History and consequences of the October Revolution. When was the revolution in Russia? All about the revolution of 1917

Revolution of 1917 in Russia

The history of the October Socialist Revolution is one of those topics that have attracted and continue to attract the most attention of foreign and Russian historiography, because it was precisely as a result of the victory of the October Revolution that the situation of all classes and sections of the population, their parties, radically changed. The Bolsheviks became the ruling party, leading the work to create a new state and social system.

On October 26, a decree on peace and land was adopted. Following the decree on peace, on land, the Soviet government adopted laws: on the introduction of workers' control over the production and distribution of products, on an 8-hour working day, and the "Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia." The Declaration proclaimed that from now on in Russia there are no dominant nations and oppressed nations, all peoples receive equal rights to free development, to self-determination up to secession and the formation of an independent state.

The October Revolution marked the beginning of profound, all-encompassing social change throughout the world. The landlords' land was transferred free of charge into the hands of the working peasantry, and factories, mills, mines, railways into the hands of the workers, making them public property.

Causes of the October Revolution

On August 1, 1914, the First World War began in Russia, which lasted until November 11, 1918, the cause of which was the struggle for spheres of influence in conditions when a single European market and legal mechanism had not been created.

Russia was on the defensive in this war. And although the patriotism and heroism of the soldiers and officers was great, there was neither a single will, nor serious plans for waging war, nor a sufficient supply of ammunition, uniforms and food. This instilled uncertainty in the army. She lost her soldiers and suffered defeats. The Minister of War was put on trial, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief was removed from his post. Nicholas II himself became commander-in-chief. But the situation has not improved. Despite continuous economic growth (the production of coal and oil, the production of shells, guns and other types of weapons grew, huge reserves were accumulated in case of a prolonged war), the situation developed in such a way that during the war years Russia found itself without an authoritative government, without an authoritative prime minister. minister, and without an authoritative Headquarters. The officer corps grew educated people, i.e. intelligentsia, which was subject to oppositional moods, and everyday participation in the war, which lacked the most necessary, gave food for doubts.

The growing centralization of economic management, carried out against the backdrop of a growing shortage of raw materials, fuel, transport, qualified work force, accompanied by the scope of speculation and abuse, led to the fact that the role of state regulation increased along with the growth negative factors economy (History of the domestic state and law. Part 1: Textbook / Edited by O. I. Chistyakov. - M .: BEK Publishing House, 1998)

Queues appeared in the cities, standing in which was a psychological breakdown for hundreds of thousands of workers and workers.

The predominance of military production over civilian production and the rise in food prices led to a steady increase in prices for all consumer goods. At the same time, wages did not keep pace with rising prices. Discontent grew both in the rear and at the front. And it turned primarily against the monarch and his government.

Considering that from November 1916 to March 1917 three prime ministers, two ministers of internal affairs and two ministers of agriculture were replaced, then the expression of the convinced monarchist V. Shulgin about the situation that developed at that time in Russia is really true: “autocracy without autocrat” .

Among a number of prominent politicians, in semi-legal organizations and circles, a conspiracy was ripening, and plans were discussed to remove Nicholas II from power. It was supposed to seize the tsar's train between Mogilev and Petrograd and force the monarch to abdicate.

The October Revolution was a major step towards the transformation of a feudal state into a bourgeois one. October created a fundamentally new, Soviet state. The October Revolution was caused by a number of objective and subjective reasons. First of all, the class contradictions that aggravated in 1917 should be attributed to the objective ones:

The contradictions inherent in bourgeois society are the antagonism between labor and capital. The Russian bourgeoisie, young and inexperienced, failed to see the danger of coming class friction and did not take sufficient measures in time to reduce the intensity of the class struggle as much as possible.

Conflicts in the countryside, which developed even more acutely. The peasants, who for centuries dreamed of taking away the land from the landowners and driving them away themselves, were not satisfied with either the reform of 1861 or the Stolypin reform. They frankly longed to get all the land and get rid of old exploiters. In addition, from the very beginning of the 20th century, a new contradiction escalated in the countryside, connected with the differentiation of the peasantry itself. This stratification intensified after the Stolypin reform, which attempted to create a new class of owners in the countryside through the redistribution of peasant lands associated with the destruction of the community. Now, in addition to the landowner, the broad peasant masses also had a new enemy - the kulak, even more hated, since he came from his environment.

National conflicts. national movement, not too strong in the period 1905-1907, aggravated after February and gradually increased by the autumn of 1917.

World War. The first chauvinistic frenzy that gripped certain sections of society at the beginning of the war soon dissipated, and by 1917 the overwhelming mass of the population, suffering from the many-sided hardships of the war, longed for the speediest conclusion of peace. First of all, this concerned, of course, the soldiers. The village is also tired of endless sacrifices. Only the upper class of the bourgeoisie, which made huge amounts of money on military supplies, stood up for the continuation of the war to a victorious end. But the war also had other consequences. First of all, it armed the vast masses of workers and peasants, taught them how to handle weapons and helped overcome the natural barrier that forbids a person to kill other people.

The weakness of the Provisional Government and the entire state apparatus created by it. If immediately after February, the Provisional Government had some kind of authority, then the further, the more it lost it, being unable to solve the pressing problems of society, primarily questions about peace, bread, and land. Simultaneously with the decline in the authority of the Provisional Government, the influence and importance of the Soviets grew, promising to give the people everything they craved.

Along with objective factors, subjective factors were also important:

Widespread popularity in the society of socialist ideas. Thus, by the beginning of the century, Marxism had become a kind of fashion among the Russian intelligentsia. He found a response in wider popular circles. Even in Orthodox Church At the beginning of the 20th century, a movement of Christian socialism, albeit a small one, emerged.

The existence in Russia of a party ready to lead the masses to revolution - the Bolshevik Party. This party is not the largest in number (the Socialist-Revolutionaries had more), however, it was the most organized and purposeful.

The fact that the Bolsheviks had a strong leader, authoritative both in the party itself and among the people, who managed to become a real leader in a few months after February - V.I. Lenin.

As a result, the October armed uprising won victory in Petrograd with greater ease than the February Revolution, and almost without bloodshed, precisely as a result of a combination of all the factors mentioned above. Its result was the emergence of the Soviet state.

The legal side of the October Revolution of 1917

In the autumn of 1917, the political crisis intensified in the country. At the same time, the Bolsheviks were actively working to prepare the uprising. It started and went according to plan.

During the uprising in Petrograd, by October 25, 1917, all key points in the city were occupied by detachments of the Petrograd garrison and the Red Guard. By the evening of that day, the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies began its work, proclaiming itself the highest authority in Russia. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee, formed by the First Congress of Soviets in the summer of 1917, was re-elected.

The Second Congress of Soviets elected a new All-Russian Central Executive Committee and formed the Council of People's Commissars, which became the government of Russia. ( The World History: Textbook for universities / Ed. G.B. Polyak, A.N. Markova. - M .: Culture and Sport, UNITI, 1997) The Congress was of a constituent nature: it created the governing state bodies and adopted the first acts that had constitutional, fundamental significance. The Decree on Peace proclaimed the principles of long-term foreign policy Russia - peaceful coexistence and "proletarian internationalism", the right of nations to self-determination.

The Decree on Land was based on peasant mandates formulated by the soviets as early as August 1917. A variety of forms of land use were proclaimed (household, farm, communal, artel), confiscation of landowners' lands and estates, which were transferred to the disposal of volost land committees and county councils of peasant deputies. The right to private ownership of land was abolished. The use of hired labor and the lease of land were prohibited. Later, these provisions were enshrined in the Decree “On the Socialization of the Land” in January 1918. The Second Congress of Soviets also adopted two appeals: “To the Citizens of Russia” and “To the Workers, Soldiers and Peasants”, which spoke of the transfer of power to the Military Revolutionary Committee , the Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, and locally - local councils.

Causes of the October Revolution of 1917:

• war weariness;
• industry and Agriculture countries were on the verge of complete collapse;
• catastrophic financial crisis;
• the unresolved agrarian question and the impoverishment of the peasants;
• delaying socio-economic reforms;
• the contradictions of the dual power became a prerequisite for a change of power.

On July 3, 1917, unrest broke out in Petrograd demanding the overthrow of the Provisional Government. Counter-revolutionary units, by government decree, used weapons to suppress the peaceful demonstration. Arrests began, the death penalty was restored.

The dual power ended with the victory of the bourgeoisie. The events of July 3-5 showed that the bourgeois Provisional Government did not intend to fulfill the demands of the working people, and it became clear to the Bolsheviks that it was no longer possible to seize power by peaceful means.

At the VI Congress of the RSDLP (b), which took place from July 26 to August 3, 1917, the party took a guide to the socialist revolution through an armed uprising.

At the August State Conference in Moscow, the bourgeoisie intended to announce L.G. Kornilov as a military dictator and time the dispersal of the Soviets to coincide with this event. But the active revolutionary uprising frustrated the plans of the bourgeoisie. Then Kornilov on August 23 moved troops to Petrograd.

The Bolsheviks, carrying out great agitation work among the working masses and soldiers, explained the meaning of the conspiracy and created revolutionary centers for the struggle against Kornilovism. The rebellion was suppressed, and the people finally understood that the Bolshevik Party is the only party that defends the interests of the working people.

In mid-September, V.I. Lenin worked out a plan for an armed uprising and ways to carry it out. The main goal of the October Revolution was the conquest of power by the Soviets.

On October 12, the Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC) was created - a center for preparing an armed uprising. Zinoviev and Kamenev, opponents of the socialist revolution, gave the terms of the uprising to the Provisional Government.

The uprising began on the night of October 24, the day the II Congress of Soviets opened. The government immediately succeeded in isolating it from the armed units loyal to it.

October 25 V.I. Lenin arrived at Smolny and personally led the uprising in Petrograd. During the October Revolution, the most important objects such as bridges, telegraph, government offices were seized.

On the morning of October 25, 1917, the Military Revolutionary Committee announced the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the transfer of power to the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. October 26 was captured Winter Palace and arrested members of the Provisional Government.

The October Revolution in Russia took place with the full support of the masses of the people. The alliance between the working class and the peasantry, the defection of the armed army to the side of the revolution, and the weakness of the bourgeoisie determined the results of the October Revolution of 1917.

On October 25 and 26, 1917, the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets was held, at which the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) was elected and the first Soviet government, the Council of People's Commissars (SNK), was formed. V.I. was elected Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. Lenin. He put forward two Decrees: the "Decree on Peace", which called on the warring countries to stop hostilities, and the "Decree on Land", expressing the interests of the peasants.

The adopted Decrees contributed to the victory of Soviet power in the regions of the country.

On November 3, 1917, with the capture of the Kremlin, Soviet power also won in Moscow. Further, Soviet power was proclaimed in Belarus, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, in the Crimea, in the North Caucasus, in Central Asia. The revolutionary struggle in Transcaucasia dragged on until the end of the civil war (1920-1921), which was a consequence of the October Revolution of 1917.

The Great October Socialist Revolution divided the world into two camps - capitalist and socialist.

The Great Russian Revolution is the revolutionary events that took place in Russia in 1917, starting with the overthrow of the monarchy during February Revolution, when power passed to the Provisional Government, which was overthrown as a result of the October Revolution of the Bolsheviks, who proclaimed Soviet power.

February Revolution of 1917 - The main revolutionary events in Petrograd

Reason for revolution: Labor conflict at the Putilov factory between workers and owners; interruptions in the supply of food to Petrograd.

Main events February Revolution took place in Petrograd. The leadership of the army, headed by the chief of staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, General Alekseev M.V., and the commanders of the fronts and fleets, considered that they did not have the means to suppress the riots and strikes that had engulfed Petrograd. Emperor Nicholas II abdicated. After his intended successor, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich also renounced the throne, the State Duma took control of the country, forming the Provisional Government of Russia.

With the formation of Soviets parallel to the Provisional Government, a period of dual power began. The Bolsheviks form detachments of armed workers (Red Guards), thanks to attractive slogans, they are gaining considerable popularity, primarily in Petrograd, Moscow, in large industrial cities, the Baltic Fleet, and the troops of the Northern and Western fronts.

The results of the revolution and dual power

October Revolution of 1917 main events

During October revolution Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee, established by the Bolsheviks headed by L.D. Trotsky and V.I. Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government. At the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, the Bolsheviks endure a hard struggle against the Mensheviks and Right Social Revolutionaries, and the first Soviet government is formed. In December 1917, a government coalition of Bolsheviks and Left Social Revolutionaries was formed. In March 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed with Germany.

By the summer of 1918, a one-party government was finally formed, and the active phase of the Civil War and foreign intervention in Russia began, which began with the uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps. Ending civil war created the conditions for the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

Provisional government of Russia in 1917

Heads of the Russian government in 1905 - 1917

October Revolution of 1917 in Russia

October Revolution(full official name in USSR - Great October Socialist Revolution, alternative names: October coup, Bolshevik coup, third Russian revolution listen)) is a stage of the Russian revolution that took place in Russia in October of the year. As a result of the October Revolution, the Provisional Government was overthrown, and a government formed by the II Congress of Soviets came to power, in which the Bolshevik party received the majority shortly before the revolution - the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks), in alliance with part of the Mensheviks, national groups, peasant organizations, some anarchists and a number of groups in the Socialist Revolutionary Party.

The main organizers of the uprising were V. I. Lenin, L. D. Trotsky, Ya. M. Sverdlov and others.

The government elected by the Congress of Soviets included representatives of only two parties: the RSDLP (b) and the Left Social Revolutionaries, the rest of the organizations refused to participate in the revolution. Later they demanded that their representatives be included in the Council of People's Commissars under the slogan of a "homogeneous socialist government," but the Bolsheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries already had a majority at the Congress of Soviets, allowing them not to rely on other parties. In addition, relations were spoiled by the support of the "compromising parties" of the persecution of the RSDLP (b) as a party and its individual members by the Provisional Government on charges of high treason and armed rebellion in the summer of 1917, the arrest of L. D. Trotsky and L. B. Kamenev and leaders of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, put on the wanted list of V. I. Lenin and G. E. Zinoviev.

There is a wide range of assessments of the October Revolution: for some, it is a national catastrophe that led to the Civil War and the establishment of a totalitarian system of government in Russia (or, conversely, to the death of Great Russia as an empire); for others - the greatest progressive event in the history of mankind, which made it possible to abandon capitalism and save Russia from feudal remnants; Between these extremes there are a number of intermediate points of view. Many historical myths are also associated with this event.

Name

S. Lukin. It's done!

The revolution took place on October 25, according to the Julian calendar, which was adopted in Russia at that time. And although already in February of the year the Gregorian calendar (new style) was introduced and the first anniversary of the revolution (like all subsequent ones) was celebrated on November 7, the revolution was still associated with October, which was reflected in its name.

The name "October Revolution" has been found since the first years of Soviet power. Name Great October Socialist Revolution established itself in the Soviet official historiography by the end of the 1930s. In the first decade after the revolution, it was often called, in particular, October coup, while this name did not carry a negative meaning (at least in the mouths of the Bolsheviks themselves), but, on the contrary, emphasized the grandiosity and irreversibility of the "social revolution"; this name is used by N. N. Sukhanov, A. V. Lunacharsky, D. A. Furmanov, N. I. Bukharin, M. A. Sholokhov. In particular, the section of Stalin's article, dedicated to the first anniversary of October (), was called About the October Revolution. Subsequently, the word "coup" became associated with a conspiracy and an illegal change of power (similar to palace coups), and the term was withdrawn from official propaganda (although Stalin used it until his last works, written already in the early 1950s). On the other hand, the expression "October coup" began to be actively used, already with a negative connotation, in literature critical of Soviet power: in emigre and dissident circles, and since perestroika, in the legal press.

background

There are several versions of the causes of the October Revolution:

• version of the spontaneous growth of the "revolutionary situation"
• version of the purposeful action of the German government (See Sealed wagon)

Version of the "revolutionary situation"

The main prerequisites for the October Revolution were the weakness and indecisiveness of the Provisional Government, its refusal to implement the principles proclaimed by it (for example, the Minister of Agriculture V. Chernov, the author of the Socialist Revolutionary program for land reform, defiantly refused to carry it out after he was told by his government colleagues that expropriation landowner lands damages the banking system, which credited the landlords on the security of land), dual power after the February Revolution. During the year, the leaders of the radical forces led by Chernov, Spiridonova, Tsereteli, Lenin, Chkheidze, Martov, Zinoviev, Stalin, Trotsky, Sverdlov, Kamenev and other leaders returned from hard labor, from exile and emigration to Russia and launched an extensive agitation. All this led to the strengthening of extreme left sentiments in society.

The policy of the Provisional Government, especially after the SR-Menshevik All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets declared the Provisional Government a "government of salvation", recognizing it as having "unlimited powers and unlimited power", brought the country to the brink of disaster. The smelting of pig iron and steel fell sharply, and the extraction of coal and oil was significantly reduced. The railway transport came to an almost complete breakdown. There was a sharp lack of fuel. In Petrograd, there were temporary interruptions in the supply of flour. Gross industrial output in 1917 decreased by 30.8% compared to 1916. In autumn, up to 50% of enterprises were closed in the Urals, Donbass and other industrial centers, 50 factories were stopped in Petrograd. There was massive unemployment. Food prices rose steadily. The real wages of workers fell by 40-50% compared with 1913. The daily expenditure on the war exceeded 66 million rubles.

All practical measures taken by the Provisional Government worked exclusively for the benefit of the financial sector. The provisional government resorted to money issue and new loans. In 8 months, it issued paper money worth 9.5 billion rubles, that is, more than the tsarist government in 32 months of the war. The main burden of taxes fell on the working people. The actual value of the ruble compared to June 1914 was 32.6%. The state debt of Russia in October 1917 amounted to almost 50 billion rubles, of which the debt to foreign powers amounted to more than 11.2 billion rubles. The country faced the threat of financial bankruptcy.

The provisional government, which did not have confirmation of its powers from any popular will, nevertheless, in a voluntaristic way, declared that Russia would "continue the war to a victorious end." Moreover, he failed to get the allies in the Entente to write off Russia's war debts, which reached astronomical sums. Explanations to the allies that Russia was not able to service this public debt, the experience of the state bankruptcy of a number of countries (Khedive Egypt, etc.) were not taken into account by the allies. Meanwhile, L. D. Trotsky officially declared that revolutionary Russia should not pay the bills of the old regime, and was immediately imprisoned.

The provisional government simply ignored the problem because the grace period on loans lasted until the end of the war. They turned a blind eye to the imminent post-war default, not knowing what to hope for and wanting to delay the inevitable. Wishing to postpone state bankruptcy by continuing an extremely unpopular war, they attempted to attack on the fronts, but their failure, emphasized by the "treacherous", according to Kerensky, surrender of Riga, caused extreme bitterness among the people. The land reform was also not carried out for financial reasons - the expropriation of landlords' lands would have caused a massive bankruptcy of financial institutions that credited landlords on the security of land. The Bolsheviks, historically supported by the majority of the workers of Petrograd and Moscow, won the support of the peasantry and soldiers ("peasants dressed in overcoats") through a consistent policy of agrarian reform and an immediate end to the war. In August-October 1917 alone, more than 2,000 peasant uprisings took place (690 peasant uprisings were registered in August, 630 in September, and 747 in October). The Bolsheviks and their allies actually remained the only force that did not agree to give up their principles in practice to protect the interests of Russia's financial capital.

Revolutionary sailors with the flag "Death to Bourgeois"

Four days later, on October 29 (November 11), an armed rebellion of junkers took place, including artillery pieces, which was also suppressed using artillery and armored cars.

On the side of the Bolsheviks, the workers of Petrograd, Moscow and other industrial centers, the land-poor peasants of the densely populated Chernozem region and Central Russia. An important factor the victory of the Bolsheviks was the appearance on their side of a considerable part of the officers of the former tsarist army. In particular, officers General Staff distributed between the warring parties almost equally, with a slight advantage among the opponents of the Bolsheviks (at the same time, on the side of the Bolsheviks there were more graduates of the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff). Some of them were repressed in 1937 .

Immigration

At the same time, a number of workers, engineers, inventors, scientists, writers, architects, peasants, politicians from all over the world who shared Marxist ideas moved to Soviet Russia, to participate in the program of building communism. They took some part in the technological breakthrough of backward Russia and the country's social transformations. According to some estimates, the number of only Chinese and Manchus who immigrated to tsarist Russia due to favorable socio-economic conditions created in Russia by the autocratic regime, and then took part in building a new world, it exceeded 500 thousand people. , and for the most part they were workers who create material values ​​and transform nature with their own hands. Some of them quickly returned to their homeland, most of the rest were subjected to repression in the year

A number of specialists from Western countries. .

During the Civil War, tens of thousands of internationalist fighters (Poles, Czechs, Hungarians, Serbs, etc.) fought in the Red Army and voluntarily joined its ranks.

The Soviet government was forced to use the skills of some immigrants in administrative, military and other posts. Among them are the writer Bruno Yasensky (shot in the city), administrator Bela Kun (shot in the city), economists Varga and Rudzutak (shot in the year), special services officers Dzerzhinsky, Latsis (shot in the city), Kingisepp, Eichmans (shot in the year), military leaders Joachim Vatsetis (shot in the year), Lajos Gavro (shot in), Ivan Strod (shot in), August Kork (shot in the year), head of Soviet justice Smilgu (shot in the year), Inessa Armand and many others. The financier and intelligence officer Ganetsky (shot in), aircraft designers Bartini (repressed in the city, spent 10 years in prison), Paul Richard (worked in the USSR for 3 years and returned to France), teacher Yanoushek (shot in a year), Romanian, Moldovan and Jewish poet Yakov Yakir (who ended up in the USSR against his will with the annexation of Bessarabia, was arrested there, left for Israel), socialist Henrich Erlich (sentenced to death penalty and committed suicide in a Kuibyshev prison), Robert Eikhe (shot in the year), journalist Radek (shot in the year), Polish poet Naftali Kon (twice repressed, after his release he left for Poland, from there to Israel), and many others.

Holiday

Main article: Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution

Contemporaries about the revolution

Our children and grandchildren will not even be able to imagine the Russia in which we once lived, which we did not appreciate, did not understand - all this power, complexity, wealth, happiness ...

• October 26 (November 7) - birthday of L.D. Trotsky

Notes

1. MINUTES of 1920 August 11-12 days judicial investigator for especially important cases at the Omsk District Court N. A. Sokolov in Paris (in France), in the order of 315-324 Art. Art. mouth corner. court., examined three issues of the newspaper “Obshchee Delo” provided for investigation by Vladimir Lvovich Burtsev.
2. Russian National Corpus
3. Russian National Corpus
4. I. V. Stalin. The logic of things
5. I. V. Stalin. Marxism and questions of linguistics
6. For example, the expression "October Revolution" is often used in the anti-Soviet magazine "Posev":
7. S. P. Melgunov. Golden german key of the Bolsheviks
8. L. G. Sobolev. Russian revolution and German gold
9. Ganin A.V. On the role of officers of the General Staff in the civil war.
10. S. V. Kudryavtsev Liquidation of "counter-revolutionary organizations" in the region (Author of Candidate of Historical Sciences)
11. Erlikhman V.V. "Loss of population in the XX century". Reference book - M .: Publishing house "Russian panorama", 2004 ISBN 5-93165-107-1
12. Cultural Revolution Article on rin.ru
13. Soviet-Chinese relations. 1917-1957. Collection of documents, Moscow, 1959; Ding Shouhe, Yin Xu Yi, Zhang Bozhao, The Impact of the October Revolution on China, translated from Chinese, Moscow, 1959; Peng Ming, History of Sino-Soviet Friendship, translated from Chinese. Moscow, 1959; Russian-Chinese relations. 1689-1916, Official documents, Moscow, 1958
14. Border clearances and other forced migrations in 1934-1939.
15. "Great Terror": 1937-1938. Brief chronicle Compiled by N. G. Okhotin, A. B. Roginsky
16. From among the descendants of immigrants, as well as local residents who originally lived on their historical lands, as of 1977, 379 thousand Poles lived in the USSR; 9 thousand Czechs; 6 thousand Slovaks; 257 thousand Bulgarians; 1.2 million Germans; 76 thousand Romanians; 2 thousand French; 132 thousand Greeks; 2 thousand Albanians; 161 thousand Hungarians, 43 thousand Finns; 5 thousand Khalkha Mongols; 245 thousand Koreans, etc. For the most part, these are the descendants of the colonists of tsarist times, who have not forgotten native language, and residents of the border, ethnically mixed regions of the USSR; some of them (Germans, Koreans, Greeks, Finns) were subsequently subjected to repressions and deportations.
17. L. Anninsky. In memory of Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Historical magazine "Rodina" (RF), No. 9-2008, p. 35
18. I.A. Bunin "Cursed Days" (diary 1918 - 1918)

Links

• The Great October Socialist Revolution on the wiki section of the RKSM(b) portal

The October Revolution of 1917 in Russia is the armed overthrow of the Provisional Government and the coming to power of the Bolshevik Party, which proclaimed the establishment of Soviet power, the beginning of the liquidation of capitalism and the transition to socialism. The slowness and inconsistency of the actions of the Provisional Government after the February bourgeois democratic revolution 1917 in the decision of the working, agrarian, national issues Russia's continued participation in the First World War led to a deepening of the national crisis and created the prerequisites for the strengthening of extreme left parties in the center and nationalist parties on the outskirts of the country. The Bolsheviks acted most vigorously, proclaiming a course for a socialist revolution in Russia, which they considered the beginning of a world revolution. They put forward popular slogans: "Peace to the peoples", "Land to the peasants", "Factories to the workers".

In the USSR, the official version of the October Revolution was the version of "two revolutions". According to this version, in February 1917, the bourgeois-democratic revolution began and ended in the coming months, and the October Revolution was the second, socialist revolution.

The second version was put forward by Leon Trotsky. Already abroad, he wrote a book on the united revolution of 1917, in which he defended the concept that the October Revolution and the decrees adopted by the Bolsheviks in the first months after coming to power were only the completion of the bourgeois democratic revolution, the realization of what the insurgent people fought for. in February.

The Bolsheviks put forward a version of the spontaneous growth of the "revolutionary situation". The very concept of a "revolutionary situation" and its main features were the first to scientifically define and implement in Russian historiography Vladimir Lenin. He called the following three objective factors its main features: the crisis of the "tops", the crisis of the "bottoms", the extraordinary activity of the masses.

Lenin characterized the situation that developed after the formation of the Provisional Government as "dual power", and Trotsky as "dual anarchy": the socialists in the Soviets could rule, but did not want to, the "progressive bloc" in the government wanted to rule, but could not, being forced to rely on the Petrograd Council, with which he disagreed on all issues of domestic and foreign policy.

Some domestic and foreign researchers adhere to the version of the "German financing" of the October Revolution. It lies in the fact that the German government, interested in Russia's withdrawal from the war, purposefully organized the transfer from Switzerland to Russia of representatives of the radical faction of the RSDLP headed by Lenin in the so-called "sealed wagon" and financed the activities of the Bolsheviks aimed at undermining the combat capability of the Russian army and disorganization of the defense industry and transport.

To lead the armed uprising, a Politburo was created, which included Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin, Andrei Bubnov, Grigory Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev (the last two denied the need for an uprising). The direct leadership of the uprising was carried out by the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, which also included Left Social Revolutionaries.

Chronicle of the events of the October Revolution

On the afternoon of October 24 (November 6), the junkers tried to open the bridges across the Neva in order to cut off the workers' districts from the center. The Military Revolutionary Committee (VRK) sent detachments of the Red Guard and soldiers to the bridges, who took almost all the bridges under guard. By evening, the soldiers of the Keksholmsky regiment occupied the Central Telegraph Office, a detachment of sailors captured the Petrograd Telegraph Agency, and the soldiers of the Izmailovsky Regiment - the Baltic Station. The revolutionary units blocked the Pavlovsk, Nikolaev, Vladimir, Konstantinovskoye cadet schools.

On the evening of October 24, Lenin arrived at Smolny and directly took charge of the armed struggle.

At 1 h 25 min. On the night of October 24-25 (November 6-7), the Red Guards of the Vyborg region, soldiers of the Keksgolmsky regiment and revolutionary sailors occupied the Main Post Office.

At 2 am, the first company of the 6th reserve engineer battalion captured the Nikolaevsky (now Moscow) station. At the same time, a detachment of the Red Guard occupied the Central Power Plant.

On October 25 (November 7), at about 6 o'clock in the morning, the sailors of the naval guards' crew took possession of the State Bank.

At 7 o'clock in the morning, the soldiers of the Keksholm regiment occupied the Central Telephone Exchange. At 8 o'clock. the Red Guards of the Moscow and Narva regions captured the Varshavsky railway station.

At 2:35 p.m. An emergency meeting of the Petrograd Soviet was opened. The Soviet heard a report that the Provisional Government had been overthrown and state power had passed into the hands of an organ of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.

On the afternoon of October 25 (November 7), revolutionary forces occupied the Mariinsky Palace, where the Pre-Parliament was located, and dissolved it; the sailors occupied the Military Port and the Main Admiralty, where the Naval Headquarters was arrested.

By 6 p.m. the revolutionary detachments began to move towards the Winter Palace.

On October 25 (November 7), at 21:45, on a signal from the Peter and Paul Fortress, a cannon shot from the cruiser Aurora thundered, and the assault on the Winter Palace began.

At 2 am on October 26 (November 8), armed workers, soldiers of the Petrograd garrison and sailors of the Baltic Fleet, led by Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, occupied the Winter Palace and arrested the Provisional Government.

On October 25 (November 7), following the victory of the uprising in Petrograd, which was almost bloodless, an armed struggle began in Moscow. In Moscow, the revolutionary forces met with extremely fierce resistance, and stubborn battles were going on in the streets of the city. at the cost big sacrifices(during the uprising, about 1000 people were killed) On November 2 (15), Soviet power was established in Moscow.

On the evening of October 25 (November 7), 1917, the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies opened. The congress heard and adopted Lenin's appeal "To the Workers, Soldiers and Peasants", which announced the transfer of power to the Second Congress of Soviets, and in the localities - to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies.

On October 26 (November 8), 1917, the Decree on Peace and the Decree on Land were adopted. The congress formed the first Soviet government - the Soviet people's commissars composed of: Chairman Lenin; drug addicts: by foreign affairs Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin on nationality affairs, and others. Lev Kamenev was elected chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and after his resignation, Yakov Sverdlov.

The Bolsheviks established control over the main industrial centers of Russia. The leaders of the Cadets Party were arrested, the opposition press was banned. In January 1918, the Constituent Assembly was dispersed, by March of that year Soviet authority was installed on a large territory of Russia. All banks and enterprises were nationalized, a separate truce was concluded with Germany. In July 1918, the first Soviet Constitution was adopted.