Musa Jalil was born on February 2, 1906 in the village of Mustafino Orenburg region in a Tatar family. Education in the biography of Musa Jalil was received in a madrasah (Muslim educational institution) "Husainia" in Orenburg. Jalil has been a member of the Komsomol since 1919. Musa continued his education at Moscow State University, where he studied at the literary department. After graduating from university, he worked as an editor for children's magazines.
For the first time, Jalil's work was published in 1919, and his first collection was published in 1925 ("We are going"). 10 years later, two more collections of the poet were published: "Order-bearing millions", "Poems and poems." Also, Musa Jalil in his biography was the secretary of the Writers' Union.
In 1941 he went to the front, where he not only fought, but was also a war correspondent. After being taken prisoner in 1942, he was in the Spandau concentration camp. There he organized an underground organization that helped the prisoners to escape. In the camp in the biography of Musa Jalil, there was still a place for creativity. There he wrote a whole series of poems. For work in an underground group, he was executed in Berlin on August 25, 1944. In 1956, the writer and activist was named a Hero Soviet Union.
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Biography and episodes of life Musa Jalil. When born and died Musa Jalil, memorable places and dates important events his life. Quotes of a poet, journalist, publicist, Photo and video.
Musa Jalil's years of life:
born February 2, 1906, died August 25, 1944
Epitaph
“Eternal memory to the poet-fighter!
We remember him to this day.
By his death he proved to the Creator:
The word is not a ghost in the desert."
From a poem by Igor Sulga in memory of Musa Jalil
Biography
The biography of Musa Jalil is the story of an amazing person. His wonderful poems became a real testament to the struggle and courage, the truth of which was revealed only years later. A native of a poor peasant family, a graduate of the philological faculty of Moscow State University, a talented poet and journalist, during the Great Patriotic War he went on a bold feat, risking his own life- and losing it.
When the war began, Musa Jalil already had a successful career - he edited children's and youth literature, worked as an executive secretary of the Union of Writers of Tatarstan, published collections of poems, wrote librettos for operas. He was 35 years old when he went to war, and a year later the seriously wounded Musa Jalil was captured. Then he took an incredible step - he joined the German legion "Idel-Ural", but not at all in order to fight on the side of Germany, but to create an underground group. Under the guise of cultural and educational activities, Jalil traveled to prison camps, recruited new members of the organization and organized escapes. Musa Jalil's underground activities lasted a little over a year, until he was arrested - just a few days before the uprising he had prepared. A year after his arrest, Jalil was executed by guillotine.
Perhaps the feat of Jalil would have remained unknown. For many years after the war, the poet was considered an enemy of the people, a traitor who went over to the side of the enemy. But the truth soon began to come to light. Former prisoners of war, cellmates of the poet, were able to hand over to the Soviet authorities the poems of Musa Jalil, which he wrote in prison and which clearly indicated that he was organizing an underground movement. But even this did not immediately help to rehabilitate the poet, until the notebook with Jalil's poems fell into the hands of Konstantin Simonov. He not only translated the poems into Russian, but also removed the accusations of betrayal from him, proving the feat of Jalil. After that, Musa Jalil was posthumously rehabilitated and the fame of a great man and patriot spread throughout the country. 12 years after the death of Musa Jalil, he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. And although there was no funeral of Musa Jalil and there is no grave of Jalil, today there are monuments to the poet all over the country, and in his native village Mustafino there is a museum of Musa Jalil.
life line
February 2, 1906 Date of birth of Musa Jalil ( full name Musa Mustafovich Zalilov (Jalilov).
1919 Studying at the Tatar Institute public education in Orenburg.
1925 The release of the collection of poems and poems "We are going."
1927 Admission to the literary department of Moscow State University.
1931-1932 Editor of Tatar children's magazines.
1933 Head of the Literature and Art Department of the Tatar newspaper Kommunist in Moscow.
1934 The release of the collections of poems by Musa Jalil "Order-bearing millions" and "Poems and poems".
1939-1941 Executive Secretary of the Union of Writers of the Tatar ASSR.
1941 Leaving for the front.
1942 Captivity, joining the German legion "Idel-Ural" in order to continue the fight against the enemy.
February 21, 1943 The uprising of the 825th battalion of the legion "Idel-Ural", joining the Belarusian partisans.
August 1943 Arrest of Musa Jalil.
August 25, 1944 Date of death of Musa Jalil (execution).
Memorable places
1. The village of Mustafino in the Orenburg region, where Musa Jalil was born.
2. Museum-apartment of Musa Jalil in Kazan in the house of Jalil, where he lived in 1940-1941.
3. Monument to Musa Jalil in St. Petersburg.
4. Monument to Musa Jalil in Nizhnevartovsk.
5. Monument to Musa Jalil in Tosno.
7. Moabite prison in Berlin, where Musa Jalil was held captive.
8. Plötzensee prison in Berlin, where Musa Jalil was executed.
Episodes of life
The poet's wife, Amina Jalil, said that her husband was a real workaholic. Often he came home from work at 4-5 in the morning, and as soon as he woke up, he immediately went to his desk. For any work he undertook with a desire and gave it completely. The poet began to publish at the age of 13-15 - everyone was convinced that a great literary future awaited him.
The first evidence of Jalil's feat appeared back in 1945, when Soviet troops ended up on the territory of the fascist Moabit prison, in which there was no one else. One of the fighters found a piece of paper with a Russian text - its author was Musa Jalil. He wrote that he was taken prisoner by the Germans, that his activities were exposed and that he would soon be shot. In the letter, he said goodbye to family and friends, but it, like the following manuscripts of Jalil, disappeared in the depths of the KGB, without reaching the public for a long time. Some collections of poems, which were later handed over to the Soviet authorities, were never found.
In 1947, a notebook with Jalil's poems came to the Union - they were taken out of prison by his cellmate, the Belgian Andre Timmermans. According to Timmermans, Musa Jalil created an underground group after the mufti turned to him with a request to convince Tatar prisoners of war to join the army of General Vlasov, Soviet commander who went over to the side of Germany. Jalil agreed to do this, but in underground leaflets he called for the opposite. At first there were 12 people in Jalil's group, and then they attracted the thirteenth, who betrayed them. Timmermans also said that he was surprised and admired by Jalil's calmness, which he maintained even when his activities were revealed and he realized that he would be executed.
Covenant
“To live in such a way that even after death you do not die.”
Fragments from the film "Moabite Notebook" about Musa Jalil
condolences
“It combined everyday life, efficiency with the ability to think big, with thoughts of death and immortality. This gave birth to a calm, instilling faith in people, simplicity and masculinity of Jalil's character.
Amina Jalil, wife of Musa Jalil
"He was a very calm and very courageous person, I always respected him."
Andre Timmermans, cellmate of Musa Jalil
I would give so much for a swing! ..
But the body at the bottom of the casemate
And the captive hands are in chains.
How freedom rains
In happy faces of flowers!
But it goes out under the stone arch
The breath of weakening words.
I know - in the arms of the light
Such a sweet moment of being!
But I'm dying... And this-
My last song.
eleven suicide bombers
On August 25, 1944, 11 members of the Idel-Ural Legion, a unit created by the Nazis from Soviet prisoners of war, primarily Tatars, were executed on charges of treason in the Plötzensee prison in Berlin.
Eleven of those sentenced to death were an asset of an underground anti-fascist organization that managed to decompose the legion from the inside and frustrate the German plans.
The execution procedure on the guillotine in Germany was debugged to automatism - it took the executioners about half an hour to behead the "criminals". Executors scrupulously recorded the order in which sentences were carried out and even the time of death of each person.
Fifth, at 12:18, lost his life writer Musa Gumerov. Musa Mustafovich Zalilov, aka Musa Jalil, died under this name, a poet whose main poems became known to the world a decade and a half after his death.
In the beginning was "Happiness"
Musa Jalil was born on February 15, 1906 in the village of Mustafino, Orenburg province, in the family of a peasant, Mustafa Zalilov.
Musa Jalil in his youth. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org
Musa was the sixth child in the family. “I first went to the village mekteb (school) to study, and after moving to the city I went to elementary grades madrasah (spiritual school) "Husainia". When my relatives left for the village, I stayed at the madrasah boarding house,” Jalil wrote in his autobiography. “During these years, Khusainia was far from being the same. The October Revolution, the struggle for Soviet power, its strengthening strongly influenced the madrasah. Inside "Husainia" the struggle between the children of beys, mullahs, nationalists, defenders of religion and the sons of the poor, revolutionary-minded youth is intensifying. I always stood on the side of the latter, and in the spring of 1919 I signed up for the newly established Orenburg Komsomol organization, fought for the spread of Komsomol influence in the madrasah.
But even before Musa was carried away by revolutionary ideas, poetry entered his life. The first poems that have not survived, he wrote in 1916. And in 1919, in the newspaper "Kyzyl Yoldyz" ("Red Star"), which was published in Orenburg, Jalil's first poem was published, which was called "Happiness". Since then, Musa's poems have been published regularly.
"Some of us are missing"
After civil war Musa Jalil graduated from the workers' faculty, was engaged in Komsomol work, and in 1927 he entered the literary department of the ethnological faculty of Moscow State University. After its reorganization, he graduated in 1931 from the literary faculty of Moscow State University.
Classmates of Jalil, then still Musa Zalilov, noted that at the beginning of his studies he did not speak Russian very well, but he studied with great diligence.
After graduating from the Faculty of Literature, Jalil was the editor of Tatar children's magazines published under the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, then the head of the literature and art department of the Tatar newspaper Kommunist, published in Moscow.
In 1939, Jalil and his family moved to Kazan, where he took the position of executive secretary of the Union of Writers of the Tatar ASSR.
On June 22, 1941, Musa and his family were going to a friend's dacha. At the station, he was overtaken by the news of the beginning of the war.
The trip was not canceled, but the carefree conversations in the country gave way to talk about what lies ahead for everyone.
After the war, some of us will be missing ... - Jalil told his friends.
Missing
The very next day, he went to the military enlistment office with a request to send him to the front, but they refused and offered to wait until the summons arrived. The wait did not drag on - they called Jalil on July 13, initially assigning him to the artillery regiment as a mounted scout.
Musa Jalil with his daughter Chulpak. Photo: RIA Novosti
At that time, the premiere of the opera "Altynchech" took place in Kazan, the libretto for which was written by Musa Jalil. The writer was released on leave, and he came to the theater in military uniform. After that, the command of the unit found out what kind of fighter they serve.
They wanted to demobilize Jalil or leave him in the rear, but he himself opposed attempts to save him: “My place is among the fighters. I have to be at the front and beat the Nazis."
As a result, in early 1942, Musa Jalil went to the Leningrad Front as an employee of the front-line newspaper Courage. He spent a lot of time at the forefront, collecting the material necessary for publications, as well as carrying out instructions from the command.
In the spring of 1942, senior political instructor Musa Jalil was among the fighters and commanders of the Second Shock Army who fell into the Nazi encirclement. On June 26, he was wounded and captured.
How this happened can be learned from the surviving poem by Musa Jalil, one of those written in captivity:
"What to do?
Refused the word friend-gun.
The enemy has chained my half-dead hands,
The dust has covered my blood trail."
Apparently, the poet was not going to surrender, but fate decided otherwise.
At home on long years he was assigned the status of "missing".
Legion "Idel-Ural"
With the rank of political instructor, Musa Jalil could have been shot in the first days of his stay in the camp. However, none of his comrades in misfortune betrayed him.
In the POW camp there were different people- someone lost heart, broke down, and someone burned with the desire to continue the fight. From among these, an underground anti-fascist committee was formed, of which Musa Jalil became a member.
The failure of the blitzkrieg and the beginning of a protracted war forced the Nazis to reconsider their strategy. If earlier they relied only on their own strength, now they decided to play the “national card”, trying to attract representatives of various nations to cooperation. In August 1942, an order was signed to create the Idel-Ural Legion. It was planned to create it from among the Soviet prisoners of war, representatives of the peoples of the Volga region, primarily the Tatars.
Musa Jalil with his daughter Chulpak. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org
With the help of Tatar political emigrants during the Civil War, the Nazis hoped to educate former prisoners of war as staunch opponents of the Bolsheviks and Jews.
Candidates for legionnaires were separated from other prisoners of war, freed from hard work, better fed, treated.
There was a discussion among the underground - how to relate to what is happening? It was proposed to boycott the invitation to enter the service of the Germans, but the majority voted for another idea - to enter the legion, in order to prepare an uprising inside the Idel-Ural, having received weapons and equipment from the Nazis.
So Musa Jalil and his comrades "took the path of struggle against Bolshevism."
Underground in the heart of the Third Reich
This was a deadly game. "Writer Gumerov" managed to earn the trust of the new leaders and received the right to engage in cultural and educational work among the legionnaires, as well as publish the newspaper of the legion. Jalil, traveling around the prisoner-of-war camps, established secret connections and, under the guise of selecting amateur artists for the choir chapel created in the legion, recruited new members of the underground organization.
The effectiveness of the underground was incredible. The Idel-Ural Legion never became a full-fledged combat unit. His battalions raised uprisings and went to the partisans, the legionnaires deserted in groups and singly, trying to get to the location of the Red Army units. Where the Nazis managed to prevent a direct rebellion, things were also not going well - the German commanders reported that the legion soldiers were not able to conduct fighting. As a result, legionnaires from the Eastern Front were transferred to the West, where they also did not really show themselves.
However, the Gestapo did not doze off either. The underground workers were identified, and in August 1943 all the leaders of the underground organization, including Musa Jalil, were arrested. This happened just a few days before the start of the general uprising of the Idel-Ural legion.
Poems from fascist dungeons
The underground workers were sent to the dungeons of the Berlin Moabit prison. They were interrogated with prejudice, using all conceivable and unthinkable types of torture. Beaten and mutilated people were sometimes taken to Berlin, stopping in crowded places. The prisoners were shown a piece of peaceful life, and then returned to prison, where the investigator offered to extradite all the accomplices, promising in exchange a life similar to that flowing on the streets of Berlin.
It was very hard not to break. Everyone was looking for their own ways to hold on. For Musa Jalil, writing poetry became this way.
Soviet prisoners of war were not supposed to write paper, but Jalil was helped by prisoners from other countries who were sitting with him. He also tore off blank margins from the newspapers that were allowed in prison, and sewed small notebooks out of them. In them he recorded his works.
During one of the interrogations, the investigator in charge of the underground fighters honestly told Jalil that what they had done would be enough for 10 death sentences, and the best he could hope for was execution. But, most likely, they are waiting for the guillotine.
Reproduction of the cover of the "Second Maobit Notebook" by the poet Musa Jalil, handed over to the Soviet embassy by the Belgian Andre Timmermans. Photo: RIA Novosti
The verdict on the underground workers was passed in February 1944, and from that moment on, every day could be their last.
"I'll die standing without asking for forgiveness"
Those who knew Musa Jalil said that he was a very cheerful person. But more than the inevitable execution, in prison he was disturbed by the thought that in his homeland they would not know what had become of him, they would not know that he was not a traitor.
He handed over his notebooks, written in Moabit, to fellow prisoners, those who did not face the death penalty.
August 25, 1944 underground Musa Jalil, Gainan Kurmashev,Abdullah Alish, Fuat Saifulmulukov,Fuat Bulatov,Garif Shabaev, Akhmet Simaev, Abdulla Battalov,Zinnat Khasanov, Akhat Atnashev And Salim Bukhalov were executed in the Plötzensee prison. The Germans, who were present in the prison and saw them in the last minutes of their lives, said that they behaved with amazing dignity. Assistant Warden Paul Dürrhauer said: "I have not yet seen people go to the place of execution with their heads held high and singing a song at the same time."
No, you're lying, executioner, I won't kneel,
At least throw them into the dungeons, at least sell them into slaves!
I'll die standing without asking for forgiveness
Chop my head with an ax!
I'm sorry that I am those who are related to you,
Not a thousand - only a hundred exterminated.
For this would have his people
I asked for forgiveness on my knees.
Traitor or hero?
Musa Jalil's fears that they would talk about him at home came true. In 1946, the USSR Ministry of State Security launched a search case against him. He was accused of treason and aiding the enemy. In April 1947, the name of Musa Jalil was included in the list of especially dangerous criminals.
The grounds for suspicion were German documents, from which it followed that the "writer Gumerov" voluntarily entered the service of the Germans, joining the Idel-Ural legion.
Musa Jalil. Monument in Kazan. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org/ Liza vetta
The works of Musa Jalil were forbidden to be published in the USSR, the poet's wife was summoned for interrogation. The competent authorities assumed that he might be in the territory of Germany occupied Western allies and conduct anti-Soviet activities.
But back in 1945 in Berlin Soviet soldiers Musa Jalil's note was found, in which he told that, together with his comrades, he was sentenced to death as an underground worker, and asked to inform his relatives about this. Roundabout, through writer Alexander Fadeev, this note reached Jalil's family. But suspicions of treason were not removed from him.
In 1947, a notebook with poems was sent to the USSR from the Soviet consulate in Brussels. These were the poems of Musa Jalil, written in the Moabit prison. Notepad taken out of jail the poet's roommate, the Belgian Andre Timmermans. A few more notebooks were handed over by former Soviet prisoners of war who were part of the Idel-Ural legion. Some notebooks survived, others then disappeared into the archives of the special services.
Symbol of Fortitude
As a result, two notebooks containing 93 poems fell into the hands of poet Konstantin Simonov. He organized the translation of poems from Tatar into Russian, combining them into the collection "Moabite Notebook".
In 1953, at the initiative of Simonov, an article about Musa Jalil was published in the central press, in which all accusations of treason were removed from him. Some poems written by the poet in prison were also published.
Soon the Moabite Notebook was published as a separate book.
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of February 2, 1956 for exceptional stamina and courage shown in the fight against fascist german invaders, Zalilov Musa Mustafovich (Musya Jalil) was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously).
In 1957, Musa Jalil was posthumously awarded the Lenin Prize for his cycle of poems, The Moabit Notebook.
The poems of Musa Jalil, translated into 60 languages of the world, are considered an example of great courage and stamina in front of the monster, whose name is Nazism. "Moabit Notebook" has become on a par with the "Report with a Noose around the Neck" of the Czechoslovak writer and journalist Julius Fucik, who, like Jalil, wrote his main work in the Nazi dungeons while awaiting execution.
Don't frown, friend-
we are only sparks of life,
We are the stars flying in the darkness...
We will go out, but the bright day of the Fatherland
Will rise on our sunny land.
And courage, and loyalty - next to us,
And that's all - than our youth is strong ...
Well, my friend, not with timid hearts
We will meet death. She is not afraid of us.
No, nothing disappears without a trace
The darkness behind the walls of the prison is not eternal.
And the young - someday - will know
How we lived and how we died!
Moabit notebooks - sheets of decayed paper, covered with small handwriting of the Tatar poet Musa Jalil in the dungeons of the Moabit prison in Berlin, where the poet died in 1944 (executed). Despite his death in captivity, in the USSR after the war, Jalil, like many others, was considered a traitor, a search case was opened. He was accused of treason and aiding the enemy. In April 1947, the name of Musa Jalil was included in the list of especially dangerous criminals, although everyone understood perfectly well that the poet had been executed. Jalil was one of the leaders of an underground organization in a fascist concentration camp. In April 1945, when Soviet troops stormed the Reichstag, in the empty Berlin Moabit prison, among the books of the prison library scattered by the explosion, the fighters found a piece of paper on which it was written in Russian: “I, famous poet Musa Jalil, imprisoned in the Moabit prison as a prisoner who has been charged with political charges and will probably be shot soon ... "
Musa Jalil (Zalilov) was born in the Orenburg region, the village of Mustafino, in 1906, the sixth child in the family. His mother was the daughter of a mullah, but Musa himself did not show much interest in religion - in 1919 he joined the Komsomol. He began to write poetry from the age of eight, before the start of the war he published 10 collections of poetry. When he studied at the Faculty of Literature of Moscow State University, he lived in the same room with the present famous writer Varlam Shalamov, who described him in the story “Student Musa Zalilov”: “Musa Zalilov was small in stature, of a fragile build. Musa was a Tatar and, like any "nationalist", was received in Moscow more than affably. Musa had many virtues. Komsomolets - time! Tatar - two! Russian university student - three! Writer - four! Poet - five! Musa was a Tatar poet, muttered his verses in mother tongue, and this bribed Moscow student hearts even more.
Everyone remembers Jalil as an extremely cheerful person - he loved literature, music, sports, friendly meetings. Musa worked in Moscow as an editor of Tatar children's magazines, and was in charge of the literature and art department of the Tatar newspaper Kommunist. Since 1935, he has been called to Kazan - the head of the literary part of the Tatar Opera and Ballet Theater. After much persuasion, he agrees and in 1939 moved to Tatarstan with his wife Amina and daughter Chulpan. The man who occupied not the last place in the theater was also the executive secretary of the Union of Writers of Tatarstan, a deputy of the Kazan city council, when the war began, he had the right to remain in the rear. But Jalil refused the armor.
July 13, 1941 Jalil receives a summons. First, he was sent to courses for political workers. Then - the Volkhov front. He ended up in the famous Second Shock Army, in the editorial office of the Russian newspaper Courage, located among swamps and rotten forests near Leningrad. “My dear Chulpanochka! Finally I went to the front to beat the Nazis,” he wrote in a letter home. “The other day I returned from a ten-day business trip to parts of our front, was at the forefront, carried out a special task. The trip was difficult, dangerous, but very interesting. He was under fire all the time. Three nights in a row did not sleep, ate on the go. But I saw a lot,” he wrote to his Kazan friend, literary critic Gazi Kashshaf in March 1942. Jalil's last letter from the front was also addressed to Kashshaf - in June 1942: “I continue to write poetry and songs. But rarely. Once, and the situation is different. We have fierce battles going on right now. We fight hard, not for life, but for death ... "
Musa with this letter tried to smuggle all his written poems to the rear. Eyewitnesses say that he always carried a thick, shabby notebook in his travel bag, in which he wrote down everything he composed. But where today this notebook is unknown. At the time he wrote this letter, the Second Shock Army was already completely surrounded and cut off from the main forces. Already in captivity, he will reflect this difficult moment in the poem “Forgive me, Motherland”: “The last moment - and there is no shot! My gun changed me ...”
First - a prisoner of war camp near the Siverskaya station Leningrad region. Then - the forefield of the ancient Dvina fortress. A new stage - on foot, past the destroyed villages and villages - Riga. Then - Kaunas, outpost No. 6 on the outskirts of the city. In the last days of October 1942, Jalil was brought to the Polish fortress of Demblin, built under Catherine II. The fortress was surrounded by several rows of barbed wire, guard posts with machine guns and searchlights were installed. In Demblin, Jalil met Gainan Kurmash. The latter, being the commander of scouts, in 1942, as part of a special group, was abandoned behind enemy lines with a mission and ended up in German captivity. Prisoners of war of the nationalities of the Volga and Ural regions - Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Maris, Mordvins, Udmurts - were collected in Demblin.
The Nazis needed not only cannon fodder, but also people who could inspire the legionnaires to fight against the Motherland. They were supposed to be educated people. Teachers, doctors, engineers. Writers, journalists and poets. In January 1943, Jalil, along with other selected "inspirers", was brought to the Wustrau camp near Berlin. This camp was extraordinary. It consisted of two parts: closed and open. The first was the camp barracks familiar to prisoners, however, designed for only a few hundred people. There were no towers or barbed wire around the open camp: clean one-story houses painted with oil paint, green lawns, flower beds, a club, a dining room, a rich library with books on different languages peoples of the USSR.
They were also driven to work, but in the evenings classes were held in which the so-called educational leaders probed and selected people. Those selected were placed in the second territory - in an open camp, for which it was required to sign the appropriate paper. In this camp, the prisoners were led to the dining room, where a hearty lunch awaited them, to the bathhouse, after which they were given clean linen and civilian clothes. Then, classes were held for two months. The prisoners studied the state structure of the Third Reich, its laws, the program and the charter of the Nazi Party. Conducted classes on German. For the Tatars, lectures were given on the history of Idel-Ural. For Muslims - classes in Islam. Those who completed the courses were given money, a civil passport and other documents. They were sent to work on the distribution of the Ministry of the Occupied Eastern Regions - to German factories, scientific organizations or legions, military and political organizations.
In the closed camp, Jalil and his associates carried out underground work. The group already included journalist Rahim Sattar, children's writer Abdulla Alish, engineer Fuat Bulatov, economist Garif Shabaev. All of them for the sake of appearance agreed to cooperate with the Germans, in the words of Musa, in order to "blow up the legion from the inside." In March, Musa and his friends were transferred to Berlin. Musa was listed as an employee of the Tatar Committee of the Eastern Ministry. He did not hold any specific position in the committee, he carried out separate assignments, mainly in cultural and educational work among prisoners of war.
Meetings of the underground committee, or Jalils, as it is customary among researchers to call Jalil's associates, took place under the guise of friendly parties. The ultimate goal was the uprising of the legionnaires. For the purposes of conspiracy, the underground organization consisted of small groups of 5-6 people each. Among the underground workers were those who worked in the Tatar newspaper published by the Germans for the legionnaires, and they were faced with the task of making the work of the newspaper harmless and boring, and preventing the appearance of anti-Soviet articles. Someone worked in the broadcasting department of the Ministry of Propaganda and organized the reception of reports from the Soviet Information Bureau. The underground workers also set up the production of anti-fascist leaflets in Tatar and Russian - they typed them on a typewriter, and then propagated them on a hectograph.
The activities of the Jalil people could not be ignored. In July 1943, far to the east rumbled Battle of Kursk, which ended in the complete failure of the German plan "Citadel". At this time, the poet and his comrades are still at large. But for each of them, the Security Directorate already had a solid dossier. The last meeting of the underground took place on August 9th. On it, Musa said that communication with the partisans and the Red Army had been established. The uprising was scheduled for 14 August. However, on August 11, all the "cultural propagandists" were summoned to the soldiers' canteen - ostensibly for a rehearsal. Here all the "artists" were arrested. In the courtyard - for intimidation - Jalil was beaten in front of the detainees.
Jalil knew that he and his friends were doomed to execution. In the face of his death, the poet experienced an unprecedented creative upsurge. He realized that he had never written like this before. He was in a hurry. It was necessary to leave the thought and accumulated to the people. He writes at this time not only patriotic poems. In his words - not only homesickness, native people or hatred of Nazism. Surprisingly, they contain lyrics and humor.
"Let the wind of death be colder than ice,
he will not disturb the petals of the soul.
A proud smile shines again,
and, forgetting the vanity of the world,
I want again, without knowing the barriers,
write, write, write without getting tired.
In Moabit, with Jalil, Andre Timmermans, a Belgian patriot, was sitting in a “stone bag”. Musa cut off strips with a razor from the margins of the newspapers that were brought to the Belgian. From this he was able to sew notebooks together. On the last page of the first notebook with poems, the poet wrote: “To a friend who can read Tatar: this was written by the famous Tatar poet Musa Jalil ... He fought at the front in 1942 and was taken prisoner. ... He will be awarded to death penalty. He will die. But he will have 115 poems written in captivity and imprisonment. He worries about them. Therefore, if the book falls into your hands, carefully, carefully rewrite them cleanly, save them and report them to Kazan after the war, publish them as poetry. dead poet Tatar people. This is my testament. Musa Jalil. 1943 December.
The Dzhalilevites were sentenced to death in February 1944. They were executed only in August. During six months of imprisonment, Jalil also wrote poetry, but not one of them has come down to us. Only two notebooks have survived, containing 93 poems. Nigmat Teregulov took out the first notebook from prison. He handed it over to the Writers' Union of Tatarstan in 1946. Soon Teregulov was arrested already in the USSR and died in the camp. The second notebook, along with things, was sent to the mother by Andre Timmermans, through the Soviet embassy it was also transferred to Tatarstan in 1947. Today, real Moabit notebooks are kept in the literary fund of the Kazan Jalil Museum.
On August 25, 1944, 11 Dzhalilevites were executed in the Plötzensee prison in Berlin by guillotine. In the column "accusation" in the cards of the convicts, it was written: "Undermining the power, assisting the enemy." Jalil was executed fifth, the time was 12:18. An hour before the execution, the Germans arranged a meeting of the Tatars with the mullah. Memories recorded from his words have been preserved. Mullah did not find words of consolation, and the Jalilevites did not want to communicate with him. Almost without a word, he handed them the Koran - and all of them, putting their hands on the book, said goodbye to life. The Koran was brought to Kazan in the early 1990s and is kept in this museum. It is still not known where the grave of Jalil and his associates is located. This haunts neither Kazan nor German researchers.
Jalil guessed how he would react Soviet authority to the fact that he visited German captivity. In November 1943, he wrote the poem "Do not believe!", Which is addressed to his wife and begins with the lines:
“If they bring you news about me,
They will say: “He is a traitor! betrayed the motherland,
Don't believe me dear! The word is
Friends won't tell if they love me."
In the USSR in post-war years The MGB (NKVD) opened a search case. His wife was summoned to the Lubyanka, she went through interrogations. The name of Musa Jalil disappeared from the pages of books and textbooks. Collections of his poems were no longer in libraries. When songs were performed on the radio or from the stage to his words, it was usually said that the words were folk. The case was closed only after the death of Stalin for lack of evidence. In April 1953, six poems from the Moabit Notebooks were published for the first time in Literaturnaya Gazeta, on the initiative of its editor, Konstantin Simonov. The poems received a wide response. Then - Hero of the Soviet Union (1956), laureate (posthumously) of the Lenin Prize (1957) ... In 1968, the film "Moabit Notebook" was shot at the Lenfilm studio.
From a traitor, Jalil turned into one whose name has become a symbol of devotion to the Motherland. In 1966, near the walls of the Kazan Kremlin, the created famous sculptor V. Tsegalem a monument to Jalil, which stands there today.
In 1994, a bas-relief was opened nearby, on a granite wall, representing the faces of his executed ten comrades. For many years, twice a year - on February 15 (on the birthday of Musa Jalil) and on August 25 (the anniversary of the execution), solemn rallies with the laying of flowers are held at the monument. What the poet wrote about in one of his last letters from the front to his wife came true: “I am not afraid of death. This is not an empty phrase. When we say that we despise death, we actually do. A great feeling of patriotism, full awareness of one's social function dominates the feeling of fear. When the thought of death comes, you think like this: there is still life after death. Not the “life in the next world” that the priests and mullahs preached. We know it doesn't. And there is life in the minds, in the memory of the people. If during my life I did something important, immortal, then by doing this I deserved another life - “life after death”
Musa Jalil - Tatar Soviet poet, Hero of the Soviet Union (1956), Laureate of the Lenin Prize (posthumously, 1957).
Musa Jalil (Musa Mustafovich Zalilov)
(1906-1944)
The purpose of life is precisely this: to live in such a way that even after death you do not die.
Jalil (Jalilov) Musa Mustafovich (real name Musa Mustafovich Zalilov) was born on February 15, 1906, the village of Mustafino, now the Orenburg region, the sixth child in the family. Father - Mustafa Zalilov, mother - Rakhima Zalilova (nee Saifullina). The biography of Jalil Musa in early childhood was closely associated with native village and is very similar to the life of many of his friends - ordinary village boys: he swam in the river Net, herded geese, loved to listen to Tatar songs that his mother sang to him, and fairy tales, which were composed for the beloved grandson by grandmother Gilmy.
When the family moved to the city, Musa began to go to the Orenburg Muslim theological school-madrasah "Khusainiya", which, after October revolution was transformed into the Tatar Institute of Public Education - TINO.
The first poems were published in the newspaper "Kyzyl Yoldyz" ("Red Star") when he was 13 years old. Gradually, the debut and in many ways naive works of the young author become more mature, acquire depth, take shape, and in 1925 his first collection of poems “We are going” comes out of print. This period in early poetry the author is called by many "red", constant ebullient and active participation in public life comes to his poetry with images of a scarlet banner and the scarlet dawn of freedom (“Red Army”, “Red Power”, “Red Holiday”).
In 1927, Musa Jalil moved to Moscow, where he worked as an editor of children's magazines and entered the literary department of Moscow State University.
After graduating from Moscow State University, Jalil was appointed head of the literature and art department of the Tatar newspaper Kommunist in Moscow.
Collections of poems of the period 1929-1935 - "To Comrade", "Ordenosny millions", "Poems and Poems".
In 1935, Musa Jalil was appointed head of the literary part of the Tatar studio at the Moscow State Conservatory. P.I. Tchaikovsky. The studio was supposed to train national personnel for the creation of the first opera theater in Kazan. Jalil wrote the libretto for the operas "Altinchech" ("Golden-Haired"), "Girl Fisherwoman". In December 1938, the opera house was opened. Musa became the first head of the literary department of the Tatar Opera House. Now the Tatar State Opera and Ballet Theater is named after Musa Jalil. Jalil worked in the theater until July 1941, i.e. before being drafted into the Red Army. In 1939, Jalil was elected chairman of the Board of the Writers' Union of Tatarstan.
In 1941 he was drafted into the Red Army. He fought on the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts, was a correspondent for the newspaper Courage.
In June 1942, during the Luban operation Soviet troops was seriously wounded, captured, imprisoned in Spandau prison. In the concentration camp, Musa, who called himself Gumerov, joined the Wehrmacht unit - the Idel-Ural Legion, which the Germans intended to send to Eastern front. In Jedlino (Poland), where the Idel-Ural legion was being prepared, Musa organized an underground group among the legionnaires and organized the escape of prisoners of war. The first battalion of the Volga-Tatar Legion revolted and joined the Belarusian partisans in February 1943. For participation in an underground organization, Musa was executed by guillotine on August 25, 1944 in the Plötzensee military prison in Berlin.
In 1946, the USSR Ministry of State Security launched a search case for Musa Jalil. He was accused of treason and aiding the enemy. In April 1947, the name of Musa Jalil was included in the list of especially dangerous criminals.
A lot has been written about the horrors of fascist captivity. Almost every year new books, plays, films on this topic appear... But no one will tell about it the way the prisoners of concentration camps and prisons, witnesses and victims of the bloody tragedy did. There is more to their testimonies than the harsh certainty of a fact. They contain a great human truth, for which they paid at the cost of their own lives.
One of such unique documents burning with their authenticity is Jalil's “Moabit Notebooks”. They contain few everyday details, almost no descriptions of prison cells, ordeals and cruel humiliations to which the prisoners were subjected. There is a different kind of concreteness in these verses - emotional, psychological. A cycle of poems written in captivity, namely a notebook that played a major role in the "discovery" of the poetic feat of Musa Jalil and his comrades, was preserved by a member of the anti-fascist resistance, the Belgian Andre Timmermans, who was in the same cell with Jalil in the Moabit prison. In their last meeting Musa said that he and a group of his Tatar comrades would soon be executed, and gave the notebook to Timmermans, asking him to take it to his homeland.
After the end of the war and his release from prison, Andre Timmermans took the notebook to the Soviet embassy. Later, the notebook fell into the hands of the poet Konstantin Simonov, who organized the translation of Jalil's poems into Russian, removed slanderous slanders from the poet and proved the patriotic activities of his underground group. K. Simonov's article about Musa Jalil was published in one of the central newspapers in 1953, after which the triumphant "march" of the feat of the poet and his comrades into the people's consciousness began.
I will not bow my knees, executioner, before you,
Although I am your prisoner, I am a slave in your prison.
My hour will come - I will die. But know that I will die standing,
Although you will cut off my head, villain.
Alas, not a thousand, but only a hundred in battle
I could destroy such executioners.
For this, when I return, I will ask for forgiveness,
I bowed my knees, near my homeland.
Do you know that
In May 1945, one of the divisions of the Soviet troops that stormed Berlin broke into the courtyard of the Nazi prison Moabit. There was no one there - no guards, no prisoners. The wind carried scraps of papers and rubbish across the empty yard. One of the fighters drew attention to a piece of paper with familiar Russian letters. He picked it up, smoothed it out (it turned out to be a page torn from some german book) and read the following lines: “I, the famous Tatar writer Musa Jalil, was imprisoned in the Moabit prison as a prisoner who was charged with political charges, and I will probably be shot soon. If any of the Russians get this recording, let them say hello from me to my fellow writers in Moscow. Then came the enumeration of the names of the writers to whom the poet sent his last greetings, and the address of the family.
Thus, the first news about the deed of the Tatar patriot poet came to his homeland. Shortly after the end of the war, in a roundabout way, through France and Belgium, the poet's songs also returned - two small homemade notebooks containing about a hundred poems. These poems are now world famous.
In February 1956, for the exceptional stamina and courage shown in the fight against the Nazi invaders, senior political officer Musa Jalil was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. And in 1957, for the cycle of poems "Moabit Notebook" he - the first among poets - was awarded the Lenin Prize.
He wrote 4 librettos for the operas Altyn Chech (Golden-Haired, 1941, music by N. Zhiganov) and Ildar (1941).
In the concentration camp, Jalil continued to write poetry, in total he wrote at least 125 poems, which after the war were transferred to his homeland by his cellmate.
The name of Musa Jalil is the Tatar State Opera and Ballet Theatre, whose literary studio he headed, and one of the central streets of the city.
Musa Jalil Museum-Apartment is located in the poet's apartment, where he lived in 1940-1941. A unique exposition is collected here, which consists of the poet's personal belongings, photographs and interior items.
Monument to the Tatar poet, Hero of the Soviet Union, Lenin Prize laureate Musa Jalil in Kazan
Internet resources:
Musa Jalil. Poetry/ M. Jalil // Poems of classical and modern authors. – Access mode: http://stroki.net/content/blogcategory/48/56
Musa Jalil. Moabite notebook/ M. Jalil // Young Guard. – Access mode: http://web.archive.org/web/20060406214741/http://molodguard.narod.ru/heroes20.htm
Musa Jalil. Poetry/ M. Jalil // National Library of the Republic of Tatarstan. – Access mode: http://kitaphane.tatarstan.ru/jal_3.htm
Musa Jalil. Favorites/ M. Jalil // Library of Maxim Moshkov. – Access mode: http://lib.ru/POEZIQ/DZHALIL/izbrannoe.txt_with-big-pictures.html
Aphorisms and quotes:
If life passes without a trace
In meanness, in captivity, what an honor?
Only in the freedom of life is beauty!
Only in a brave heart is eternity!
...Our life is just a spark of the entire life of the Motherland.
Be daring in a right deed, modest in a word.
It is useless to live - it is better not to live.
Live in such a way that even after death you do not die.
We will forever glorify that woman whose name is Mother.
It is not scary to know that death is coming to you, If you are dying for your people.
Shine on our descendants like a beacon, Shine like a man, not a firefly.
Is it possible to hide old age?
You know, dear, no matter how you dance -
No oven could
Ice to melt the frozen soul.
What - it doesn't matter, you're off the face
There would be a light essence.
Be human to the end.
Be with a high heart
Heart with the last breath of life
Fulfill your oath:
I always dedicated songs to my homeland,
Now I give my life to my fatherland.
I often met elephant people,
Marveled at their monstrous bodies,
But I recognized for a person
Only a man according to his deeds.
