In what year was Kazan University founded? Kazan (Privolzhsky) Federal University. Institutes and faculties of KFU

REPORT ON THE HISTORY OF TATARSTAN

"KAZAN UNIVERSITY"

10 "G" class. School 132

Completed by: Shigabutdinov Adel

Kazan 2002

Kazan University.

In the first years of the 19th century, an event of great importance took place in the life of Kazan: on November 5, 1804, a decision was made to open a university in the city - the third in the country.

Among the numerous exhibits of the KSU Museum there is a document of particular value - the affirmative letter of the Imperial Kazan University, signed by Alexander I on November 5, 1804. has become a truly university relic.

In a green velvet case, embroidered with gold thread, with a hanging State seal, with a full imperial title, it opens the museum's exposition. It has 9 pages, each of which is a true work of design art; an unknown artist with great taste and skill executed both the text itself, decorated with the most beautiful ornament, and the images of the double-headed eagle and the coats of arms of Russian cities. But the significance of this document is not only and not so much in its external form, but in its content. The diploma includes 21 articles, which set out the tasks, rights and foundations of the university. It opens with an indication of the purpose of founding the University in Kazan:

"Our Sovereign Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, of blessed memory, walking along the paths of the great Transformer of Russia, among other glorious deeds, deigned to found the Gymnasium in Kazan in 1758 and grant her some rights, shortly before that, granted to Moscow University. Assuming, in accordance with the enlightenment of the present times, in in this very place to establish a University in order to make the existence of this beneficent institution forever inviolable and give it the opportunity to achieve the important purpose of educating useful citizens in the service of the Fatherland and spreading the necessary knowledge in it.

"The Imperial Kazan University will remain an estate of scholars, which, under Our direct patronage, will be governed on the basis of the Charter, approved by Us on this day."
“In it,” the next paragraph says, “sciences will be taught throughout the space, both general, necessary for each person, and special, serving to educate a citizen for various types of public service.”

In conclusion:

"So affirming Our Imperial Diploma and protecting the well-being of the Imperial Kazan University, we hope that the Authorities and members thereof, zealous for the accomplishment of Our intentions, will not lose sight of anything in order to deliver to this Estate a complete and continuous action for the benefit of the District, to which it is given by the center, and large for the benefit of Our other dearest loyal subjects of all ranks. In this hope, We deigned to sign this Letter, as evidence of Our immutable will, with our own hands and ordered, having approved it with the State seal, to give it to the University for safekeeping forever. "

The document is signed by the Minister of Public Education Count P. Zavadovsky. February 11, 1805 The diploma was delivered to Kazan by the trustee of the Kazan educational district, a well-known astronomer, vice-president of the Imperial Academy of Sciences S.Ya. Rumovsky.

Three days later, on February 14, the first meeting of the Council was held in the hall of the gymnasium, which was attended by the teachers of the gymnasium, appointed by the trustee professors and adjuncts at the opening university. S.Ya. Rumovsky made a short speech, congratulating those present on the greatest event - the opening of the university, and then, having personally read the Letter of Approval, handed it to the Council.

Every year, on November 4, during public meetings on the occasion of the birthday of Kazan University, the Letter of Approval, together with the Charter, was taken out to the assembly hall, installed on the table in front of the portrait of Alexander I, commissioned by S.Ya. Rumovsky by the artist Racetu in 1806. The founder of the university was depicted in full growth at the moment of signing the Letter of Approval and the Charter. For more than a century, the emperor's portrait adorned the assembly hall. If the very opening of the university in February 1805. passed in a very modest atmosphere, then 10 years later - on July 5, 1814. - Act full opening University was celebrated widely and solemnly.

The charter provided for the creation of four departments (faculties) at the university: moral and political sciences, physical and mathematical, medical or medical, verbal sciences with a department of oriental languages; 28 professors, 12 adjuncts, 3 lecturers and 3 "pleasant arts" teachers. But in fact, no faculties and departments existed at first. And the first 33 students had to listen to lectures on Russian literature and trigonometry, Roman law and botany, medicine and philosophy. They studied with great enthusiasm, inspired by the belief that the Russian land can give birth to its own "Platons and quick-witted Newtons."

And it became a reality. Already the first students of the university were the future major representatives of science and culture of Russia: writer S. T. Aksakov, brothers academicians D. M. and V. M. Perevoshchikov, professors P. S. Kondyrev (political economist), A. V. Kaisarov (physicist ), V. I. Timyansky (natural scientist). In subsequent years, among the graduates of the university were the great Russian mathematician N. I. Lobachevsky, the famous astronomer and traveler I. M. Simonov and many other scientists who won fame for domestic science and brought world fame to the university.

Difficult times came for the university, when in 1819 the extreme reactionary and obscurantist M. L. Magnitsky was appointed first as an auditor, and then as a trustee of the Kazan educational district. As a result of the revision, he proposed to “publicly destroy” the university altogether. “Why destroy, you can fix it,” Alexander I inscribed his “merciful” resolution on the obscurantist’s report.

And the era of "correction" is coming. Nine professors were fired due to "unreliability", all subjects (even mathematics) began to be taught on the basis of "piety", with the exposure of "false reason". Official instructions demanded "that the spirit of liberty neither openly nor covertly weaken the teachings of the Church in the teaching of the sciences of philosophy and history." An atmosphere of universal surveillance begins to reign in the university - both professors and students, the works of Voltaire and Diderot are removed from the library.

Beginning in 1826, after the dismissal of Magnitsky, the university began to recover from the ills of a terrible time. This was connected, first of all, with the activities of Professor N. I. Lobachevsky, who was elected rector in 1827. He held this position until 1846. But even later he was related to university life, being in 1846-1855 an assistant trustee of the Kazan educational district. He was destined to become a true builder of the university, its talented leader.

Under the leadership of N. I. Lobachevsky, the construction of the entire complex of university buildings was completed, and they were equipped with the necessary equipment for scientific and educational work. He set up the activities of the university printing house, organized the first scientific periodical - "Scientific Notes of Kazan University", which began to appear in 1834 and soon turned into one of the best scientific journals in Russia.

The materialist philosopher N. I. Lobachevsky adhered to advanced pedagogical views. He outlined them in the famous act speech "On the most important subjects of education", delivered at a solemn meeting on July 5, 1828. The ideas of advanced materialist philosophers are clearly felt in it. “We are already living in times when hardly a shadow of ancient scholasticism roams the universities,” proclaimed the scientist. “Here, entering this institution, youth will not hear empty words without any thought, only sounds without any meaning. Here they teach what really exists, and not what is known only to idle minds.

In the era of Nikolai "Palkin", in an era when Griboedov's Skalozub threatened to "give a sergeant major in Voltaire" to every university, N. I. Lobachevsky spoke prophetically, proudly and boldly about the triumph of the human mind. “Man was born to be the master, ruler, king of nature,” he argued. “But the wisdom with which he should rule from his hereditary throne is not given to him from birth: it is acquired by learning.” Not nobility, not royal service, not blind obedience, not money - the main thing in life. The main thing is in teaching, in understanding and subordinating the laws of nature.

Pedagogical thoughts about the education of citizens useful to the fatherland, scientists who transform science, were actively used in educational work. How many inquisitive minds N. I. Lobachevsky became the "godfather" on the way to science! He encouraged A. M. Butlerov and N. I. Zinin during their first scientific steps, predicting a great future for them. In the clerk of the bookstore, N. A. Bolzani, who did not even graduate from the gymnasium, he saw the future professor of physics at the university. And there are many such examples.

N. I. Lobachevsky deeply understood the need for the all-round development of science, and sought to create the necessary conditions for this. Scientific schools are beginning to form at the university, discoveries are being made in it, which are forever inscribed in golden letters in the annals of world science. The great mathematician was the first to set an example of how to abandon outdated views and really solve the most complex scientific problems in a revolutionary way.

On February 11, 1826, at the university, N. I. Lobachevsky publicly read his note “A Concise Presentation of the Principles of Geometry on Parallel Lines”, which marked the birth of a new, non-Euclidean geometry. For more than two millennia, the undivided idea of ​​the only correct geometry - the geometry of Euclid - turned out to be refuted.

Subsequently, N. I. Lobachevsky developed his geometry in detail in a number of printed works. The first of them - "On the Principles of Geometry" was published in 1829 - 1830 in the Kazan Bulletin. Later, he continued to develop various aspects of his theory, which resulted in his fundamental monographs "Imaginary Geometry", "New Beginnings of Geometry with a Complete Theory of Parallels", "Pangeometry".

The ideas of the great mathematician, far ahead of the science of that time, were not understood by his contemporaries. Only university professor P. I. Kotelnikov noted in his speech in 1842 that the “amazing work” of the innovator-mathematician would sooner or later find its connoisseurs. General recognition came to N. I. Lobachevsky after his death. His discovery led to important results not only in the development of mathematics, but also in a number of other sciences, putting his name on a par with such geniuses as Archimedes, Newton, Copernicus, Lomonosov.

The astronomer I. M. Simonov brought great fame to the university. He was the only scientist among the participants round the world expedition F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazarev in 1819-1821, who discovered Antarctica. According to him The scientific world got acquainted with the results of important observations made during the expedition through the works “A word on the success of the Vostok and Mirny sloops sailing near the world”, “On the temperature difference in the southern and northern hemispheres” and others. Scientific research brought I. M. Simonov worldwide fame. He was elected a corresponding member Russian Academy sciences, an honorary member of many Russian and foreign scientific institutions.

The Kazan school of chemists played an outstanding role in the development of domestic science. Its first success is associated with the name of N. N. Zinin, who in 1842 obtained aniline from nitrobenzene. This discovery soon became known throughout Europe, it had great importance for the development of aniline and pharmaceutical industries. “Russian chemistry owes Zinin its entry into an independent life,” wrote A. M. Butlerov. “... His works for the first time forced scientists to give Russian chemistry a place of honor.”

Two years later, chemists from many countries again uttered the word "Kazan": Professor K.K. Klaus discovered here a new chemical element - ruthenium. "Ruthenium" in Latin means "Russian". K. K. Klaus said that new element he named after his fatherland.

The discoveries of N. N. Zinin’s student, A. M. Butlerov, confirmed that the chemical laboratory of the university had become the center of the country’s chemical thought. A. M. Butlerov is credited with creating the theory chemical structure organic matter. This theory was destined to play in organic chemistry the same role played periodic system D. I. Mendeleev in inorganic chemistry. The studies of A. M. Butlerov opened the way for the synthesis of new organic substances, laid the foundation for modern organic chemistry.

The glorious traditions of Kazan chemists V. V. Markovnikov, A. M. Zaitsev, and F. M. Flavitsky continued with success. Astronomer M. A. Kovalsky, mathematicians V. G. Imshenetsky, A. P. Kotelnikov, F. M. Suvorov, P. S. Poretsky, mechanic I. S. Gromeka and others worked fruitfully.

The Kazan medical school became famous for its brilliant successes. Back in the 1950s, E.F. Aristov conducted a number of original studies, trying to unravel the structure of the brain. The school itself is formed by the work of the therapist - clinician N. A. Vinogradov, histologist K. A. Arshtein, physiologist N. O. Kovalevsky. In the 80s, the name of Professor E. V. Adamyuk even became a household name: the people affectionately called all the oculist doctors in the city “adamyuks”. Kazan, - wrote the Volzhsky Courier newspaper, - has become a place of pilgrimage for thousands of patients and, it seems, there was no more famous name among doctors among the population of eastern Russia, like the name of Adamyuk. The fundamental work of Professor E. V. Adamyuk essentially created Russian ophthalmology.

The founder of experimental psychology in Russia was V. M. Bekhterev, who organized a psychophysiological laboratory at the university. His observations are summarized in the fundamental work Fundamentals of the Teaching of Brain Functions. Outstanding research in the field of physiology was done by Professor N. A. Mislavsky, in the field of electrophysiology - by Professor A. F. Samoilov, who widely used in the study of the heart and central nervous system electrophysiological method.

Professor-geologist N. A. Golovkinsky was the first to intensively study the geology of the Volga-Kama region; he was the founder of the theory of facies, having developed the problem of the relationship between the layers of various geological horizons. In the 70s, the Kazan school of geologists was formed, represented by such prominent scientists as A. A. Shtukenberg, P. I. Krotov, M. E. Noinsky, M. E. Yaneshevsky. The founders of the geobotanical school were S. I. Korzhinsky and A. Ya. Gordyagin.

The works of Orientalists have also received worldwide recognition: the Arabist Kh. , Mongolists O. M. Kovalevsky and A. V. Popov. The fame of Kazan linguists was brought by the studies of I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay, as well as V. A. Bogoroditsky, the founder of experimental phonetics.

Kazan University played a huge role in the cultural development of the region and many other regions of the country. Here it should be said that the composition of the Kazan educational district at first included all the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, the Caucasus, the Penza and Tambov provinces. Only after 1825 did its territory shrink somewhat.

The university library played an important role in the development of culture and education. Already in the 1920s, it became public, accessible to everyone. Soon a special "reading room" for periodicals was organized in it. The university subscribed to about 50 Russian, French, German, English newspapers and magazines.

In 1806, a society of lovers of Russian literature was organized in Kazan. At first, it included only teachers and students of the university, but soon lovers of literature from Nizhny Novgorod, Perm, Astrakhan and other cities of the Volga region and the Urals became its members. The company successfully developed its activities. In 1817, the first volume of his works, an almanac, was published, in which the works of about twenty authors were published.

In 1811, the publishing committee of the university began to publish Kazanskiye Izvestia, the first provincial newspaper in Russia. It came out once a week, publishing reports on international and domestic life, scientific articles, historical and ethnographic materials, literary works. The first literary magazine in the Volga region "Zavolzhsky ant" was also published in 1832-1834 by the university staff.

Since 1821, instead of "Kazanskiye Izvestiya", the university began to publish the magazine "Kazansky Vestnik" and, as an appendix to it, the weekly newspaper "Additions to the Kazansky Vestnik". Thanks to the well-equipped university printing house, Kazan has become one of the largest book publishing centers in the country.

The university has trained many talented teachers. Among them was the father of V. I. Lenin - I. N. Ulyanov, who brilliantly graduated from the university in 1854 and devoted his whole life to educating the working people.

The tsarist government, opening a university in Kazan, set as its goal to turn it into a stronghold of Russification and Christianization, into a center for training devoted personnel. Advanced humanist scientists saw their task differently. They believed that the university should be a center for the development of science, education and enlightenment of peoples of various nationalities, the study of their history, language and literature. An important role in becoming such a center was played by the Eastern category, where the departments of Arabic and Persian, Mongolian, Armenian, Sanskrit, Manchu languages, as well as the Turkish-Tatar department were created.

Although the tsarist government in every possible way limited the admission of people of other nationalities to the university, contemptuously treating them as "foreigners", Tatars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Buryats, and Mongols still got into it. Of course, these were few, but they were the first representatives of their peoples who received higher education. One of the remarkable students of the Eastern category was Dorji Banzarov, the first Buryat scientist, a well-known democratic educator.

University professor K. F. Fuchs was called one of the first people who connected "the Russian and Tatar people with close ties of commonwealth." And there is no exaggeration in this: K. F. Fuchs was the first researcher of the life of the Kazan Tatars, he introduced the Russian reader to the Tatar folk poetry.

The university has done a lot to strengthen the friendship between the two fraternal peoples. A prominent Tatar scientist and educator I. Khalfin, who was the first of the Tatars to be awarded the title of adjutant, worked fruitfully in it. He was the author of many works and publications of great scientific value. With the help of N. I. Lobachevsky, the Tatar peasant M. G. Makhmudov also became teachers of the university.

Selfless generous help and support to the outstanding Tatar educator-democrat K. Nasyri. He was a friend of many of them, actively participated in the activities of the Society for Archeology, History and Ethnography. The same can be said about such prominent representatives of the Tatar people as G. Ilyasi, Sh. Marjani, Kh. Fayezkhanov. Dozens of historical and literary monuments, textbooks for Tatar schools, philosophical and other scientific writings. The first books printed in it were F. Volkov's brochure "On the inoculation of cowpox", published in the Tatar language, and "ABC and Grammar Tatar language».

Kazan University played an important role in the development of the revolutionary liberation movement in Russia. The revolutionary spirit among his students was especially strong. Already in the forties, a secret political circle was operating here. The famous revolutionary V. V. Bervi-Flerovsky, recalling his student years in Kazan, spoke about the arrival in the city of three envoys from the St. Petersburg circle of M. V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky and their influence on students. These memories are echoed by the inspector's denunciations about "secret gatherings" of students.

Leading scientists had a great influence on the formation of revolutionary ideology among students. Among them was the outstanding democrat educator D. I. Meyer, who worked at the Department of Civil Law. In his lectures, he angrily denounced serfdom, class inequality. One of the students wrote about his lectures: “Meyer’s memories of the Ostsee region and the irritation with which he spoke about the miserable condition of the peasants crashed into my memory ... Such a sincere, truthful, met protest for the first time opened my eyes to many things that had not been noticed before that time” .

In April 1849, in his final lecture, D. I. Meyer made a fiery appeal to his students: “Premonition does not deceive me - I believe in the proximity of a revolution in the inner life of our fatherland. Everyone who has a human heart involuntarily realizes all the absurdity of serfdom ... I do not even allow the thought that you students of the university would ever be accomplices in the shameful trade in justice ... every step, at every moment of his life, without stopping at any difficulties or sacrifices.

The words of D. I. Meyer left few people indifferent. It was under his influence that a student of the university, Leo Tolstoy, developed a sharply negative attitude towards serfdom. Under the leadership of a professor-democrat, the future great writer wrote term paper.

Students begin to participate in open political protests against the tsarist authorities. One of the first such speeches was their petition demanding the resignation of Professor of Physiology W. F. Bervey, who in his lectures opposed the invasion of materialism in the "sanctuary of science." The students got their way: the unlucky professor had to resign.

The idol of the students was the professor of history, a convinced democrat A.P. Shchapov. He taught at the university for less than a year, but his memory remained in the hearts of students for a long time. Already his first lecture, devoted to the history of the Russian people, evoked thunderous applause. It sounded like the apotheosis of the Decembrists' activities. G. V. Plekhanov rightly called this lecture “almost the only one in the history of our universities” a phenomenon of this kind in that era.

Lectures by A.P. Shchapov called the students to serve the people, to fight for their rights, his words did not differ from deeds. This was vividly proved in 1861, when massacre tsarist authorities over unarmed peasants in the village of Abyss, which outraged the entire advanced Russia. This event also excited the Kazan students. At a numerous memorial service in memory of the victims who fell at the hands of the tsarist punishers, the fiery words of A.P. Shchapov were heard. “And you, friends, are the first ... - he said, - fell as expiatory victims of despotism for the freedom long awaited by all the people. You were the first to disturb our sleep, destroyed by your initiative our unfair doubt that our people are not capable of initiating political movements ... The land that you cultivated, the fruits of which you fed us, which you now wanted to acquire as property and which accepted you as martyrs into its bowels, - this land will call the people to rebellion and freedom.”

The words of A.P. Shchapov spread all over Russia. No wonder A. I. Herzen wrote in Kolokol in 1861: “As soon as it smells of fresh air, healthy, promising spring, then it is probably from the Urals or from Kazan, from Kiev or Kharkov ...”. Shchapov was taken away from Kazan under the supervision of gendarmes.

The “Kazan conspiracy” of 1863, when students took part in the preparation of an armed peasant uprising against tsarism, showed how strong the Shchapov traditions were at the university. “The moral charm of Shchapov’s personality, his fiery speech to students of the need to study the Russian peasant, his needs, his mental enlightenment made them true democrats, fighters for the rights of the oppressed and humiliated,” wrote I. M. Krasnoperov, one of the participants in the student liberation movement.

About ten years have passed - and again Kazan University has riveted the attention of all of Russia. This time, it was connected with the Lesgaft case.

P.F. Lesgaft was elected to the chair of anatomy in 1868. From the very first steps of his activity, he showed himself to be a consistent democratic scientist, an opponent of the reactionary policy of tsarism in the field of education.

In January 1871, a royal decree was issued on "not allowing females to listen to lectures together with students." However, in the classrooms where the outstanding scientist taught, more and more girls began to appear who decided to devote themselves to medicine. Among them was Vra Figner, the future famous revolutionary.

A democrat by conviction, P.F. Lesgaft could not put up with the policy of tsarism, which sought to turn the university into an institution for the training of officials loyal to it. He publicly spoke out against this in Peterburgskie Vedomosti, exposing the arbitrariness perpetrated at Kazan University by the trustee Shestakov. Then he published another article sharply criticizing the order that had developed at the university. The authorities could no longer endure this: P.F. Lesgaft was removed from teaching and dismissed from the university. In solidarity with him, professors N. A. Golovkinsky, A. Ya. Danilevsky, V. G. Imshenetsky, V.V. Markovnikov, A. I. Yakobiy, A. E. Golubev and P. I. Levitsky resigned.

So year by year the reputation of "unreliable" was strengthened behind the Kazan University. The revolutionary spirit is especially strengthened in it in an epoch when the proletariat enters the arena of the class struggle. The progressive students strive to help him. The time has come to study Marxism.

On August 13, 1887, Vladimir Ulyanov was enrolled as a first-year student at the law faculty of the university. On this day, a new page in the history of the university was opened. After all, it was precisely here that the great leader of the proletariat embarked on the path of direct revolutionary struggle, took the first step into the revolution.

On December 4, 1887, the famous student gathering took place at Kazan University, the echo of which sounded throughout Russia and beyond. Among the most active participants and leaders of the gathering was Vladimir Ulyanov.

The university was called the pride of Kazan by the poet. And by right: already in the pre-revolutionary period, he won fame for the city with scientific discoveries and rich traditions. liberation struggle. The university has increased this fame significantly in subsequent years.

But both are mature creative works that adorn the city. These are indisputable monuments of architecture and urban planning. The Temple of Science in Saratov: from Myufke to Burmistrov A wonderful New Year's gift for the staff of Saratov State University, one of the oldest universities in the country, which celebrated its 90th anniversary this year, was the completion of the construction...

Passage tower of the Kremlin walls. The beginning of its construction dates back to 1556, when Pskov masons with masters Postnik Yakovlev, nicknamed Barma and Ivan Shiryai, began to build the white stone Kazan Kremlin. Initially, the tower, named Spasskaya after the stone Church of the Savior located on the north side, had a square (23x23 m) at the base and 2.25 m thick walls made of...

January 12 (25 according to the new style) “After considering the project, Elizaveta Petrovna signed on January 12 (St. Tatyana's Day according to the Orthodox church calendar) 1755 a decree on the founding of Moscow University. The solemn opening ceremony of classes at the university took place on the day of the celebration of the anniversary of the coronation of Elizabeth Petrovna on April 26 (May 7), 1755. Since then, these days have traditionally...

Charter Kazan University Emperor Alexander I signed on November 5, 1804. Paragraph 1 defined the purpose of its foundation - “The Imperial Kazan University is the highest academic class, established for the teaching of sciences. It prepares youth for entry into various ranks of the civil service. Or, in the words of one of the first historians of the university, it was opened with the aim of "delivering educated people to the Fatherland in every kind of public service, especially for the Siberian provinces."

The choice of Kazan as a university center was determined by several circumstances. Firstly, Kazan was a large provincial city with a population of 30 thousand inhabitants. Secondly, it was the economic center through which trade was carried out with Siberia, Bukhara, and China. Thirdly, the foundation of the university in Kazan was also facilitated by the fact that since 1758 there was a gymnasium here, the third in the country after Moscow and St. Petersburg. Thus, there was a natural basis for the initial formation of a contingent of teachers and students of the university. Finally, the subjective factor cannot be discounted: the opening of the university was facilitated by the Kazan governor B.A. Mansurov, who takes care of the establishment of educational institutions in the province.

1804-1814 were the time of the initial formation of the university. Teaching was carried out without division into faculties, was of an indefinite nature, “from a lecture where the stylistic beauties of the Lomonosov ode were analyzed, students went to listen to the theory of Galvinism, from Ovid’s explanations they moved on to trigonometric problems, from German law they went to botany.” Until 1814, there was a time when lectures were given to only one student, N.I.

The university was located in the premises of the gymnasium (now the eastern wing of the main building of KSU), its teachers became the first professors and adjuncts of the university, and the director of the gymnasium, I. F. Yakovkin, was appointed to the post of director of the university. The first students in the amount of 33 people were selected from high school students. The list was headed by S. T. Aksakov - the future outstanding Russian writer, author of the fairy tale "The Scarlet Flower". He entered the history of Kazan University as its first student. In 1822 the number of students increased to 91, in 1826 to 115.

Gradually formed in these years and the teaching staff. Due to the lack of domestic scientific personnel, the government invited foreign scientists, most often Germans, to teach at universities. In this regard, the medical faculty of Kazan University was especially “lucky”: by the time the “medical department” was opened, all its departments were occupied by foreign professors. In general, in 1809, 8 subjects were read at the university in Russian, 5 in Latin, 3 in French, and 1 in German.

The full opening of the university with a division into faculties took place in June 1814.

The first elected rector was a physician, professor of the department of anatomy, physiology and forensic medical science Ivan Osipovich Brown.

In the 20s. Kazan University survived a severe shock - the era of Magnitsky (1819-1826), due to the intensified after the end Patriotic War political reaction. The liberal reforms with which Alexander I began his reign disappeared, in the words of A. S. Pushkin, “like a dream, like a morning mist.” The government turned to reaction in all spheres of public life, including in the field of education.

In March 1819, Alexander I ordered an audit of Kazan University. The tsarist auditor M. L. Magnitsky was horrified by the “disastrous materialism” that, in his opinion, permeates all university teaching. In his report to the tsar, he suggested "publicly destroying" the university. However, Alexander wrote on the report: “Why destroy, you can fix it” and appointed Magnitsky as a trustee of the Kazan educational district.

Arakcheev orders are being introduced at the university. For example, teachers could even marry only with the permission of the trustee. The students were placed in even greater barracks conditions. One of the professors of Kazan University wrote about the life of students: “... they don’t even step into their room, except perhaps after dinner for the night, or all day long or in classes, or in so-called entertaining rooms, or in the garden. .. Everything is calculated according to time, even from the yard to go only on a ticket. Everyone is required to wear uniforms."

The obscurantist-trustee began his activity with the dismissal of professors who were recognized as unreliable. This brought the university to the brink of closure. So, in the 1819/20 academic year, teaching at all departments of the medical faculty was conducted by a single professor - K. F. Fuchs.

Magnitsky issues numerous instructions by which he ensures that in university teaching "the spirit of liberty neither openly nor covertly weakens the teachings of the church."

Even in mathematics, “the highest truths of faith must be confirmed: without a unit there can be no number, just as the world cannot be without a single creator; the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle is nothing but a symbolic union of the earthly with the deity.

Did not escape the pious instructions of Magnitsky and the medical faculty. “... The professors of this faculty must take all possible measures in order to avert the blindness to which many of the most distinguished physicians were surprised at the superiority of the organs and laws of our animal body, falling into disastrous materialism from what the most wisdom of the creator reveals. Students should be warned against this terrible delusion. In 1826, Magnitsky was dismissed from the post of trustee, but the spirit planted by him continues to remain in the life of the university for many years to come.

In the late 20's - early 30's. opens a new page in the history of Kazan University. Its further development was essentially determined by two events: the election in 1828 of N. I. Lobachevsky as rector and the introduction in 1835 of the university charter.

Kazan University is one of the oldest universities in Russia. Many scientific schools that have received worldwide recognition were founded here. Kazan University is included in the list of especially valuable objects cultural heritage peoples Russian Federation, its ensemble is a historical, cultural and architectural monument of Russia.

Kazan University - from history

It was founded in 1804 and initially it had four faculties - historical-philological and physical-mathematical, medical and legal. Great Russian scientists studied here, among them - the creator of non-Euclidean geometry N. I. Lobachevsky, who from 1827 to 1846 was the rector of the university, astronomers I. M. Simonov and M. A. Kovalsky, chemists A. M. Butlerov, K. K. Klaus and N. N. Zinin, V. V. Markovnikov and A. M. Zaitsev, biologists and physicians V. M. Bekhterev and P. F. Lesgaft and many others. Among the pupils of the educational institution are famous historians and revolutionaries, artists and composers.

Kazan University was the center of advanced ideas and revolutionary struggle. In 1887, Vladimir Ulyanov entered the Faculty of Law. He accepted Active participation in organizing a student gathering on December 4, 1917, for which he was expelled from the educational institution. However, despite, or maybe because of this fact, the University for many years bore the prefix "named after Ulyanov-Lenin."

On the basis of the educational institution, such universities of Kazan as medical and pedagogical, aviation and chemical-technological, agricultural, financial and economic were formed.

In 1925, Kazan University was awarded the title of V.I. Ulyanov-Lenin. In 1955 he awarded the order Labor Red Banner, and in 1979 - the Order of Lenin.

In accordance with the Decree of the President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev dated October 21, 2009, the Volga Federal University was to be created on the basis of KSU. At the same time, students and teachers of KSU supported the preservation of the historical name of the university and it was decided to give the reorganized university the name "Kazan (Privolzhsky) federal university» - KFU.

In 2011, in the process of reorganization, the Tatar State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University, the Kazan State Financial and Economic Faculty and the Yelabuga State Pedagogical University were attached to the educational institution.

Kazan University - Architecture

The ensemble of Kazan University is a town-planning and architectural monument of Russia. The complex of buildings built in the classical style occupies a block along Kremlevskaya (formerly Voskresenskaya) street.

In 1796, the Kazan Imperial Gymnasium was opened in the house for the military governor at the beginning of Voskresenskaya Street. By order of Alexander I of November 5, 1804, the Letter of Approval and the Charter of Kazan University were signed, which was originally located in the same building as the gymnasium.

The construction of new buildings began in 1822 according to the project of the architect P.G. Pyatnitsky. A member of the construction committee, and later the rector of the university N.I. took a great part in the development of the project. Lobachevsky. A significant contribution to the creation of the university complex was made by the architects M.P. Korinfsky and I.P. Bezsonov, M.N. Litvinov and V. Bernhard.

The main building was erected in 1825. Its length was 160 meters. The building is decorated with three porticoes with columns, statues in the vestibule famous people. The main staircase led to the classically decorated auditorium and the church, decorated in the Doric style.

The building center in the university courtyard was the semicircular building of the anatomical theater, which is a quadrangle with eight Ionic columns. On the wing of the building you can see the inscription in Latin "Here is a place where death is glad to help life." On the sides of the building of the anatomical theater there is a physico-chemical building and a library. Previously, these buildings were connected to the anatomical theater by a lattice colonnade, which has not been preserved to date. At the same time, a clinic and an astronomical observatory were built.

In the 20th century, the university buildings go beyond the historic quarter. The Faculty of Geology was located in the building of the former theological seminary on Voznesenskaya Street, a building of the Faculty of Chemistry was erected on Lobachevsky Street, and in the late 60s two high-rise educational and laboratory buildings were built to the north and west of the main building of the educational institution.

Kazan University today

Currently, about 50 thousand students study at KSU, the area of ​​​​training and laboratory facilities is 52 thousand square meters. There are dormitories for 12,000 people. Branches of KSU are located in Naberezhnye Chelny and Zelenodolsk, Yelabuga and Chistopol.

The Board of Trustees is headed by the President of the Republic of Tatarstan Rustam Minnikhanov.

The educational complex of the university consists of five areas:

• Physical and mathematical
• natural science
• Engineering
• economic
• Social and humanitarian.

A large number of scientific projects have been carried out with the participation of scientists from Great Britain and the USA, France and Hungary, Turkey and the CIS countries, as well as the Balkan Peninsula.

Institutes and faculties of KFU

Kazan Federal University is a multidisciplinary university that trains specialists in various fields at institutes and faculties headed by directors. The composition of the KFU includes:

• Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology
• Institute of Ecology and Geography
• Institute of Geology and Oil and Gas Technologies
• Institute of International Relations
• Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics. N.I. Lobachevsky
• Institute of Physics
• Chemical Institute. A.M. Butlerov
• Faculty of Law
• Institute of Computational Mathematics and Information Technology
• Institute of Philology and Arts
• Institute of Mass Communications and Social Sciences
• Faculty of Philosophy
• Institute of Pedagogy and Psychology
• Institute physical education, sports and rehabilitation medicine
• Graduate School of Information Technologies and Information Systems
• Institute of Economics and Finance
• Institute of Management and Territorial Development
• Higher School of State and Municipal Administration
• Language Institute
• All-University Department of Physical Education and Sports
• Graduate School of Management and Business
• MBA program
• Institute of Continuing Education
• Faculty of advanced training
• Preparatory Faculty for Foreign Students
• Institute for Comparative Studies of the Modernization of Societies
• Engineering Institute

Kazan University has ten museums of various profiles, which are its real heritage. Museum exhibits and funds are used for scientific, cultural and educational purposes.

Kazan Imperial University 1804 1917 history and significance

Natalia-Christmas

Kazan Imperial University (1804-1917):

history and meaning.

Bibliographic overview

on the basis of funds of the GPIB of Russia.

The Russian Empire had an amazing system of education - enlightened Russia brought the light of knowledge to the outskirts of the empire. The first universities were the idea of ​​Peter the Great, but his undertakings were supported by all, any significant rulers of Russia.

This essay is dedicated to the oldest Russian university - Kazan Imperial University. Why Russian? Because the main staff of the professorship was Russian, because teaching was conducted in Russian, because brilliant discoveries were made at this university by Russian-speaking scientists, and these scientists themselves were once students of this university. So, few people know that the non-Euclidean geometry of N.I. Lobachevsky was discovered within the walls of the Kazan Imperial University. It was the next generations who could only know that V.I. Ulyanov-Lenin, whose name the university was later named, took an external course here. But Lenin has nothing to do with the glory of this university, although he was a promising student.

Kazan Imperial University was opened through the efforts of Emperor Alexander I, a worthy grandson of Catherine II the Great. The GPIB fund has preserved the publication of a solemn speech on the opening of this university shortly after the Patriotic War of 1812.

Gorodchaninov, Grigory Nikolaevich (1772-1852). An ode to universal peace in Europe, delivered at the Grand opening of the Imperial Kazan University on July 5, 1814, by the court adviser of eloquence, poetry and the language of the Russian language, ordinary professor Grigory Gorodchaninov. - Kazan: University Printing House, 1814. - 12 p. ; 23 cm

In 1902 in the Imp. Kazan University published a major work on the history of the Kazan kingdom, in which both the merits of the Russian princes and the genealogy of the Tatar and Mongolian khans, who conquered vast territories with their large army, but, after joining the Moscow Kingdom, sometimes faithfully served the Russian fatherland against other foreign invaders.

The legend of the conception of the Kingdom of Kazan and the victories of the Grand Dukes of Moscow ... Slavic text, published, according to a manuscript belonging to F.T. Vasiliev, with an Index and a brief genealogy of the Mongolian and Tatar khans, N.F.Katanov. Ed. F.T.Vasilyeva. - Kazan: Type. Imp. Univ., 1902. - XV , 142 l., 3 l. tab. ; 25 cm.

The GPIB of Russia has preserved many publications that give an idea of ​​the Imp. Kazan University. Lists of students (including state-supported) and free students, lists of teachers, rules for students, an overview of teaching in four departments of the university, a schedule of lectures of some faculties, a catalog of the university library, a description of celebrations on the occasion of significant state dates and anniversaries of famous compatriots. Apparently, with the assistance of the Kazan University, the Kazan family and pedagogical circle operated in the capital of the Kazan Kingdom, the Reports of which were also preserved in the Historian. Here are some of those publications.

Extract from the Regulation about scholarships and awards existing at the Imperial Kazan University (until September 1, 1899). - Kazan, 1899.

Historical notes about four departments Imperial Kazan University for 1814 - 1827. - Kazan, 1899. Multi-volume edition, ed. on years.

Zagoskin, Nikolai Pavlovich. History of Imperial Kazan University for the first hundred years of its existence. T.1-4. - Kazan, 1902-1904.

Library catalog Imperial Kazan University. A-B. - Kazan, 1851-1857. A. Student library catalog. 1851. B. Catalog of the Main Library. 1857. (volume B. ots. in GPIB).

Teaching Review at Imperial Kazan University. - Kazan, 1826-. Multi-volume edition.

Description of the Celebration former at the Imperial Kazan University on September 15, 1825 - Kazan: type. Un-ta, .

Zalesky, Vladislav Frantsevich. Location Pivot Table lectures at the Faculty of Law of the Imperial Kazan University during from February 14, 1805 to May 1, 1903.- Kazan: Tipolith. Imp. Univ., 1903. - 156 p. ; 25 see - [Supplement to the Scientific Notes of the Imperial Kazan University for 1903 Senate].

Rules for students and outsiders Imperial Kazan University. - Kazan: Type. Imp. Kazan. un-ta, 1882. - 188,IIIWith. ; 23 cm

Mikhailovsky, Alexey I. The teachers were students who served at the Imperial Kazan University (1804-1904). Part 1. - Kazan, 1901-1908.

fifty year old anniversary of N.I. Pirogov. Speeches... - Kazan, 1881.

(Soviet edition of methodical work Imperial Kazan University)

Shurtakova, T.V. Leadership of the [Imperial] Kazan University development primary and secondary education in the educational district in 1805-1836.- Kazan: Kaz. un-t, 1959. - 69 p. ; 70 cm

Information about the state of the Imperial Kazan University for 1893-1898. [In 5 T.] -[ Kazan] , 1894-1899; 23 cm -[ Extract from Report...]

List of candidates and current students who are in the department of the Imperial Kazan University on state support... for ... a year. - Kazan, 1855-; 16 cm ... for the 1855-1856 academic year. - 1855. - 65 p.

List of honorary members and personnel Imperial Kazan University. - Kazan, 1891-1915; 24 cm. Multi-volume edition, by years.

List of students of the Imperial Kazan University for ... years. - Kazan, 1862-; 16 cm. Multi-volume edition.

Students list Imperial Kazan University for ... a year. - Kazan, 1883-1915. [Multi-volume edition]. Title: 1885.: List of students, outsiders and students of midwifery courses 1886.: List of students, outsiders and students midwifery institute.

Berezin, N. Numismatic cabinet Imperial Kazan University / Described. Prof. N. Berezin. - Kazan: Univ. Type. - 1855. - 18, 29, 8 p. ; 24 cm

Report of the Society for the Relief of Poor Students Imperial Kazan University ... - Kazan, 1873-1911. Multi-volume edition.

Catalog of books printed in the printing house Imperial Kazan University from 1800 to 1896 - 2nd ed. - Kazan, 1896. - 416 p.

Alphabetical list of students Imperial Kazan University for years. ... - Kazan, 1903-1911. Multi-volume edition.

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Biographical dictionary of professors and teachers Imperial Kazan University (1804-1904) in 2 hours / Ed. N.P. Zagoskina. - Kazan: Tipolith. Imp. Univ., 1904. - 25 cm - (for 100 years).

Extract from the case of the Council on the celebration of the approaching centenary Imperial Kazan University (Case No. 63. 1894). - Kazan: Tipolith. Univ., 1897. - 22 cm.

annual act at the Imperial Kazan University ... . - Kazan, 1865-1910. - 24 cm. - Publishing house of 1866: ed. Izvestia and Scientific Notes of the Imperial Kazan University. In ed. included: speech, pronounced on the acts; Extracts from the Report Imperial Kazan University; Report and Status Imperial Kazan University; list of its honorary members and personnel.

Next, I want to cite books published in Kazan (not only published by the Imperial Kazan University). They give an idea of ​​the events that took place here, of the scientific societies that existed here. In general, Kazan at that time was a forge of remarkable cultural components of the Russian Empire.

Activity Report Congress of Primary School Teachers in Kazan July 30 to August 15, 1882. - Kazan, 1882. - 155, , 193; 1 plan; 23 cm

Report Family-pedagogical circle in Kazan... - Kazan, 1900-1901. - 26 cm.

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Scribe book of the Kazan district 1602-1603 gg. Pub. text. - Kazan: Publishing House of Kazan University, 1978.

One Hundred and Twenty Five Years of Non-Euclidean Geometry by Lobachevsky (1826-1951). Celebration by Kazan State University them. V.I. Ulyanov-Lenin and Kazan Physical and Mathematical Society of the 125th anniversary of N.I. Lobachevsky's discovery of non-Euclidean geometry. - M.; L., 1952.

Bulletin of the Student Scientific Society. Issue. 1-4. - Kazan, 1959-1969.

I think, from all of the above, we can conclude about the level of culture in the Kazan district of the Russian Empire, where the Imperial Kazan University was the very center of this culture. Now imagine what all of Russia would be like in its progressive development... without wars, revolutions and other catastrophes and upheavals. Not in our favor and the level of culture then and now. And the reason is the total destruction of that layer of culture. Only our awareness of the greatness of our past will help us never again repeat the mistakes of lost civilizations - among them are: our "great-grandmother" - Ancient Byzantium, and the Russian Empire. The state is like a person, if a person does not respect himself, then this boomerang comes back to him, and you can even die from this.

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The founding date of Kazan University - one of the oldest universities in Russia - is 5 (according to the new style - 17) November 1804, when Emperor Alexander I signed the Letter of Approval and the Charter of the Kazan Imperial University.

The University is located in the central part of Kazan - a city with a million inhabitants and a thousand-year history, on the banks of the Volga River, 800 km from Moscow. For many years it was the most eastern highest educational institution Russia: his district included the Volga region, the Penza and Tambov provinces, the Kama and the Urals, Siberia, the Caucasus.

The university has become a major center of education and science in the first decades of its existence. It formed a number of scientific directions and schools (mathematical, chemical, medical, linguistic, geological, geobotanical). The subject of special pride of the university is outstanding scientific discoveries and achievements: the creation of non-Euclidean geometry (N.I. Lobachevsky), the discovery of the chemical element ruthenium (K.K. Klaus), the creation of a theory of structure organic compounds(A.M. Butlerov), discovery of electron paramagnetic resonance (E.K. Zavoisky), discovery of acoustic paramagnetic resonance (S.A. Altshuler) and many others.

Since its foundation, more than 100 thousand specialists have been trained at the university. Among the students of the university were outstanding scientists, as well as representatives of culture, public figures: S.T. Aksakov, M.A. Balakirev, P.I. Melnikov-Pechersky, L.N. Tolstoy, V.I. Ulyanov-Lenin, V. Khlebnikov: Well-known figures collaborated with scientific societies of the university Tatar science and cultures: K. Nasyri, Sh. Marjani and others.

Kazan University, its faculties became the basis for the opening and development of more than ten universities in the Volga region.

For two centuries, a university town has developed, the harmonious core of which is a beautiful architectural ensemble in the style of Russian classicism of the XIX century.

KFU is modern model classical university, the most important principle of which is the synthesis of science and education. The structure of the university educational and scientific complex includes scientific and research institutes, 27 problem laboratories, a botanical garden, an astronomical observatory, an information technology center, a publishing house and a laboratory for operational printing. KFU employs 228 researchers, including 29 Doctors and 114 Candidates of Sciences.

Scientific Library. N.I. Lobachevsky - one of the richest repositories of the country. It was based on the collections of books by Prince Grigory Potemkin and the Kazan bibliophile Vasily Polyansky, which were transferred to the Kazan gymnasium at the beginning of the 19th century. The library has priceless manuscripts, ancient manuscripts, early printed books and other rarities. Today there are about 5 million volumes in its fund. The library has 11 reading rooms. In serving readers, modern information technologies are used.

The asceticism of scientists, participation in numerous expeditions contributed to the creation of university museums.

Kazan University has cooperation agreements with more than 40 foreign universities, participates in the programs IREX, Fulbright, USIA, DAAD, TEMPUS, INCO-Copernicus, Eurasia, etc., is a member of the International Association of Universities, the Eurasian Association of Universities, the Union of Universities for Democracy.

But the university is not only study. Student groups of amateur performances unite in their ranks lovers of music, singing, dance. The Popular Choir Capella and the Tatar Folk Choir gained wide popularity. The annual festival "Student Spring" demonstrates the great creative potential of young people, inexhaustible humor and a fairly high level of performance.

Among the first students: Petr Kondyrev, later professor of historical sciences and first professor of political economy at Kazan University; brothers Perevoshchikov - Dmitry, later academician, rector of Moscow University and Vasily, future honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, professor of Russian literature at Kazan, and then Derpt University; Alexander Knyazhevich, who became in 1858-1862. Minister of Finance of Russia.

The first students were keenly interested in literature, theater, and social issues. In 1806 the Kazan Society of Lovers of Russian Literature was organized at the university, in which many of them took part.

The first teachers of the university were teachers of the gymnasium - the teacher of mathematics G.I. Kartashevsky was transferred to the post of adjunct of higher mathematics, the teacher of logic and morality L.S. Levitsky became an adjunct of speculative and practical philosophy, I.I. Zapolsky - an adjunct of mathematics and experimental physics, the teacher of the Slavic-Russian and arithmetic classes N.M. Ibragimov was appointed adjunct of Russian literature, the director of the gymnasium and teacher of history and geography I.F. Yakovkin received the title of professor and the post of director of the university. Foreign scientists were invited from abroad.

Karl Fuchs was one of the first to be invited to the post of ordinary professor of natural history and botany. Fuchs gave thirty years of his life to Kazan University and dedicated forty years to Kazan, which he called his second homeland. A scientist-encyclopedist, he stood at the origins of many scientific schools formed at Kazan University. Fuchs - the first professor of mineralogy, one of the first university physicians, zoologists. An excellent doctor-practitioner, he enjoyed wide popularity. And at the same time he is a historian, archaeologist, ethnographer, numismatist, traveler, collector.

In 1807 Christian Fren was appointed as an ordinary professor at Kazan University in the Department of Ancient Oriental Languages. He was the first professor of Oriental languages ​​at Kazan University, taught Arabic and Persian. Fren is rightly considered the founder of scientific orientalism at Kazan University, the first numismatist.

At the same time, John Braun, an Austrian scientist, a graduate of the University of Vienna, was invited as an ordinary professor at the Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Forensic Medicine. He had the honor of being the first elected rector of Kazan University (1813-1814).

In 1807 The German scientist Martin Bartels was invited to the chair of pure mathematics. An encyclopedically educated mathematician, a friend of K. Gauss, upon his arrival in 1808. started lecturing. During his twelve years pedagogical activity at Kazan University he read the history of mathematics, higher arithmetic, differential and integral calculus, analytical geometry and trigonometry, spherical trigonometry, analytical mechanics, and astronomy.

In 1808 Kaspar Renner, a graduate of the University of Göttingen, was appointed tenured professor in the Department of Applied Mathematics. "Renner was a calm and even nature, who lived in the same mental interests. The mind is accurate and deeply educated, accustomed to the strict logic of mathematical formulas, the completeness of the content of his lectures, read in an elegant French- all this remained in the memory of his first listeners, who always remembered him with respect.

In 1810 at the department, the natural scientist, poet and teacher Xavier Broner was approved as an ordinary professor of theoretical and experimental physics.

In the same year, Joseph Littrov, a graduate of Prague University, was invited to the post of professor of astronomy at Kazan University. During his stay in Kazan, Littrov tried to raise the teaching of astronomy to a high level. In 1811 Littrov s the best students- Lobachevsky and Simonov - observed a large comet in 1811. He lectured on theoretical astronomy and published a number of scientific articles. In 1814 arranged the first astronomical observatory in the courtyard of the university in the gatehouse of the botanical garden.

The history of Kazan University is rich in the names of great scientists, teachers, educators, statesmen, creators of works of literature and art who worked or studied there. The museum tells about many of them.

For more than 200 years of history, the university has given science eighty full members and corresponding members of the Academy of Sciences of the country.

The university is the center not only of science and science education, but culture and education, the emergence of book business in the region, the appearance of the first provincial newspaper, the development of theatrical life and much more are associated with it. At the university in different years studied the creator of the Soviet state V.I. Ulyanov-Lenin, writers S.T. Aksakov, L.N. Tolstoy, P.I. Melnikov-Pechersky, V.V. Khlebnikov, composer M.A. Balakirev, artist V.I. Jacobi and others.

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin dated July 30, 1996 Kazan State University included in the State code of especially valuable objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation.

In pursuance of the Decree of the President of Russia D.A. Medvedev "On the creation of federal universities in the North-Western, Volga, Ural and Far Eastern federal districts» On October 21, 2009, by order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 2, 2010, the federal state autonomous educational institution of higher professional education "Kazan (Volga region) Federal University" was created by changing the type of the existing state educational institution of higher professional education "Kazan State University. IN AND. Ulyanov-Lenin.

A week later, on April 9, 2010, by order of the Government of the Russian Federation, Gafurov Ilshat Rafkatovich was appointed rector of Kazan Federal University for a period of 5 years.