its glorious predecessor - the Russian military order of St. George.
The Order of Glory was worn on the left side of the chest and was arranged in order of seniority.
Exactly 73 years ago, on the initiative of I.V. Stalin, the Order of Glory of three degrees was established in the USSR. This award was intended exclusively for rewarding privates and sergeants and, along with the Star of the Hero, became a material symbol of military prowess.
Among the features of the Order of Glory that distinguished it from other domestic awards is the fact that it was intended only for soldiers and sergeants, with an exception among officers were only junior lieutenants of aviation. The Order of Glory is the only Soviet award issued solely for personal merit: the order has never been awarded to military units or enterprises, as was the case, for example, with the Order of Lenin.
Rewarding with an order meant raising the cavaliers of all its degrees in rank, which was a serious exception for the Soviet award system. The first fighter to be awarded the Order of Glory of the III degree was the sapper V.S. Malyshev. The award took place on November 13, 1943. On December 10, 1943, sappers Private S.I. became the first holders of the Order of the II degree. Baranov and A.G. Vlasov, who fought on the Belorussian front. At the end of the war, both fighters became holders of the Order of Glory, 1st degree. The first owners of the Order of Glory, I degree, were sapper-corporal M.T. Pitenik and assistant platoon commander Art. Sergeant K.K. Shevchenko.
The awarding of the Order of Glory lasted from November 1943 until the summer of 1945. In 1967 and 1975, additional benefits were introduced for full cavaliers of the Order of Glory, equalizing their rights with the Heroes of the Soviet Union. In particular, they were granted the right to assign them personal pensions of federal significance, large housing benefits, and the right to travel free of charge.
Simultaneously with the "soldier" Order of Glory, the "military" order "Victory" was also established. The Order of Victory, as the highest military order, was awarded to senior officers of the Red Army for the successful conduct of such military operations on the scale of several or one front, as a result of which the situation radically changes in favor of the Red Army. Awarding the Order of Victory is made only by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
The first awarding of the Order of Victory took place on April 10, 1944. The owner of the Order No. 1 was the commander of the 1st Ukrainian front Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov. Order No. 2 was received by the chief General Staff Marshal of the Soviet Union A. M. Vasilevsky. The Order "Victory" No. 3 was awarded to the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Marshal of the Soviet Union I. V. Stalin. All of them were awarded this award for the liberation of the Right-Bank Ukraine.
The following awards took place only a year later: on March 30, 1945, the commander of the 1st Belorussian Front, Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov, became holders of the order - for the skillful completion of tasks Supreme High Command(second order), commander of the 2nd Belorussian Front, Marshal of the Soviet Union K.K. Rokossovsky - for the liberation of Poland, and commander of the 1st Ukrainian Front, Marshal of the Soviet Union I.S. Konev - for the liberation of Poland and the crossing of the Oder.
On April 19, 1945, the second order was awarded to the commander of the 3rd Belorussian Front, Marshal of the Soviet Union A. M. Vasilevsky - for the capture of Königsberg and the liberation East Prussia, with the wording: "For the skillful fulfillment of the tasks of the Supreme High Command for the management of large-scale military operations, as a result of which outstanding successes were achieved in the defeat of the Nazi troops."
On April 26 of the same year, two more were awarded: the commander of the 2nd Ukrainian Front, Marshal of the Soviet Union R. Ya. Malinovsky and the commander of the 3rd Ukrainian Front, Marshal of the Soviet Union F.I. Tolbukhin. Both were awarded for the liberation in the heavy, bloody battles of the territories of Hungary and Austria.
On May 31, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the commander of the Leningrad Front, Marshal of the Soviet Union L. A. Govorov, was awarded for defeating German troops near Leningrad and in the Baltic states.
On June 4, the Order of Victory for planning military operations and coordinating the actions of the fronts throughout the war was awarded to two more military leaders: Marshal of the Soviet Union S. K. Timoshenko, representative of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, and General of the Army A. I. Antonov, Chief of the General Staff.
Following the results of the war with Japan, on September 8, 1945, the commander of the Far Eastern Front, Marshal of the Soviet Union K. A. Meretskov, became a holder of the Order of Victory.
After the end of the war, it was decided to award the Order of Victory to the commanders of the allied forces. Decree of June 5, 1945 "for outstanding success in conducting military operations on a large scale, as a result of which the victory of the United Nations over Nazi Germany» were awarded: US Army General Dwight Eisenhower and Field Marshal Sir Bernard Law Montgomery
On August 23, 1944, the King of Romania, Mihai I of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, arrested members of the Romanian government who collaborated with Nazi Germany. For this act, on July 6, 1945, Mihai was awarded the Order of Victory with the wording "For the courageous act of a decisive turn in Romanian policy towards a break with Nazi Germany and an alliance with the United Nations at a time when the defeat of Germany was not yet clearly defined."
Marshal of Poland Michal Rola-Zhymerski was awarded the order on August 9, 1945 "for outstanding services in organizing the armed forces of Poland and for the successful conduct of military operations of the Polish Army in decisive battles against the common enemy - Nazi Germany."
On September 9, 1945, Marshal of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito became the last foreign holder of the Order of Victory "for outstanding success in conducting military operations on a large scale, contributing to the victory of the United Nations over Nazi Germany."
In 1966, the Order of Victory was supposed to be awarded to French President Charles de Gaulle during his visit to the USSR, but the award never took place.
On February 20, 1978, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a Decree on awarding Secretary General The Central Committee of the CPSU, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Chairman of the Council of Defense of the USSR Marshal of the Soviet Union L. I. Brezhnev with the Order of Victory. On September 21, 1989, the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR M. S. Gorbachev signed a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the abolition of the awarding of L. I. Brezhnev with the Order of Victory with the wording "as contrary to the statute of the order."
All orders awarded Soviet military leaders, as well as Marshal of Poland M. Rol-Zhymersky, are in Russia. At the Central Museum Armed Forces there are 5 Orders of Victory: two Zhukovs, two Vasilevskys and one Malinovsky. In the Victory Hall of this museum, copies of orders are exhibited, the orders themselves are in storerooms. The remaining copies of the Order "Victory" are in the Gokhran of the Order of K. K. Rokossovsky and M. Rol-Zhymersky - in the Diamond Fund.
Eisenhower's award is located at the 34th President's Memorial Library in his hometown of Abilene, Kansas.
Marshal Tito's award is on display at the May 25 Museum in Belgrade (Serbia). Field Marshal Montgomery's award is on display at the Imperial War Museum in London.
The fate of the Victory Order belonging to King Michael I is unclear (he came to the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the Victory without an order). According to one version, he sold it more than 30 years ago for $4 million. According to the official version, “the Order of Victory is located on the estate of King Michael I in the town of Versoix, Switzerland.”
For those awarded the Order of Victory, a memorial plaque is established, as a sign of special distinction, to include the names of holders of the Order of Victory on it. The memorial plaque is installed in the Grand Kremlin Palace.
Based on materials open sources Nikolai Kukoba
The Order of Glory for awarding privates and sergeants was established on November 8, 1943 on the same day as the Order of Victory - the highest of the "military" orders.The Order of Victory was twice awarded to I.V. Stalin, G.K. Zhukov, A.M. Vasilevsky. In 1978, in violation of the statute of the order, he was awarded the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee L.I. Brezhnev.
The Order of Glory had several features that no other domestic award had: this is the only military distinction intended for awarding exclusively soldiers and sergeants (in aviation, also junior lieutenants); this is the only order of the USSR, issued only for personal merit and never issued to military units, enterprises, or organizations. The statute of the order provided for the promotion of holders of all three degrees in rank, which was an exception for the Soviet award system.
The order was established on the initiative of I.V. Stalin. It was created as a "soldier's order", but on a par with the "commander's".
The first reliably established awarding of the Order of Glory took place on November 13, 1943, when the awarding of the Order of the III degree to sapper V.S. Malyshev was signed. The order to award the Order of Glory II degree was first signed on December 10, 1943; sappers of the 10th Army of the First Belorussian Front, privates S.I. Baranov and A.G. Vlasov, became cavaliers, by the end of the war they received the 1st degree of the order.
The first decree on awarding the Order of Glory I degree was signed on July 22, 1944. They were awarded to a sapper - corporal M.T. Pitenik and assistant platoon commander senior sergeant K.K. Shevchenko. The awarding of the Order of Glory lasted from November 1943 until the summer of 1945.
In 1967 and 1975, additional benefits were introduced for full cavaliers of the Order of Glory, equalizing their rights with the Heroes of the Soviet Union. In particular, they were granted the right to assign them personal pensions of federal significance, large housing benefits, the right to free travel, and so on. The current legislation of the Russian Federation confirms all these rights to holders of the Order of Glory of three degrees.
Warrior Calendar
1586 - Born Mikhail Vasilievich Skopin-Shuisky, prince, commander.
- 1772 During Russian-Turkish war 1768-1774 The Battle of Patras took place. A detachment of Russian ships (2 linear, 2 frigates and 3 small ships) under the command of Captain 1st Rank M.T. Konyaev during a three-hour battle with the Turkish flotilla (8 frigates and 14 shebeks), stationed in the Gulf of Patras under the protection of the fortresses of Lepanto and Patras, destroyed 7 frigates and 6 shebeks. Konyaev was awarded the order St. George 3rd Art.
1875. E. V. Tarle, historian, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, laureate of State Prizes (1942, 1943, 1946) was born. He wrote a large number of works on general Russian and military history, which are characterized by an abundance of factual material and a brilliant literary style. Among the main works are " Crimean War”, “Napoleon’s invasion of Russia”. In 1942-1945. was part of the emergency state commission to establish and investigate the atrocities of the Nazi invaders on the territory of the USSR. Died 01/05/1955
1887 Yu. A. Shaporin, composer and teacher, People's Artist of the USSR, was born. Professor of the Moscow Conservatory, laureate of the State Prize. His works on military-historical themes are imbued with high patriotic pathos: the symphony-cantata "On the Kulikovo Field" (1939), the oratorio "The Legend of the Battle for the Russian Land" (1944). Author of music for the films "Suvorov", "Kutuzov", "Minin and Pozharsky", "Victory". Died 1966
1899 Born M. S. Gromadin, Colonel General (1943). In the Red Army since 1918 civil war participated in the battles on the Southern and South-Western fronts. Since 1938, in staff and command positions in air defense forces. In 1941, he led the country's air defense forces, led the reflection of the first enemy air raids on Moscow. From 1943 he commanded the troops of a number of air defense fronts. In 1946-1948. commander of the country's air defense forces. Died 06/03/1962
1919 The Higher Military Electrotechnical School of the Red Army Command Staff was established on the basis of the Electrotechnical Officer School (the first head was A.V. Babinsky). In 1932, on its basis, the Electrotechnical Academy of the Red Army was created, which was named after S. M. Budyonny the following year. Since 1946, the Military Academy of Communications. S. M. Budyonny. Currently - Military University of Communications.
1923 By order of the Revolutionary Military Council, the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Directorate of the Naval Forces of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army was established to develop "... a wide range of issues and proposals in relation to the theory and practice of naval affairs and technology."
1923 D.T. Yazov, Marshal of the Soviet Union (1990) was born. In the Red Army since 1941. Member of the Great Patriotic War. Since 1979, commander of the Central Group of Forces, then the troops of a number of military districts. Since January 1987, Deputy. Minister of Defense of the USSR for Personnel - Head of the Main Directorate of Personnel of the USSR Ministry of Defense. From May 1987 to August 1991 Minister of Defense of the USSR.
1943 By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the highest military order was established - the Order of Victory (author-artist A.I. Kuznetsov), the Order of Victory No. 1 was awarded to Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov. Three people - I. V. Stalin, G. K. Zhukov and A. M. Vasilevsky - were awarded the order twice.
On the same day, another Decree established the Order of Glory (author - artist N. I. Moskalev) of three degrees, to reward private and non-commissioned officers of the Red Army who committed glorious feats of courage, courage and fearlessness in the battles for the Soviet Motherland.
The first recipient of the Order of Glory was Corporal M. T. Pitenin. During the years of World War II, about two and a half thousand people became cavaliers of all degrees of the order. Among them are four women: air gunner-radio operator N. A. Zhurkina, machine gunner D. Yu. Stanielene, medical instructor M. S. Nozdracheva, sniper N. P. Petrova. Senior Sergeant N. A. Zaletov became the first full cavalier.
1947 M. I. Barsukov was born, statesman, General of the Army (1995). Graduated from the Moscow Higher Military Command School. Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR (1970), military academy them. M. V. Frunze (1979). Since December 1991, the commandant of the Kremlin, since June 1992, the head of the Main Directorate of Security. From 07/24/1995 to 06/20/1996 director of the FSB of the Russian Federation.
