Figuratively expressive means of the exam table. Lexico-syntactic means. Limited vocabulary

Every day we are faced with a mass of funds artistic expressiveness, we often use them in speech ourselves, without even meaning it. We remind mom that she has golden hands; we remember bast shoes, while they have long gone out of general use; we are afraid to get a pig in a poke and exaggerate objects and phenomena. All these are paths, examples of which can be found not only in fiction, but also in oral speech each person.

What is expressiveness?

The term "paths" comes from the Greek word tropos, which in translation into Russian means "turn of speech". They are used to give figurative speech, with their help, poetic and prose works become incredibly expressive. Tropes in literature, examples of which can be found in almost any poem or story, constitute a separate layer in modern philological science. Depending on the situation of use, they are divided into lexical means, rhetorical and syntactic figures. Paths are widespread not only in fiction, but also in oratory and even everyday speech.

Lexical means of the Russian language

Every day we use words that in one way or another decorate speech, make it more expressive. Vivid tropes, examples of which are countless, are no less important than lexical means.

• Antonyms- Words that are opposite in meaning.
• Synonyms- lexical units that are close in meaning.
• Phraseologisms - stable combinations, consisting of two or more lexical units, which, according to semantics, can be equated to one word.
• Dialectisms- words that are common only in a certain territory.
• Archaisms- obsolete words denoting objects or phenomena, modern analogues of which are present in the culture and everyday life of a person.
• historicisms- terms denoting objects or phenomena that have already disappeared.

Tropes in Russian (examples)

At present, the means of artistic expression are magnificently demonstrated in the works of the classics. Most often these are poems, ballads, poems, sometimes stories and novels. They decorate speech and give it imagery.

• Metonymy- substitution of one word for another by adjacency. For example: At midnight on New Year's Eve, the whole street went out to let off fireworks.
• Epithet- a figurative definition that gives the subject an additional characteristic. For example: Mashenka had magnificent silk curls.
• Synecdoche- the name of the part instead of the whole. For example: At the faculty international relations learns and Russian, and Finn, and English, and Tatar.
• personification- the assignment of animate qualities to an inanimate object or phenomenon. For example: The weather was worried, angry, raging, and a minute later it started to rain.
• Comparison- an expression based on a comparison of two objects. For example: Your face is fragrant and pale, like a spring flower.
• Metaphor- transferring the properties of one object to another. For example: Our mother has golden hands.

Tropes in literature (examples)

The presented means of artistic expression are less often used in speech. modern man, but this does not diminish their significance in the literary heritage of great writers and poets. Thus, the litote and hyperbole are often used in satirical stories and allegory in fables. Paraphrase is used to avoid repetition in or speech.

• Litotes- artistic understatement. For example: A man with a fingernail works at our factory.
• paraphrase- replacement of a direct name with a descriptive expression. For example: The night luminary is especially yellow today (about the Moon).
• Allegory- the image of abstract objects with images. For example: Human qualities - cunning, cowardice, clumsiness - are revealed in the form of a fox, a hare, a bear.
• Hyperbola- Deliberate exaggeration. For example: My buddy has incredibly huge ears, about the size of a head.

Rhetorical figures

The idea of ​​each writer is to intrigue his reader and not demand an answer to the problems posed. A similar effect is achieved through the use of work of art rhetorical questions, exclamations, appeals, silences. All these are tropes and figures of speech, examples of which are probably familiar to every person. Their use in everyday speech is approving, the main thing is to know the situation when it is appropriate.

A rhetorical question is put at the end of a sentence and does not require a response from the reader. It makes you think about the real issues.

The incentive offer ends. Using this figure, the writer calls for action. The exclamation should also be classified under the "paths" section.

Examples of rhetorical appeal can be found in "To the Sea"), in Lermontov ("The Death of a Poet"), as well as in many other classics. It does not apply to a specific person, but to the entire generation or era as a whole. Using it in a work of art, the writer can blame or, conversely, approve of actions.

Rhetorical silence is actively used in lyrical digressions. The writer does not express his thought to the end and gives rise to further reasoning.

Syntactic figures

Such techniques are achieved through sentence construction and include word order, punctuation; they contribute to the intriguing and interesting design sentences, so every writer tends to use these tropes. Examples are especially noticeable when reading the work.

• polyunion- deliberate increase in the number of unions in the proposal.
• Asyndeton- the absence of unions when listing objects, actions or phenomena.
• Syntax parallelism- comparison of two phenomena by their parallel image.
• Ellipsis- deliberate omission of a number of words in a sentence.
• Inversion- violation of the order of words in the construction.
• Parceling- intentional segmentation of the sentence.

Figures of speech

Tropes in Russian, examples of which are given above, can be continued indefinitely, but do not forget that there is another conditionally distinguished section of means of expression. Artistic figures play an important role in written and oral speech.

Table of all trails with examples

It is important for high school students, graduates of humanitarian faculties and philologists to know the variety of means of artistic expression and the cases of their use in the works of classics and contemporaries. If you want to know in more detail what tropes are, a table with examples will replace dozens of literary critical articles for you.

The role of means of artistic expression

The use of tropes in everyday speech elevates each person, makes him more literate and educated. With a variety of means of artistic expression can be found in any literary work, poetic or prose. Paths and figures, examples of which every self-respecting person should know and use, do not have an unambiguous classification, since from year to year philologists continue to explore this area of ​​the Russian language. If in the second half of the twentieth century they singled out only metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche, now the list has grown tenfold.

Translated from the Greek "τρόπος", trope means "revolution". What do paths mean in literature? Definition taken from the dictionary by S.I. Ozhegova says: a trope is a word or figure of speech in a figurative, allegorical sense. Thus, we are dealing with the transfer of the meanings of concepts from one word to another.

Formation of trails in a historical context

The transfer of meanings becomes possible due to the ambiguity of certain concepts, which, in turn, is due to the specifics of the development of the vocabulary of the language. So, for example, we can easily trace the etymology of the word "village" - from "wooden", that is, indicating construction material from wood.

However, finding the original meaning in other words - for example, such as "thank you" (original meaning: "God save") or the word "bear" ("Knowing, knowing where the honey is") - is already more difficult.

Also, some words could retain their spelling and orthoepy, but at the same time change their meaning. For example, the concept of "philistine", understood in modern perception as a tradesman (that is, limited by material, consumer interests). In the original this concept had nothing to do with human values ​​- it indicated the territory of residence: "urban inhabitant", "rural inhabitant", that is, it denoted a resident of a certain area.

Paths in Literature. Primary and secondary meanings of the word

A word can change its original meaning not only over a long period of time, in a socio-historical context. There are also cases when a change in the meaning of a word is due to a specific situation. For example, in the phrase “fire burns” there is no path, since fire is a phenomenon of reality, and burning is its inherent property, trait. Such properties are usually called primary (basic).

Let's take another example for comparison:

"The east burns a new dawn"

(A.S. Pushkin, "Poltava").

In this case, we are not talking about the direct phenomenon of combustion - the concept is used in the meaning of brightness, colorfulness. That is, the colors of dawn in color and saturation resemble fire (from which the property “burn” is borrowed). Accordingly, we observe the replacement of the direct meaning of the concept “burning” with an indirect one, obtained as a result of an associative connection between them. In literary criticism, this is called a secondary (portable) property.

Thus, thanks to the paths, the phenomena of the surrounding reality can acquire new properties, appear from an unusual side, look more vivid and expressive. The main types of tropes in literature are as follows: epithet, simile, metonymy, metaphor, litote, hyperbole, allegory, personification, synecdoche, paraphrase(a), etc. different types tropes. Also, in some cases, there are mixed trails - a kind of "alloy" of several types.

Let's look at some of the most common tropes in the literature with examples.

Epithet

An epithet (translated from the Greek "epitheton" - attached) is a poetic definition. Unlike the logical definition (aimed at highlighting the main properties of an object that distinguish it from other objects), the epithet indicates more conditional, subjective properties of the concept.

For example, the phrase "cold wind" is not an epithet, since we are talking about an objectively existing property of the phenomenon. In this case, this is the actual wind temperature. At the same time, we should not take the phrase “the wind blows” literally. Since the wind is an inanimate being, therefore, it cannot "blow" in the human sense. It's just about moving air.

In turn, the phrase "cold look" creates a poetic definition, since we are not talking about the real, measured temperature of the look, but about its subjective perception from the outside. In this case, we can talk about the epithet.

Thus, the poetic definition always adds expressiveness to the text. It makes the text more emotional, but at the same time more subjective.

Metaphor

Paths in literature are not only a bright and colorful image, they can also be completely unexpected and far from always understandable. A similar example is such a type of trope as a metaphor (Greek "μεταφορά" - "transfer"). Metaphor takes place when an expression is used in a figurative sense, to give it a resemblance to another subject.

What are the tropes in literature, corresponding this definition? For example:

"Rainbow Plants Outfit

Kept traces of heavenly tears "

(M.Yu. Lermontov, "Mtsyri").

The similarity indicated by Lermontov is understandable to any ordinary reader and is not surprising. When the author takes as a basis more subjective experiences that are not characteristic of every consciousness, the metaphor may look quite unexpected:

"The sky is whiter than paper

rose in the west

as if crumpled flags are folded there,

dismantling slogans in warehouses"

(I.A. Brodsky "Twilight. Snow ..").

Comparison

L. N. Tolstoy singled out comparison as one of the most natural means of description in literature. Comparison as an artistic trope implies the presence of a comparison of two or more objects / phenomena in order to clarify one of them through the properties of the other. Paths like this are very common in the literature:

“Station, fireproof box.

My partings, meetings and partings "

(B. L. Pasternak, "Station");

"Takes like a bomb,

takes - like a hedgehog,

like a double-edged razor.”

(V.V. Mayakovsky "Poems about the Soviet passport").

Figures and tropes in literature tend to have a composite structure. Comparison, in turn, also has certain subspecies:

• formed with adjectives / adverbs in comparative form;
• with the help of revolutions with unions “exactly”, “as if”, “like”, “as if”, etc .;
• using turns with adjectives “similar”, “reminiscent”, “similar”, etc.

In addition, comparisons can be simple (when the comparison is carried out according to one attribute) and expanded (comparison according to a number of attributes).

Hyperbola

It is an excessive exaggeration of the values, properties of objects. “..Over there - the most dangerous, big-eyed, tailed Sea Girl, slippery, malicious and tempting” (T. N. Tolstaya, “Night”). This is not a description of some sea monster at all - so main character, Alexei Petrovich, sees his neighbor in a communal apartment.

The technique of hyperbolization can be used to mock something, or to enhance the effect of a certain feature - in any case, the use of hyperbole makes the text more emotionally saturated. So, Tolstaya could give a standard description of the girl - a neighbor of her hero (height, hair color, facial expression, etc.), which, in turn, would form a more concrete image for the reader. However, the narration in the story "Night" is conducted primarily from the hero himself, Alexei Petrovich, mental development which is inappropriate for the age of an adult. He looks at everything through the eyes of a child.

Alexei Petrovich has his own special vision of the surrounding world with all its images, sounds, smells. This is not the world to which we are accustomed - it is a kind of fusion of dangers and miracles, bright colors of the day and frightening blackness of the night. Home for Alexei Petrovich - a big ship that went on a dangerous journey. The master of the ship is mother - great, wise - the only stronghold of Alexei Petrovich in this world.

Thanks to the technique of hyperbolization used by Tolstoy in the story "Night", the reader also gets the opportunity to look at the world through the eyes of a child, to discover an unfamiliar side of reality.

Litotes

The opposite of hyperbole is the reception of litotes (or inverse hyperbole), which consists in the excessive underestimation of the properties of objects and phenomena. For example, “little boy”, “cat cried”, etc. Accordingly, such tropes in the literature as litote and hyperbole are aimed at a significant deviation of the quality of the object in one direction or another from the norm.

personification

"The beam darted along the wall,

And then slithered over me.

"Nothing," he whispered,

Let's sit in silence!"

(E.A. Blaginina, “Mom is sleeping ..”).

This technique becomes especially popular in fairy tales and fables. For example, in the play "The Kingdom of Crooked Mirrors" (V. G. Gubarev), a girl talks to a mirror as if she were a living being. In the fairy tales of G.-Kh. Andersen often "come to life" various objects. They communicate, quarrel, complain - in general, they begin to live their own lives. own life: toys (“Pig-piggy bank”), peas (“Five from one pod”), slate board, notebook (“Ole-Lukoye”), coin (“Silver Coin”), etc.

In turn, in fables, inanimate objects acquire the properties of a person along with his vices: “Leaves and Roots”, “Oak and Cane” (I.A. Krylov); "Watermelon", "Pyatak and Ruble" (S.V. Mikhalkov), etc.

Artistic tropes in literature: the problem of differentiation

It should also be noted that the specifics of artistic techniques are so diverse and sometimes subjective that it is not always possible to clearly differentiate certain tropes in literature. With examples from one or another work, confusion often arises due to their correspondence to several types of tropes at the same time. So, for example, metaphor and comparison are not always amenable to strict differentiation. A similar situation is observed with metaphor and epithet.

Meanwhile, the domestic literary critic A. N. Veselovsky singled out such a subspecies as an epithet-metaphor. In turn, many researchers, on the contrary, considered the epithet as a kind of metaphor. This problem due to the fact that some types of tropes in the literature simply do not have clear boundaries of differentiation.

Task 25 offers to find in the text and determine the means of language expressiveness.

For the successful completion of task 25 of the USE in the Russian language, we recommend:

1. Read the assignment carefully. There are hints in the wording of the task.

2. Often in the task it is written, you need to find a lexical or syntactic means. Lexical means are synonyms, antonyms, etc. Syntactic means are associated with the members of the sentence, word order. Phonetic means are assonance, alliteration or onomatopoeia, and tropes are words or expressions used in a figurative sense.

3. If in a phrase one word is italicized, then in most cases this is an epithet. When parceling and parallelism, the numbers of sentences in the task are written through "-". Homogeneous members - through ",". Colloquial, colloquial, bookish, obsolete words are given in brackets.

4. Learn the theory. If you do not know what a particular term means, you will not be able to solve this task by the method of elimination.

List of terms:

Anaphora(= monotony) - repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of one or more sentences:

August - asters,
August - stars
August - bunches
Grapes and rowan…
(M. Tsvetaeva)

Antithesis- comparison of the opposite:

I'm stupid and you're smart
Alive and I'm dumbfounded.
(M. Tsvetaeva)

Question-answer form of presentation- presentation in the form of a sequence: question-answer:

My phone rang.
- Who's talking?
- Elephant.
- Where?
- From a camel.
(K.I. Chukovsky)

Exclamatory sentence- a sentence expressing expressiveness, emotionality, evaluation of the speaker's speech. An exclamation mark is placed on a letter in exclamatory sentences. How many apples! apples!

Hyperbola- an exaggeration, for example: We haven't seen each other for a hundred years!

gradation- location homogeneous members in ascending order of the intensity of the sign, action, state, quantity, etc., enhancing the effect of the enumeration:

In the corner stood a basket with fragrant, large, ripe apples filled with sweet juice.

Dialectism- a dialect word, the use of which is limited territorially, and therefore is not included in the layer of the general literary language. Examples: veksha (squirrel), beetroot (beet), zakut (shed), kochet (rooster), cats (bast shoes), novina (severe canvas).

Inversion- changing the order of words in order to draw attention to a phrase or word:

On what seems to be a notched rope
I am a little dancer.
(M. Tsvetaeva)

And in this bewildered indignation of the "pop star" her civic immaturity, her human " undereducation».

Irony- the use of words, statements with an investment in them of the opposite meaning: Smart what!(in meaning: stupid, fool).

Contextual antonyms, contextual synonyms- words that serve as antonyms or synonyms only in this context, and in other contexts they are not.

The hut was not cold, but iced up to such an extent that it seemed to be even colder inside than outside.

Cold - cold- are not antonyms, but in this sentence, due to opposition, they are used as antonyms.

Lexical repetition- word repetition:

Wind, wind
In all God's world!
(A. Blok)

Litotes- understatement: a man with a fingernail, a boy with a finger .

Metaphor- value transfer by similarity: Golden autumn, gloomy sky, cold look .

august - grapes
grapes and rowan
rusty - August!
(M. Tsvetaeva)

Metonymy- transfer by adjacency: win gold, the audience applauded, stage Chekhov .

Name sentences- sentences with one main member - subject: Noon. The heat is terrible .

Incomplete sentences- frequency sentences in colloquial and artistic speech, in which one of the main members, clear from the context, is omitted.

She came to me yesterday (1) . She came and says ... (2).

The subject is omitted in the second sentence. she to avoid repetition and make the story more dynamic. But the subject is easy to recover from the context.

personification- endowing inanimate objects with human traits and qualities: The sky above him shuddered. The sky was frowning .

Parallelism(= use of parallel constructions) - similar syntactic arrangement of neighboring sentences:

It is not the wind that bends the branch,
not the oak forest makes noise.
That my heart is groaning
Like an autumn leaf trembles.
(Russian folk song)

I like that you are not sick of me,
I like that I'm not sick of you.
(M. Tsvetaeva)

Parceling- division of the phrase into parts, possibly into words designed as independent incomplete sentences. Often used to create the effect of a dynamic unfolding of events or their drama.

She turned away abruptly. She went to the window. I cried.

paraphrase- replacing a word with a descriptive expression: the capital of our Motherland, a city on the Neva.

Proverb- a figurative finished saying that has an edifying meaning. Usually, proverbs are characterized by a special rhythmic and intonational design, they can have poetic meter, sound repetitions, rhyme, and other features, as well as parallelism of construction. Examples: There are no comrades for the taste and color. To be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest. Learning is light and ignorance is darkness.

vernacular- words, combinations of words, forms of word formation and inflections that go beyond literary norm and giving speech the features of simplification, reduction, rudeness. It is widely used in fiction as expressive elements: just now, forever, there, here, a bastard, a dohlyatina, born, smiling, theirs, does not fit.

opposition- comparison, comparison of something in order to draw attention to the dissimilarity, opposition of signs, states, actions, etc. Opposition is at the core antitheses. Example (from the FIPI task bank):

When near Poltava the army of the Swedish king Charles XII, who had not known defeat before, who held the whole of Europe in check, was utterly defeated, it seemed to many that now nothing was impossible for Russian weapons, that miracle heroes only whistle - and the Turks will immediately throw out the white flag.

Spoken words- stylistically colored words used in colloquial speech: train, disheveled, boring . Many of these words are expressively colored.

A rhetorical question- a statement aimed not at getting an answer, finding out information, but at expressing emotions, feelings, evaluation, expression: When will it all end? Where to get patience?

Rhetorical address often precedes a rhetorical question or exclamation:

It's boring to live in this world, gentlemen! (N.V. Gogol)

Dear companions who shared the night with us! (M. Tsvetaeva)

Series of homogeneous members

Who knows what glory is!
At what price did he buy the right,
Opportunity or grace
Over everything so wise and crafty
Joke, mysteriously be silent
And call a leg a leg? ..
(A. Akhmatova)

Comparison- comparison of an object, attribute, state, etc. with another who has common feature or a feature of similarity: shop windows, like mirrors, falling in love flashed like lightning (= lightning, would stro).

Comparative turnover- a detailed comparison, introduced by comparative conjunctions like, as if, as if, as if, like (simple), like.

Poems grow like stars and like roses
How beauty...
(M. Tsvetaeva)

as right and left hand,
Your soul is close to my soul.
(M. Tsvetaeva)

Term- a word denoting the concept of any professional field of activity or science and therefore having a limited use: epithet, paraphrase, anaphora, epiphora .

Citation- using someone else's text as a quote. Examples (from the FIPI task base):

The poet said: We all prop up the sky a little". This is about the dignity of a person, his place on earth, his responsibility for himself, for everyone and for everything.

And another true word: Each person is worth exactly as much as he actually created, minus his vanity».

Emotionally evaluative words: my daughter, my little one, my sun, my enemy.

Epithet- definition:

And he, rebellious looking for storms

As if there is peace in the storm.
(M.Yu. Lermontov)

Epiphora- (general ending), repetition of a word or phrase at the end of adjacent sentences in order to draw special attention to them:

Because the stars were bigger
After all, the herbs smelled differently,
Autumn herbs.
(A. Akhmatova. "Love conquers deceitfully")

To prepare for the exam, we recommend classes with tutors online at home! All benefits are obvious! Trial lesson for free!

We wish you successful delivery exam!

Phraseological units and winged words

“sea of ​​tears”, “fast as lightning”, “lightning fast”, “numerous as sand on the seashore”, “we haven’t seen each other for a hundred years!”, “the [drunk] sea is knee-deep… [but zha - up to his ears]”, “who is old rumpled-no - that eye out! And who will forget - both!

Antique examples

Give me a foothold and I will move the Earth. Dos moipu sto, kai tan gan kinas Archimedes

Hyperbolic Metaphors in the Gospel

« Why do you look at the straw in your brother's eye, but don't see the beam in your own eye?» ( Matthew 7:1-3). In this figurative picture, a critical person proposes to remove the straw from the "eye" of his neighbor. The critic wants to say that his neighbor does not see clearly and is therefore incapable of judging sensibly, while the critic himself is prevented from judging sensibly by a whole log.

On another occasion, Jesus condemned Pharisees for what they blind guides who strain out a gnat, but swallow a camel» ( Matthew 23:24). Also, Jesus knew that the Pharisees strained wine through cloth. These champions of the rules did this in order not to accidentally swallow a mosquito and not become ceremonially impure. At the same time, figuratively speaking, they swallowed the camel people, who were also considered unclean ( Lev.11:4, 21-24).

“Faith the size of a [tiny] mustard seed” that could move a mountain is a way of emphasizing that even a little faith can do a lot ( Matthew 17:20). Camel tries to go through the eye of a needle - also hyperbole Jesus Christ, which clearly shows how difficult it is for a rich person to lead materialistic lifestyle trying to serve God Matthew 19:24).

Classics of Marxism

What a lump, huh? What a hardened human being!

- V. I. Lenin. Lev Tolstoy like a mirror of the Russian revolution

Doctrine Marx omnipotent, because it is true.

- V. I. Lenin. Three sources and three components Marxism

Prose

Ivan Nikiforovich, on the contrary, has trousers with such wide folds that if they were blown up, the whole yard with barns and buildings could be placed in them.

N. Gogol. The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich

A million Cossack hats suddenly poured into the square. …

... for one hilt of my saber they give me the best herd and three thousand sheep.

- N. Gogol. Taras Bulba

And at that very moment, couriers, couriers, couriers ... can you imagine, thirty-five thousand couriers alone!

- N. Gogol. Auditor

Poems, songs

And even if I'm a Negro of advanced years,
and then without despondency and laziness,
I would learn Russian only for
what was said to them Lenin.

- Vladimir Mayakovsky. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

I would be a wolf
gnawed out
bureaucracy.
To mandates
there is no respect.

- Vladimir Mayakovsky. Poems about the Soviet passport

I, friends, will go out to the bear without fear,
If I am with a friend, and the bear is without a friend.

Song from the movie "Secret around the world." Muses: V. Shainsky, sl. M. Tanicha

About our meeting - what is there to say,
I was waiting for her, as they are waiting natural Disasters,
But you and I immediately began to live,
Without fear of detrimental consequences! (2 times)
…
What I asked for - I did in an instant,
To me each hour wanted to do wedding night,
Because of you I jumped under the train,
But, thank God, not entirely successful ... (2 times)

... And if you were waiting for me that year,
When I was sent to dacha , -
I would steal everything for you firmament
And two Kremlin stars in addition! (2 times)

And I swear - the last one will be a bastard! -
Do not lie, do not drink - and I will forgive treason!
And I will give you Grand Theatre
AND small sports arena ! (2 times)

But now I'm not ready for the meeting -
I'm afraid of you, I'm afraid of intimate nights,
Like the inhabitants of Japanese cities
Afraid of repetition Hiroshima . (2 times)

- Vladimir Vysotsky

Well, judge for yourself: on the wires in the USA
All the hippies with hair shaved their hair
They tore off his sweater, gnawed off his watch in an instant,
And they pulled the slabs right off the runway.

- Vladimir Vysotsky

For four years we have been preparing an escape,
We saved three tons of grubs ...

Vladimir Vysotsky

In Russian, additional expressive means are widely used, for example, tropes and figures of speech.

Tropes are such speech turns that are based on the use of words in a figurative sense. They are used to enhance the expressiveness of the writer or speaker.

Tropes include: metaphors, epithets, metonymy, synecdoche, comparisons, hyperbole, litotes, paraphrase, personification.

Metaphor is a technique in which words and expressions are used in a figurative sense based on analogy, similarity or comparison.

And my tired soul is embraced by darkness and cold. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

An epithet is a word that defines an object or phenomenon and emphasizes any of its properties, qualities, signs. Usually an epithet is called a colorful definition.

Your thoughtful nights transparent dusk. (A S. Pushkin)

Metonymy is a means of replacing one word with another on the basis of adjacency.

The hiss of frothy goblets and punch blue flames. (A.S. Pushkin)

Synecdoche - one of the types of metonymy - the transfer of the meaning of one object to another on the basis of the quantitative relationship between them.

And it was heard until dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced. (M.Yu. Lermontov)

Comparison is a technique in which one phenomenon or concept is explained by comparing it with another. Comparative conjunctions are usually used in this case.

Anchar, like a formidable sentry, stands alone in the whole universe. (A.S. Pushkin).

Hyperbole is a trope based on the excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object or phenomenon.

For a week I won’t say a word to anyone, I’m all sitting on a stone by the sea ... (A. A. Akhmatova).

Litota is the opposite of hyperbole, an artistic understatement.

Your spitz, lovely spitz, is no more than a thimble ... (A.S. Griboedov)

Personification is a means of transferring the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones.

Silent sadness will be consoled, and joy will reflect friskyly. (A.S. Pushkin).

Paraphrase - a trope in which the direct name of an object, person, phenomenon is replaced by a descriptive turn, which indicates the signs of an object, person, phenomenon that is not directly named.

"King of beasts" instead of a lion.

Irony is a technique of ridicule, containing an assessment of what is ridiculed. In irony there is always a double meaning, where the true is not directly stated, but implied.

So, in the example, Count Khvostov is mentioned, who was not recognized by his contemporaries as a poet because of the mediocrity of his poems.

Count Khvostov, a poet beloved by heaven, was already singing with immortal verses of the misfortune of the Neva banks. (A.S. Pushkin)

Stylistic figures are special turns that go beyond the necessary norms for creating artistic expression.

It must be emphasized once again that stylistic figures make our speech informationally redundant, but this redundancy is necessary for the expressiveness of speech, and therefore for a stronger impact on the addressee.

These figures include:

And you, arrogant descendants…. (M.Yu. Lermontov)

A rhetorical question is such a structure of speech in which the statement is expressed in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer, but only enhances the emotionality of the statement.

And over the fatherland of enlightened freedom will the longed-for dawn finally rise? (A. S. Pushkin)

Anaphora is the repetition of parts of relatively independent segments.

As if you curse the days without a light,

As if gloomy nights scare you ...

(A. Apukhtin)

Epiphora - repetition at the end of a phrase, sentence, line, stanza.

Dear friend, and in this quiet house

The fever hits me

Can't find me a place in a quiet house

Near peaceful fire. (A.A. Blok)

Antithesis is an artistic opposition.

And the day, and the hour, both in writing and orally, for the truth yes and no ... (M. Tsvetaeva)

An oxymoron is a combination of logically incompatible concepts.

You are the one who loved me with the falseness of truth and the truth of lies ... (M. Tsvetaeva)

Gradation is a grouping of homogeneous members of a sentence in a certain order: according to the principle of increasing or weakening emotional and semantic significance

I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ... (With A. Yesenin)

Silence is a deliberate interruption of speech, based on the guess of the reader, who must mentally finish the phrase.

But listen: if I owe you ... I own a dagger, I was born near the Caucasus ... (A.S. Pushkin)

Polyunion - the repetition of the union, perceived as redundant, creates the emotionality of speech.

And for him resurrected again: and the deity, and inspiration, and life, and tears, and love. (A. S. Pushkin)

Non-union is a construction in which unions are omitted to enhance expression.

Swede, Russian, cuts, stabs, cuts, drumming, clicks, rattle ... (A.S. Pushkin)

Parallelism is the identical arrangement of speech elements in adjacent parts of the text.

Some houses are as long as the stars, others as long as the moon .. (V. V. Mayakovsky).

Chiasmus is a cross arrangement of parallel parts in two adjacent sentences.

Automedons (coachman, charioteer - O.M.) are our strikers, our troikas are indomitable ... (A.S. Pushkin). Two parts complex sentence in the example, in order of arrangement of the members of the sentence, they are, as it were, in a mirror image: Subject - definition - predicate, predicate - definition - subject.

Inversion - the reverse order of words, for example, the location of the definition after the word being defined, etc.

At the frosty dawn under the sixth birch, around the corner, by the church, wait, Don Juan... (M. Tsvetaeva).

In the above example, the adjective frosty is in the position after the word being defined, which is the inversion.

To check or self-control on the topic, you can try to guess our crossword

Materials are published with the personal permission of the author - Ph.D. O.A. Maznevoy