Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ( real name Ulyanov, maternal surname - Blank)
Years of life: April 10 (22), 1870, Simbirsk - January 22, 1924, Gorki estate, Moscow province
Head of the Soviet government (1917–1924).
Revolutionary, founder of the Bolshevik Party, one of the organizers and leaders of the October Socialist Revolution of 1917, chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (government) of the RSFSR and the USSR. Marxist philosopher, publicist, founder of Leninism, ideologist and creator of the 3rd (Communist) International, founder of the Soviet state. One of the most famous politicians of the 20th century.
Founder of the USSR
Biography of Vladimir Lenin
V. Ulyanov's father, Ilya Nikolaevich, was an inspector of public schools. After being awarded the Order of St. Vladimir III degree in 1882 he received the right to hereditary nobility. Mother, Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova (née Blank), was a teacher, but did not work. The family had 5 children, among whom Volodya was the third. A friendly atmosphere reigned in the family; parents encouraged the curiosity of children and treated them with respect.
In 1879 - 1887. Volodya studied at the gymnasium, which he graduated from 
gold medal.
In 1887 for preparing an attempt on the life of the emperor Alexander III the elder brother Alexander Ulyanov (Narodnaya Volya revolutionary) was executed. This event affected the lives of all members of the Ulyanov family (formerly a respected noble family was subsequently expelled from society). The death of his brother shocked Volodya, and since then he has become an enemy of the tsarist regime.
In the same year, V. Ulyanov entered the law faculty of Kazan University, but in December he was expelled for participating in a student meeting.
In 1891, Ulyanov graduated as an external student from the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. Then he came to Samara, where he began working as an assistant to a barrister.
In 1893, in St. Petersburg, Vladimir joined one of the many revolutionary circles and soon became known as an ardent supporter of Marxism and a propagandist of this doctrine in working circles. In St. Petersburg, he began an affair with Apollinaria Yakubova, a revolutionary, a friend of his older sister Olga.
In 1894 - 1895. Vladimir's first major works, "What are "friends of the people" and how they fight against the Social Democrats" and "The Economic Content of Populism", were published, in which the populist movement was criticized in favor of Marxism. Soon Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov met Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya.
In the spring of 1895, Vladimir Ilyich left for Geneva to meet with members of the Emancipation of Labor group. And in September 1895 he was arrested for creating the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class.
In 1897, Ulyanov was exiled for 3 years to the village of Shushenskoye, Yenisei province. During the exile, Ulyanov married Nadezhda Krupskaya ...
Many articles and books on revolutionary topics were written in Shushensky. The works were published under various pseudonyms, one of which is Lenin.
Lenin - years of life in exile
In 1903, the famous II Congress of the Social Democratic Party of Russia took place, during which there was a split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. He stood at the head of the Bolsheviks, and soon created the Bolshevik Party.
In 1905, Vladimir Ilyich led the preparations for the revolution in Russia. 
He directed the Bolsheviks to an armed uprising against tsarism and the establishment of a truly democratic republic.
During the revolution of 1905-1907. Ulyanov lived illegally in St. Petersburg and led the Bolshevik Party.
1907 - 1917 years were spent in exile.
In 1910, in Paris, he met Inessa Armand, with whom relations continued until Armand's death from cholera in 1920.
In 1912, at the Social Democratic Party Conference in Prague, the left wing of the RSDLP emerged as a separate party of the RSDLP(b), the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party of the Bolsheviks. He was immediately elected head of the central committee (CC) of the party.
In the same period, thanks to his initiative, the newspaper Pravda was created. Ulyanov organizes the life of his new party, encouraging the expropriation of funds (actually robbery) into the party fund.
In 1914, at the beginning of World War I, he was arrested in Austria-Hungary on suspicion of spying for his country.
After his release, he left for Switzerland, where he put forward a slogan calling for turning the imperialist war into a civil one, overthrowing the government that had drawn the state into the war.
In February 1917, I learned about the revolution that had taken place in Russia from the press. On April 3, 1917 he returned to Russia.
On April 4, 1917, in St. Petersburg, the theorist of communism outlined the program for the transition from the bourgeois-democratic revolution to the socialist one ("All Power to the Soviets!" or "April Theses"). He began preparations for an armed uprising and put forward plans to overthrow the Provisional Government.
In June 1917 passed the 1st Congress of Soviets, at which he was supported by only about 10% of those present, but he declared that the Bolshevik Party was ready to take power in the country into its own hands.
On October 24, 1917, he led the uprising in the Smolny Palace. And on October 25 (November 7), 1917, the Provisional Government was overthrown. The Great October Socialist Revolution took place, after which Lenin became chairman of the Council of People's Commissars people's commissars. He built his policy, hoping for the support of the world proletariat, but did not receive it.
At the beginning of 1918, the leader of the revolution insisted on signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. As a result, a huge part of the territory of Russia departed to Germany. The disagreement of the majority of the population of the country of Russia with the policy of the Bolsheviks led to civil war 1918 - 1922
The left-SR rebellion that took place in July 1918 in St. Petersburg was brutally suppressed. After that, a one-party system is established in Russia. Now V. Lenin is the head of the Bolshevik Party and all of Russia.
On August 30, 1918, an attempt was made on the life of the Head of the Party, he was seriously wounded. After that, the "Red Terror" was declared in the country.
Lenin developed the policy of "war communism".
The main ideas are quotes from his writings:
- The main goal of the Communist Party is the implementation of the communist revolution, followed by the construction of a classless society free from exploitation.
- There is no universal morality, but only class morality. The morality of the proletariat is that which meets the interests of the proletariat (“our morality is completely subordinated to the interests of the class struggle of the proletariat”).
- The revolution will not necessarily take place all over the world at the same time, as Marx believed. It can first occur in one, separately taken country. This country will then help the revolution in other countries.
- Tactically, the success of the revolution depends on the rapid capture of communications (post, telegraph, railway stations).
- Before building communism, an intermediate stage is necessary - the dictatorship of the proletariat. Communism is divided into two periods: socialism and communism proper.
According to the policy of “war communism”, free trade was prohibited in Russia, barter in kind (instead of commodity-money relations) and surplus appropriation were introduced. At the same time, Lenin insisted on the development of state-type enterprises, on electrification, and on the development of cooperation.
A wave of peasant uprisings passed through the country, but they were brutally suppressed. Soon, on the personal orders of V. Lenin, the persecution of the Russian Orthodox Church. About 10 million people became victims of "war communism". Russia's economic and industrial indicators have declined sharply.
In March 1921, at the Tenth Party Congress, V. Lenin put forward the program of the "new economic policy" (NEP), which slightly changed the economic crisis.
In 1922, the leader of the world proletariat suffered 2 strokes, but did not stop leading the state. In the same year, Russia was renamed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
At the beginning of 1923, realizing that a split was emerging in the Bolshevik Party, and that his state of health had worsened, Lenin wrote his Letter to the Congress. In a letter, he gave a characterization to all the leading figures of the Central Committee and proposed to remove Joseph Stalin from the post of General Secretary.
In March 1923, he suffered a third stroke, after which he became paralyzed.
January 21, 1924 V.I. Lenin died in the village. Gorki (Moscow region). His body was embalmed and placed in the Mausoleum on Red Square in Moscow.
After the collapse Soviet Union in 1991, the question was raised about the need to remove from the Mausoleum and bury the body and brain of the first leader of the USSR. In modern times, there are still discussions about this by various government officials, political parties and forces, as well as representatives of religious organizations.
V. Ulyanov also had other pseudonyms: V. Ilyin, V. Frey, Iv. Petrov, K. Tulin, Karpov and others.
In addition to all his deeds, Lenin stood at the origins of the creation of the Red Army, which won the civil war.
The only official state award that a fiery Bolshevik was awarded was the Order of Labor of the Khorezm People's Socialist Republic (1922).
Lenin's name
The name and image of V. I. Lenin was canonized by the Soviet government along with 
October Revolution and Joseph Stalin. Many cities, towns and collective farms were named after him. In every city there was a monument to him. Numerous stories about “grandfather Lenin” were written for Soviet children, the words “Leninists”, “Leniniad”, etc.
Images of the leader were on the front side of all tickets of the State Bank of the USSR in denominations from 10 to 100 rubles from 1937 to 1992, as well as 200, 500 and 1 thousand "Pavlovian rubles" of the USSR 1991 and 1992 issue.
Lenin's works
According to a poll by the FOM in 1999, 65% of the Russian population considered the role of V. Lenin in the history of the country positive, and 23% - negative.
He wrote a huge number of works, the most famous:
- "The Development of Capitalism in Russia" (1899);
- "What to do?" (1902);
- "Karl Marx (a short biographical sketch outlining Marxism)" (1914);
- "Imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism (popular essay)" (1916);
- "State and Revolution" (1917);
- "The Tasks of Youth Unions" (1920);
- "On the pogrom persecution of Jews" (1924);
- "What is Soviet power?";
- "Our Revolution".
The speeches of the fiery revolutionary are recorded on many gramophone records.
Named after him:
- Tank "Freedom Fighter Comrade Lenin"
- Electric locomotive VL
- icebreaker "Lenin"
- "Electronics VL-100"
- Vladilena (852 Wladilena) - a minor planet
- numerous cities, villages, collective farms, streets, monuments.
He was one of the key ideological inspirers October revolution 1917 and the first head of a new state created on the basis of a union of equal republics and the theory of a subsequent world revolution.
In the USSR, he was the object of incredible worship and cult. He was glorified, exalted and idealized, called a visionary, a giant of thought and a visionary genius. Today, in different sectors of society, the attitude towards him is very contradictory: for some, he is the largest political theorist who influenced the course of world history, for others, he is the author of especially cruel concepts for the destruction of compatriots, who destroyed the foundations of the country's economy.
Childhood
The future major politician was born on April 22, 1870 in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk is named after him), a city on the Volga, in an intelligent family of teachers. There were no Russians in his family: mother Maria Alexandrovna came from Germans with an admixture of Swedish and Jewish blood, father Ilya Nikolaevich - from Kalmyks and Chuvashs. He was inspecting public schools and made a very successful official career: he received the rank of real state councilor, which gave the right to a noble title. 
Mom devoted herself to raising children, of whom there were five in their family: daughter Anna, sons Alexander, Vladimir, Dmitry and the most youngest child- Maria or Manyasha, as her relatives called her. The mother of the family graduated from a pedagogical college as an external student, knew several foreign languages, played the piano and passed on to the children her knowledge and skills, including exceptional accuracy in everything.
Volodya knew Latin, French, German, English very well, and Italian a little worse. His love for languages remained with him throughout his life; shortly before his death, he began to learn Czech. In the gymnasium, he preferred philosophy, but he also had excellent marks in other disciplines.
He grew up as an inquisitive boy, he liked to arrange noisy games with his brothers and sisters: in a horse, in Indians, in soldiers. Reading Uncle Tom's Cabin, he imagined himself as Abraham Lincoln smashing the slave owners.
On last year training, in 1986, his father died. A year later, their family suffered another ordeal - the execution of brother Alexander by hanging. The young man was good in the natural sciences, so the terrorists who were preparing an assassination attempt on Alexander III recruited him to create an explosive device. In the case, Ulyanov was held as one of the organizers of the attempt to assassinate the tsar.
Formation of political consciousness
After graduating from high school, the young man began to study law at Kazan University. At 17, he was not politically active. Biographers of Lenin believe that the decision to change political system was largely dictated by the death of Alexander. Deeply experiencing the death of his brother, Volodya was carried away by the idea of overthrowing tsarism. 
Soon he was expelled from the university for participating in student riots. At the request of his mother's sister, Lyubov Blank, he was exiled to the village of Kukushkino, Kazan province, and lived with his aunt for about a year. Then his political views began to take shape. He took up self-education, read a lot of Marxist literature, as well as the works of Dmitry Pisarev, Georgy Plekhanov, Sergei Nechaev, Nikolai Chernyshevsky.
The revolution of the proletariat will completely abolish the division of society into classes, and consequently, all social and political inequality.
In 1889, demonstrating her immense love and support to her son, who needed money, Maria Alexandrovna sold her house in Simbirsk and bought a farm in the Samara province for 7.5 thousand rubles. She hoped that Vladimir would find an outlet in the ground, but without the experience of farming, the family did not succeed in becoming successful. They sold the estate and moved to Samara.
In 1891, the authorities allowed Ulyanov to pass the exams for the first year of the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. A little less than a year, Vladimir was an assistant attorney. This service was boring to him, and in 1893 he left for northern capital, where he took up the practice of law and the study of the ideology of Marxism. By this time, he had finally taken shape as a person, his views had evolved: if earlier he bowed to the ideas of the populists, now he has become a supporter of the social democrats.
Road to revolution
In 1895, the young man went to Europe, where he met with members of the Russian Marxist group Emancipation of Labor. Returning to the city on the Neva, he, in partnership with Julius Martov, founded the Union of Struggle. They were engaged in the management of strikes, the release of a workers' newspaper with articles by Ulyanov, and the distribution of leaflets.We must fight religion. This is the ABC of all materialism and, consequently, of Marxism. But Marxism is not materialism that stops at the ABC. Marxism goes further. He says: one must be able to fight against religion, and for this it is necessary to explain materialistically the source of faith and religion among the masses.
Soon Vladimir was arrested and sent into exile for 3 years in the Siberian village of Shushenskoye, where he subsequently wrote more than three dozen articles. At the end of his sentence, Ulyanov went abroad. Once in Germany, in 1900 he initiated the release of the famous underground newspaper Iskra. Then he began to sign his writings and articles with the pseudonym Lenin. Vladimir Ilyich had high hopes for Iskra, believing that it would rally the divided revolutionary organizations under the banner of Marxist ideology.
In 1903, the Second Congress of the RSDLP, prepared by the revolutionary, was held in Brussels, where a split occurred between adherents of his idea of seizing power by force of arms and supporters of the classical parliamentary path - the Mensheviks, and the party program developed together with Plekhanov was adopted. In 1905, at the 1st party conference in Finland, he met Stalin for the first time.
Any extreme is not good; everything good and useful, taken to an extreme, can become and even, beyond a certain limit, necessarily becomes evil and harm.
victory in February Revolution 1917, which led to the overthrow of the monarchy, Lenin met abroad. Arriving at home, he called for an uprising against the Provisional Government. It was organized by Lev Trotsky, head of the Petrograd Soviet. On October 25, the Bolsheviks, with the support of the proletariat, seized power. Lenin headed a completely new government of the RSFSR - the Council of People's Commissars, signed decrees on land (confiscation of landowners' lands) and peace (negotiations on non-violent reconciliation of all warring countries).
After October
Devastation reigned in the country, and in the minds of the people - confusion to them chaos. Lenin signed the decree on the creation of the Red Army and the humiliating Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in order to be able to focus on internal problems. Many bright minds of the country, not appreciating his ideas, emigrated, others joined White movement. The Civil War broke out.No one is to blame if he was born a slave; but a slave who not only shies away from striving for his freedom, but justifies and embellishes his slavery, such a slave is one who evokes a legitimate feeling of indignation, contempt and disgust - a lackey and a boor.
During this period, the leader of the Bolsheviks ordered the execution of the entire royal family. Nicholas II with his wife, five of their children and close servants were killed on the night of July 16-17 in Yekaterinburg. Note that the question of Lenin's involvement in the execution of the Romanovs is still debatable.
In 1918, there were two assassination attempts on Lenin (in January and August) and the assassination of Moisei Uritsky, the chief Chekist of Petrograd. As a response to what happened, the Red Terror was organized by the authorities at the initiative of Felix Dzerzhinsky. Within its framework, the decree on death penalty, began the creation of concentration camps, practiced forced conscription into the army, pogroms of Orthodox churches.
Lenin's speech to the Red Army soldiers (1919)
The Bolsheviks introduced a tough and ineffective concept of "war communism", involving people in free public works up to 16 hours a day, confiscated food, and liquidated the market.
These actions provoked massive famine and crisis, forcing the country's leader to develop a new economic policy (NEP). She gave positive results, but he could not correct all the mistakes made because of his failing health.
Personal life of Vladimir Lenin
The first head of the USSR was married. With his chosen one, smart and dedicated Marxist Nadezhda Krupskaya, he met in 1894 during the creation of the Union of Struggle. After 4 years, they got married, legalizing their relationship in order to obtain permission to serve a link in Shushenskoye together. 
The couple did not have offspring, although people who knew them claimed that they really wanted to have at least one child. The reason for this was the unfavorable living conditions for the birth of children of a married couple (exiles, prisons, emigration), as well as the consequences of Krupskaya’s illness, who had been seriously ill “in the female part” during imprisonment.
Man needs an ideal, but human, corresponding to nature, and not supernatural.
According to researchers, until his death, the couple was connected not by intimacy, but by strong friendship. The leader considered his wife his reliable and main support in life. She repeatedly offered him freedom, in particular, so that he could marry his next mistress, Inessa Armand, with whom Nadezhda had an excellent relationship. But he always refused, did not want to let her go.
The politician was not particularly attractive, had a speech impediment - burr, but had powerful charisma, piercing eyes, could almost hypnotically influence others.
Death
In May 1922, the Bolshevik leader suffered a stroke with speech impairment and paralysis on the right side of his body. By the fall, the disease subsided, and he returned to business, demonstrating a colossal capacity for work. He spoke at the Fourth Congress of the Comintern, held a number of meetings of the Council of People's Commissars, meetings of the Politburo, wrote about two hundred business notes and orders in 2 months. But in December and then in March of the following year there were repeated strokes. Lenin moved from the capital to the residence of Gorki near Moscow, closer to nature, healing silence and fresh air.Rare footage from the funeral of Vladimir Lenin
In January 1924, there was a sharp deterioration in the health of the people's leader, and on the 21st he died of a cerebral hemorrhage. The reasons for his death were also called atherosclerosis, syphilis, a genetic disease that led to the "petrification" of the vessels of the brain, and even poisoning from a bullet. However, these are all just hypotheses.
After the death of the leader, it was decided to create a mausoleum near the Kremlin wall for his burial. By the day of the funeral on January 27, a temporary wooden burial structure was erected, where Ilyich's body was placed. Now in its place stands a mausoleum made of red brick. The embalmed leader of the peoples rests there to this day.
IN Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was born on this day. He clearly proved the role of the individual in world history.
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (the main pseudonym Lenin) was born on April 10 (22), 1870 in the city of Simbirsk. Further rare photos and little known facts from the life of the leader of the world proletariat...
Lenin is an ambiguous personality in our country. He replaced God for several generations of Soviet people, and then began to play the role of the Devil. From love to hate is often one step. Regardless of the positive or negative assessment of Lenin's activities, he is without a doubt the most significant revolutionary statesman in world history.
He is a Soviet political and statesman, founder of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks), one of the main organizers and leaders of the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia, the first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (government) of the RSFSR, the creator of the first socialist state in world history.
His short biography V rare photos(read more on wikipedia)...
Volodya Ulyanov at the age of 4 with his sister Olga. Simbirsk. 1874
I do not want to write a detailed biography of Ilyich and sort out the bones of the nationality of his ancestors. A lot of things are mixed in his blood, and yes, including Jewish ones. Vladimir's maternal grandfather was a Jew who converted to Orthodoxy - Israel Moishevich (after baptism Alexander Dmitrievich) Blank.
Israel Moishevich was a Jew baptized into Orthodoxy. His son Abel and Israel in baptism received the names of Dmitry and Alexander. The latter became the father of Maria Blanc, who was baptized in. Director medical academy(for the sake of serving in it, he became Orthodox) Blank rented an apartment on the second floor of the western wing of the Gausha house at 74/2.
Maria Blanc served as a lady-in-waiting at the imperial court. There is a legend that a young man allegedly drew attention to her. Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich, and she reciprocated. From this love affair, the eldest son of Mary was born, who was given the name Alexander - in honor of his father. When Alexander grew up, Mary revealed to him the secret of his origin, and he was offended by own father(that he did not recognize him) and decided to kill ... however, the story is very doubtful and naive, but in the spirit of that time and explains a lot ... why Volodya went the other way)))
Police photograph of V. I. Ulyanov, December 1895
How did Volodya Ulyanov and Nadezhda Krupskaya meet?
There was a myth in the USSR that it was Lenin and Stalin who made the revolution inside and out, and the rest of the revolutionaries sluggishly helped him, and sometimes even interfered with their Trotskyite position. In fact, a much greater contribution was made by Trotsky, who personally traveled to the fronts and monitored the situation on the ground, risking his life. But this is who studied for what ...
Lenin loved cars. Once the bandits dropped him out of the car, stealing the car and not realizing that Lenin himself was in front of them.
Ilyich and Nadezhda Konstantinovna.
Lenin died on January 21, 1924, Gorki estate, Moscow province. There is a version that he was slowly persecuted and not without the knowledge of Stalin ...
About mausoleums and their construction:
The Bolsheviks were the first to notice that people listen to the leader, put on an armored car with a machine gun, more attentively and do not shout out various nasty things. We still have a LOT of monuments to Lenin...
And Vladimir (Ulyanov) Lenin met in London in 1902. By this time, Lenin was the leader of the Bolsheviks, published the Iskra newspaper, and developed a plan to overthrow the government in Russia. Gymnasium graduate Vladimir Ulyanov, 1887
Vladimir Ulyanov was born in Simbirsk in the family of Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov, an inspector of public schools.
Like his older brother Alexander, Vladimir Ulyanov studied at the Simbirsk Classical Gymnasium, graduating with a gold medal in 1887.
The arrest and execution of Alexander's elder brother played a key role in shaping the political views of the future revolutionary. As a student at St. Petersburg University, he took part in the organization of the terrorist faction of the underground organization "Narodnaya Volya", participated in the preparation of the assassination attempt on Alexander III. The attempt was prevented, the organizers were arrested and executed.
Vladimir Ulyanov, who entered the first year of the law faculty of Kazan University in the same 1887, was involved in the illegal circle of the People's Will, and after three months of study he was expelled for participating in one of the student rallies against the introduction of a police regime at universities and exiled to village. Upon his return from exile, he joined a Marxist circle. He had close ties with the Narodnaya Volya.
In 1891, Ulyanov passed an external examination at St. Petersburg University for a course in the Faculty of Law, in 1892-1893 he worked as an assistant to a barrister in Samara. He organized a Marxist circle in Samara.
In 1893, Lenin moved to St. Petersburg, where he also worked as an assistant barrister, and continued to engage in propaganda activities among the workers. Here he met his future wife, Nadezhda Krupskaya.
Having studied by this time the works of Plekhanov, Marx, Engels, economic literature, statistical reports on agriculture and other available sources, Ulyanov actively wrote and even published legally, developed the program of the Social Democratic Party, formed his own doctrine political struggle:
The Russian worker, having risen at the head of all democratic elements, will overthrow absolutism and lead the Russian proletariat (alongside the proletariat of all countries) on the straight road of open political struggle to the victorious communist revolution.
Lenin V.I.
Full composition of writings. T.1, S.312
In 1895, Ulyanov went abroad, where he met with Plekhanov and other leaders of the international labor movement, upon his return, together with Martov, he united all the Marxist circles in St. Petersburg and created the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class."
A group of leaders of the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class" headed by Lenin (in the center at the table)
In the same year, all members of the group were arrested. Lenin was exiled to Siberia, to the village of Shushenskoye. Nadezhda Krupskaya followed him. Their wedding took place in Shushenskoye.
In 1900, at the end of his exile, Ulyanov left for Switzerland, where he published the Iskra newspaper. In Russia, the newspaper was distributed by propagandists in the streets, factories, and barracks. Since December 1901, Vladimir Ulyanov signs his works with the pseudonym "N. Lenin.
In 1902, due to surveillance by the German police, Iskra moved to London. Lev Bronstein will soon arrive there, having escaped from Siberian exile, having entered his last name in a fake passport. Lenin accepted him as the seventh member of the editorial board of Iskra.
The II Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party was held from July 17 to August 10, 1903. Disputes broke out at the meeting, including between Lenin and Trotsky, who opposed Lenin's plan for building a party.
For example, I personally had a big battle with Trotsky, the fight was desperate in 1903-5 ... At the London Congress, he held himself with a poseur ....
Lenin V.I.
Full composition of writings. T.47, S.137
The congress ended in a split. In the election of the leading centers of the party, Lenin received a majority, so his followers began to be called Bolsheviks. Martov, who remained in the minority, became a Menshevik.
In 1905, Lenin returned to Russia to join the open war that had begun in the country.
After the defeat of the December armed uprising, Lenin left for Switzerland. The second emigration lasted until April 1917.
After the overthrow of the Provisional Government, Lenin headed the Council of People's Commissars - the new government that was established in the country.
For guard Soviet power the state needed an army, which
Lenin V.I.
Complete Works, vol. 45, p. 345
Lenin and Stalin in Gorki, 1922Due to deteriorating health, on May 15, 1923, Lenin moved to the Gorki estate near Moscow. His closest circle of comrades often came there. However, Lenin was no longer involved in the affairs of the party, having survived several strokes.
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was a Russian statesman and political figure, the founder of the Soviet state and the Communist Party. Under his leadership, the date of birth of Lenin and the death of the leader passed - 1870, April 22, and 1924, January 21, respectively.
Political and government activities
In 1917, after arriving in Petrograd, the leader of the proletariat led the October uprising. He was elected Chairman of the SNK (Council of People's Commissars) and the Council of Peasants' and Workers' Defense. was a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. From 1918 Lenin lived in Moscow. In conclusion, the leader of the proletariat played a key role. Since 1922, it was discontinued due to a serious illness. The date of Lenin's birth and death of the politician, thanks to his active work, went down in history.
Events of 1918
In 1918, on August 30, a coup d'état began. Trotsky was not in Moscow at that time - he was on Eastern Front, in Kazan. Dzerzhinsky was forced to leave the capital in connection with the murder of Uritsky. A very tense situation developed in Moscow. Colleagues and relatives insisted that Vladimir Ilyich did not go anywhere, did not attend any events. But the leader of the Bolsheviks refused to break the schedule of speeches by the leaders of the authorities of the regions. A performance was planned in the Basmanny district, at the Grain Exchange. According to the memoirs of the secretary of the district committee of Yampolskaya, the protection of Lenin was entrusted to Shablovsky, who was then supposed to escort Vladimir Ilyich to Zamoskvorechye. However, two or three hours before the expected start of the rally, it was reported that the leader was asked not to speak. But the leader did come to the Grain Exchange. Guarded him, as expected, Shablovsky. But there were no guards at the Michelson plant.
Who killed Lenin?
Kaplan (Fanny Efimovna) was the perpetrator of the attempt on the life of the leader. From the beginning of 1918, she actively collaborated with the right SRs, who were then in a semi-legal position. Kaplan was brought to the place of speech of the leader of the proletariat in advance. She fired from a Browning almost point-blank. All three bullets fired from the weapon hit Lenin. The leader's driver, Gil, was a witness to the assassination attempt. He did not see Kaplan in the dark, and when he heard the shots, according to some sources, he was confused and did not fire back. Later, averting suspicions from himself, Gil during interrogations said that after the speech of the leader, a crowd of workers came out to the factory yard. That is what prevented him from opening fire. Vladimir Ilyich was wounded but not killed. Subsequently, according to historical evidence, the assassin was shot and her body was burned.
The deterioration of the health of the leader, moving to Gorki
In 1922, in March, Vladimir Ilyich began to have quite frequent seizures, accompanied by loss of consciousness. The following year, paralysis and speech impairment developed on the right side of the body. However, despite such a serious condition, the doctors hoped to improve the situation. In May 1923, Lenin was moved to Gorki. Here his health improved markedly. And in October, he even asked to be transported to Moscow. However, he did not stay long in the capital. By winter, the condition of the Bolshevik leader had improved so much that he began to try to write with his left hand, and during the New Year tree, in December, he spent the whole evening with the children.
Events of the last days before the death of the leader
As People's Commissar of Health Semashko testified, two days before his death, Vladimir Ilyich went hunting. This was confirmed by Krupskaya. She said that on the eve of Lenin was in the forest, but, apparently, he was very tired. When Vladimir Ilyich was sitting on the balcony, he was very pale, and fell asleep all the time in the armchair. In recent months he had not slept at all during the day. A few days before her death, Krupskaya already felt the approach of something terrible. The leader looked very tired and exhausted. He turned very pale, and his look, as Nadezhda Konstantinovna recalled, became different. But despite the warning signs, a hunting trip was planned for January 21st. According to doctors, all this time the brain continued to progress, as a result of which sections of the brain were "turned off" one after another.
Last days of life
Professor Osipov, who treated Lenin, describes this day, testifying to the general malaise of the leader. On the 20th, he had a poor appetite, his mood was sluggish. On this day, he did not want to study. At the end of the day, Lenin was put to bed. He was put on a light diet. This state of lethargy was noted the next day, the politician remained in bed for four hours. He was visited in the morning, in the afternoon and in the evening. During the day, an appetite appeared, the leader was given broth. By six o'clock there was an increase in malaise, cramps appeared in the legs and arms, the politician lost consciousness. The doctor testifies that the right limbs were very tense - it was impossible to bend the leg at the knee. Convulsive movements were also observed in the left side of the body. The attack was accompanied by an increase in cardiac activity and increased respiration. Quantity respiratory movements approached 36, and the heart was reduced at a speed of 120-130 beats per minute. Along with this, a very threatening sign appeared, which consisted in a violation of the correctness of the rhythm of breathing. This type of brain breathing is very dangerous and almost always indicates the approach of the fatal end. After some time, the condition somewhat stabilized. The number of respiratory movements decreased to 26, and the pulse to 90 beats per minute. Lenin's body temperature at that moment was 42.3 degrees. A convulsive continuous state led to this increase, which gradually began to weaken. Doctors began to harbor some hope for the normalization of the condition and favorable outcome fit. However, at 18.50, blood suddenly rushed to Lenin's face, it turned red, turned crimson. Then the leader took a deep breath, and the next moment he died. Then artificial respiration was applied. The doctors tried to bring Vladimir Ilyich back to life for 25 minutes, but all the manipulations were unsuccessful. He died of paralysis of the heart and breathing.
The mystery of Lenin's death
The official medical report indicated that the leader had progressed widespread atherosclerosis of the cerebral vessels. At one point, as a result of circulatory disorders and hemorrhage into the pia mater, Vladimir Ilyich died. However, a number of historians believe that Lenin was murdered, namely: he was poisoned. The leader's condition worsened gradually. As the historian Lurie testifies, Vladimir Ilyich suffered a stroke in 1921, as a result of which the right side of the body was paralyzed. However, by 1924 he was able to recover enough that he was able to go hunting. The neurologist Winters, who studied the medical history in detail, even testified that a few hours before his death, the leader was very active and even talked. Shortly before the fatal end, several convulsive seizures occurred. But, according to the neurologist, it was just a manifestation of a stroke - these symptoms are characteristic of this pathological condition. However, the matter was not only and not so much in the disease. So why did Lenin die? According to the conclusion of the toxicological examination, which was carried out during the autopsy, traces were found in the body of the leader. Based on this, the experts concluded that poison was the cause of death.
Versions of researchers
If the leader was poisoned, then who killed Lenin? Over time, various versions began to be put forward. The main "suspect" was Stalin. According to historians, it was he who, more than anyone else, benefited from the death of the leader. Joseph Stalin sought to become the leader of the country, and only by eliminating Vladimir Ilyich could he achieve this. According to another version of who killed Lenin, suspicion fell on Trotsky. However, this conclusion is less plausible. Many historians are of the opinion that Stalin was still the customer of the murder. Despite the fact that Vladimir Ilyich and Iosif Vissarionovich were associates, the first was against the appointment of the second as the leader of the country. In this regard, realizing the danger, Lenin, on the eve of his death, tried to build a tactical alliance with Trotsky. The death of the leader guaranteed Joseph Stalin absolute power. Quite a lot of political events took place in the year of Lenin's death. After his death, a personnel reshuffle began in the leadership apparatus. Many figures were eliminated by Stalin. New people have taken their place.
Opinions of some scholars
Vladimir Ilyich died in middle age (how many years Lenin died is easy to calculate). Scientists say that the walls of the brain vessels of the leader for his 53 years were less durable than necessary. However, the causes of destruction in brain tissue remain unclear. There were no objective provoking factors for this: Vladimir Ilyich was young enough for this and did not belong to the risk group for pathologies of this kind. In addition, the politician did not smoke himself and did not allow smokers to visit him. He was neither overweight nor diabetic. Vladimir Ilyich did not suffer from hypertension or other cardiac pathologies. After the death of the leader, rumors appeared that his body was affected by syphilis, but no evidence of this was found. Some experts talk about heredity. As you know, the date of Lenin's death is January 21, 1924. He lived a year less than his father, who died at the age of 54. Vladimir Ilyich could have a predisposition to vascular pathologies. In addition, the party leader was in a state of stress almost constantly. He was often haunted by fears for his life. There was more than enough excitement both in youth and in adulthood.
Events after the death of the leader
There is no exact information about who killed Lenin. However, Trotsky in one of the articles claimed that he had poisoned the leader Stalin. In particular, he wrote that in February 1923, during a meeting of members of the Politburo, Iosif Vissarionovich said that Vladimir Ilyich urgently required him to see him. Lenin asked for poison. The leader began to lose the ability to speak again, considered his situation hopeless. He did not believe the doctors, he was tormented, but he kept his thoughts clear. Stalin told Trotsky that Vladimir Ilyich was tired of suffering and wanted to have poison with him so that when it became completely unbearable, he would end everything. However, Trotsky was categorically against it (in any case, he said so then). This episode has confirmation - Lenin's secretary told the writer Beck about this incident. Trotsky claimed that with his words, Stalin was trying to provide himself with an alibi, planning to actually poison the leader.
Several facts refuting that the leader of the proletariat was poisoned
Some historians believe that the most reliable information in the official conclusion of doctors is the date of Lenin's death. The autopsy of the body was carried out in compliance with the necessary formalities. Took care of it general secretary- Stalin. During the autopsy, the doctors did not look for poison. But if there were insightful experts, then most likely they would put forward a version of suicide. It is assumed that the leader did not receive the poison from Stalin. Otherwise, after the death of Lenin, the successor would have destroyed all the witnesses and people who were close to Ilyich, so that not a single trace would remain. In addition, by the time of his death, the leader of the proletariat was practically helpless. Doctors did not predict significant improvements, so the likelihood of recovery was small.
Facts confirming poisoning
It should, however, be said that the version according to which Vladimir Ilyich died from poison has many supporters. There are even a number of facts confirming this. So, for example, the writer Solovyov devoted many pages to this issue. In particular, in the book "Operation Mausoleum", the author confirms Trotsky's reasoning with a number of arguments:
There are also testimonies of the doctor Gavriil Volkov. It should be said that this doctor was arrested shortly after the death of the leader. While in the detention center, Volkov told Elizaveta Lesotho - his cellmate - about what happened on the morning of January 21. The doctor brought Lenin a second breakfast at 11 o'clock. Vladimir Ilyich was in bed, and when he saw Volkov, he tried to get up and held out his hands to him. However, the strength left the politician, and he fell back on the pillows. At the same time, a note fell out of his hand. Volkov managed to hide it before the doctor Yelistratov entered and gave a sedative injection. Vladimir Ilyich fell silent, closed his eyes, as it turned out, forever. And only in the evening, when Lenin had already died, Volkov was able to read the note. In it, the leader wrote that he was poisoned. Solovyov believes that the politician was poisoned with mushroom soup, in which the dried poisonous mushroom cortinarius ciosissimus was present, which caused Lenin's quick death. The struggle for power after the death of the leader was not stormy. Stalin received absolute power and became the leader of the country, eliminating all the people he did not like. The year of Lenin's birth and death became memorable for the Soviet people for a long time.
