On December 19 of this year, the UN General Assembly adopted another declaration on Crimea. The Ukrainian side celebrates victory. But is it really so? Let's try to figure it out.
First, a few words about the resolution itself. It was another resolution regarding the annexation of Crimea and the violation of human rights on the peninsula. The document was supported by 70 UN member countries, 76 abstained, another 26 countries opposed, and several countries did not take part in the vote at all.
The President of Ukraine Poroshenko, naturally, welcomed the adoption of this resolution, noting that this resolution is “a signal to the aggressor as an occupying power that we have the rule of international law, truth and justice”, and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine P. Klimkin even called the adopted UN General Assembly document "the strongest in Crimea" and noted that international pressure on the Russian Federation regarding the Crimean issue is increasing.
But, alas, in reality, everything is not so smooth.
On the one hand, everything seemed to go as expected - the Ukrainian resolution was supported, as expected, by the vast majority of countries in Europe, North America, Turkey, a number of Arab states, Japan, South Korea. But the number of countries that abstained from voting or voted against, testifies not only to the polarization of the world, the strengthening of contradictions between the West and other geopolitical centers, but also to the decline in the image of Ukraine in the international arena, its failed foreign policy. After all, if our diplomacy were an order of magnitude more effective, and Ukraine pursued a multi-vector foreign policy, perhaps we would have significantly more supporters in our cohort and/or would have achieved the neutrality of the key states that pressed the red button during the vote for the resolution on Crimea. After all, it is difficult to disagree that the Russian side looks more confident when not only the DPRK, Syria, a couple of banana republics, but also China, India, South Africa, and Kazakhstan are on the same level with it.
Context
The UN adopted a resolution on the Crimea
New time of the country 20.12.2017New UN resolution on Crimea: ten changes important for Ukraine
Ukrainian Truth 12/19/2017Resolution on Crimea: Ukraine needs decisive action
Correspondent 02.11.2017Resolution on Crimea has no value
BBC Russian service 20.05.2016 the main problem Ukraine's foreign policy is its obsession with the Western vector. For at least the 4th year, Kyiv has been looking greedily at the West and does not pay attention to alternative directions of foreign policy. Such alternative directions are first of all - a number of Asian states - China, India, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, secondly - the countries Latin America, some African countries. With practically all these states, Ukraine either does not have any fruitful dialogue at all, or the current relations can hardly be called partnership and strategic. Consequently, when making this or that decision on Ukraine, these states cannot be guided by the motivation to maintain normal relations with Kiev, since they do not exist in principle.Thus, if the Ukrainian authorities ceased to distinguish only one side of the world - the West and would fix their eyes on other countries, it is quite possible that our international authority would grow, and UN resolutions on Ukraine were adopted with much big amount votes.
A few examples
Today, between Ukraine, on the one hand, and such countries as China, India and Pakistan, there is an interest in cooperation in such industries as engineering, space, aviation, and the agricultural sector; there may potentially be interest in military-industrial cooperation, scientific field. But now let's remember what and, most importantly, at what level Ukraine had contacts with these states over the past 5-6 years, not to mention the period after the second Maidan. The answer is obvious - there are no fruitful contacts and a strategy for relations with them.
So why are we surprised by Pakistan's neutrality on Crimea, or the vote against India and China? Of course, they voted not so much against Ukraine as against the opinion of the West, deciding to strengthen the alternative side to it - Russian Federation. But, it is quite possible to assume that some of these countries could either be brought to neutrality (PRC, India, Central Asian countries) or even take the Ukrainian side.
The same applies to the countries of Latin America, some Arab states that have not pressed the green button. Yes, USA, Europe, Canada, Japan - this is very important. But we must also understand that they voted “For” not out of great love for Ukraine, but for the same reasons as those who voted “Against” - in connection with the geopolitical confrontation between the West and Russia, in which Ukraine, alas, is a subject.
Another example is Serbia. Serbia is one of the few European states that voted against the resolution. Probably everyone knows the strategic relations between Belgrade and Moscow, but even here Ukraine could come to an agreement with Serbia on Crimean issue and also bring it to neutrality. It is easy to guess that the issue of Kosovo would help her in this. As you know, Ukraine has not yet recognized Kosovo's independence and considers it part of Serbia, while almost all European countries have recognized Kosovo's independence. Thus, it would be possible to give a signal to Belgrade that either relations between the two countries will develop according to the principle “Kosovo is Serbia, Crimea is Ukraine”, or Ukraine reserves the right to recognize the independence of Kosovo if Serbia continues to will vote against resolutions concerning the territorial integrity of Ukraine.
These are just a couple of examples of how you can really expand the circle of friends and partners of Ukraine by pursuing a multi-vector policy and expanding cooperation with Asian, South American and even African countries.
Thus, this is what should be oriented foreign policy Ukraine. But instead, we, unfortunately, are seeing that the Ukrainian authorities are looking at world processes through rose-colored glasses, naively believing (or pretending) that the whole world is with us. In fact, Ukraine is a ball in the field of a big geopolitical game.
The materials of InoSMI contain only assessments of foreign media and do not reflect the position of the editors of InoSMI.
“NO matter how TALENTED YOUR DOCTOR IS, HE WILL ALWAYS TREAT HEMORROIDS THROUGH… FOLKLORE”
A. Shamrin, surgeon
The transition from moving on four limbs to walking on two legs is considered milestone in human evolution. This freed the forelimbs, contributed to the development of tactile sensations, complication of motor skills, led to the rapid development of the brain, which contributed to the formation of group adaptive behavior. That is, we can say that a straight gait made a person a person. But at the same time, we are well aware that animals moving on four legs do not suffer from osteochondrosis or scoliosis. Gravity acts on the body of animals evenly, so the blood does not stagnate in the hind legs and the final sections of the intestine. But in an upright person, under the influence of gravity, the blood "flows" into the lower limbs and increases the load on the vessels of the distal intestines.
Factors contributing to the development of hemorrhoids
- Overweight;
- hereditary predisposition;
- Unbalanced diet;
- Sedentary lifestyle or work associated with low physical activity;
- Activities associated with excessive muscle tension (great physical exertion);
- Stress;
- Violation of the outflow of blood in the rectum;
- Pregnancy;
- Frequent constipation;
- Inflammatory and tumor processes in the intestines and liver;
- infectious processes.
In many ways, the risk of developing hemorrhoids depends on lifestyle: the disease often develops in people who have to sit or stand for a long time. Therefore, it is believed that hemorrhoids is an occupational disease of office workers, drivers, teachers, doctors, etc.
According to statistics, 10-15% of the adult population in the world suffer from hemorrhoids. This disease is more likely to threaten men, but more visits to the doctor about this have been recorded among women. Obviously, women are more attentive to their health.
The frequency of hemorrhoids in the structure of coloproctological diseases ranges from 34 to 41% of cases. But only every third of these patients needs surgical treatment (G. I. Vorobyov et al. Hemorrhoids. // M.: Mitra-Press, 2002. 192 p.). Most patients are treated conservatively.
From modern nosological positions, hemorrhoids include a variety of clinical manifestations of pathological changes in hemorrhoids. Dangerous complications of hemorrhoids are bleeding, prolapse of internal hemorrhoids and thrombosis of the nodes. Conservative treatment includes a number of measures: diet correction, adherence to a hygienic regimen, regulation of the act of defecation and drug treatment (local and oral administration of drugs).
Pharmacotherapy of hemorrhoids
The main goals of pharmacotherapy for acute and chronic hemorrhoids are:
- Relief of symptoms of acute hemorrhoids;
- Prevention of complications;
- Prevention of exacerbations in the chronic course of the disease;
- If surgical treatment is necessary:
- preoperative preparation;
- postoperative rehabilitation.
To achieve the above goals, complex therapy is currently used, including both local medications aimed at eliminating the inflammatory process, and, consequently, pain syndrome, as well as hemorrhoidal bleeding, and systemic drugs, aimed primarily at treating vascular disorders in hemorrhoidal nodes.
Currently, the leading position in the conservative treatment of hemorrhoids is occupied by phlebotropic drugs. Phlebotropic drugs of a new generation for oral administration are of particular interest among systemic drugs. The most attention in this group is attracted by diosmin, obtained as a result of a complex, energy-intensive technological process from hesperidin. In the experiment, diosmin increases the tone of the venous wall by more than 2 times, significantly accelerates lymph transport, and also inhibits the activity of leukocytes and the synthesis of inflammatory mediators (Modern pharmacotherapy of chronic venous insufficiency of the lower extremities. Bogachev V. RSMU).
Diosmin has an effect on almost all pathogenetic links of hemorrhoidal disease. As a result of an increase in the tone of the veins, a narrowing of the rectal venous plexuses occurs. In addition to the fact that this drug has a phlebotonic effect (due to the effect on the microvasculature), it helps to reduce the permeability of the capillary endothelium, and, as a result, reduce edema and reduce pain. At the same time, with all the positive properties of diosmin, it has one significant drawback - poor absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and, as a result, low bioavailability, a slowly onset clinical effect, which is directly dependent on the duration of administration and the magnitude of the daily dose of diosmin ( Nicolaides A. N. Chronic Venous Disease and the Leukocyte Endothelium Interaction: From symptoms to Ulceration Angioiogy 2005;56(suppl.l):11-19.)
To increase the bioavailability of diosmin and optimize its daily dosage, various technological methods are used, such as ultrasonic micronization, the manufacture of powdered water-soluble forms, etc.
Action of diosmin:
Flebodia 600 - efficient and convenient!The French company "Laboratory Innotech International" managed to obtain a semi-synthetic diosmin with improved pharmacokinetic parameters by coaggregation compared to the natural analogue, which made it possible to significantly increase its bioavailability, and, therefore, its effectiveness. Preparation based on semi-synthetic diosmin " Phlebodia 600» has demonstrated high efficiency in the treatment of acute hemorrhoids complicated by bleeding and acute thrombosis of hemorrhoids. Orlova L.P., Zarezaev O.A. Ultrasonic research method in evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment of patients with acute hemorrhoids complicated by bleeding, the drug "Flebodia-600" // Consilium-Medicum. T. 7. 2005. No. 6. pp. 511-513). In 70-90% of patients treated with the new drug, a pronounced regression of the main symptoms was revealed. At the same time, compared with traditionally used drugs, a relatively lower dose of the drug was required (Chauvenet M, Libeskind M. Revuefrancaise de gastroenterologie. 1994. P 303). The experience of using the new angioprotector showed rapid relief of the clinical symptoms of hemorrhoids, good tolerance of the drug, which, combined with ease of use, made Phlebodia 600 the drug of choice for hemorrhoids complicated by bleeding and acute thrombosis. According to research data (Efficiency of semi-synthetic diosmin in the treatment of hemorrhoids; Frolov S.A., Khmylov L.M.; State Scientific Drava, Moscow), the drug Phlebodia 600 can be used as a base agent in monotherapy mode. The dosage of diosmin (600 mg in one tablet) allows you to reduce the drug intake to 1 tablet per day, which makes it more comfortable for the patient to take it. |
The proposed manual was compiled to work with the textbook N. I. Sonin, M. R. Sapin “Biology. Human. Grade 8" and contains tasks that the teacher can use in the current, thematic and final control of knowledge.
The test part of the assignments will help the teacher make the most efficient use of the time in the lesson for the survey, will provide an opportunity to quickly determine the degree of assimilation by students educational material and timely address problem areas.
The tests cover all sections of the human anatomy and physiology course, upon completion of which students are asked to complete final test, consisting of 50 questions; the teacher may, at his discretion, divide it into two options for even and odd numbers of questions, or use it in its entirety during the lesson.
To preserve the style of the authors of the textbook, save time in the lesson and more prompt control in the test part of the tasks, three answers are offered (option 1).
In addition to tests, the manual contains tasks for restoring missing words in sentences that can be used in the form of a biological dictation or for working on cards. (option 2), as well as questions of varying degrees of difficulty.
Questions that require a written answer are compiled using the texts of alternative textbooks, popular science literature and can be used by the teacher when working with any textbook. The first part of the questions allows you to determine the degree of assimilation of the basic content of the subject (option 3, requiring a short answer). The second part of the questions are tasks of the most difficult level. (option 4, requiring a detailed answer). When answering them, the use of additional literature is expected. The questions of options 3 and 4 are in the nature of biological tasks, that is, they develop the ability of students to analyze, draw conclusions, put forward their own hypotheses, establish cause-and-effect relationships, and solve problematic issues.
The ability to give a detailed answer to a question will be very useful for students to prepare for the exam (group C questions), to develop the skills to clearly formulate their answers.
Many questions are aimed at developing cognitive interest to the subject being studied, the acquisition of practical information necessary in life.
At the end of the manual, there are answers to all the proposed questions, even if they go beyond the scope of the material in this textbook, for example, hygiene questions for all organ systems. Answers can be seen as additional material which the teacher can use to teach the lesson.
The presence of detailed answers allows you to use this manual not only a teacher, but also students, applicants to prepare for tests, exams, self-control and systematization of knowledge, as well as parents to determine the level of knowledge of their children.
THE PLACE OF MAN IN THE SYSTEM OF THE ORGANIC WORLD
Option 1
Exercise.1. Chord in the early stages of human development is formed:
A. Under the neural tube
B. Under the intestines
B. On the ventral side of the body
2. The thoracic septum of mammals involved in the breathing process is called:
A. Peritoneum
B. Eardrum
B. Diaphragm
3. The number of human cervical vertebrae, as in all mammals, is:
A.10
B. 7
AT 12
4. The biochemical composition of human blood is most similar to blood:
A. Delfinov
B. Monkeys
V. Kopytnykh
5. The main feature of a person as a representative of mammals is:
A. Differentiated teeth
B. Four-chambered heart
B. Breastfeeding
6. The rudiments of a person include:
A. Tail vertebrae
B. Outer ear
B. Diaphragm
7. Multiple nipples in humans is an example:
A. Rudimenta
B. Atavism
B. Congenital genetic pathology
8. The main distinguishing feature of a person as species is:
A. Thinking, consciousness and speech
B. Precise coordination of movements
B. Color vision
9. The advantage of upright walking is:
A. Variety of modes of transportation
B. Straight posture
B. Freeing the hand for tool activity
10. Biological retribution for walking upright in humans can be considered:
A. Appendicitis
B. Varicose veins veins of the lower extremities
B. Hypertension
Option 2
Exercise. Insert the missing word.1. In the early stages of development, an axial skeleton is formed in a person - ..., and under it - ...
2. Man, as a representative of mammals, has a number characteristic features: the presence of the thoracic septum - ..., ... heart, seven ... vertebrae, ... glands.
3. Human primates are related by similarities in the structure of ... organs, ... muscles, biochemical composition ...
4... are organs that have lost their biological significance, for example:... vertebrae,... ribs,... cover on the body.
5. The appearance in a person of signs characteristic of distant ancestors is called ...
6. Distinctive features of a person as a biological species are: highly developed ..., articulate ..., the ability to make ...
Option 3
Exercise.1. List the anatomical features of a person, proving that he belongs to the Chordata type.
2. What, in your opinion, is the most important feature that emphasizes the relationship between humans and mammals?
3. What physiological features are common to humans and great apes?
4. What are rudiments and atavisms? Give examples.
5. What is the difference between man and animals?
6. What are the benefits of humans as a biological species?
7. What is the biological retribution of a person for the possibility of walking upright?
Option 4
Exercise.1. Distribute the systematic categories that determine whether a person belongs to the Animal Kingdom, in right order: detachment Primates, phylum Chordates, species Homo sapiens, subtype Vertebrates, genus Man, class Mammals, family Hominidae.
2. Review the drawing on page 4 in your textbook. How is a human skeleton different from a gorilla skeleton?
3. Review the drawings of human rudiments on page 4 in the textbook. Explain the biological feasibility of these organs. Why did a person have wisdom teeth, an appendix, the smallest muscle fibers around the hairs on the body?
HUMAN EVOLUTION. RACES OF HUMAN
Option 1
Exercise. Choose one correct answer.1. The fossil group of primates that gave rise to ape-like and human-like creatures is called:
A. Ramapithecus
B. Dryopithecus
B. australopithecines
2. The first representative of the Hominid family, who lived on the territory of modern India and of Eastern Europe 14 million years ago, was:
A. Australopithecus
B. Pithecanthropus
V. Ramapitek
3. A descendant of Ramapithecus found in South Africa, consider:
A. Australopithecus
B. A skilled man
B. Homo sapiens
4. The first upright hominid who knew how to make primitive stone tools is:
A. A skilled person
B. Homo erectus
B. Homo sapiens
5. ancient people, leading an active lifestyle, hunters who know how to use fire are combined into a species:
A. A skilled person
B. Homo erectus
B. Homo sapiens
6. Ancient people with a height of 1 m 70 cm and a brain volume of up to 1600 cm3, who lived during the Ice Age, are called:
A. Cro-Magnons
B. Pithecanthropes
B. Neanderthals
7. Fossil people of the modern type, with developed speech and thinking, owning different types art are called:
A. Cro-Magnons
B. Neanderthals
V. Sinanthropus
8. For the first time, he clearly identified the signs of four races:
A. Francois Bernier
B. Charles Darwin
B. Jean Baptiste Lamarck
9. Hard straight hair, wide face, narrow palpebral fissure are signs of:
A. Caucasian race
B. Asian American
B. Equatorial race
10. A good heat insulator in the sun are:
A. Curly hair
B. Straight hair
B. Slightly wavy hair
Option 2
Exercise. Insert the missing word.1. The fossil group of higher apes - ... gave rise to two evolutionary lines: the family ..., to which modern gorillas and chimpanzees belong, and the family ..., of which Man is a representative ...
2. 14 million years ago, the first representatives of hominids appeared - ..., eating ... food.
3. 3.5–1.0 million years ago, the African continent was inhabited by...: erect walking creatures with a height of... cm, using natural materials and resources to meet their needs.
4. Man... first learned to make stone..., walked freely on two legs and had more developed... limbs.
5. 1.0 million - 300 thousand years ago there appeared representatives of... people who make up the species Man..., whose main occupations were: collective..., making stone tools and collecting... food.
6. Ancient people who lived ... years ago, belong to the species Man ..., had a brain volume ... and a strong physique; lived in the ice age and learned to extract ...
7. People of the modern type are called ... and belong to the species Man ..., have growth ..., brain volume ...; as well as the ability to make clothes from ..., draw on ..., sculpt dishes from ...
8. A historically established group of people, united by a common origin, morphological and physiological characteristics, is called ...
9. Representatives of the equatorial race are characterized by: ... skin, ... hair, ... lips.
10. Caucasians have... skin, straight... hair,... a nose.
11. The representatives of the Asian-American race have hard ... hair, ... skin, ... face, skin fold ... eyelids.
Option 3
Exercise. Give a short answer of one or two sentences.1. Name the descendants of driopithecus and explain what is their fundamental difference between them.
2. On the basis of what features can Ramapithecus and Australopithecus only conditionally be attributed to human ancestors?
4. What are the main evolutionary achievements of Homo erectus? What primitive features are preserved in his appearance?
5. What characterizes the period of habitation of ancient people?
6. What fossil people are classified as Homo sapiens? Justify your answer.
7. What reasons do you think led to the emergence within the species Homo sapiens of different human races? What proves the unity of origin of the human races?
8. Name the main features of the three main races and explain the biological meaning of their occurrence.
Option 4
Exercise. Give a complete detailed answer.1. Distribute the names of the various ancestral forms modern man V chronological order: Pithecanthropus, skillful man, Neanderthal man, Cro-Magnon man, driopithecus, Sinanthropus, reasonable man, upright man. What names are not included in this series and why?
2. In the textbook, consider the drawing on page 12 with the places of the alleged areas of the ancestral home of man. Explain why most of the sites of ancient people were found here?
3. Review the image in the tutorial family tree person on page 10. What are the main changes in the structure of the skull of human fossil ancestors that you noticed? With what it can be connected?
4. Review the textbook pictures at the bottom of pages 12 and 13. What are the important evolutionary advances in social sphere are they depicted? What is their significance?
5. Complication of the brain, upright posture, improvement of the hand. Which of these morphological transformations do you think arose first? What are its causes and consequences?
6. Anthropological data show that over the past tens of thousands of years, the physical appearance of a person has not changed much. What is it connected with? Does this mean that human evolution has stopped?
7. Adherents of racism claim that there are "superior" and "inferior" races. What evidence can be given to refute this theory?
HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY
Option 1
Exercise. Choose one correct answer.1. A well-known oriental doctor who lived at the turn of the 10th-11th centuries, who described human anatomy in his writings and performed surgical operations:
A. Claudius Galen
B. Ibn Sina Avicenna
B. Aristotle of Stagira
2. The idea that the liver is a hematopoietic organ, and the heart and blood vessels are circulatory organs, belongs to:
A. Claudius Galen
B. Aristotle of Stagira
B. Hippocrates
4. The first atlas of anatomically accurate drawings of bones, muscles and internal organs was created by:
A. Leonardo da Vinci
B. Andreas Vesalius
B. Claudius Galen
6. The microscope has been improved:
A. Marcello Malpighi
B. Karl Baer
B. Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
7. The human egg as the basis for the development of a new organism was discovered:
A. Carl Baer
B. Petr Frantsevich Lesgaft
B. Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov
8. The creator of topographic anatomy is:
A. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
B. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov
B. Petr Frantsevich Lesgaft
Option 2
Exercise. Insert the missing word.1. An ancient Greek physician ... first formulated the doctrine of the four types of physique and temperament.
2. Aristotle gave the name to the main blood vessel - ...
3. The functions of human organs were first studied by an ancient Greek physician...
4. The first anatomically accurate drawings of various organs of the human body belong to the brush of a famous artist and scientist of the Renaissance ...
5... first described anatomy individual systems human organs.
6. William Harvey quite accurately described the structure and mechanism of action ... of the system.
7. Microscopic examination of tissues became possible thanks to the work of...
8. The creator of the topographic human anatomy is a famous Russian doctor ...
9... is the science of the structure of the human body.
10. Physiology studies ... the organs of the human body.
11. Influence environment on the human body in order to preserve ... science is studying - ...
Option 3
Exercise. Give a short answer of one or two sentences.1. Which ancient Greek doctor first summarized information about the structure of the human body and created the basic provisions of medicine as a science?
2. What is the significance of the works of Claudius Galen and how can some of his misconceptions be explained?
3. What reasons do you think hindered the development of medicine for a long time, especially in the Middle Ages?
4. What are the achievements of medicine in the Renaissance? What scientists are they associated with?
5. The works of which scientist served as the basis new science– physiology? What is the subject of its study?
6. What is the significance of the works of N. I. Pirogov?
Option 4
Exercise. Give a complete detailed answer.1. The names of which scientists were named certain organs of the body of humans and animals?
2. What oath do all professional doctors take? What is its meaning?
3. During the Great Patriotic War the Germans did not bombard the estate of N. I. Pirogov near Vinnitsa. Explain this fact.
4. List some of the misconceptions of famous ancient doctors that you could find in the text of the textbook.
5. How modern psychologists What are the 4 types of temperament discovered by Aristotle?
6. What principle of the structure of the human body was discovered by Leonardo da Vinci?
CELLULAR STRUCTURE OF THE ORGANISM
Option 1
Exercise. Choose one correct answer.1. The main structural and functional element of the human body is:
A. Organ
B. Fabric
B. Cage
2. Hereditary information in a cell is encrypted in molecules:
A. ATP
B. DNA
V. Belkov
3. In the nucleus of human somatic cells:
A. 46 chromosomes
B. 23 chromosomes
B. 44 chromosomes
4. The nucleolus is involved in the formation of:
A. Ribosome
B. Mitochondria
V. Plastid
5. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the formation of:
A. Belkov
B. Zhirov
B. Carbohydrates and fats
6. The accumulation and transportation of substances synthesized in different parts of the cell occurs in:
A. EPS
B. Golgi complex
B. lysosomes
7. The main function of mitochondria:
A. DNA synthesis
B. ATP synthesis
B. Synthesis of carbohydrates
8. The breakdown of waste substances and organelles occurs in:
A. Hyaloplasm
B. eps
B. lysosomes
9. Communication between cells is carried out through:
A. Cell membrane
B. Hyaloplasm
B. Endoplasmic reticulum
10. Cell membrane:
A. Possesses selective insight for various substances
B. Impenetrable
B. Completely permeable to any substances
Option 2
Exercise. Insert the missing word.1... is the main structural and functional element of the human body.
2. Most cells consist of... and... covered on the outside...
3... carries hereditary information and regulates the synthesis...
4... consist of DNA and are clearly visible in the period... of the cell.
5. Inside the nucleus are ..., in which ... are formed, synthesizing ...
6. The cytoplasm consists of ... and located in it ...
7. Proteins are formed in ... the endoplasmic reticulum, and glycogen and fats are synthesized in ....
8. Numerous bubbles and tanks form ..., in which substances accumulate and are synthesized ...
9. In mitochondria... substances are oxidized and synthesized... - a universal source of energy.
10. Unnecessary substances and cell structures dissolve inside ... under the influence of ...
11. Communication with the external environment and neighboring cells is carried out through ...
Option 3
Exercise. Give a short answer of one or two sentences.1. List the main vital functions of the cells of the human body.
2. What is the structure and function of the cell nucleus?
3. What do you know about the structure and functions of chromosomes?
4. What part of the cell performs a protective function?
5. What is represented transport system cells?
6. What organelles and how provide the cell with energy to carry out its vital functions?
7. In what organelles does the continuous synthesis of various organic compounds take place?
8. What is the function of lysosomes?
9. How do cells interact with each other and organelles inside the cell?
10. What is cell regeneration?
Option 4
Exercise. Give a complete detailed answer.1. What science studies cells? When and by whom was the cell first discovered?
2. What does the fact that the cells of most living beings are arranged in approximately the same way indicate?
3. When studying animal cells, it was found that the Golgi apparatus is most developed in the cells of the pancreas and salivary glands, and mitochondria - in the cells of the heart. Explain this fact.
4. How are human and animal cells fundamentally different from plant cells?
5. Scientists believe that in the process of evolution of precellular forms into cellular structures, the formation of a membrane was a very important point. Explain why?
6. How is the exact transfer of hereditary information carried out during cell division?
7. Why are cell structures called "organoids" and not "organs"?
8. What universal property of life is provided by the work of the nucleus?
9. What other substance, besides DNA, is contained in the nucleus?
10. Why do you think the development of modern medicine is closely connected with cytological research?
TISSUE AND ORGANS. ORGAN SYSTEMS
Option 1
Exercise. Choose one correct answer.1. How many main types of tissues are isolated in the human body:
A. 2
B. 4
AT 8
2. The mucous membranes of the internal organs are formed:
A. Epithelial tissue
B. Muscle tissue
B. Connective tissue
3. Endocrine glands secrete into the blood:
A. Vitamins
B. Mineral salts
B. Hormones
4. The ability to regenerate is most pronounced in cells:
A. Muscle tissue
B. Nervous tissue
B. Epithelial tissue
5. Gaps between organs are filled:
A. Muscle tissue
B. Loose fibrous tissue
B. Adipose tissue
6. The transport function in the body is performed by:
A. Blood
B. Adipose tissue
B. Cartilage tissue
7. Cells have the ability to long, active voluntary contractions:
A. Smooth muscle tissue
8. The walls of blood vessels and internal organs are formed by cells:
A. Smooth muscle tissue
B. Striated skeletal muscle tissue
B. Striated cardiac muscle tissue
9. Nerve impulses from the body of the neuron are transmitted through:
A. Neuroglia cells
B. dendrites
V. Akson
10. The kidneys are the main organ:
A. Endocrine system
B. Urinary system
B. Reproductive system
Option 2
Exercise. Insert the missing word.1. A group of cells of the same structure, common origin and performing a specific function is called ...
2... tissues form the surface of the skin and mucous membranes of... organs.
3. Glandular epithelial cells secrete various ... and form ... external and internal secretions
4. Glands ... secretions do not have ducts and secrete ... directly into ...
5. The gaps between the organs are filled with ... connective tissue, bone and cartilage tissues perform ... a function, and the blood carries out ... substances and ... protection of the body.
6. The main feature of muscle tissue is the ability ...
7... muscle tissue forms the walls of blood vessels and internal organs, the contraction of its cells occurs ... from the will of man.
8. Striated muscle tissue forms ... muscles, contracts ... and consists of multinucleated cells with a transverse ...
9. Striated ... muscle tissue is characterized by interlacing between cells and is reduced not by individual fibers, but by the whole ...
10. Nervous tissue consists of main cells - ... that are capable of producing and transmitting nerve ... and cells ... that perform an auxiliary function.
11. Neurons consist of a body, short processes - ... and long processes - ..., the points of contact of the processes with each other are called ...
12. A part of the body that occupies a certain position, consisting of different cells ... and performing a certain function, is called ...
13. The musculoskeletal function in the body is performed by ... and ... systems, oxidative processes and gas exchange are provided by work ..., the transport of substances is provided ... by the system, the influx of nutrients is provided by ... the system, excretion is carried out ... system, but coordinate the work of all organs ... and ... systems.
Option 3
Exercise. Give a short answer of one or two sentences.1. What is fabric? What types of tissues make up the human body?
2. What are characteristics epithelial cells?
3. What is the difference between the glands of external and internal secretion?
4. Name common property connective tissue and the functions of its individual varieties.
5. Describe the main types of muscle tissue.
6. Name the structural and functional features nervous tissue cells.
7. What is an "organ"? Explain and give examples.
8. List the main organ systems and their functions.
Option 4
Exercise. Give a complete detailed answer.1. What tissue cannot be said to consist of cells that are identical in structure and function?
2. What tissue is predominant in the composition of the bones of the skeleton? What other tissues can be part of the bones, what are their functions?
3. Chemical analysis what tissue is used to determine the state of human health?
The vast majority of people (not only the elderly, but also the young) have symptoms of osteochondrosis. Osteochondrosis is often called the retribution of a person for walking upright. In animals, this process is slower. Wear and tear of the spine is a natural process, and few manage to avoid it. However, the appearance of problems can be postponed. Our back is upright most of the day. Because of this, the intervertebral discs wear out faster, causing discomfort and pain. If you want to extend the "service life" of the discs, the solution is obvious: the load on the spine needs to be reduced.
Let's start with flat feet
One of the most important functions of the arch of the foot is spring or spring. If it were not for it, when walking, the internal organs would be subjected to tangible shaking, because each of our steps is a hit on the ground and, albeit a very short one, but still a loss of balance. A normally formed foot absorbs this blow, and the stomach, heart, liver, etc. can work stably. If the arch of the foot becomes flatter, the opportunity for "springing" is reduced and the spine has to take on some of the responsibility for shock compensation. This increases the load on it, and the disks wear out earlier.
Which exit? Buy comfortable and age-appropriate footwear. And also wear special insoles. For this, you will have to visit an orthopedist. Now there is a fairly large selection of orthopedic shoes that you can buy or make to order.
For the prevention of flat feet, it is very useful to walk on uneven surfaces - sand, grass, pebbles. So, if there is such an opportunity, you should not miss it.
Risk factor: sedentary work
The spine experiences the least load when we lie on our back. It increases when walking and increases even more when a person sits down. That is why work associated with many hours of sitting in the office leads to rapid wear of the intervertebral discs.
Therefore, try to get up once an hour for 5-10 minutes and do a warm-up: bend forward and backward, stretch. Change the position in which you sit more often, the periodic redistribution of the load is beneficial for the spine. It's a good idea if your desk chair allows you to lean back from time to time so that there is an angle of about 135° between your torso and legs - this will help your back relax. And finally, do not sit cross-legged - this increases the load on one side of the back.
IN non-working hours be active. Yoga, Pilates, stretching exercises, and swimming help to relieve tension in the back. During such training, the muscular corset is strengthened, but the spine is not overloaded. But lifting the barbell or fitness with a lot of jumps, on the contrary, increase the pressure on the discs.
Measure your height in the morning when you get out of bed and in the evening before going to bed. Surely in the second case you will find yourself lower (the difference can be up to 3 cm). This happens because during the day, due to the load, the intervertebral discs are slightly flattened. At night, when the pressure on them is minimal, they gradually straighten out, their blood supply improves. That is why proper rest is extremely important for the spine. To ensure it, once and for all get rid of soft feather beds, they do not support your back well - you need to sleep on a semi-hard mattress.
Lifting weights is our favorite job?
When carrying heavy things, the load on the spine, and especially on its lumbar region, increases significantly. In many cases, heavy lifting can be avoided. Get a bag on wheels or a compact cart and carry heavy things on them, instead of carrying them from the store or dragging them from the country house to the city apartment. If you have to lift something heavy, do it right. The main thing is not to lift the load abruptly, and when carrying it or placing it, do not turn the torso. And yet - do not hold the burden on outstretched arms, press it to the body.
Risk factor: being overweight
For the spine there is no difference whether you wear bags of coal or excess fat - the load still increases. In a sense, being overweight is even worse than working as a loader: the latter pulls heavy things from time to time, the former carries them all the time. It is believed that if the body weight exceeds 90 kg, this is almost a guarantee that a person will develop osteochondrosis faster than others. If you tend to be overweight, weigh yourself about once a week - it will be easier not to miss the moment and pull yourself together in time.
Everything is aging and the spine too
A decrease in flexibility, a reduction in the volume of intervertebral discs, a decrease in the tone of the back muscles - alas, all this is often not a disease at all, but the aging process provided by nature. So after 50 years, the risk of developing osteochondrosis increases markedly. At this age, you need to be especially careful about your back and not overstrain. The spine experiences the greatest load when we sit or stand bent over. Avoid this position: in any case, do not wash by placing a basin in the bath, replace a short broom with a brush with a long handle, extend the vacuum cleaner pipe as much as possible.
Find an opportunity to attend exercise therapy groups for people with back problems or do the exercises yourself at home. The complex should completely exclude sudden movements, at first you should not overstrain - getting used to the load should be gradual.
In addition, try to do a tomography of the back. If necessary, the doctor will help you choose a special corset or medical underwear to support your back.
THE PLACE OF MAN IN THE SYSTEM OF THE ORGANIC WORLD
Exercise. Choose one correct answer.
1. Chord in the early stages of human development is formed:
A. Under the neural tube
B. Under the intestines
B. On the ventral side of the body
2. The thoracic septum of mammals involved in the breathing process is called:
A. Peritoneum
B. Eardrum
B. Diaphragm
3. The number of human cervical vertebrae, as in all mammals, is:
A.10
B. 7
AT 12
4. The biochemical composition of human blood is most similar to blood:
A. Delfinov
B. Monkeys
V. Kopytnykh
5. The main feature of a person as a representative of mammals is:
A. Differentiated teeth
B. Four-chambered heart
B. Breastfeeding
6. The rudiments of a person include:
A. Tail vertebrae
B. Outer ear
B. Diaphragm
7. Multiple nipples in humans is an example:
A. Rudimenta
B. Atavism
B. Congenital genetic pathology
8. The main distinguishing feature of a person as a biological species is:
A. Thinking, consciousness and speech
B. Precise coordination of movements
B. Color vision
9. The advantage of upright walking is:
A. Variety of modes of transportation
B. Straight posture
B. Freeing the hand for tool activity
10. Biological retribution for walking upright in humans can be considered:
A. Appendicitis
B. Varicose veins of the lower extremities
B. Hypertension
Exercise. Insert the missing word.
1. In the early stages of development, an axial skeleton is formed in a person - ..., and under it - ...
2. Man, as a representative of mammals, has a number of characteristic features: the presence of a thoracic septum - ..., ... heart, seven ... vertebrae, ... glands.
3. Human primates are related by similarities in the structure of ... organs, ... muscles, biochemical composition ...
4... are organs that have lost their biological significance, for example:... vertebrae,... ribs,... cover on the body.
5. The appearance in a person of signs characteristic of distant ancestors is called ...
6. Distinctive features of a person as a biological species are: highly developed ..., articulate ..., the ability to make ...
Exercise. Give a short answer of one or two sentences.
1. List the anatomical features of a person, proving that he belongs to the Chordata type.
2. What, in your opinion, is the most important feature that emphasizes the relationship between humans and mammals?
3. What physiological features are common to humans and great apes?
4. What are rudiments and atavisms? Give examples.
5. What is the difference between man and animals?
6. What are the benefits of humans as a biological species?
7. What is the biological retribution of a person for the possibility of walking upright?
Exercise. Give a complete detailed answer.
1. Distribute the systematic categories that determine the belonging of a person to the Animal Kingdom, in the correct order: the order Primates, the type Chordates, the species Homo sapiens, the subtype Vertebrates, the genus Man, the class Mammals, the family Hominids.
2. Review the drawing on page 4 in your textbook. How is a human skeleton different from a gorilla skeleton?
3. Review the drawings of human rudiments on page 4 in the textbook. Explain the biological feasibility of these organs. Why did a person have wisdom teeth, an appendix, the smallest muscle fibers around the hairs on the body?
