Doctor of Biological Sciences - Dr. Biol. Sciences
Doctor of Veterinary Sciences - Dr. Veterinarian. Sciences
doctor of military sciences - doctor of military. Sciences
Doctor of Geographical Sciences - Dr. Geogr. Sciences
doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences - doctor of geol.-mineral. Sciences
doctor of art history - doctor of art history
doctor historical sciences- Dr. ist. Sciences
Doctor of Cultural Studies - Doctor of Cultural Studies
doctor medical sciences - dr honey. Sciences
doctor pedagogical sciences - dr ped. Sciences
Doctor of Political Science - Dr. Polit. Sciences
Doctor of Psychological Sciences - Dr. of Psychology. Sciences
doctor of agricultural sciences - doctor of agricultural sciences Sciences
doctor of sociological sciences - doctor of sociology. Sciences
doctor technical sciences- Dr. tech. Sciences
Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Dr. Pharmacist. Sciences
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences
Doctor of Philology - Dr. Philol. Sciences
Doctor of Philosophical Sciences - Doctor of Philosophy. Sciences
Doctor of Chemical Sciences - Dr. of Chem. Sciences
doctor of economic sciences - doctor of economics. Sciences
doctor legal sciences- Dr. jurid. Sciences
Candidate of Biological Sciences - Cand. biol. Sciences
candidate of veterinary sciences - cand. vet. Sciences
candidate of military sciences - cand. military Sciences
candidate of geographical sciences - cand. geogr. Sciences
Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Ph.D. geol.-mineral. Sciences
candidate of art history - cand. art criticism
Candidate of Historical Sciences - Ph.D. ist. Sciences
Candidate of cultural studies - Ph.D. cultural studies
Candidate of Medical Sciences - Cand. honey. Sciences
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences - Cand. ped. Sciences
Candidate of Political Science - Ph.D. polit. Sciences
Candidate of Psychological Sciences - Ph.D. psychol. Sciences
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences - Cand. s.-x. Sciences
candidate of sociological sciences - cand. sociological Sciences
candidate of technical sciences - cand. tech. Sciences
Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Cand. pharmacist. Sciences
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Ph.D. Phys.-Math. Sciences
candidate of philological sciences - cand. philol. Sciences
Candidate of Philosophical Sciences - Cand. philosophy Sciences
Candidate of Chemical Sciences - Cand. chem. Sciences
candidate of economic sciences - cand. economy Sciences
candidate of legal sciences - cand. legal Sciences
There are also shorter, informal abbreviations for academic degrees:
Doctor of Architectural Sciences - Doctor of Architectural Sciences;
Candidate of Architectural Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Biological Sciences - Doctor of Biological Sciences;
Candidate of Biological Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Veterinary Sciences - Doctor of Veterinary Sciences;
candidate of veterinary sciences - Ph.D.
doctor of military sciences - doctor of military sciences;
candidate of military sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Geographical Sciences - Doctor of Geographical Sciences;
Candidate of Geographical Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Doctor of Geology and Mathematics;
Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Ph.D.
doctor of art history - doctor of arts;
Candidate of Art History - Ph.D.
Doctor of Historical Sciences - Doctor of Historical Sciences;
Candidate of Historical Sciences - Ph.D.
doctor of medical sciences - doctor of medical sciences;
Candidate of Medical Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences - Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences;
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences - Ph.D.
doctor of political sciences - d.pol.n.;
candidate of political sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Psychological Sciences - Doctor of Psychology;
Candidate of Psychological Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences - Doctor of Agricultural Sciences;
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Sociological Sciences - Doctor of Social Sciences;
candidate of sociological sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Technical Sciences - Doctor of Technical Sciences;
candidate of technical sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Doctor of Pharmacy;
Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences;
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Philology - Doctor of Philology;
candidate of philological sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Philosophy - Doctor of Philosophy;
Candidate of Philosophical Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Chemical Sciences - Doctor of Chemistry;
Candidate of Chemical Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Economic Sciences - Doctor of Economics;
Candidate of Economic Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Law - Doctor of Law;
candidate of legal sciences - Ph.D.
Word " chair", often used in Russian translations to mean "department", has no such meaning, but means a managerial ("head") or professorial position at the university.
Here is the Macmillan dictionary definition: "CHAIR - the position or job of being a professor in a university - He held the Chair of Botany at Cambridge for 30 years" - Which can be translated: "He was the chief botanist at Cambridge for 30 years ").
Another example where it says that "chair" is a title ("title"): "University Research Chairs: The University of Waterloo owes much of its reputation and stature to the quality of its professors and their scholarly accomplishments. University of Waterloo recognizes exceptional achievement and pre-eminence in a particular field of knowledge through the designation "University Research Chair" - a title which may be held for up to seven years, with the possibility of a re-nomination. title will receive either a teaching reduction of one course per year or an annual stipend of $10,000, which will be allocated to the Department/School if teaching reduction is chosen. other major research chair is awarded."
The following example shows that the position of "Department Chair" roughly corresponds to the position of the head of the department: "What a Department Chair Can-and Can" t-Do: The responsibilities and limits of power for heads of college departments vary greatly. Every department at a college has one: a chair who, typically, is a faculty member in that department, assigned by the dean to manage the department."
The duties of the "Department Chair" (head of department) are described on the website of the University of Wisconsin: "Department Chair Role and Responsibilities: The chair is responsible for facilitating the operation of a department, the fundamental academic unit within the university. Description of the chair" s roles and responsibilities must be understood in the overall context of responsibility and accountability. ... The chair facilitates the management of the department. To carry out this responsibility, the chair oversees, directly or indirectly, the daily progress towards achieving teaching, research, and service goals as set out in the department's plan. With the Chair's leadership and facilitation, faculty members provide students the educational opportunity necessary to be prepared for meaningful personal and professional lives. To this end, the chair plays an important role in providing the dean/provost, through the budget and planning process, with class schedules, program plans and estimates of resources needed to carry out department functions."
Thus, all the above examples prove that "chair" in the context of higher education refers to the position or title of a person and cannot be translated into Russian as a "department".
Tell me, please, how to agree correctly: "Half of the candidates have (or have) violations"?
The plural form is preferred.
| Question #238396 | ||
Which is correct: to fire fifty-three candidates or fifty-three candidates? And why?
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Right: fire fifty-three candidates. Although it is not clear how dismiss candidates(i.e. those who have not even taken office yet).
| Question No. 238208 | ||
Hello. Please tell me, is a comma placed when listing the position, rank and scientific degree in the case when they are in front of the surname, and when they are located behind it? What explains this? Thank you.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Commas separate the homogeneous names of academic degrees and academic titles, honorary titles: Doctor of Philology, Professor. But: the dean of the faculty, candidate of technical sciences, associate professor S. I. Sergeev.
Applications after the word being defined are homogeneous (see answer no.).
| Question #237884 | ||
Good afternoon Thanks for the answer. Again, help is required with the coordination of the sacrament: "... candidate atams who are not specialists ...". Is the end of the sacrament correct?
Sincerely. Alyona
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
| Question #236840 | ||
fight or fight four candidates ata
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Right: are fighting.
| Question #236358 | ||
Tell me, please, how to write abbreviations from phrases like "candidate of legal sciences", "doctor of legal sciences", etc. Through a space or together? That is, "c. j. n." or "PhD"?Thank you
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Spaces needed: K. Yu. n. A space is a sign of a new word.
| Question #232564 | ||
Good afternoon Now I accidentally stumbled upon your answer No. 221842 regarding the spelling of the word department (Department) of physical sciences with a lowercase letter. You answer that the word “department” should be written with a lower case, this really meets the rules described in textbooks, but in all dictionaries, when it comes to the department of the Academy of Sciences, this word is written with a capital. Earlier, I also asked you this question, and you answered me that with capital letters. So how should you? This is an exception? And I also asked a question, to which I did not receive an answer, about the abbreviations SNS (senior researcher), junior researcher (junior researcher), PhD (candidate of physical and mathematical sciences), etc. Is it possible to write these abbreviations without dots. If there are many such abbreviations in the text, solid dots are obtained. I beg you to answer. Thanks in advance to Nolde Natalia
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Correct spelling from capital letter. Answer 221842 corrected, thanks for the note. Abbreviations with dots are used as common ones; abbreviations without dots cannot be recognized as correct.
| Question #231869 | ||
Tell me, please, what is the right way, candidate of "political science" or "political" sciences?
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Candidate of political sciences.
| Question #231835 | ||
Can you please tell me if there are any rules for reducing academic degrees? For example, how to correctly abbreviate "candidate of economic sciences": Ph.D. n. or k. ekon. n.?
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
There are two versions of the abbreviation on www.sokr.ru: _к. e. n._ and _cand. economy science_.
| Question #230546 | ||
Dear Help! Why did you dislike me so much? Fifth I ask, well, answer the same, finally! These formal and editorial remarks do not reduce the scientific significance and effectiveness of the study described in the abstract, they characterize them as corresponding (corresponding) to the requirements of the Higher Attestation Commission for candidate dissertations. How right? Thank you.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Right: _as appropriate_. Sorry, it was not possible to answer all questions.
| Question #229887 | ||
Hello! Tell me, p-ta, how to abbreviate PhD in physical and mathematical sciences? Thank you.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Correct: _k. f.-m. n._ (with dots).
| Question #229117 | ||
Is the phrase "we will be able to evaluate your Candidatum" correct? It's about hiring. Thank you.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
The phrase is correct.
| Question #226901 | ||
On the eve (s) of the elections, candidates begin to campaign. How right. Thank you in advance.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
That's right: _on the threshold_.
| Question #225560 | ||
Hello! Can I say: I defended my thesis for the degree of Candidate of Science in Biological Sciences? Thank you.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Correct: defended his Ph.D. thesis; Having defended his dissertation, he received the degree of Candidate of Biological Sciences.
| Question No. 225052 | ||
Which is correct: candidate of political or political sciences?
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Candidate of political sciences. Only the abbreviation is not "p.", but "plt.". Cm.
Encyclopedic YouTube
1 / 5
✪ Associate Professor, Professor, Academician, Doctor of Sciences. What does it mean?
✪ What is a PhD in life? // Knowledge Greed
✪ WHY DO WE NEED A PHD? // Knowledge Greed
✪ PhD or PhD? Is it worth getting a PhD already having a Ph.D. Oxford University.
✪ Dagestan became the youngest doctor of science
Subtitles
Professional portrait of Ph.D.
Candidates of Sciences are highly qualified specialists with professional experience accumulated for at least three to four years after graduation from the university (master's or specialist's degree). Most often, they are people at the age of just under thirty, prone to research work and necessarily having published scientific works. Most of these specialists are employees of various (academic, industrial) universities or lecturers.
Usually the applicant for a scientific degree is aimed at a further scientific and pedagogical career. Obtaining a Ph.D. degree (or its foreign equivalents) greatly contributes to career growth both in the Russian Federation and abroad. In Russia, the possession of this degree makes it easier to take the position of an associate professor at a university or a senior researcher in a research institute, and is also taken into account outside the scientific and educational sphere. Having a degree is absolutely necessary for obtaining the academic title of assistant professor. A holder of the degree of a candidate of science in Russia, who continues active research activities, may become a doctor of science and a professor in the future.
Scientists with PhD equivalent status form the backbone of many scientific organizations and universities around the world. According to the 2010 census, there were 595,526 people in Russia who had a Ph.D. The largest number of them lived in Moscow (197897 people).
The history of the degree "candidate" in Russia
Immediately after October revolution In 1917, all degrees, ranks and titles were abolished. The degree of candidate of sciences - already in the modern sense - was established along with other academic degrees and titles of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on January 13, 1934 and inherited by the Russian Federation in the post-Soviet period.
The procedure for awarding the degree of candidate of sciences in the Russian Federation
Basic moments
The most important requirement of pre-defense training is the availability of scientific articles published in peer-reviewed journals from the list of HAC, containing the results of the dissertation's research and reflecting the scientific novelty of the research.
A dissertation research is carried out by an applicant under the guidance of a supervisor who has a doctorate or a candidate of science degree in a given specialty, usually (but not necessarily) while studying in graduate school (adjuncture).
The typical length of a PhD dissertation is about 150 pages, but there are no hard boundaries.
The procedure for defending a dissertation
Before defending, the degree applicant must pass a series of exams (the so-called candidate minimum): in the history and philosophy of science, foreign language and specialties.
The applicant publishes a dissertation abstract (circulation of about 100 copies), which a month before the defense is sent to major scientific libraries and universities in Russia, as well as members of the dissertation council and specialists in this field of science. In addition, the texts of the dissertation and abstract are posted on the website of the organization under which the dissertation Council who accepted the dissertation for defense.
The dissertation itself - also for a month - is transferred for free access to the library of the institution where the defense will take place, and to two official opponents who write in advance, and on the day of the defense they announce their review. Opponents cannot be related by co-authorship or place of work with the applicant; one of them must be a doctor of sciences.
During the defense, the dissertator makes a presentation on the results of the dissertation work, answers questions from members of the dissertation council on his report, dissertation and abstract. Further, the reviews of the leading organization are read out, as well as the reviews received for the abstract. The applicant responds to the comments contained in these reviews. This is followed by the speeches of the official opponents and answers to questions from the reviews of the opponents. The final part of the defense is a free discussion, during which anyone present has the right to speak. Then the applicant answers the questions and comments made during this discussion, after which they proceed to a secret ballot, in which only members of the dissertation council take part.
Approximately the same procedure for awarding the degree existed in the USSR and continues to exist in some CIS countries.
Issuance of a degree document
In the event of a positive vote, the documents (the so-called "attestation case") are sent to the Higher Attestation Commission under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, where a decision is made to issue a candidate of science diploma. It usually takes several months for a case to be reviewed by the Higher Attestation Commission.
Persons who have been awarded academic degrees in violation of the established procedure may be deprived of these degrees by the Higher Attestation Commission, as a rule, on the basis of petitions from the dissertation councils at the meeting of which the dissertation defense took place.
Varieties of Ph.D. degree by field of science
Depending on the specialty in which the Ph.D. thesis is defended, the applicant in Russia is awarded one of the following academic degrees:
| List of degrees by branch of science |
|---|
|
There is, but is not currently awarded the degree of candidate of naval sciences (awarded from the 1930s to the late 1970s). For some time (in the 1940s), the degree of candidate of art history was called "candidate of art history". The degree of candidate of political sciences existed in the 1940s, then was abolished, in the 1990s. reintroduced.
In the pedagogical sciences until 1950, a description of a narrow specialization was necessarily added to the name of a scientific degree (“... according to the methodology of history”, “... according to physical culture" and so on.). Sporadic in title scientific specialty such refinements were present until the late 1960s. Degree in psychological sciences started to be awarded since 1968. Prior to that (since 1953), the academic degree "candidate of pedagogical sciences (in psychology)" was awarded.
On September 25, 2015, the Higher Attestation Commission approved the passport of the new scientific specialty "Theology". Now, in this specialty, you can defend dissertations and receive academic degrees of candidate and doctor of science.
Many specialties allow applicants to be awarded a degree in several branches of science, depending on the predominant subject area of a particular dissertation. For example, in the specialty 02.00.04 (Physical Chemistry), Candidate's degrees in physical and mathematical, technical or chemical sciences can be awarded. At the same time, however, the principle "one dissertation - one branch of science" is observed, regardless of the number of specialties of the dissertation and branches of science of the specialty. Also, a particular dissertation council may be limited in the range of degrees awarded, depending on the industry.
The list of degrees awarded to Ukrainian scientists is basically the same as the Russian one, with the following exceptions:
- Geological and mineralogical sciences in the titles of degrees are replaced by geological sciences;
- The degrees of Candidate of Sciences in Physical Education and Sports, Candidate of Sciences in public administration, Candidate of Science in Social Communications. The branch of sciences "National Security" is also distinguished, however, it awards the degrees of candidates of military, technical, legal and other sciences - the degree of candidate of sciences in national security No.
International aspects
Analogues of the degree of candidate of sciences abroad
The most common analogue of the Soviet and Russian degree of candidate of sciences is the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.). Such a degree exists in the USA, Canada and other states.
In Germany, an analogue of the Russian PhD degree stands the degree of doctor (German Doktor), despite its name.
In many European countries, a degree was previously awarded, the name of which in the local language contained the concept of "candidate", abolished during the Bologna process. At the same time, the abolition does not mean the elimination of the corresponding level, but the replacement of the name with Ph.D. This happened in a number of CMEA countries - Bulgaria (Bulgarian). PhD in Science, abolished in the mid-1990s), Czechoslovakia (Czech Kandidát věd, Slovak Kandidát vied, abolished in the Czech Republic in 1998, in Slovakia in 1996). In 2014, with the adoption of the new Law of Ukraine "On Higher Education", the PhD degree was also abolished there and equated to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. A similar degree, preceding the degree of doctor of sciences and called in Latin lat. candidatus/candidata with the addition of the name of the science also existed in Denmark, Norway, and Iceland. In Yugoslavia, the degree of candidate of science corresponded to the degree of master of science (Magister Scientiæ, mr. sci, now abolished), as it was in Russian Empire in the 19th century.
Germany
The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, whose competence includes academic qualifications, recognizes the German academic qualification "Habilitation" at the level of the Russian academic degree "Doctor of Science", and the German academic degree "Doktor" at the level of the Russian academic degree "PhD". In the Federal Republic of Germany, recognition falls within the competence of the ministries of the states when it comes to issuing permission for the use of academic degrees in society, and within the competence of the higher educational institutions when it comes to the academic field, including research activities. These bodies recognize the Russian academic degree "Doctor of Science" at the level of the German academic qualification "Habilitation", and the Russian academic degree "PhD" at the level of the German academic degree "Doctor".
see also
Notes
- Candidate of Sciences / M. N. Volkov // Italy - Kvarkush. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1973. - (Great Soviet encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed.
PhD in Law (abbreviation in Russian - Candidate of Sciences, in English - Candidate of Sciences (Law), or PhD in Law) - quite high, respectful science degree. In 2014, the Supreme Court declared partially invalid the second paragraph of the fourth paragraph of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation concerning the procedure for awarding academic degrees. According to the new rules, in order to become a candidate or doctor of jurisprudence, it is not at all necessary to have a higher education in the field of jurisprudence. The main thing is the presence higher education, and what branch of science it will concern, in order to be able to be an applicant for the degree of candidate of legal sciences - it does not matter. So, how to become a candidate of legal sciences?
Basic Requirements
Where to get a PhD in this branch of science?
A candidate of legal sciences in the Russian Federation can be a graduate of any university that has a law faculty in its structure. Three the best universities RF, offering the most quality education in the field of jurisprudence, now long years, unchanged:
- Moscow State Law Academy;
- St. Petersburg State University.
The Faculty of Law of Moscow State University is one of the very first faculties that appeared in this university. The scientists of this faculty are implementing a large-scale research program that affects the most diverse areas of jurisprudence. The employees of this university regularly provide legal advice and legal support for international and international public institutions. He actively participates in the development of federal-level bills. Many graduates of this university are prominent modern statesmen. More than 100 associate professors and candidates of sciences, as well as more than 60 doctors of jurisprudence teach at the faculty. The law faculty of Moscow State University has 16 departments. There are three laboratories on the basis of the faculty:
- Legal Cybernetics and Informatics;
- political science;
- Comparative law and socio-legal research.
About 60 specialists and bachelors annually complete postgraduate studies at the Institute "Postgraduate and Doctoral Studies" at Moscow State Law Academy. Stable, at least 80% of them successfully defend their Ph.D.
The Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg State University trains candidates of sciences in 13 different specialties related to the legal sphere. The structure of the faculty is 10 departments, the so-called legal clinic, an extensive library and a legal center of expertise. The faculty appeared in 1724 and the idea of its creation belongs to Peter the Great.
