Interjection is an important part of the Russian language. It is interjections that in many ways make speech richer, more expressive and richer - they allow you to convey emotions, feelings, make descriptions more vivid and lively. The very definition of interjections sounds exactly like this - these are words and expressions that help express emotions, feelings and expressions of will, while not defining them.

Interjections are neither independent nor functional parts of speech and remain an isolated group. However, they can be classified according to several criteria.

Basic and additional types of classification of interjections

First of all, interjection words are usually divided into non-derivatives and derivatives. What does this mean?

Derivatives of interjections are formed from other parts of speech, they are modified forms of some words. For example, interjections “completely”, “please say”, “let it be to you”, “fathers” can be attributed to them.
Non-derivative interjections were originally formed on their own and are not associated with any parts of speech - for example, these are “oh” and “ay”, “oh” and “ah”, “a” and “well”.

It is also customary to subdivide interjections in accordance with their composition into simple, complex and compound. It is very easy to understand the meaning:

simple ones are more like sounds and consist of only one word - “oh”, “ah”, “God”;
complex ones are represented by several repeated words - “oh-oh”, “well-well”, “ah-ah”;
components include several different words and in fact they are whole expressions - “damn it”, “wow”, “please tell me”.

Another classification of interjections subdivides them according to their meaning in speech.

Emotional interjections - such as "ah", "cheers", "oh", "what a horror" - are needed to express certain feelings and emotions.
Incentive interjections offer to perform some kind of action - for example, “stop”, “have mercy”, “scat”, and so on.
Etiquette interjection words are used in speech to express gratitude, for greetings and goodbyes, requests - for example, "hello" and "salute", "merci" and "thank you" and the like.

For derivative interjections, a separate classification can be distinguished according to parts of speech - depending on the word due to which they are formed. There are interjections pronouns and nouns, verbs, interjections from conjunctions, adverbs and particles.

The peculiarity of interjections is that they are not members of the sentence, and there are no test questions for them. These words are needed solely in order to emotionally express any feelings.

Interjections are peculiar signs that testify to certain feelings. What distinguishes them from significant parts of speech is that they express emotions and wills, but do not name them.

“Bah! All familiar faces! - Chatsky exclaims, seeing the whole society in in full force. Interjection "Ba!" expresses the surprise of the hero who, after many years, finds the same people with the same views on life and with the same attitude.

Interjections - examples

Most often, interjections are morphologically invariable complexes of sounds, which are short cries (or screams) uttered by a person involuntarily: ah! Ouch! O! eh! etc. It is the nature of these words that makes it possible to attribute their appearance in people's speech to the most early periods in the history of mankind, when our ancestors, having united in a certain team, decided to exchange views. Numerous studies by linguists also point to this.

So, Vinogradov V.V. in his fundamental work "Russian Language" claims that interjections, although they do not have the function of naming, have "a semantic content recognized by the collective." This means that a strictly defined meaning is assigned to each interjection in a given language community. Each interjection has its own lexical meaning, expresses a certain feeling or will.

For example, the word "Shush!" expresses a prohibition, an order to stop something, but “wow!” - astonishment. In addition, the “antiquity” of the origin of interjections is also indicated by the fact that they are not included in the system of parts of speech and there are no syntactic connections with other words in sentences.

Tatyana ah! And he roar. (Pushkin "Eugene Onegin").

It is very interesting to trace the appearance of interjections in the works of ancient Russian literature: in the "Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh" there is a "Letter to Oleg Svyatoslavich", which begins with the words: "Oh, I, long-suffering and sad!" But this is the 11th century! In The Tale of the Assassination of Andrei Bogolyubsky, during the actual murder, Bogolyubsky, addressing his enemies, exclaims: “Oh, woe to you, dishonorable ones!...”. In "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" (translated by D.S. Likhachev), both the author of the chronicle, Prince Igor, and Yaroslavna use the same interjection "Oh!" in various situations.

And Igor said to his squad:
“O my squad and brothers!
It's better to be killed ... "
O Boyan, nightingale of the old days!
O Russian land! You are already over the hill! ..
Oh, to moan to the Russian Land,
Remembering the early days
And the first princes!

Yaroslavna cries early in Putivl on her visor, saying:

"O wind, wind! .."

Consequently, we are dealing with fairly ancient linguistic units, speaking of interjections, as ancient as the first chronicles in which interjections are used. Examples include the following.

1. By meaning, three main groups of interjections can be distinguished: emotional, imperative, interjections associated with the expression of etiquette norms in speech. Let's consider them in accordance with this classification.

Emotional interjections express the speaker's emotional reaction to what is happening or to the speech of the interlocutors, his attitude to the perceived impressions and their assessment. In the story "Guys" by A.P. Chekhov: "My fathers!" Olga was amazed when they both entered the hut. This group of interjections is the most numerous, it is accessible even to the smallest (by height and age) native speakers. A child who has barely learned to pronounce sounds, with an unpleasant smell, will say: “Fu!”; when he feels pain, he will say: “Oh!”. The hero of the famous comedy "Diamond Arm" on a narrow street of the Turkish capital had to fall and say the password: "Damn it." This is also an emotional interjection. How often do we operate with such a phrase: “Pah, don’t jinx it!”, Where the word “pah” is an emotional interjection. This group of interjections is the most primitive language construction.

Imperative interjections express will, call or motivation to action. As a rule, this is an appeal to the interlocutor with a proposal to perform one or another action, used in the imperative mood:

Here, take this (gives a cap and a cane) - Khlestakov in N.V. Gogol's comedy "The Government Inspector".

Hush! Grandfather Grishak rapped. (Sholokhov M.A. "Quiet Flows the Don").

Only the call denotes the imperative interjection "Hey!". And the interjection “well” in combination with the accusative case of the pronoun you expresses neglect and the desire to get rid of something: “Well, him!”. Motivations of this type are used in relation to animals: kitty-kitty, chick-chick, atu, which indicates the primitiveness and some kind of primitiveness of interjections.

The third group of interjections associated with the expression of etiquette norms in speech includes remarks containing generally accepted greetings, formulas of gratitude, apologies: thank you, hello, goodbye, sorry, etc.

"She ran to the gate
- Farewell! she shouted. (Chekhov "House with a mezzanine").

2. The last group of interjections is of particular interest in connection with compliance and non-compliance with the norms of speech etiquette. In everyday life, in the school environment, in virtual communication and when using mobile communications, the norms of speech etiquette imperceptibly but surely change.
In order to prove this, I conducted a survey among my peers - ninth graders, in which 32 people participated.

To the first question of the questionnaire, “Do you often use interjections like “oh”, “hey”, “god”, “fu”, “damn it” and others in your speech?” the absolute number of respondents answered: "Often" (18 people - 56%);

The use of emotional interjections in the speech of my peers is associated with various school situations. So, I suggested that the guys beat the situation when they get a good grade - such a pleasant event! How do ninth graders react to it?

In the first place in terms of frequency of use is the interjection “Hurrah!”, It is used by 11 people (34%);

In second place is the English "yes!", This barbarism is very popular in expressing Russian emotions (4 people - 12%).

In third place - our native "wow!" (3 students - 9%).

But below the “prize pedestal” are the words “neshtyak”, “wow!”, About which Mikhail Zadornov speaks satirically. Quite often you can hear these words from the lips of students. I asked the teacher in English what they stand for turned out to be a statement with particular agreement.

The words “cool”, “cool”, “super”, which are heard, including from TV screens, are also included in the vocabulary of my peers. But this is already a tilt towards slang, I have a negative attitude towards such words.

But the answers to the next question give off our local flavor, such a typical Transbaikal word “but” sounds like a positive answer to any question.

Have you prepared your lessons?
- But…
- Have you cleaned the room?
- But…

12 people answer this way, although they know that in this case it is necessary to say “yes”; and "yes" and "but" - 3 people; only "yes" - 16 people.

The imperative interjection "hello!" (meaning "speak, I'm listening to you") is used in oral speech often, but many do not know how to write it: at my request, the guys had to write “hello”: 9 people made mistakes (this is 28%). Therefore, one must be able not only to pronounce interjections, but also to write them correctly.

Of particular interest to me was the use by my peers of interjections associated with the use of etiquette in speech. These words, together with gestures, are a kind of windows through which we can not only hear each other, but also see. It is easy to see how difficult it is, energetically stamping your foot on the floor, to say affably “hello” or, waving your hand hopelessly, to say an enthusiastic “ah!”.

Thus, the researcher is also interested in gesture as a means of communication. Often, we can determine the mood of a person by the intonation of greeting.

So, coming to school in a good mood, our ninth-graders say "hello" - in 29 cases (out of 32), "where necessary, I definitely say" - 1 person, "rarely" - 2 people. In the same question, other interjections of this group were also mentioned: “thank you”, “goodbye”. As follows from our survey, the norms of speech etiquette are used by my peers to the fullest.

And one more, in my opinion, interesting fact- along with the observance of etiquette, the guys use the interjection "hey!" - 4 people without explanation of the situation; 7 people do not speak or rarely speak; but the majority (21 people! 66%) willingly describe situations when they use this interjection. “The interjection hey!, which we hear from a person who knows you, but does not want to call you by name, already sounds like an insult,” wrote theater theorist Kasatkin N.V. This is how this interjection is used, referring to their friends, relatives, acquaintances, who did not hear their name, 14 people. (Therefore, after processing the questionnaires, I had to explain to the guys that they were doing wrong). Turning to a stranger of their age, "hey" say 7 guys.

Thus, when conducting such a survey, I was able to make sure that live speech cannot be imagined without intonation. The role of intonation especially increases in interjection, devoid of lexical meaning.

F. Delsarte argued that in terms of richness of intonation, interjection occupies the first place among all parts of speech. It is precisely the underestimation of the role of intonation that explains the fact that for a long time interjections were mixed by some linguists with reflex cries (a reaction to pain, fear, surprise, etc.).

3. And the true treasury of interjections, in addition to live (everyday) speech, is, of course, literature. Works of art are replete with interjections, which are a fact of direct live communication and therefore short and concentrated. They give the characters' speech emotionality, naturalness and national flavor.

Even the great Cicero said: “Each movement of the soul has its natural expression in the voice ...” The space of interjections in the works of Gogol N.V., Tolstoy L.N., Chekhov A.P., Ostrovsky A.I., Gorky A.M. is infinitely rich. - do not count everyone.

I decided to analyze the use of interjections in a comedy that I recently studied and which I really liked - "Undergrowth" by D.I. Fonvizin.

The multi-valued interjection "ah" adorns almost every page of the comedy. Upon learning that Mitrofan “got bored” until the morning, Prostakova, blinded by maternal love, exclaims: “Ah, Mother of God!”. And during the lesson, when Mitrofan insults Tsyfirkin, Prostakova remarks: “Oh, Lord, my God!”. In the mouth of this "despicable fury", a man without soul and heart, these interjections sound blasphemous.

Having learned that the serf girl fell ill and is lying, the same Prostakova conveys her indignation with the same interjection: “Lies! Oh, she's a beast!" Rushing at Mitrofan as a rival in acquiring Sophia's capital, his uncle Skotinin growls: "Oh, you damned pig!" The interjection "ah", as old as the world, in this context, conveying all the indignation of Skotinin, gives his phrase a completely bestial connotation.

Interjection "Oh! Ouch! Ouch!" and “ouch! ouch! ouch! flashes in the speech of the foreigner Vralman, who is not strong in Russian.

The outdated interjection “ba” is pronounced by Skotinin quite often: “Ba! What does this one mean here?”, “Bah! Ba! Ba! Do I have enough lights?” In the mouth of the arrogant and arrogant Skotinin, this word sounds, denoting bewilderment, with a touch of sarcasm on the part of the author.

Mitrofan, as befits a minion who is allowed everything, often uses imperative interjections that contain the command: “Well! And then what?" - Mitrofan answers his mother, who asks him to study "at least for appearances." In the speech of Sophia, Starodum, Pravdin, Milon, the interjection "a" is often found in different meanings: "A! you are already here, my friend of the heart!” - says Starodum, seeing Sophia, who is waiting for him. And the interjection expresses the joy of meeting. Having received a letter from Count Chestan, Starodum again pronounces the interjection "a" in the sense of "I wonder what he writes." In a dialogue with Pravdin, he says: “Oh, what a great soul you need to be in the state ...”, conveying wisdom in understanding the role of the king to improve the lives of his subjects with this interjection.

We managed to count 102 interjections in a comedy that is so small in volume. In general, in the Russian language, interjections make up a large and very rich - in terms of the range of sensations, experiences, volitional impulses, moods they express - a layer of words.

According to the "Reverse Dictionary of the Russian Language", in the modern Russian language there are 341 interjections - more than prepositions (141), conjunctions (110), particles (149). It is necessary to skillfully use this intonation richness, because interjection can not only be heard, but also ... seen.

So, in the picture of Petrov V.G. “Hunters at rest”, an attentive person can hear the intonations of the drawn people, even guess the interjections they use, expressing the surprise of the young hunter; distrust, skepticism, irony of the mean; enthusiastic, boastful exclamations of a hunter - an old man.

In the same way they show us certain life situations paintings by Repin, Kramskoy, Surikov and other masters of the brush.

An amazing part of speech is an interjection, if you can even draw it. And even in the artificial language of the future Esperanto there are interjections - they are not superfluous in the lexicon well-mannered person: bonan tagon! (good afternoon!), bonan vesperon (good evening!), bonvenon! (welcome!), bonvolu (please!) All people at all times in everyday life, on the stage, at school and in the army, in a large audience and in private will use interjections. After all, they are part of our lives. And it is impossible to exist without interjections.

Petrukhina Oksana Vladimirovna,
Visitors Tatyana Pavlovna

Literature:

1. Vartanyan E.A. "Journey into the Word", M., 1980.
2. Gvozdev A.N. "Modern Russian literary language", M., "Enlightenment", 1973.
3. Izbornik "Tales Ancient Rus'”, M., “Fiction”, 1986.
4. Sereda E.V. Article "Ah, intonation!", Journal "Russian literature" 6, 2006.
5. "Modern Russian literary language" edited by Lekant P.A., M., " graduate School", 1982.
6. Shansky N.M., Tikhonov A.N. "Modern Russian language", part 2, M., "Enlightenment", 1987.

An interjection is a special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings and impulses. Interjections are not included in either independent or auxiliary parts of speech.
Examples of interjections: ay, ah, oh, well, ah-ah, alas.

Interjections can express various feelings and moods: delight, joy, surprise, fear, etc. Examples: ah, ah, ba, oh, oh, eh, alas, cheers, fu, fi, ugh, etc. Interjections can express various impulses: the desire to expel, stop talking, encourage speech, action, etc. Examples: out, shh, tsyts, well, well, well, hey, scat, etc. Interjections are widely used in colloquial style. IN works of art interjections are commonly found in dialogues. Do not confuse interjections with onomatopoeic words (meow, knock-knock, ha-ha-ha, ding-ding, etc.).

Morphological features

Interjections are derivative and non-derivative. Derivatives were formed from independent parts of speech: Drop it! Sorry! Fathers! Horror! and others. Compare: Fathers! Oh my God! (interjection) - Fathers in the service (noun). Non-derivative interjections - a, e, y, ah, eh, well, alas, fu, etc.

Interjections do not change.

Examples of interjections

Ah, my head is on fire, all my blood is in excitement (A. Griboyedov).
Hey, guys, sing, just build a harp (M. Lermontov).
Ba! All familiar faces (A. Griboyedov).
Alas, he does not seek happiness and does not run away from happiness (M. Lermontov).

Well, sir, - the driver shouted, - trouble: a snowstorm! (A. Pushkin).
Hey, coachman, look: what's blackening there? (A. Pushkin).
Well, well, Savelich! Enough, make peace, to blame (A. Pushkin).
And over there: this is a cloud (A. Pushkin).

Syntactic role

Interjections are not members of sentences. However, sometimes interjections are used in the meaning of other parts of speech - they take on a specific lexical meaning and become a member of the sentence:
Hey honey! (A. Pushkin) - the word "ah yes" in the meaning of the definition.
Here comes the "wow!" far away (N. Nekrasov) - the word "ay" in the meaning of the subject.

Morphological analysis

For a part of speech, an interjection morphological analysis is not done.

Gestures and facial expressions are often inseparable from interjections. So, with a heavy sigh, people say “wow, well ... what have I done?”, thereby adding more meaning when expressing a certain feeling. And sometimes, without the support of gestures or facial expressions, it is very difficult to understand what was said just by the intonation of the voice: whether it was a “message” (insult or anger) or just a playful saying (friendly greeting).

In linguistics, interjections, unlike spontaneous cries, are conventional means, that is, those that a person must know in advance if he wants to use them. Nevertheless, interjections are still on the periphery of linguistic signs proper. For example, like no other linguistic interjection signs are associated with gestures. So, the Russian interjection "Na!" only makes sense when accompanied by a gesture, and in some languages West Africa there is an interjection that is pronounced at the same time as the welcome hug.

Notes

"Unfortunate misunderstanding",
or Interjection

Lesson Objectives: to awaken students' interest in interjections, to teach the appropriate use of interjections in speech, to form an attentive and thoughtful attitude to ongoing linguistic processes, the ability to analyze linguistic phenomena.

DURING THE CLASSES

Introduction by the teacher.

Interjections are the least studied class of words in modern Russian. Academician L.V. Shcherba called the interjection "an obscure and vague category", "an unfortunate misunderstanding", referring to the confusion of views on this part of speech. In the history of the study of interjections, two opposing concepts can be distinguished. The first concept is associated with the name of M.V. Lomonosov. It was she who laid the foundation for the scientific interpretation of interjections. A.Kh. Vostokov, F.I. Buslaev, A.A. Shakhmatov, V.V. Vinogradov. These scholars consider interjections to be words, recognize given words part of speech, study their structure, functions in speech, the history of education. Huge contribution the study of interjections was introduced by academician V.V. Vinogradov. He believed that the study of interjections is important in terms of the study of the syntax of living oral speech. The peculiarity of interjections V.V. Vinogradov saw that they serve as a subjective means of expressing emotions and feelings and are functionally close to different classes of words, occupying a special place in the system of parts of speech: this is neither a significant nor a service part of speech.

N.I. Grech, D.N. Kudryavsky, D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovskiy, A.M. Peshkovsky are supporters of the opposite concept, who do not consider interjections to be words and exclude them from the parts of speech.

IN school course Russian interjections are considered as a special part of speech.

Updating of basic knowledge.

- What is the name of the section of grammar in which words are studied as parts of speech? (Morphology.)

- What does the concept mean? parts of speech? (Parts of speech are the main lexical and grammatical categories, according to which the words of the language are distributed on the basis of certain features.)

– What are these signs? (Firstly, this is a semantic feature (generalized meaning of an object, action, state, attribute, etc.); secondly, morphological features (morphological categories of a word); thirdly, syntactic features (syntactic functions of a word).)

What are the two groups of parts of speech? (Parts of speech are divided into independent (significant) and service.)

- What part of speech occupies a special place, not related to any independent parts speeches, nor to official? (This is an interjection. Interjections do not name objects, signs, or actions, and do not serve to link words. They convey our feelings.)

Studying the topic of the lesson.

So, what is an interjection? (Interjection is a part of speech that includes sound complexes that serve to express feelings and volitional impulses. Interjections are on the periphery of the grammatical and lexical systems of the language and differ significantly from both independent and service parts of speech in their semantic, morphological and syntactic features.)

How do you understand the expression sound complexes? (Interjection is a class of grammatically unchanged words and phrases, which is why the expression is used in the concept sound complexes.)

– So, interjections are devoid of nominative meaning. However, Academician V.V. Vinogradov noted that interjections "have a semantic content conscious of the collective." How do you understand the words of V.V. Vinogradov? (This means that each interjection expresses certain feelings and emotions, which, with the support of intonation, facial expressions and gestures, are understandable to both the speaker and the listener. For example, the interjection fi expresses contempt, disgust (Fie, how disgusting!), interjection ugh expresses reproach, annoyance, contempt, disgust (Ugh, tired of it!) interjection hey expresses disbelief, ridicule (Hey, how tired you are!).)

– Right. The attachment to one or another interjection of a certain content is convincingly expressed in M. Tsvetaeva’s poem “The Speech”:

Capacitive than the organ and louder than the tambourine
Molv - and one for all:
Oh - when it's hard and ah - when it's wonderful,
But it is not given - oh!

What is the difference between interjections and auxiliary parts of speech? (Unlike conjunctions, interjections do not perform the function of linking sentence members or parts complex sentence. Unlike prepositions, they do not express the dependence of one word on another. Unlike particles, they do not add additional semantic shades to words or sentences.)

– Name the morphological and syntactic features of interjections. (From the point of view of a morphological interjection, they are lexical units that do not have inflection forms. The main syntactic feature of interjections is that they do not enter into connection with other words in a sentence, but can act as independent sentences. In a sentence, interjections are always kept apart, which is emphasized by placing a comma or an exclamation point in writing.)

– Analyze the following two groups of interjections: ah, eh, oh, ha; fathers, something, however. What do you think: what is their difference? (The first group of interjections are non-derivative lexemes, and the second are derivatives, i.e. formed on the basis of other parts of speech.)

– Give a linguistic commentary on the following examples:

1) Oh oh oh; Oh well;
2) hoo, ege-ge;
3) oh-ho-ho;
4) wow, wow, wow.

1) Repetitions are an important grammatical means of forming interjections.

2) The repetition may be incomplete.

3) In the first part of the interjection, there may be a rearrangement of the vowel and consonant.

4) Separate interjections are able to connect with the pronominal ti, plural imperative ending those, with a verb particle -ka.)

- What phonetic features of interjections are evidenced by the following examples: uh-huh, shoo, puss-kiss, um, shh, whoa. (In interjections yeah, wow pronounced alien literary language [ ] fricative. In interjections shoo, kys-kys there is a combination alien to the Russian language ky. In interjections hmm, shh no vowel sounds. In an interjection Whoa there is a combination of three consonants.)

- Although interjections occupy a separate position in the language system, they remain connected with other elements of this system. How is it shown? Give examples. (Interjections can arise on the basis of significant and functional words. And on the basis of interjections, significant words can be formed: gasp etc.)

- According to semantics, scientists distinguish two categories of interjections. Try to divide the following interjections into two groups and establish a certain pattern: bis, oh, ah, damn, ba, oh, wow, down, bravo, brr, march, let's go, pah, cheers, fathers, hello, God, shh, fi, away. (Interjection oh, ah, oh, wow, ah, ugh, father, lord, fi, damn, bravo, cheers, brr, ba express various emotions, both positive and negative, serve to identify a person's attitude to reality, to the interlocutor's speech.

Interjection encore, down, march, let's go, hello, shh, away express various types and shades of motivation to action.)

- Right. Interjections belonging to the first group are emotional interjections, to the second group are motivating interjections. Incentive interjections have other names: imperative, imperative. Try comparing two emotional interjections: Ouch And ba. (Interjection ba unambiguous, but interjection Ouch polysemantic. Depending on the situation of speech and intonation, the interjection Ouch can express a complex range of feelings: pain, fear, surprise, admiration, regret, warning, chagrin, joy. Interjection ba expresses surprise.)

Determine which category the following interjections belong to: full, well, let's go, march. (These are motivating interjections.)

– Try to guess whether the same interjection can express both emotions and motivation. Try to include interjections in various speech situations. Well.(Yes maybe. Well, get out of here! Well, flowers! In the first example, the interjection expresses motivation, in the second - surprise, admiration.)

- Some linguists as a special category of interjections - etiquette - distinguish well-known sound complexes: hello, goodbye, thank you, goodbye, good night, happy holiday, good health, all the best etc. The main argument of these scientists is that these sound complexes convey the corresponding content in the most general, undivided form. Let's try to challenge this point of view. Let's start by considering whether these expressions have the semantics inherent in interjections. (These sound complexes do not express feelings and motives, which means that they do not have the semantics inherent in interjections.

The main feature of interjections is the absence of a nominative meaning. Expressions of the same type see you, all the best, good night, good morning retain the direct nominative values of their components.

Expressions goodbye(those), forgive(those), sorry(those), hello(those) are imperative verbs. Only in special cases, for example, the word Hello expresses surprise, displeasure:

– I won’t go to the cinema today.

Hello, you promised.

Let's take the floor Sorry). This word can express protest, disagreement: Should I go to the store again? No, I'm sorry.)

- Well done! And now I will name a few verbal complexes. You have certainly heard them: Lord, my God, mother queen of heaven, tell me for mercy ... What do they express? (Feelings and emotions.)

– Scientists note their structural dissection, phraseology, semantic integrity. Try this series of examples to continue. (Fathers, my God, the devil knows what, that's how, an empty thing, that's a miracle, you're the abyss, tell me, that's how a pound, etc.)

- Make up sentences using these examples.

Prove that interjections serve the purpose of economy language tools. (For example, you did not expect to see, meet your friend in some place. Surprise about this can be expressed in sentences: And you're here, how did you get here? You didn't mean to come here. Who do I see? or with one interjection: Ba!

You can call for silence, you can calm down with sentences: Hush, please, can't hear anything or with one interjection: Shh!)

The practical part of the lesson.

Exercise 1. Dictionary dictation-crossword on the theme "Feelings". The teacher reads the lexical meaning of the word, the students write down the word corresponding to the given lexical meaning.

Supreme satisfaction, delight. - Delight.

Feeling of strong indignation, indignation. - Anger.

The impression of something unexpected and strange, incomprehensible. - Astonishment.

A state of doubt, hesitation due to the inability to understand what the matter is. - Perplexity.

Feelings of irritation, displeasure due to failure, resentment. - Annoyance.

Feeling of annoyance caused by the well-being, success of another. - Envy.

A feeling of joy from pleasant sensations, experiences, thoughts. - Pleasure.

A strong objection to something. - Protest.

Expression of disapproval, condemnation. - Censure.

Task 2 . Insert appropriate interjections in front of the indicated values in the table. Students were given sheets with a table in which the second and fourth columns were not filled. Interjections for choice: ehma, chur, u, fu, uh, oh, sha, chu, uh, uh, hy, tsyts, eh. Think of examples of the use of interjections in speech.

When finished, the table will look like this:

No. p / p	Interjection	Expressed interjection meaning	Examples use in speech
1	Sha	An exclamation in the meaning of "it's time to finish, that's enough"	Let's run - and sha!
2	hy	Expresses disbelief, ridicule	Hey, what do you want!
3	Chu	Expresses a call to pay attention to a low, obscure or distant sound	Chu! Something crackled in the garden.
4	E	Expresses bewilderment, surprise, distrust and other various feelings	Hey, how did you get here? Eh, I don't agree.
5	wow	Expresses surprise, appreciation, admiration and other similar feelings	Wow, fidget! Wow, you will get from your grandmother!
6	Chur	1. An exclamation that demands to comply with some condition. 2. Exclamation (usually in children's games), which are forbidden to touch something, to go beyond some limit	Just don't touch me! Damn not me!
7	At	Expresses reproach or threat, as well as surprise, fear and other emotions	Wow, how tanned you are! O, shameless!
8	tsyts	A shout expressing a prohibition, an order to stop something or to be silent	Tsyts, Valentine!
9	Eh	Expresses regret, reproach, concern	Oh, what can I say after all!
10	uv	Expresses tiredness, weariness, or relief	Wow, how hard!
11	ehma	Expresses regret, surprise, determination, and similar feelings	Ahma, I didn't expect this.
12	Ugh	Expresses reproach, annoyance, contempt, disgust	Fu, tired!
13	Oh	Expresses regret, sadness, pain and other feelings	Oh, I can't take it anymore!

Task 3. Determine the part of the underlined words. Justify the answer.

1) AND I won't give you a penny. 2) AND, full! 3) There are hopes And he became cheerful again.

1) Write with a pen, A not with a pencil. 2) A, gotcha! 3) Let's go for a walk A?

Task 4. In offer Hurt! try inserting different interjections.

(Aw, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Ooh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Ah, it hurts!)

Task 5. Make a linguistic comment on the following examples: fullness, come on, come on, let's go to the river, march into the room.

Many motivating interjections are close to the forms of the imperative mood, this proximity is confirmed by the fact that interjections can acquire the indicator plural -those(completeness). Interjections can be combined with a particle -ka(take that), able to manage other words (well, go to the river, march into the room).

Task 6. Remember the proverbs, which include interjections.

Chur alone - do not give to anyone.

Ay-ay, the month of May is warm, but cold.

Ah, ah, but there is nothing to help.

Ah, what a sadness! I would not let go of a piece, I would eat everything and sing songs.

Oh-ho-ho-ho-honyushki, life is bad for Afonyushka.

Task 7. Determine what syntactic functions the interjections perform in the following sentences. Comment on your answer.

2) If the guy in the mountains is not Oh, if it immediately became limp and down, the step stepped onto the glacier and wilted ... (V. Vysotsky)

3) All these hee hee, ha ha, singing, cowardly talk - an abomination! (A. Tolstoy)

4) He could not be silent, could not smile condescendingly or get rid of his nasty "A!" he had to say something. (Yu.Kazakov)

5) What lay down for the people - ah-ah! (D. Furmanov)

Answer. The interjection is not syntactically related to other elements of the sentence. But in these examples, interjections act as different members of the sentence. Examples 1, 2 - predicate, example 3 - subject, example 4 - object, example 5 - circumstance. If the interjection acts as a subject and an object (examples 3, 4), then it acquires the ability to have a definition with it.

Task 8. Linguists distinguish three groups of interjections among emotional ones:

a) interjections expressing satisfaction - approval, pleasure, joy, admiration, etc., a positive assessment of the facts of reality;

b) interjections expressing dissatisfaction - reproach, censure, protest, annoyance, anger, anger, etc., a negative assessment of the facts of reality;

c) interjections expressing surprise, bewilderment, fear, doubt, etc.

Try to give as many examples as possible for each group of interjections.

A) Aha!, ah!, ah!, bravo!, oh!, hurrah! etc.;

b) ah!, ah!, here's another!, brr!, ugh!, fu! etc.;

V) ba!, fathers!, mothers!, well, well!, like a cranberry!, just think!, alas!, hmm! etc.

The same interjections, depending on the expression of emotions, are included in different groups. These are the interjections ah!, ah!, ah!, oh!, oh!, fu!, eh! and etc.

Find interjections in the following sentences and determine their belonging to a particular group.

1) Someone, distilling, said over her ear: “Ah yes eyes!”. (A. Tolstoy)

2) Oh, bring them back! groaned the nervous lady. “Ugh, how stupid you all are!” (A. Kuprin)

3) Fathers! – the thin one was amazed. - Misha! Childhood friend! (A.Chekhov)

4) Pantelei Prokofievich looked at the black head protruding from the pile of diapers in a businesslike manner, and, not without pride, certified: “Our blood ... Ek-hm. Look you!”. (M. Sholokhov)

5) - That's it! Romashov widened his eyes and sat down slightly. (A. Kuprin)

Sentences 1, 4 - interjections ah, ek-um express satisfaction (admiration, pleasure) - that means they belong to the first group.

Sentence 2 - interjections ah, fu express dissatisfaction (annoyance, anger, anger) - therefore, belong to the second group.

Sentences 3, 5 - interjections dude, like this express surprise and bewilderment, therefore they belong to the third group.

Task 9. Read the interjections: ay!, let's go!, scat!, hello!, hey!, gop!, out!, but!, guard!, shh!, well!, chick!, choo!, shh! What are these interjections? Try to group them. What do you think: is it possible?

Incentive (imperative). These interjections can be combined into two groups: interjections expressing a command, an order, a call to some action, etc. (come on!, scat!, gop!, get out!, but!, shh!, well!, chick!, choo!, shh!), and interjections expressing a call to respond, serving as a means to attract attention, etc. (ay!, hello!, guard!, hey!).

Determine what the interjections in the following sentences express.

1) Don't play! the foremen waved to the musicians. - Shh... Yegor Nilych is sleeping. (A.Chekhov)

2) - Guard! Cut! he shouted. (A.Chekhov)

3) Guys! It's warm, let's go for a swim. (Vs. Ivanov)

4) - Hey! Grigoriev shouted and waved. The wagon turned into a field road and soon rolled up. (V.Ketlinskaya)

5) - Well, - I said, - lay out what you need? (K. Paustovsky)

In examples 2, 4, interjections express a call to respond, serve as a means to attract attention. In examples 1, 3, 5, interjections express a call to some action.

Task 10. Compare the following examples: Well, ball! Well, Famusov! He knew how to name guests.(A. Griboedov). Rewrite! Fast, well!(Vs. Ivanov)

Answer. In the first example, the interjection Well! is emotional, in the second - motivating.

Answer. Interjections are widely used in colloquial and artistic speech. They serve as a means of conveying a variety of feelings of a person, his attitude to the facts of reality. In addition, in the works fiction they enhance the emotionality of the utterance. Often, interjections, as it were, absorb the meaning of several words, which increases the conciseness of the phrase, for example: Let it not succeed, nothing will come of it—nothing. If it succeeds - Wow! (D.Furmanov) The use of interjections conveys the features of lively speech, rich in emotions, gives the text liveliness, ease, expression. Interjections play an important role in characterization.

Task 12. All of you have read A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". What do you think: why is Repetilov's speech full of interjections?

Repetilov, as follows from his own words, is only capable of “making noise”. His empty enthusiasm naturally results in exclamations sprinkled with interjections. (Oh! Get to know him; Oh! Wonder!; ...Ah! Puffer, my soul...)

Remember the famous Ellochka Shchukina from the novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov "The Twelve Chairs". How many interjections does her vocabulary include? What does this indicate?

Answer. Ellochka easily managed thirty words, of which three are interjections (ho-ho!, think about it!, wow!). This testifies to the linguistic and mental wretchedness of the character.

Task 13. Comment on punctuation marks. Students receive a table consisting of two columns. The first column contains examples. The second column is empty. In the second column, students write down a comment.

Examples

Interjection. Interjections in Russian Groups of interjections by meaning