There are many of its graduates in Omsk, and everyone is well-known: the head of the NOU "Poisk" Ruslan Simanchev, businessman Gennady Fridman, sociologist and publicist Viktor Korb... general education schools back in 2010. Why don't Omsk schools adopt this experience? What and who is missing? I wanted to understand this when talking with the director of the SUNC, professor, doctor of physical and mathematical sciences Nikolai Yavorsky:
For more than 50 years, we have developed and are transmitting more than 50 textbooks as a heritage, teaching aids written by our staff. It's time to give. Savchenko's problem book has been translated into several languages, and not on our initiative. Dymshits biology textbook is available in every school in the country. We are implementing a new project - Open FMS, remote training course which everyone can use. If it manages. And in the SUNC, the selection is strict. Gathering guys all over Siberia, Far East, less - to Kazakhstan, there are from the European part of the country. There are only 4 such schools-subdivisions of universities in Russia - at SSU, St. Petersburg State University, USU and NSU.
- Nikolai Ivanovich, how do you select teachers who sincerely want to teach children?
We do not have teachers, in the sense - who have received a professional Teacher Education. The faculty of the PMS are people who are professionally engaged in research, employees of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Combine. I am also a scientist, I have my own physics laboratory at the university. Among teachers - 40 percent of our graduates. There are young people, there are patriarchs - a fusion of generations. Not every scientist can work with our guys. With those who always need something, who ask uncomfortable questions, it is always difficult. And our people ask these questions immeasurably, and they also think faster than adults. They must respect you. They will not be respected - they will do anything, they are smart. We have very sharp-tongued children, they give accurate nicknames, many teachers are proud of them.
What should a teacher do to be respected?
Be a person. Give away a piece of your soul. Our teachers do not go for money - for communication with children. You won't get this anywhere else. Who understands - this is a drive. Many children come back to us as teachers. Why? There is a day of self-government, for example. I leave this chair, the student sits in it and runs the school. Children replace teachers, give lectures, conduct seminars, of course, before that they prepare a lot with the help of teachers who entrust them with this work. We tried it at PMS, developed it at the university, students come to work with the guys in our summer school. You have to go a long way before getting to our teachers. We must look at a person from different angles. Among the teachers - 25 doctors, 90 candidates of science. We have 125 positions and 260 teachers. Not a sinecure. Of course, it is easier for us to get rid of unnecessary ones - we simply do not conclude a contract for the next year. But you have to try. Definitely for young people. They do not always succeed, but a special system of work has been developed. In the subordination of the lecturer are "seminarians", that is, those who lead seminars. Each class is divided into two groups of 12-13 people, the lecturer leads the "seminarians" - he tells you what tasks to give, how to interest, what methodological techniques to use, each has its own. Moreover, since all the lecturers are individuals, then all the courses are copyrighted, despite the fact that the program is the same, and the guys are also interested in it. We also have highly qualified humanities. Head of the Department of Humanities — Vladimir Aleksandrovich Mindolin, Associate Professor, Candidate historical sciences- the last first secretary of the regional committee of the CPSU Novosibirsk region. This means that he conveys the story first hand. It is impossible for us to work formally - there will immediately be problems with the guys, there will be a backlash. And the guys we have are good, kind, wonderful! Very important - open. They are motivated to learn, that is, they are ready to perceive. Those who do not want to learn, we do not know how to teach.
- And such things happen, although it is so difficult for you to enter?
There are ambitions of parents. Train children, they reach a certain level. And then - a boarding school, real life, when you are responsible for yourself. Of course, we help - we have educators, psychological, medical services. But 24 hours a day the kids are with each other. Children's environment is tough, they will tell you right away who you are. The child is used to being the first in his school, there is a special atmosphere around him. And here are 500 talented people! Fights are prohibited - we expel immediately for any hints of hazing. Everything is different, everything is on your own, you are not the first, deuces for what they praised at school! Cultural shock. Everyone experiences it himself.
We can do a lot here besides studying. In addition to the basic classes, there are 140 courses that are all interesting! A few of them must be chosen necessarily - this is included in syllabus. Self-government - a class commander, a cult trader, a physical organization, morning exercises, daily cleaning of the room ... Very close communication between guys from different social strata. We set ourselves up for positive, we have a very developed mutual assistance, because the workload is large. This is how a new environment, a new society, is born. We have a lot of circles and sections - big mental loads require big physical ones. At the Department of Physical Education there are 7 teachers - masters of sports. But the load is great when the case is not interesting. And if you're interested, time flies! There is a lot of creativity - songs, dances. We never invite any artists - our graduates organize everything themselves, the guys write words, music. Here they discover new talents in themselves, because they open up more and more, perceive the new. This is very important, a completely different system of relations.
- Is it difficult to manage a team that consists of such personalities?
All talents, most often, and parents too. But adults, like children, are open. Children are open to receive, teachers - to give. If they came for another, they have nothing to do here. The command tool should only be used in extreme cases. Any action aimed at forcing without creating people closes, which is categorically contraindicated for researchers. We need to look for other tools. In fact, the execution of the order in any case is an internal agreement for some reason. If it is not there, it is impossible to manage, because there is only one leader, but there are many subordinates. People must recognize authority. If not, everything is useless.
- Your guys are not only smart, they want to live and work for the benefit of society ...
The modern problem is precisely that children are not prepared for life, they live in rather hothouse conditions, when elders make decisions for them, therefore, meeting with life problems, often fail. And in a boarding school, whether you like it or not, but from the 9th grade a person goes through this school. This seriously affects their future. Among our graduates successful people- majority. Every fourth is a candidate of sciences, and not only natural ones. This is more than in our university. But our graduates form the backbone of not only NSU. More than 500 doctors of sciences, members of the Russian Academy of Sciences - about 10, military men, politicians, businessmen involved in the most complex business. Mikhail Ivanovich Epov, academician, geophysicist, deputy chairman of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences - our graduate Sergey V. Golovin, director of the Institute of Hydrodynamics, Pavel Logachev, director of the Institute nuclear physics. Directions are different. Do you remember the KVN team where Tatyana Lazareva and Mikhail Shats played? Thundered across the country, half of them are our graduates. They also play in PMS in KVN, brain ring, they come to the university already wound up. We acquired skills, developed them at the university.
- Can your experience be transferred to secondary schools?
We do it. Several years ago, we proposed to the governor of the Novosibirsk region to create special classes in schools. One of the first it was created in the First Gymnasium of Novosibirsk. They began to teach physics, mathematics, biology, chemistry according to our programs. The first became the first in the full sense - such a class as a locomotive pulls the whole school. Other schools have looked - too it would be desirable. There are problems, of course. It is necessary to divide the classes into two, which means doubling the number of teachers, in the first half of the day - lessons, then - clubs, sections, special courses, which means we need to increase funding. The staff potential of schools is not always ready. But there are wonderful talented teachers who also need to be brought together, like children, in order to “infect” and “infect” others. We run refresher courses for those who want to work with children like ours.
Why do scientists need to bother with children at all?
There is such a word - service, and you can serve only from the essence. Mikhail Alekseevich Lavrentiev, one of our founding fathers, fought for the creation of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics at a time when genetics was banned. Argued with Khrushchev. Once he was asked why he risked, and not only his career. He replied: " Guys, this had to be done!" That's all. It must be done!
Russians in Latin America Nechaev Sergey Yurievich
Chapter Ten NIKOLAI YAVORSKY - THE FOUNDER OF THE BALLET SCHOOL IN CUBA
Chapter Ten
NIKOLAI YAVORSKY - THE FOUNDER OF THE BALLET SCHOOL IN CUBA
In 1931, the Havana Society of Musical Art (Sociedad Pro-Arte Musicale - SPAM) established, at the Auditorium theater that belonged to it, built in 1928 (after the Cuban Revolution, it became known as the theater named after the composer Amadeo Roldan), paid reading and recitation courses, games on the guitar, as well as their own ballet school. In the entire history of Cuba, this school became the first educational institution, professionally and purposefully engaged in teaching classical dance. The Russian emigrant Nikolai Petrovich Yavorsky, who happened to be in Havana at that time, was invited to lead the school.
This man was born in Odessa on February 23, 1891. In his youth, he took classical dance lessons from the soloist of the Odessa Theater Kazimirov. During the First World War, N.P. Yavorsky was an artillery officer, then in the Civil War he fought against the Red Army as part of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (VSYUR). In 1920 he emigrated to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, where he began to dance on the stage of the Belgrade Folk Theatre. Then he took part in the Russian Private Opera in Paris. And finally, in 1931, he ended up in Cuba, in Havana.
Alicia Alonso
From the first day of the organization of the ballet school, N.P. Yavorsky actively set to work. The first lessons of a well-known foreign teacher, who performed on the most famous stages in Europe, were etched in the memory of his Cuban students for a long time. Many of them later became the main figures of the Cuban national ballet, and among them the outstanding Cuban ballerina Alicia Ernestina Martinez (Alonso), born in December 1921, stood out.
In the end, N.P. Yavorsky, thanks to the discipline, perseverance and enthusiasm inherent in the former officer, became a real ascetic in the development of ballet in Cuba.
Already on December 29, 1931, the first public speaking pupils of N. P. Yavorsky. On January 9, 1932, their second performance with a similar program took place in the same theater. The young Cuban dancers again did not let their Russian teacher down and consolidated last year's success. The first season of the SPAM ballet school ended on June 1, 1932, and then the metropolitan newspapers published a message about the enrollment for the next year. The first Cuban ballerinas now had to prepare for new productions and improve their skills under the tireless guidance of their beloved teacher.
The key performance of the next season was the production full version ballet by P. I. Tchaikovsky "The Sleeping Beauty". The premiere took place on October 26, 1932. N. P. Yavorsky adapted the complex choreography of Marius Petipa to the still modest technical capabilities of his wards. Princess Aurora was danced by the unconditional favorite of N.P. Yavorsky Dolphin Perez Gurri. Alicia Martinez, who was barely eleven years old, performed in the solo part of the Blue Bird. According to eyewitnesses, she did an excellent job with this difficult male part. Even then, she realized that ballet is her whole life. Costumes and scenery by the Cuban artist Rogelio Dalmau, who from that day on designed almost all SPAM ballet performances, added grace and charm to the production. Photo reports about the premiere did not leave the pages of the fashion illustrated magazines Sosial and Karteles for a long time.
The next few years of the SPAM ballet school were marked by the development of the creative potential of old and new students and students. By November 5, 1933, N.P. Yavorsky prepared a new concert program, again presented to the audience of the Auditorium Theater. Literally before our eyes, Alicia Martinez, who improved her dance technique, performed in choreographic etudes to the music of various composers. That evening, some of the students of N.P. Yavorsky of the last set also distinguished themselves: sisters Olga and Elena Thomson, Josefina de Cardenas, Carola Panerai. The following year, Blue Danube, Polka Coquette, and Polovtsian Dances were staged. These performances were evidence of the powerful creative growth of a whole galaxy of young Cuban artists.
Poster of the "Russian Ballet of Monte Carlo"
Around the same time, taking advantage of a brief stop in Havana by one of the former directors of the Russian Private Opera in Paris, Vasily Grigoryevich Voskresensky, who in those years directed the troupe of the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, N.P. Yavorsky managed to agree on the inclusion of his most capable pupils in the Russian troupe. There, in his opinion, they could finally take the position of professional dancers, gain extensive experience in performing abroad and seriously improve their technical level. The first to Europe, according to the agreement signed in Havana, at the end of March 1935, went to Delfina Perez Gurri. Around the same time, Martha Andrews also left Havana, who was to perform in New York in the ensemble of the great Spanish dancer Vicente Escudero.
Assessing the work of N. P. Yavorsky at the SPAM ballet school, we can say that his pedagogical activity culminated in the spring of 1937. On May 10, his students presented Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake on the stage of the Auditorium Theatre. For the first time in her artistic career, Alicia Martinez performed the part of Odette-Odile.
The last major work of N. P. Yavorsky for the Havana Society of Musical Art was the production of the humorous ballet The Four Seasons, created to the music of Fritz Kreisler, Leo Delibes, P. I. Tchaikovsky and some other composers. It took place in March 1938.
Having completed the next course of study in the spring of 1939, N.P. Yavorsky forever parted with the Havana Society of Musical Art. In retrospect, during the years of his work at SPAM, about one and a half thousand students passed through the school, many of whom even then, not without success, began their careers as professional ballet dancers.
Freed from SPAM's tutelage, N. P. Yavorsky launched an active work to create his own ballet school, the main task of which was to create professional ballet troupes consisting of Cuban artists. The ballet studio of Nikolai Petrovich was solemnly opened on June 27, 1939, and by the autumn of 1940 it could boast of certain successes. On November 12, her students performed in a ballet program timed to coincide with the opening of an exhibition of cars in the fashionable Havana Hotel Nacional. Graduates of N. P. Yavorsky showed a choreographic fantasy on Afro-Cuban themes "Babalao" performed by Margarita Lecuona, as well as a ballet composition "Luxury Cars" to the music of various composers. On December 27 of the same year, on the rented stage of the Auditorium Theater, the students of the school of N.P. Yavorsky, together with the Havana Choral Society of Maria Munoz de Quevedo, showed a large program composed of ballet numbers alternating with choir performances.
N. P. Yavorsky directed his own private ballet studio in Havana until 1941. Then he left her in the care of Martha Andrews and went to Santiago de Cuba, where he was offered to head a ballet school.
In the last months of his life, N.P. Yavorsky directed a ballet school in the small town of Manzanillo. There he died on October 9, 1947.
It is believed that Nikolai Petrovich Yavorsky cannot be attributed to the stars of world ballet of the first magnitude, however, all experts recognize his extraordinary pedagogical merits as the first teacher of a whole galaxy of outstanding Cuban artists. In fact, it was he who became the founder of the ballet school in Cuba, and this was done in extremely unfavorable conditions. In order to understand in which, it should be recalled that in the 30-40s of the last century, Cuba, a small country in the Caribbean, ruled by the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista (he would be overthrown by the Cuban revolution only in January 1959). Everything in the country was subordinated to the interests of the United States. National culture, like everything national, was not encouraged or supported by the government.
During these years, the creation of a national ballet was not a priority. Moreover, Cuba has never had its own ballet tradition. There were no famous Cuban ballerinas. There was no school of choreographers. There was no suitable scene. The broad masses of the people were not familiar with this art form at all. Naturally, it was extremely difficult to work in such conditions.
The most famous students of N. P. Yavorsky were the outstanding dancer Alicia Martinez (after her husband Alicia Alonso) and the choreographer Alberto Julio Raineri Alonso (brother of Alicia Martinez's husband). It was they who in 1948 organized the national troupe "Alicia Alonso Ballet" (since 1959 - the National Ballet of Cuba). By the way, it was Alberto Julio Raineri Alonso who in April 1967, at the request of Maya Plisetskaya, staged the ballet Carmen Suite for her at the Bolshoi Theater to the music of Rodion Shchedrin, which became one of major events in the development of Russian ballet in the middle of the 20th century. In August of the same year, he staged another edition of the ballet for Alicia Alonso in Havana (her partner was Maya Plisetskaya's brother Azary Plisetsky).
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) is a Cuban teacher and choreographer of Russian origin.
Nikolai Petrovich Yavorsky was born in Odessa in 1891. He studied at the Odessa real school of St. Paul, since 1909 he took classical dance lessons from the soloist of the Odessa theater Kazimirov. He continued his education in, while studying in St. Petersburg, he did not leave ballet classes either.
We owe a lot to Yavorsky, even considering the now obvious fact that the weak technical level of training made him not the best teacher. However, he became a real devotee of the development of ballet in Cuba due to his inherent discipline, perseverance and enthusiasm. As a dancer, he certainly had quite handicapped and, although I can’t say for sure, I’m almost sure that emigration forced him to turn to art. At heart, he always remained a military man. Behavior and manners betrayed in him an officer accustomed to giving orders, and this authoritarianism turned out to be extremely useful for teaching ballet.Among the students of the school of N. P. Yavorsky was the young Alicia Martinez del Hoyo, who later became known as Alicia Alonso. She first appeared on stage on December 29, 1931 in the reporting concert of the ballet school of the Society for Musical Art at the Auditorium Theater. The following year, based on school students, Yavorsky staged Tchaikovsky's The Sleeping Beauty, and on October 26, 1932, Alicia made her debut as Princess Florina.
Thanks to his acquaintance with the leaders of the "Russian Ballet of Monte Carlo", which toured in Havana in March 1936, Yavorsky was able to provide his best students trip to France and transfer to this famous and highly professional troupe.
N. P. Yavorsky taught at the ballet school of the Havana Society of Musical Art until the spring of 1939. From 1939–1941 he taught at his own private ballet studio in the prestigious Vedado district of Havana. In early 1941, he was invited to head the ballet studio of the Society for Musical Arts in the city of Santiago de Cuba, where he moved.
In the last years of his life, N.P. Yavorsky directed the ballet school of the branch of the Society of Musical Art in the province of Oriente. He died on October 9, 1947 in the city of Santiago de Cuba. Buried in Santa Ifigenia Municipal Cemetery.
Nikolai Yavorsky cannot be attributed to the stars of world ballet of the first magnitude, however, it is necessary to recognize his extraordinary pedagogical merits as the first teacher of a whole galaxy of outstanding Cuban artists. Unfortunately, the efforts of Nikolai Yavorsky to create national school Cuban ballet, giving it the full right to take its rightful place among its founders, were consigned to undeserved oblivion on the "Island of Freedom". It is possible that his own professional qualities as a choreographer did not fully correspond to the scale of this task, but the very fact of the work of the Russian choreographer with Afro-Cuban folklore material quite eloquently testifies to his deep interest and sincere attachment to the culture of the distant tropical country that gave him refuge. It will not be an exaggeration to assert that the Cuban national ballet school created by his students, which today enjoys recognition and fame all over the world, became a true monument to N.P. Yavorsky’s tireless work and truly selfless work for the benefit of the spread of the art of classical dance.Physical and Mathematical Schools and, in particular, the Novosibirsk PMS, despite their high return, exist in Russia as unloved children... However, the NSU Physics and Mathematics School has long become one of our indisputable brands. Today it is officially called the "Specialized Educational and Scientific Center of the University" (SUNTS NSU), although everyone still and simply calls it PMS.
Director of the SESC NSU, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor Nikolay Ivanovich Yavorsky in a conversation with a Novaya Sibi correspondent, he commented on Gref’s remark about physics and mathematics schools: “Perhaps someone did not expect such a position from him, but for me it is not surprising. He did not just speak out, this is the position of the economic bloc in the Russian government.”
Nikolai Yavorsky recalled that this was not the first attack on physics and mathematics schools. In 2012, Rosobrnadzor already tried to actually destroy the PMS by banning NSU professors from teaching there. The matter was decided in the courts. As a result, the SUNC won, but the opponents found a new way of pressure. Nikolai Yavorsky says: “Since 2016, we have been drastically reduced funding, without even warning about it. Then NSU helped us, structural unit who we are, closed that gap. Since 2018, the Ministry of Education and Science has banned the university from doing this.”
It is interesting that here we are talking only about financing the educational process - no one has long stuttered about the boarding maintenance of talented children from other regions - it is paid for by parents.
Why does modern government technocrats have such a strong aversion to specialized schools? There can be many versions, but Nikolai Yavorsky defines this trend as follows: “In the head of the “economic bloc” there are only sales and profits: if something does not bring measurable income, then it is not worth anything. They think that you are successful when you have money. But money is only the equivalent of values, not the values themselves. There are values that are not for sale, and we create them during the educational process: honesty, decency, conscience, responsibility.”
It is interesting that SUNC-PMS sees mathematics and the natural sciences as the basis of such values. “Mathematics “sets” thinking, and the natural sciences lay the foundations for interaction with reality,” Nikolai Yavorsky justifies this approach. “With the help of mathematics and the natural sciences, a person begins to understand what is true and what is false. Here, if you lie, the experiment will fall apart and you will be caught. The natural sciences are the foundation of the humanities."
German Gref, justifying his position, states that in highly specialized mathematical schools, children are stuffed with one subject, and schoolchildren should be developed evenly “by 360 degrees”. That is, such an obvious reference to Kozma Prutkov with his "Specialist is like a flux: its fullness is one-sided." What does Nikolai Yavorsky answer to this? “A flux is an abscess that is harmful to the body, and deep knowledge has a positive effect on the state of the whole organism. It gives rise to those human qualities that are important in social life and production activities.
The myth about the isolation of graduates of physics and mathematics schools from real life the director of the SOSC NSU exposes with elementary facts. Firstly, until the 9th grade, children study in ordinary schools, and only three recent years at FMS. Secondly, there is no one-sidedness even at this stage. Of course, the specialized departments of the specialized school are physics, mathematics and computer science, and chemistry. But there are pulpits here humanities, foreign languages, Russian literature, natural sciences and even (oh, the horror of a nerd!) - the department of physical and special training. But the main thing is not even that a talented student receives a comprehensive and complete education here. The main thing is the socialization of special children, the most complete disclosure of their potential.
The result can be evaluated in numbers. Over the 55 years of the existence of the SUSC-FMSH, out of 15,000 graduates, every fourth one has defended at least a Ph.D. thesis - no university, even a foreign one, has such an indicator.
The result can also be assessed in the names: academician Mikhail Epov, financier Igor Kim, lawyer Alexander Balyan. Two SUNC graduates are now responsible for the development of the US and UK nuclear programs. Without the work of academician Vasily Parkhomchuk, it is still unknown when the Higgs boson would have been discovered. Director of the SB RAS Academician Pavel Logachev, also a graduate of the Physics and Mathematics School, conducts seminars for schoolchildren at the SASC. And it is precisely such teachers that make it possible to reveal the potential of students - they are not just teachers, but scientists who themselves know well and can convey to children what research. Such direct communication cannot be replaced by the Internet and even a book that already has ready-made answers. This is closer to the principles of spiritual guidance, when direct knowledge is transferred from Teacher to Student.
As for the socialization of young "wise men", Nikolai Yavorsky explains its importance quite simple example. When you are the first intellectual in the village (and often in the literal sense, because people from rural schools also come to PMS), you may feel a sense of superiority. This is fraught with very big disappointments. And if you find yourself in an environment like yourself, and even in a boarding school, this is the best school of socialization. Not everyone, of course, can stand it, but even those who are expelled do not get lost and achieve above average success - such an impetus is given by specialized schools.
Another argument of the opponents of physics and mathematics schools in the formulation of German Gref sounds like this: “When we try to say that we will now develop the specialties “mathematician” and “programmer”, we will fall into exactly the same trap as we had some time ago with lawyers and economists. But here, Nikolai Yavorsky believes, German Oskarovich himself falls into the trap. “In the case of lawyers and economists, it was about millions of restless graduates. When we talk about mathematicians, these are several hundred guys who certainly will not get lost,” says Nikolai Ivanovich.
The approaches and experience of PMS-SUNTS have long been used abroad - in particular, by our ambitious southeastern neighbors. "IN South Korea first they opened a school in the image and likeness of the FMS. Now it has become a division of the university, - says Nikolai Yavorsky. - A similar school has appeared in Singapore. There are huge campuses, teachers do not have financial problems, and their students are "stars", although ours have a higher potential. We recently opened a school in the city of Karamay - in the Xinjiang Uygur region of China. There training is conducted in Russian. They have a need for knowledge."
In general, those who need it appreciated the PMS system. And we? What we have - we do not store? Or will we keep it?
Alexey SALNIKOV
Nikolai Yavorsky: you can only teach someone who wants to
Director of the Specialized Educational and Scientific Center of the Novosibirsk state university(SESC NSU) Nikolai Yavorsky - about the role of the All-Siberian Olympiad in the search for talented schoolchildren from all over Russia and how studying at the SESC helps to get closer to space.
Who will succeed Alexander Aseev?
The name of the new chairman of the Siberian branch Russian Academy Sciences will be known in March of this year. But the pre-election process has already entered an active phase. Three candidates have been publicly nominated so far.
A school where children love to learn and teachers love to teach. Interview with Nikolai Yavorsky
There is a school in Siberia where children love to study, and teachers love to teach: "Specialized Educational and Scientific Center of NSU" or SUNC, colloquially - FMS. There are many of its graduates in Omsk, and everyone is well-known: the head of the NOU "Search" Ruslan Simanchev, businessman Gennady Fridman, sociologist and publicist Viktor Korb.
The energy of youth as the driving force of science
Just as Russian power grows with Siberia, the power of the Siberian branch grows with young scientists. They come to science in different ways, but then all these paths merge into one road leading to the future.
Infrastructure problems hamper engineers of the future
Employers often note the insufficient level of training of young personnel - only about 15 percent of them are ready to start full-time work immediately after graduation. Only 50-60 percent of those who receive higher education, remain in science - this is a significant part of the graduates of the faculties of physical, geological and geophysical, natural sciences.
Nikolai Yavorsky - founder of the ballet school in Havana
He was the first teacher of a galaxy of outstanding Cuban artists
In 1931, the Havana Society of Musical Arts (Sociedad Pro-Arte Musicale, SPAM) established paid reading and recitation courses, guitar playing, and its own ballet school at the Auditorium theater that belonged to it. In the entire history of Cuba, the SPAM school became the first educational institution that professionally and purposefully took up the teaching of classical dance. The Russian emigrant Nikolai Yavorsky, who happened to be in Havana, was invited to lead the school.
Nikolai Petrovich Yavorsky was born in Odessa on February 23, 1891. In his youth, he took classical dance lessons from the soloist of the Odessa Theater Kazimirov. During the First World War, Yavorsky was an artillery officer, then in civilian life he fought against the Red Army as part of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. Having emigrated from the country, the future choreographer first lived in Belgrade, where he danced on the stage of the Belgrade National Theatre. Then there was participation in the Russian Private Opera in Paris. And finally, Havana.
From the first day of the organization of the school, Nikolai Yavorsky actively set to work. The first lessons of the honored foreign teacher, who performed on the famous stages of Europe and America, were etched in the memory of his Cuban students for a long time. Many of them later became one of the first figures of the Cuban national ballet, among them - the outstanding Cuban ballerina Alicia Martinez (Alonso). He became a true champion of the development of ballet in Cuba thanks to his inherent discipline, perseverance and enthusiasm. On December 29, 1931, the first public performance of the students of Nikolai Yavorsky was held in the "Auditorium" with great success. On January 9, 1932, the same theater hosted a second performance by Yavorsky's students with the same program. Young Cuban artists again did not let their Russian teacher down and consolidated last year's success. The first season of the SPAM ballet school ended on June 1, 1932, when the metropolitan newspapers published a message about the enrollment of students for the next year. And the first Cuban ballerinas had to prepare for new productions and improve their skills under the tireless guidance of their beloved teacher.
The key performance of the next season of the Society for Musical Art was the production of the full version of the ballet by P.I. Tchaikovsky's Sleeping Beauty. The premiere took place on October 26, 1932. Yavorsky adapted the complex choreography of M. Petipa to the still modest technical capabilities of his wards. The unconditional favorite of the teacher Delphine Perez danced the princess. Alicia Martinez, barely 11 years old, performed in the Blue Bird solo. According to the recollections of eyewitnesses, she perfectly coped with this difficult male part. Costumes and scenery by the Cuban artist Rogelio Dalmau, who from that day on designed almost all SPAM ballet performances, added grace and charm to the production. Photo reports about the premiere did not leave the pages of the fashion illustrated magazines "Social" and "Karteles" for a long time.
The next few years of the activities of the SPAM ballet school were marked by the development of the creative potential of former and new students and students. By November 5, 1933, Yavorsky prepared a new concert program, again presented to the audience of the Auditorium Theater. Before our eyes, Alicia Martinez, who improved her technique, performed in choreographic etudes to the music of various composers. That evening, some of the students of the Yavorsky last set also distinguished themselves: sisters Olga and Elena Thomson, Josefina de Cardenas, Carola Panerai. The following year, Blue Danube, Polka Coquette, and Polovtsian Dances were staged. The performances became evidence of the further creative growth of a whole galaxy of young artists.
At about the same time, taking advantage of a brief stop in Havana by one of the former directors of the Russian Private Opera in Paris, Vasily Grigoryevich Voskresensky, who in those years directed the troupe of the Ballet rus de Monte Carlo, Nikolai Yavorsky managed to agree on the inclusion of his most capable students in the Russian troupe. There they could finally establish themselves as professional dancers, gain experience of performing abroad and seriously improve the technical level of their training. The first to Europe, according to the contract signed in Havana, at the end of March 1935, went to Delfina Perez Gurri. Around the same time, Martha Andrews also left Havana, who was to perform in New York in the ensemble of the famous Spanish "baylaor" Vicente Escudero.
Evaluating in retrospect the work of Yavorsky at the SPAM ballet school, we can say that his teaching career reached its climax by the spring of 1937. On May 10, his students presented "Swan Lake" by P.I. Tchaikovsky. For the first time in her artistic career, Alicia Martinez performed the part of Odette-Odile. Yavorsky's last major work for the Havana Society of Musical Art was the staging of the humorous ballet The Four Seasons, composed to the music of Kreisler, Delibes, Tchaikovsky and some other composers, staged by his students on March 1, 1938. Having completed the next course of study in the spring of 1939, Yavorsky forever parted with the Havana Society of Musical Art. During the years of work in SPAM, about one and a half thousand students passed through his school, many of whom even then, not without success, began their careers as professional dancers.
Freed from the tutelage of SPAM, Yavorsky launched an active activity to create his own ballet school, the main task of which was to create professional ballet troupes consisting of Cuban artists. The ballet studio of Nikolai Yavorsky was solemnly opened on June 27, 1939. By the autumn of 1940, she could boast of some success. On November 12, her students performed in a ballet program timed to coincide with the opening of a car exhibition at the fashionable National Hotel in Havana. Yavorsky's graduates showed a choreographic fantasy on Afro-Cuban themes "Babalao" performed by Margarita Lecuona, as well as a ballet composition "Luxury Cars" to the music of various composers. On December 27 of the same year, on the rented stage of the Auditorium Theater, the students of the Yavorsky school, together with the Havana Choral Society of Maria Munoz de Quevedo, staged a large program composed of ballet numbers interspersed with choir performances.
In 1941, Yavorsky left his Havana studio in the care of Martha Andrews and went to Santiago de Cuba, where he was offered to head a ballet school. In the last months of his life, he directed a ballet school in the small town of Manzanillo. There he died on October 9, 1947.
Nikolai Yavorsky cannot be attributed to the stars of world ballet of the first magnitude, however, it is necessary to recognize his extraordinary pedagogical merits as the first teacher of a whole galaxy of outstanding Cuban artists.
