Materials of the book "Ukraine. Coats of arms and flags" (Kyiv, Parliamentary publishing house).
The modern coat of arms of Chernigov was approved by the Decision of the Executive Committee of the Chernigov City Council of People's Deputies dated December 1, 1992 No. 332 "On the coat of arms of the city of Chernigov". The decision was accompanied by a lengthy note explaining the symbolism of the eagle:
"This development of the coat of arms of the city of Chernihiv is the result of a process of studying, summarizing and using available historical sources to reproduce a more advanced highly artistic model of the coat of arms.
The main reasons that necessitated the creation of a new modification of the historical coat of arms are:
a) low artistic and executive level of the existing image;
b) the lack of a clearly defined identity in existing images;
c) inconsistency with modern generally accepted requirements heraldry;
d) lack of proportional completeness.
When developing a new variation of the coat of arms, an analysis and comparison of both the common features in the existing historical images of the Chernihiv coat of arms and emblems, and an assessment of the distinctive features were made.
Based on the data obtained, a composite holistic image was created.
The following artistic solution allowed creating an image with a more pronounced originality and historicity. At the same time, it was possible to achieve artistic expressiveness, refinement and proportionate completeness. The advantage of such elegant solutions in heraldry has always been a combination of rigor and refinement of lines.
The historical coat of arms of the city of Chernigov is a silver coat of arms, against which a black single-headed eagle with specifically spread wings is depicted. A proudly stretched neck, a high head, an open beak with an ejection of the tongue symbolize the all-conquering and life-affirming beginning, strength, triumph. Widely spaced paws, traditional for the image of the Chernihiv eagle, complement the overall impression of strength and courage. In the left paw of the eagle there is a golden cross, symbolizing the spiritual foundations, significance and influence of Christianity in the centuries-old life of the city, one of the most influential spiritual centers of our Motherland, which provided an inexhaustible galaxy of ascetics of Orthodoxy.
The head of the eagle is crowned with a golden five-pointed tower (city) crown - a symbol of the belonging of this coat of arms to the city.
The image of a black eagle in the Chernihiv coat of arms has the most stable character. Its antiquity is evidenced by the presence of the image of a double-headed black eagle as an emblem of the Chernihiv principality as early as the 10th century. Hypothetically, the story of the appearance of the eagle as a symbol of the Chernihiv land can be hypothetically recreated by the ancient Russian heroic epic epic, where the eagle is a bird of things.
The existence of an eagle as an emblem of the Chernihiv Principality is confirmed by the fact of the image of an eagle on the horn of the tour horn from the Black Grave mound (X century), as well as the image of a two-headed eagle carved from stone on the walls of the stone chambers of the tomb of the Chernigov princes - the Borisoglebsky Cathedral, built in 1123 by the Chernigov prince David - Gleb Svyatoslavich.
According to B.A. Rybakov, the epic prophetic bird - the eagle - was already depicted on the sacred rhyton in the middle of the 10th century. A.F.Shafonsky, examining this coat of arms, noted the prescription of his image: "This coat of arms from the most Russian princes to the ruin of the Tatar was introduced."
There is another argument in favor of the existence of an eagle as an emblem of the Chernihiv land. Thus, genealogical studies show that numerous descendants of the Chernigov prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, the ancestor of the Svyatoslav dynasty, had a black double-headed eagle as a constantly present emblem in their family coats of arms. Thus, the above data and their analysis testify in favor of the fact that the emblem of the Chernihiv principality in pre-Mongolian times was the image of a black eagle.
The invasion of the Batu hordes slowed down the development of emblems and symbols, but did not completely destroy them. The black double-headed eagle received further development as an emblem only at the foundation of the Chernihiv Voivodeship.
In 1633, the Polish Sejm approved the coat of arms of the Chernihiv Voivodeship - a black eagle. As we can see, the old emblem of the Chernihiv Principality turned out to be so stable that after several centuries it passed and was officially fixed as the main emblem in the coat of arms of the voivodship.
In the period after the reunification of Ukraine with Russia, the appearance of a single-headed eagle, with a cross in its left paw, dates back to 1672. The transformation of a double-headed eagle into a single-headed eagle has its own logical explanation. The state emblem of the Russian state from the second half of the 15th century. in its image has a double-headed eagle. Of course, the complex monarchical symbolism of the state emblem, according to the king of arms, who were involved in the creation of new and revision of the old city emblems, was unacceptable for the emblem of a provincial city.
Given this, the image of the double-headed eagle in the coat of arms of Chernigov was replaced by a single-headed one.
In subsequent centuries, up to the events of October 1917, the Chernihiv coat of arms undergoes a number of modifications, but at the core it retains the semantic content, attributes and color symbols. At the same time, the color symbolism of the Chernihiv coat of arms remained stable throughout the history of its existence and is the most organic for our city."
Coat of arms of the city of Chernihiv (project, 1859)
Description:Description:
In 1859, according to the rules developed by B.Kene, a draft coat of arms of the city of Chernihiv was drawn up:
In a silver field, a black crowned eagle holding a long golden cross in the claws of its left foot, inclined to the right corner of the shield, the claws of the eagle are golden, the tongue is scarlet. The shield is topped with a golden tower crown and surrounded by golden ears of corn connected by the Alexander ribbon. Thus, the eagle on the city coat of arms was turned to the “heraldically correct” right side and the framing of the provincial city (crown and wreath) was added
Coat of arms of the city of Chernihiv (1782)
Acceptance date: 04.06.1782
Description:
A single-headed black eagle crowned with a gold crown, holding a gilded cross in its left claw, in a silver field.
Acceptance date: 1623
Description:
Coat of arms of the city of Chernihiv (1623)
Sources: A.Grechilo, Y.Savchuk, I.Svarnik "Coat of arms of Ukraine (XIV-I half of XX century)"
Flag Chernihiv region
Acceptance date: 11.07.2000
Description:
The flag of the Chernihiv region is a green rectangular panel with an aspect ratio of 2:3, in the middle of which there is a white horizontal strip 1/5 of the width of the flag. In the upper left part of the flag there is an image of a black double-headed eagle with red paws and tongues, golden eyes and weapons (beaks and claws), and on their heads. by golden open crown. On the chest of the eagle there is a blue shield with a golden frame, on which the golden sign of Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich is visible. On the flag, two green stripes denote two geographical zones of the Chernihiv region - Polissya and Forest-steppe. The white stripe symbolizes the Desna River, which separates them.
Coat of arms of the Chernihiv region
Acceptance date: 11.08.2000
Description:
The coat of arms of the Chernihiv region is a silver shield with a black crowned double-headed eagle with scarlet paws and tongues, golden eyes, beaks, claws and crowns. In an azure breastplate with a gold edging, there is a gold badge of the founder of the Grand Duchy of Chernigov, Mstislav Vladimirovich.
The city of Chernigov was first mentioned in Russian chronicles under 907 in the text of an agreement between the prince and. However, it is obvious that by this time the city already existed as a settlement of northerners. The Chernigov Principality was formed in 1023 or 1024, when the Tmutarakan prince occupied Chernigov. tried to take possession of Kiev, but preferred to make peace with. According to the agreement of 1026, the Russian land was actually divided by the Dnieper into two parts: the right bank belonged to the Kyiv prince, and the left bank belonged to Chernigov. died childless, and Chernigov was again annexed to Kyiv. However, shortly before his death, distributing inheritances to his sons, he again singled out Chernigov as a separate principality. It got it, from which the family of Chernigov princes went. From two sons - and - two branches of the Chernigov princes, Davydovichi and Olgovichi, went. In the 11th-12th centuries, their representatives claimed seniority among the Rurikids and participated in the internecine struggle for the Kiev great table. The older branch, the Davydovichi, died out in 1166. The youngest, Olgovichi, was divided into two more: descendants and Olgovichi.
The Chernihiv table was considered the second most "prestigious" princely table. Ancient Rus' after Kyiv. A prince usually sat on it, the second in seniority among the Rurikovichs according to the right of the ladder. In terms of size, Chernigov was practically not inferior to Kyiv. The views of travelers coming to the city opened up a majestic and unusually beautiful view: above the low log buildings towered, sparkling with gold, the domes of temples, towers of towers and princely courtyards.
By the beginning of the 13th century, the Chernigov Principality occupied a vast territory, mainly on the left bank of the Dnieper. His possessions extended northeast to Murom and Ryazan and southeast to the Great Steppe. In addition to Chernigov, on the territory of the principality there were such big cities like Novgorod-Seversky, Starodub, Bryansk, Putivl, Kursk, Lyubech, Glukhov, Chechersk and Gomel. In 1239, Chernigov was ravaged by the Mongol-Tatars and fell into decay. After the death of the prince in 1246, the Chernigov principality broke up into destinies:, and. Chernigov, devastated by the Tatars, could no longer fulfill the functions of a capital city, and the princely table was transferred to Bryansk: local rulers began to bear the title of princes of Bryansk and grand princes of Chernigov. In the XIV century, the fragmentation of the Chernihiv-Seversky lands into small destinies continued. In 1357, Bryansk was captured by the Grand Duke of Lithuania. lost its independence, but for some time retained autonomy in the composition. The last prince of Bryansk and the Grand Duke of Chernigov was killed in 1401 during the uprising in Smolensk.
During the XIV century, the rest of the inheritances of the Chernigov Principality were liquidated, and their rulers became the service princes of the Grand Duke of Lithuania. In the middle of the 15th century, some former Chernihiv lands were granted to the princes who fled to from, as a result of which such specific principalities as, were restored. However, already in the fifteenth XVI centuries the descendants of the specific princes returned under the jurisdiction, retaining their possessions, but becoming simple service princes.
Chernihiv princes
| 1023-1036 | |
| Under the direct control of Kyiv | 1036-1054 |
| 1054-1073 | |
| (1) | 1073-1076 |
| (1) | 1076-1077 |
| (1) | 1077 |
| (2) | 1077-1078 |
| (2) | 1078 |
| (2) | 1078-1094 |
| 1094-1096 | |
| 1097-1123 | |
| 1123-1127 | |
| 1127-1139 | |
| 1139-1151 | |
| (1) | 1151-1154 |
| (1) | 1154-1155 |
| (2) | 1155-1157 |
| (2) | 1157-1164 |
| 1164-1177 | |
| 1177-1198 | |
| 1198-1202 | |
| 1202-1204 | |
| 1204-1210 | |
| 1210-1214 | |
| 1214-1219 | |
| 1219-1223 | |
| (1) | 1223-1235 |
Chernihiv is one of the oldest cities in Ukraine (the first annalistic mention was in 907), in 1623 it received the status of a Magdeburg city, that is, the right to city self-government. external attributes of this right were the seal, coat of arms and flag.
IN historical science there was no consensus on the symbols of Chernigov and the Chernigov-Siversky land. V. Rumyantseva believes that the emblem of the Chernihiv Principality has long been a double-headed eagle. However, B. Rybakov, having studied the epics of the Chernihiv cycle, argued that initially it was a prophetic raven, or, alternatively, a fantastic creature Semargl. In favor of these hypotheses, as well as other similar ones, one can find enough arguments, especially since the emblems have changed over the centuries. Perhaps the raven is an earlier emblem, which was transformed into an eagle under the influence of close ties between the Chernigov principality and Byzantium through Tmutarakan in the 11th century. It is pertinent to note that Grand Duke Chernigov Mstislav Vladimirovich used a generic sign, which looked like a trident. He himself began the construction of one of the oldest stone temples in the territory of Eastern Europe- Chernigov Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Savior, where he was buried in 1036. It was he who, after the famous battle of Listven (near Chernigov) in 1024, where he defeated the army of the Grand Duke of Kiev Yaroslav the Wise, founded the Grand Duchy of Chernigov.
Another digression regarding the coat of arms of the Chernihiv land - the black eagle, namely its color. It can be assumed that it is not random. Historian A. Tolochko writes: “Different sides of the border are marked with different colors. Our side is light, the other side is dark. The opposition of "bright", "red" Rus' to a dark, unknown field is one of the main coloristic dominants of ancient Russian literature. The color code, however, is not the only one. It has its immediate continuation in the signs of the cardinal points, where the south (light) corresponds to its own, the north (darkness) to the alien. At the dawn of ancient Russian statehood, it was in this way that the glades were aware of their northern neighbors, the northerners, associating black paint with them, and at the same time the concept of the geographical north, cold. It can be argued that the idea of maximum ethnic alienation is necessarily associated with the Black North "
In this case, the position of the heraldists of the Commonwealth becomes understandable, who in the 17th century. argued that the double-headed black eagle is an ancient emblem of the Chernihiv land, on the basis of which the Polish Sejm in 1633 approved the coat of arms of the Chernihiv Voivodeship. They became a black double-headed eagle with spread wings under the royal crown and the monogram of Prince Vladislav on his chest (it is interesting that in the 30s of the 17th century there was another coat of arms associated with Chernihiv region. This is a Chase or a rider in armor. It was placed on the seal of Chernigov zemstvos).
Unfortunately, we do not know the arguments of the heraldists regarding the prescription of the eagle as the emblem of the Chernihiv region. And indeed, were they? We must not forget that the Chernihiv lands were a disputed territory between the Commonwealth and the Moscow state, and hence all sorts of attempts by both states in one way or another to tie them to themselves. Perhaps the black double-headed eagle was planned as a counterbalance to the Moscow one. Look, in the Commonwealth there are lands that have an eagle in the coat of arms since pre-Mongolian times, in contrast to the later, borrowed from Byzantium, Moscow. In addition, the black eagle echoed the Polish white. Thus, they proved that the Chernihiv lands as part of the Commonwealth are an integral part of it, and Moscow has no rights to them.
Approached this issue differently. opposite side. It is known that in the 17th century there was no coat of arms in the generally accepted sense in the Muscovite state, and those images that we see on the royal seal can be considered as emblems (and nothing more), which emphasized the idea that Moscow is a collector of Russian lands . It is interesting to note that on the seal of Ivan IV the emblem of the Chernihiv land is an oriental sword or saber, on the platter of Alexei Mikhailovich it is a white deer on a green background. As you can see, in the Russian tradition, the emblem of the Chernihiv lands was unstable, which is explained by the weakness of Russian heraldry, which, as a science, began to develop only in the 18th century, and in the 17th century. Moscow officials had to either create artificial emblems or use the developments of more experienced Western heraldists, making their own modifications. Therefore, the Chernihiv eagle in 1672 becomes one-headed. And a cross appears in his paws, serving as a reminder that the Chernihiv lands near Kiev were the cradle of Christianity in Rus'. The eagle “lost” its head, since the double-headed Byzantine eagle was the national emblem of the Moscow State, and from the point of view of Moscow officials it was unacceptable that Chernigov, an ancient, but provincial city, which was part of the Commonwealth for a certain time, had such an emblem. . Thus, the black eagle established itself as the coat of arms of the Chernihiv-Siversky land.
While the city coat of arms of Chernihiv, we can only consider the image of St. Vladislav. In 1623, Sigismund III, by his privilege, granted the Magdeburg Law to the city, where, among other things, the city coat of arms was approved: “... we appoint St. The administrator of the Chernihiv-Seversky land at that time was Prince Vladislav, in the future King Vladislav IV, and Saint Vladislav was his patron. Here it is necessary to remember the traditions Kievan Rus, its princes, who placed images of their patron saints on the seals. Why was the saint in military gear? Chernihiv is a border town, by the way, just like now. Again, analogies: the image of an armed warrior is seen on the princely seals of Kievan Rus. The heraldists of the Commonwealth knew their business well and provided a solid base for their developments. Image of St. Vladislav existed on the city seal of Chernigov from 1623 to 1782, i.e. 159 years (in the XVII-XVIII centuries, the concept of "city coat of arms" and "city seal" were identical.
The decree of the Senate of 1730, which some researchers refer to, refers to the approval of the military emblem and the confirmation of the old land emblem of Chernihiv region, and not the city of Chernigov. This is convincingly evidenced by the data of sphragistics. The seal of the Chernigov regiment depicts a black single-headed eagle with a cross, and the city seal depicts St. Vladislav (we should not forget about the complex relationship between the Cossack and city self-government in the Hetmanate.
Today, 61 prints of the seal of the city of Chernigov are known, their descriptions, photographs with chronological frames of 1658-1782. All depict St. Vladislav. 52 prints (1769-1781) were described by N. Grabovaya. She interprets St. Vladislav as an armed Cossack. We have a similar interpretation in the description of the press of 1692, placed in the Chernigov Provincial Gazette of 1857, part neof. to number 18.
The figure of St. Vladislav existed on the city seal until 1782, when the city coat of arms was approved by decree of Catherine II - a black eagle under a crown with a cross in its paw. Why did St. Vladislav suit everyone for 159 years, but not in 1782? Probably, the Russian empress, one of the initiators of the divisions of the Commonwealth, used every opportunity to destroy any memory that the Russian lands were part of this state. In addition, we should not forget that this coat of arms reminded of the special status of the city, its Magdeburg law, which caused rejection in autocratic feudal Russia.
The line of leveling the identity of the conquered peoples was also pursued by other emperors. Recall the decree of Paul I, which demanded that the image on the city and other seals of Ukraine be replaced with National emblem Russian Empire.
However, the black eagle remained the coat of arms of Chernigov and the Chernigov province until October revolution. After her, from 1917 to 1969, Chernihiv did not have not only a coat of arms, but also no emblem at all.
On March 15, 1969, the first session of the 12th convocation of the Chernihiv City Council approved a new “coat of arms” - “the basis of the coat of arms is a silver shield of the Slavic form, symbolizing the antiquity of the city and its important defensive significance in the past, at the top of the shield there is an inscription in Old Slavonic font - “Chernigov”, below - a sickle and hammer, symbolizing peaceful labor and the inviolability of the alliance between the working class and the peasantry. The central red-azure plane of the shield, reproducing the colors of the flag of the Ukrainian SSR, is divided by a golden ear of wheat, which emphasizes that Chernihiv is the center of a region with a developed agriculture. Against the azure background, the silhouette of an ancient cannon is depicted, it reminds that Chernigov was a fortress in the past on the southwestern borders of Russia: on red, a silver image of a retort and a spool, which symbolizes industrial development modern city. Crossing the azure and red background of the plane, the waves of the Desna wind, on the banks of which the city is spread.
As you can see, there are many violations of heraldic principles in this emblem, therefore, naturally, with the creation of sovereign Ukraine, among other things, the question arose of restoring the old historical coat of arms of Chernihiv. A commission was set up to study this issue. A competition for the best graphic design of the coat of arms has been announced. There were speeches on city television, publications in the press. But it immediately catches the eye that the first historical coat of arms of Chernigov, St. Vladislav, was completely ignored. A coat of arms with an eagle was submitted for consideration by the session of the City Council, but it rejected this project several times, saying that it comes from Russia, tsarism, etc.
The deputies did not have enough knowledge of the history of their native city. Finally, they decided to submit this issue for consideration by the executive committee, and by its decision No. 332 of December 1, 1992, it decided: “to approve the coat of arms of the city according to the description and drawing that are attached,” that is, an eagle with a cross. The author of the modification and description of this coat of arms is the turner of the Chernigov Radio Instrument Plant V. M. Sergeev.
Here is what he writes: “The historical coat of arms of Chernigov is a silver heraldic shield, against which a black single-headed eagle with specifically cocked outstretched wings is depicted. A proudly stretched neck, a high head and an open beak with a tongue thrown out symbolize the all-conquering and life-affirming beginning, strength, and jubilation. Widely spaced paws, traditional for the image of the Chernihiv eagle, complement the overall impression of strength and courage. In the left paw of the eagle there is a golden cross, symbolizing the spiritual beginning, the significance and influence of Christianity in the centuries-old life of the city, one of the most significant spiritual centers of our fatherland, which gave an inexhaustible galaxy of ascetics of Orthodoxy. The head of the eagle is crowned with a golden five-pointed tower (city) crown - a symbol of the belonging of this coat of arms to the city.
The aspect ratio is 1:1.2. The tongue and eyes of the eagle are red, the beak and paws are golden. V. Sergeev gives the rationale for the eagle according to V. Rumyantseva, but in a very categorical form. He presents debatable arguments as generally accepted and unconditional, while completely ignoring St. Vladislav, who was the coat of arms of the city for 159 years. In addition, the eagle loses the grand ducal crown, which in the pre-revolutionary image emphasized the special status of Chernihiv. It should not be forgotten that Vladimir Monomakh, Svyatoslav Yaroslavich and other princes reigned here, then they occupied the grand prince's table in Kyiv.
Not less than interesting story city flag of Chernihiv. In Ukraine, the first mention of city flags is found in the privileges of Sigismund I the Old to the Lviv townspeople on the city coat of arms dated 01/27/1526. (1620), Ostru (1662).
Some city flags have survived to this day. The military museum of Stockholm keeps the flags of Kyiv and Lvov. They came to Sweden as war trophies.
A description of the Chernihiv flag was made in 1786 by Athanasius Shafonsky: “The magistrate of Chernigov has, according to the old tradition, a special magistrate banner, which is used in ceremonial exits in common with guilds, is triangular, and consists of a blue damask. On one side is an image of the Transfiguration of the Lord; on the sides of this image on the right is the prophet Moses, and on the left is the prophet Elijah, at the foot of it are the Holy Apostle John, the Apostle Peter and the Apostle James; on the other side is the former magistrate's coat of arms. The border of the onago is a banner of a yellow damask, along the edges of which, instead of a braid, gold and silver leaf stripes are trimmed with silk lace. At the top of the shaft is a wooden gilded mace and above it is the same cross. In total, A. Shafonsky described 34 flags - two city (Chernigov, Priluki), 32 shop (Zenkov, Priluki, Nizhyn, Borzna, Berezne, Chernigov).
The work of A. Shafonsky allows us to trace the main, character traits urban and closely related guild banners of the Hetmanate.
Cloth color:
- Red (16 flags);
— Green (8 flags);
— Blue (6 flags);
- Yellow (4 flags).
Blanket shape:
- triangle - five flags;
- "double" - two;
- The rest are not indicated, but we assume that they were rectangular.
Plots:
- Mother of God - 8 copies.
- Emblems - 7
- Cover - 6
- Epiphany - 5
— Arch. Michael - 5
- Vm. George - 5
- St. Luke - 3
- Cross - 3
- Workshop attributes - 8
- Kuzma and Demyan - 3
- Sunday - 2
- Monogram - 2
- John the Baptist - 2
- Annunciation - 2
- Nicholas the Wonderworker - 2
- Elijah the Prophet - 2
- George the Victorious - 2
- Holy Spirit - 1
- Transformation - 1
- Vm. Stratilat - 1
- Trinity - 1
- Jesus Christ - 1
- Ascension - 1
– Myrrhbearers – 1
- Arch. Gabriel - 1
– St. Demetrius – 1
– Ap. Peter and Pavel – 1
– St. Boris and Gleb – 1
- The position of the robes of the Virgin - 1
As you can see, Christian emblems prevail.
Flagstaff tip:
- Mace with a cross - 2
- Mace with a spear - 1
- Cross - 1
- Spear - 6
- Spear with an ax (halberd) - 6
Therefore, the most popular and traditional form the tip of the flagpole was a spear.
Let us pay attention to the fact that the edge of the cloth was sheathed with a border, and the indicated plots were painted with paints. The embroidery technique, unlike church things, was not used.
It should be noted that the image of an armed warrior on the Chernihiv flag should, in our opinion, be interpreted more broadly than just as St. Vladislav.
Before us is a generalized image of the defender of his native land. The origins of this image reach the times of Kievan Rus. We see something similar on princely seals. You can consider this drawing as the personification of the legendary founder of Chernigov, Prince Cherny. The following fact should also be taken into account. In 1625, a Cossack detachment was created to protect Chernigov (by the way, this is the first documentary mention of the Chernigov Cossacks, except for the news of the legendary Snovskaya Sich). So, the interpretation of St. Vladislav as a Cossack also has a historical basis.
Regarding the plot of the "Transfiguration of the Lord", it is also not accidental. After all, in Chernihiv there is the oldest stone temple of the Eastern Slavs - the Transfiguration Cathedral of the 11th century. and for the people of Chernihiv it has always been the main center of faith and spirituality.
Igor Syty
Candidate of Historical Sciences,
member of the Council of the Ukrainian Heraldic Society,
senior researcher of Chernihiv historical museum named after V. V. Tarnovsky
Heraldry
Coat of arms
Chernihiv region
The heraldic shield has the shape of a rectangle with a semicircle at the base. The field of the shield is crossed into silver and green. In a silver field - the coat of arms of the city of Chernihiv. In green - a crossed flag and a saber, and above them are six golden stars.
The shield is framed by a golden cartouche with an ornament of ears of corn.
The silver color of the shield reflects the peacefulness, nobility and sincerity of the inhabitants of the area.
The green color is a symbol of the beauty of the Polissya land and its natural resources.
The eagle, the coat of arms of the city of Chernihiv, symbolizes fidelity to the ancient heraldic tradition, interrupted in 1917, testifies to the capital status of the region.
The crossroads of the Cossack Chernihiv regimental banner with a saber is a symbol of courage and steadfastness of the defenders of the earth for centuries, a symbol of the border area.
Six golden stars symbolize six cities - the centers of the Cossack hundreds: Sednevskaya, Olishevskaya, regimental hundred, Slabinskaya, Roishchenskaya, Bilousko.
Flag
Chernihiv region
It is a rectangular panel with a ratio of width to length of 2:3, consisting of two equal horizontal stripes: the top one is white, the bottom one is green.
In the upper corner near the staff on a white field is the coat of arms of the district, the height of which is a third of the height of the flag.
The white stripe symbolizes loyalty, peacefulness and sincerity.
The green stripe symbolizes the abundance and wealth of the Polissya region.
Coat of arms
city of Chernihiv
The historical coat of arms of the city of Chernigov is a silver coat of arms, against which a black single-headed eagle with specifically spread wings is depicted. A proudly stretched neck, a high head, an open beak with an ejection of the tongue symbolize the all-conquering and life-affirming beginning, strength, triumph. Widely spaced paws, traditional for the image of the Chernihiv eagle, complement the overall impression of strength and courage. In the left paw of the eagle there is a golden cross, symbolizing the spiritual foundations, significance and influence of Christianity in the centuries-old life of the city, one of the most influential spiritual centers of our Motherland, which provided an inexhaustible galaxy of ascetics of Orthodoxy.
Flag
city of Chernihiv
The flag is a rectangular white panel with a ratio of 2 to 3, in the center of which there is a black single-headed crowned eagle holding a golden cross with its left paw.
Chernihiv,
Chernihiv region
Chernihiv region(ukr. Chernigivsky district) is an administrative unit in the west of the Chernihiv region of Ukraine. The administrative center is the city of Chernihiv.
It borders in the north with Repkinsky, in the northeast with Gorodnyansky, in the east with Mensky and
Kulikovsky, in the south Kozeletsky districts of the Chernihiv region. In the west (along the Dnieper and the Kyiv reservoir) - with the Chernobyl region of the Kyiv and Gomel regions of the Republic of Belarus.
The international highway Odessa - St. Petersburg, the South-Western Railway runs through the district.
Population: 52,984 (1.12.2011)
Area: 2547 km. sq.
Chernihiv- a city of regional subordination, the administrative, economic and cultural center of the region. Located on the right bank of the Desna. An important junction of railways and roads, a river port, an airport.
Population: 296 896 (2011) Phone code: +380 462
Chernihiv is one of the most ancient cities of Ukraine-Rus. He, as identified by archaeologists, more than 1300 years. Of all the cities of Ukraine and Russia, Chernihiv has preserved not only large quantity ancient Russian monuments, but also a unique landscape - the green hills of the high right bank of the Desna River, crowned with the swift silhouettes of temples and towers. Thanks to this, the city is now acquiring the significance of an urban monument of world significance. Preparations are underway required documents to include Chernihiv in the "List of World cultural heritage» UNESCO. The National Architectural and Historical Reserve "Ancient Chernihiv" operates in the city, created by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of Ukraine dated February 20, 1967 as a branch of the State Architectural and Historical Reserve "Sofia Museum" in Kiev with the transfer of 11 architectural monuments of Chernigov to this branch. The following decree, dated June 22, 1978, created an independent reserve, which transferred the entire complex of the princely Detinets with the Transfiguration and Borisoglebsky Cathedrals (XI-XIII centuries), the Collegium, the house of I. Mazepa, as well as Catherine and Pyatnitsk. churches, Yelets and Trinity monasteries, the complex of Ilyinsky (Antoniev) caves (XI-XVII centuries), the Black Grave mound and the burial mound on the Boldin Hills (34 sights in total). Thus, the reserve covers valuable territories and objects of the historical center of the city.
History of Chernihiv
The territory of Chernihiv was already inhabited in the 2nd millennium BC. e. In its environs, in the tracts of Yalovshchina and Tatarskaya Gorka, a settlement of the Bronze Age was discovered. In the 1st millennium AD e. on the steep banks of the Desna, cut by deep ravines, there were several Slavic settlements of northerners: within the ancient central part of Chernigov on the Val, on the Yelets and Boldin heights, etc. Scientists believe that they were in the VIII-IX centuries. laid the foundation for Chernihiv.
Taking advantage geographical position in the basin of the Desna and its tributaries the Seim and Snowy, the city grew rapidly. Desna and Dnieper, he was connected with Kiev.
The first written mention of Chernigov dates back to 907, when the Kiev prince Oleg, after a victorious campaign against Byzantium, obliged the Greeks “to give orders to Russian cities: the first to Kiev, the same to Chernigov, Pereyaslavl, Poltesk, Rostov, Lyubech and other cities: for those cities, for sedyakh, the great princes under the Olga exist.
Chernigov was named second in order in this agreement and hoists, where it was a question of receiving a monthly allowance for Russian merchants who arrived in Constantinople. In the agreement of 944, concluded with the Byzantines by Oleg's successor Igor, Chernihiv also appears and again - in second place. Those. at the beginning of the X century. Chernihiv was the center of the principality and one of largest cities Kievan Rus. Byzantine emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus among the most important cities of Rus', in the middle of the X century. conducted trade with Constantinople, also mentions Chernigov.
The city consisted of four fortified parts. The oldest of them was detinets - the central administrative part. It was located on a mountain at the confluence of the Strizhen River with the Desna, its area is 15-16 acres (now it is the territory of the modern park on Val). The princely court with mansions, boyar courts, the main cathedrals of the city are concentrated on the citadel. It had three gates: Water, Kyiv, Burnt. From the north and west, a handicraft and trade part adjoined the citadel - a roundabout city (outer city), surrounded by a moat, rampart and wooden walls. Its fortifications included the territory of the modern Kuibyshev Square, Sverdlov Street and reached the river. Strizhnya. West Side roundabout city, spreading in the direction of the Yelets Monastery, was called Tretyak. Craft and trade positions were constantly increasing and therefore began to spread beyond the roundabout city. This is how the Forerunner was born. It occupied a vast territory and included the area of the modern city central market. The foothills were also surrounded by a moat and a rampart. On the banks of the Desna lay the low-lying part of the city - Podil.
The power of ancient Chernihiv is also evidenced by numerous mounds of the 9th-10th centuries. with graves of princes and combatants. Of great interest among them are the burial mounds of Gulbishche and Bezymyanny with the burial places of rich boyars-druzhinas of the late 9th - early 10th centuries. Weapons found by a combatant from the Gulbishche barrow - a sword, shield, chain mail, an ax, etc. An outstanding archaeological monument of the 10th century, the only known burial of an ancient Russian prince, is the Chernaya Mogila barrow. Archaeologist D. Ya. Samokvasov back in 1872 - 73. during the excavations, swords, sabers, chain mail, a shield with copper rims, sickles, axes, pottery, two horns ornamented with a silver frieze - vessels for ritual drinking, bone checkers and other things, testify to high level crafts of ancient Rus'.
The first known prince of Chernigov was one of the sons of Vladimir Svyatoslavich - Mstislav, the younger brother of Yaroslav the Wise. Before appearing in Chernigov, he reigned in Tmutarakan. 1024, he captured Chernigov. After the death of Mstislav, Yaroslav again united all the lands. Shortly before his death, which followed in 1054, Yaroslav divided his possessions between his sons, gave Chernigov to Svyatoslav, leaving Kyiv behind his eldest son Izyaslav, and Vsevolod got neighboring Pereyaslav. The princes of neighboring lands lived in peace and harmony for some time. In 1060, the three of them went against the Torks, in 1068 - against the Polovtsians. br> Princely strife contributed to the intensification of attacks by nomads, led to the destruction of the economy. This was a heavy burden on the shoulders of the working population and to a large extent hindered the development of the city.
After the Lyubetz congress in 1097, which recognized the hereditary rights of the princes, Chernigov and the Chernigov-Seversk principality were recognized by the Svyatoslavichs.
80-90 years of the XI century - the time of further strengthening and strengthening of Chernihiv.
Construction began in the city, the development of crafts and trade acquired a large scale. There are separate places for certain types of goods - the so-called. rows - a sign that there were many people who traded in the same type of goods. The rich boyars and combatants erected new mansions, the princes - cathedrals and churches, defensive fortifications. At this time, in particular, a new princely court was built, the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral was founded, which became, starting from Mstislav, the burial place of the Chernigov princes, and the Yelets Monastery was founded. A bishopric was created in Chernihiv, which testified to the rise in the political importance of the principality. Around the city, the number of boyar villages is growing, their estates are expanding, more and more free people are becoming dependent on the feudal lords.
After the final exit from the power of Kyiv, Chernihiv, being the capital of a separate principality, continued to be a significant economic, political and cultural center of Rus'. Shoemaking, blacksmithing, pottery, jewelry and other crafts, construction, and culture continued to develop here. In the 12th century, the Annunciation, Boris and Gleb Cathedrals and the Assumption Cathedral of the Yelets Monastery, as well as a number of other structures, were built in Chernigov. Ancient Chernigov was one of the largest cultural centers of Kievan Rus. Here, education reached a significant level, mainly spread among the wealthy segments of the population, in particular princes, boyars, merchants. The sons of Yaroslav the Wise, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod, who reigned in Chernigov, were highly educated people in their time. Vsevolod spoke five languages.
For home reading the family of Svyatoslav was made so-called. "Izbornik Svyatoslav" - a handwritten book with beautifully designed capital letters, intros and endings. The Greek "wisdom" was well mastered by the daughter of the Chernigov prince Mikhail-Efrosinya thanks to the boyar Fedorov. big library, which later became the basis of the library of the Kiev Caves Monastery, collected Prince of Chernigov Svyatoslav Davidovich (Nikolai Svyatosha). Chernihiv had its own chronicle and local literature, epics were formed here. Stories about Chernihiv and its inhabitants take up a lot of space in The Tale of Bygone Years, Vladimir Monomakh's Teachings, in the Kiev Chronicle, which is completely devoted to the struggle of the Olgovichi with the Monomakhovichi, in the Tale of Igor's Campaign. The first work of the travel genre in ancient Russian literature was the "Journey" of the Chernigov abbot Daniel, which in 1106-1107. traveled to Palestine.
The culture of Chernihiv is integral part culture of Kievan Rus, which became the basis for the achievements of the three fraternal peoples - Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.
The Mongol-Tatar invasion delayed the further development of Chernigov for several centuries.
On October 18, 1239, the Horde appeared under the walls of Chernigov, which at that time was considered a city “rich in warriors”, “glorious courage of the townspeople”, “strong and populous”. Enemies surrounded him from all sides. The cousin of Mikhail of Chernigov, Prince Mstislav Glebovich, led his army to the rescue of the besieged. A fierce battle broke out. The besieged tried to help the soldiers of Mstislav Glebovich, began to fire at the attackers from throwing guns.
After the invasion, Chernigov loses its significance as the political center of Chernigov-North-thickness, yielding to Bryansk. Above the black layer of the conflagration left by the Mongol-Tatars, archaeologists find mostly only the remains of ceramics. The destruction caused to the city was very great.
The conquerors divided the surviving population into tens, hundreds, thousands and tens of thousands (“darkness”), and imposed a heavy tax. IN historical documents of those times, there is also "Chernigov darkness with everything exits and tributes." A Tatar tribute collector, a Baskak, appeared in the city, to whom the Ryazan prince was even forced to give land: "to take the field along the Pronya River." After some time, Prince Michael returned from Poland. In 1246 he went to Batu to ask for a "label" for reigning. Here they tried to force him to perform a humiliating ceremony: to return to the south and bow to the image of Genghis Khan. The proud prince replied that it was not proper for a Christian to worship the image of a dead person. No matter how his close associates persuaded him, he remained adamant and was killed by the Tatars.
The wounds caused by the invasion healed very slowly. Lithuanian feudal lords took advantage of the weakening of Rus', who in 1220 encroached on its land. In the early 60s of the XIII century, under the leadership of Mindaugas, they again tried to capture Chernigov-Sivershchyna. In 1355, Lithuanian troops once again appear on the Chernigov lands. During 1355-1356. the whole Chernihiv region, incl. and Chernihiv, fell under their rule.
For almost a century and a half, new invaders held out here. However, Chernigov maintained close ties with the rest of the Russian lands, continued to fight the Mongol-Tatars, uniting into one state with a center in Moscow. So, at the beginning of the XV century. Several Ukrainian feudal lords arrived in Moscow, headed by Prince Svidrigailo. Among the soldiers who came with them, the majority were from Chernigov. In the last quarter of the 15th century, the movement for liberation from Lithuanian domination and reunification with the fraternal Russian people became massive. The population of Chernihiv-Sivershchyna refused to obey the Lithuanian lords. Finally, in 1500, a number of princes went over to the side of Russia, including Semyon Mozhaisky, who owned Chernigov, Starodub, Gomel, and Minsk. War between Lithuania and Russia in 1501-1503. secured Chernihiv along with others settlements Chernihiv-Sivershchyna and Smolensk region behind the Russian state.
The reunification of these lands with Russian ones contributed to the weakening of the socio-economic (in the Chernihiv region at the end of the 16th century, the corvee was 2 days, and in the rest of Ukraine from 3 to 5), political and religious oppression, the further development of crafts, trade, construction business. In the 16th century, Russian merchants began to appear in Chernigov even more often. They came here with whole convoys of carts and sold sable coats, sheepskin coats, silk and linen, leather goods, weapons.
Chernigov was at that time a border city, so the tsarist government took care of its fortification. In 1531 - 1534. a wooden fortress was built here. It was surrounded by a rampart and a deep ditch, 27 large and many small cannons were installed.
Lithuanian feudal lords could not come to terms with the loss of Chernigov. In the summer of 1534, their troops devastated the environs of Chernigov and other cities of Chernigov-Sivershchyna. In the autumn of the same year, they again approached Chernigov, but having suffered heavy losses, they were forced to retreat. During negotiations in Moscow in 1542, Lithuanian ambassadors demanded the return of Chernigov and other six cities in exchange for prisoners. The Polish king and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund II sought it. Lithuanian and Polish lords tried to capture Chernigov in 1563 during the Livonian War, but to no avail. They made another attempt to capture the city in 1579, and the courageous defense of Chernigov forced them to lift the siege and retreat. However, the magnates with their mercenaries continued robbery. One of them, M. Vishnevetsky, in an impotent rage at the same time burned Chernigov and several other cities.
At the beginning of the XVII century. False Dmitry, a protege of the Polish gentry, captured Chernigov.
Four years later, the city of Chernihiv fell into the hands of the Polish interventionists, who managed to secure it for themselves under the terms of the Deulino truce of 1618 for fourteen and a half years, and according to the Polyanov peace of 1634, forever.
At first, Chernihiv was part of the so-called. Principality of Chernigov and was subject to the administration of Prince Vladislav, and after 1635 became the main city of the Chernigov Voivodeship. Here was the voivode, whom the king appointed only from noble Polish feudal lords, the gentry gathered for sejmiks. The Polish government took care not only of the nobility, but also of the Catholic clergy. The persecution of the Orthodox began, the forcible imposition of the union. The Borisoglebsky Monastery in Chernigov was transferred to the Catholics, and the Uniate became the archimandrite of the Yelets Monastery in 1628. The archbishop of Smolensk even swore that in Smolensk, Chernigov and Starodub he would bring all Orthodox to the union. In order to increase revenues, in 1623 (according to other sources, 1620), the king granted Magdeburg rights to Chernigov. All positions in the city self-government were occupied by the gentry. Voight was not elected, but appointed by the king - and always from the Catholics.
On June 7, the Sevsk governors, informing the tsar about the events in Ukraine, emphasized that the masses were striving to reunite with the Russian people. On June 19, they already reported: the rebel troops had captured Chernigov, Nizhyn, Borznaya and other cities. The gentry tried to linger in the Chernihiv fortress, but on June 15, the townspeople, together with the Cossacks, drove her out of there. The city is forever freed from Polish yoke. It became the center of the Chernihiv regiment.
Chernigov, located on the northern borders of the liberated territory, was threatened by the troops of the Lithuanian hetman Radziwill. Therefore, the entire Chernigov regiment led by Nebaba was here in his free time from campaigns. In the spring of 1651, the Kiev and Nezhinsky regiments approached here. In June Polish-Lithuanian gentry launched an offensive against Ukraine from the north. Insignificant groups of Cossacks guarding the crossings across the Dnieper could not hold back the enemy. M. Nebaba immediately set out from Chernigov to meet the invaders. Radziwill's troops, prevailing in numbers and weapons, defeated the Cossacks. On July 6, M. Nebaba also died heroically in battle.
The Cossacks retreated to Chernigov. The Polish-Lithuanian troops followed them, hoping for an easy victory. The duty colonel S. Pobodailo mobilized all available forces for the defense of the city. Radziwill offered Chernigov to surrender, but was resolutely refused and withdrew to the Smolensk region.
The return of the gentry to the Chernihiv region after the Treaty of Bila Tserkva in 1651 caused new protests of the population against foreign invaders, for the reunification of Ukraine with Russia.
The decision of the Pereyaslav Rada was joyfully met by Chernihiv citizens. On January 28, 1654, they solemnly welcomed the Russian embassy of V. Buturlin and in the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral swore to be faithful to the alliance with the Russian people. There were 1105 people present during the ceremony. The Chernihiv people, like the entire Ukrainian people, remained faithful to the alliance with the Russian people forever. The Cossacks of the Chernigov Regiment helped the inhabitants and Cossacks of the Starodub Regiment to defend Starodub from the Swedish invaders, and took part in the Battle of Poltava in 1709.
The reunification of Ukraine with Russia contributed to the further development of the economy and culture of the city. Its ties with Russian cities are expanding and strengthening.
The tsarist government, contributing to the further development of trade and crafts, in 1655, 1666 and 1690. confirmed the right of Chernihiv to self-government and previous "liberties". But these confirmations gave almost nothing to the urban lower classes. All elective positions in the magistracy - voitas, burmisters, raytsy, shopkeepers, as a rule, were occupied by numerous representatives of wealthy petty-bourgeois and officer families who tried to shift the entire burden of taxes onto the shoulders of the working people. The forms and amounts of taxes were not clearly defined, so the representatives of the authorities could not only avoid paying them themselves, but also profit at the expense of the townspeople and Cossacks.
Remaining a border city of the Russian state, Chernihiv was constantly fortified. In 1670-1680. the fortress was rebuilt. 1719 expanded. After that, it occupied the entire territory of the current park on the Val. Late XVIII c., when the borders of the Russian state moved far to the west, the fortress lost its significance and was liquidated in 1799.
With the liquidation of the regimental system by tsarism and the creation of the Chernigov viceroy, Chernigov became the center of the vicegerency in 1782, and with the formation of the Little Russian province in 1796, and the Chernigov province in 1802, the center of the province. In this regard, city self-government was reduced to nothing. The city duma, which replaced the magistrate, although it remained an elected body, but from 1796 was completely subordinate to the governor. Without his permission, she did not perform a single event. It was entrusted with supervision only of trade and improvement. The philistines, who made up the majority of the population, were placed in a narrow class framework. they were allowed to engage in crafts and trade. They paid numerous taxes to the state, performed various duties. At their expense, the apartment of the governor and other senior provincial officials, the police, the prison, the fire brigade, the almshouse, etc. were maintained.
During Patriotic War In 1812, the inhabitants of Chernihiv discovered high patriotism. Many joined the Cossack regiments and militias, courageously fought against enemy troops. The Chernigov Dragoon Regiment distinguished itself in the Battle of Borodino. Residents of Chernigov took care of the evacuated Belarusian population. Chernigov housed the institutions of Bialystok, Rogachev, Mogilev.
After the reunification of Ukraine with Russia, the role of Chernigov as one of the centers of cultural development increases. At the end of the 17th century, a parochial school was opened in Chernihiv. 1786 such schools are already 6. 1700 a secondary educational institution began to work - a collegium created on the basis of the Slavic-Latin school, which was transferred here from Novgorod-Seversky. At first it had four classes: infima, syntax, poetics, rhetoric. In 1748, the fifth class was opened - philosophy. Grammar, history, geography, mathematics, philosophy, Latin and Greek However, the level of teaching was low due to insufficient training of teachers. Needy students lived in a bursa, for which firewood and several times a week rye bread and cereals for porridge were issued by order of the bishop. This extradition was so miserable that every day after school the students had to walk around the city under the windows, sing religious songs and beg for alms. The term of study at the collegium was seven years. In 1776 it was reorganized into a theological seminary. The first folk school (the main folk school) also worked in Chernihiv, which consisted of four classes. It was opened in Chernihiv and so-called. a free boarding school where male noble children studied.
In 1805, on the basis of the public school, a provincial gymnasium was opened. In subsequent years, the county and parish schools began to work. On the eve of the reform of 1861 in Chernihiv there were 5 educational institutions: a gymnasium, three schools and a theological seminary. They trained 538 people, mostly children of the nobility. In addition, there were 3 parochial schools.
In 1860-1862. in the city there was a "Sunday school" for adults, where up to 90 people studied. The "Sunday School" had a progressive direction and therefore was closed by the tsarist authorities.
Printing houses were significant centers of cultural life. In the first half of the XVII century. there was a printing house of Kirill Stavrovetsky. In 1646, in particular, a collection of poems and articles by K. Stavrovetsky “The Pearl of Great Price” was printed in it. 1679 a printing house founded by JI was transferred to Chernigov from Novgorod-Seversky. Baranovich. She published the works of I. Galyatovsky, I. Maksimovich, D. Rostovsky and other Ukrainian writers of the 17th century. Books were printed in Ukrainian, Polish and Church Slavonic.
Before the first half of the 19th century, the beginning of the publication of the first journal in the Chernihiv region dates back. In 1838, the newspaper "Chernigov Gubernskie Vedomosti" began to appear. The ethnographer V. Shishatsky-Illich, the historian A. M. Lazarevsky and others collaborated in the newspaper.
In the second half of the 19th century, when capitalism began to develop rapidly in Russia, certain changes took place in Chernigov. However, at that time it did not develop as an industrial center, but remained as before, a concentration of handicrafts and handicrafts. Construction in the city led to the growth of brick factories and their capacities.
