5 thousand years ago what year. How did our ancestors survive the Apocalypse? Bones of an adult and a child from a cave in Ireland

5. Latin Annius is defeated by the Roman Titus Manlius and dies Khan Mamai is defeated by Dmitry Donskoy and soon dies The war is declared a saint and is waged by the gods

In India there are archaeological excavations amazing culture, going back into the depths of time for four to five thousand years. Covering an area of ​​1.3 million square kilometers, this ancient civilization was larger than its great contemporaries - Egypt and Mesopotamia combined. Her cities were strictly planned, like the new buildings of our time.

Comfortable dwellings

Oriental studies as a science originated in the 16th-17th centuries, when the countries of Europe embarked on the path of colonial conquests, although the acquaintance of Europeans with the Arab world took place many centuries ago. But Egyptology arose much later - the date of its birth is considered to be 1822, when the French scientist Champollion deciphered the system of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing. And only relatively recently, in 1922, archaeologists first began to explore the territory along the banks of the Indus River. And immediately - a sensation: a previously unknown ancient civilization was discovered. It was called the Harappan civilization - after one of its main cities - Harappa.

When the Indian archaeologists D. R. Sahin and R. D. Banerjee were finally able to look at the results of their excavations, they saw the red-brick ruins of the oldest city in India belonging to the proto-Indian civilization, a city rather unusual for the time of its construction - 4.5 thousand years ago. It was planned with the greatest meticulousness: the streets stretched as if in a ruler, the houses were mostly the same, the proportions resembling cake boxes. But behind this "cake" shape, the following construction was sometimes hidden: in the center - a courtyard, and around it - four or six living rooms, a kitchen and a room for ablution (houses with this layout are found mainly in Mohenjo-Daro, the second big city). The passages for stairs preserved in some houses suggest that two-story houses were also built. The main streets were ten meters wide, the network of driveways obeyed a single rule: some went strictly from north to south, and transverse ones - from west to east.

But this monotonous, like a chessboard, city provided residents with unheard-of conveniences at that time. Ditches flowed through all the streets, and from them water was supplied to the houses (although wells were found near many). But more importantly, each house was connected to a sewerage system laid underground in pipes made of baked bricks and taking all sewage out of the city limits. This was an ingenious engineering solution that allowed large masses of people to gather in a rather limited space: in the city of Harappa, for example, up to 80,000 people lived at times. The instinct of the then urban planners is truly amazing! Knowing nothing about pathogenic bacteria, which are especially active in warm climates, but probably having accumulated observational experience, they protected the settlements from the spread of the most dangerous diseases.

And other protection from natural adversities was invented by the ancient builders. Like the early great civilizations that were born on the banks of the rivers - Egypt on the Nile, Mesopotamia on the Tigris and Euphrates, China on the Yellow River and the Yangtze - Harappa arose in the Indus Valley, where the soils were highly fertile. But on the other hand, it is these places that have always suffered from high floods, reaching 5-8 meters in the flat course of the river. To save cities from spring waters, in India they were built on brick platforms ten meters high and even higher. Nevertheless, cities were built in a short time, in a few years. In the best years of the Harappan civilization around the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, smaller settlements grew like mushrooms - there were about 1400 of them. To date, excavations have freed only one tenth of the area of ​​​​the two ancient capitals. However, it has already been established that the uniformity of buildings is broken in some places. In Dolavir, lying to the east of the Indus Delta, archaeologists have found richly decorated gates, arches with colonnades, in Mohenjo-Daro - the so-called "Great Pool", surrounded by a veranda with columns and rooms, probably for undressing.

Townspeople

Archaeologist L. Gottrel, who worked in Harappa in 1956, believed that in such barracks cities one could meet not people, but disciplined ants. "In this culture," the archaeologist wrote, "there was little joy, but a lot of work, and the material played a predominant role." However, the scientist was wrong. The strength of the Harappan society was precisely urban population. According to the conclusions of current archaeologists, the city, despite its architectural facelessness, was inhabited by people who did not suffer from melancholy, but, on the contrary, were distinguished by enviable vitality and diligence.

What did the inhabitants of Harappa do? The face of the city was determined by merchants and artisans. Here they spun yarn from wool, wove, made earthenware - in terms of strength it approaches stone, cut bone, and made jewelry. Blacksmiths worked with copper and bronze, forging tools from it, surprisingly strong for this alloy, almost like steel. They were able, by heat treatment, to give some minerals such a high hardness that they could drill holes in carnelian beads. The products of the then masters already had a unique look, a kind of ancient Indian design that has survived to this day. For example, today in peasant houses located in the excavation areas of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, in household use there are things that struck archaeologists with their "proto-Indian" appearance. This circumstance only emphasizes the words of the founder of the Indian state, J. Nehru: "For five millennia of the history of invasions and upheavals, India has maintained an uninterrupted cultural tradition." What underlies this persistence? Anthropologist G. Possel from University of Pennsylvania(USA) came to the conclusion that this is the result of a combination in the character of the ancient Indians of such qualities as prudence, peacefulness and sociability. None other historical civilization did not combine the named features. Between 2600 and 1900 B.C. e. the society of merchants and artisans is flourishing. The country occupies then more than one million square kilometers. Sumer and Egypt combined were half the size.

Proto-Indian civilization arose not by chance on the banks of the Indus. As in Egypt and Mesopotamia, the river was the basis of life: it brought fertile silt from the upper reaches and, leaving it on the vast banks of the floodplain, maintained the high fertility of the land. People began to engage in agriculture in the ninth-seventh millennia. Now they no longer had to hunt or collect edible greens from morning to night, a person had time for reflection, for making better tools. Stable harvests gave man the opportunity to develop. A division of labor arose: one - plowed the land, the other - made stone tools, the third - exchanged the products of an artisan in neighboring communities for something that his fellow tribesmen did not produce. This Neolithic revolution took place on the banks of the Nile, the Tigris and Euphrates, the Yellow River and the Indus. Archaeologists in India have unearthed its late phase - when Harappa and other cities reached a certain perfection. People engaged in rural labor by this time had already learned to cultivate many crops: wheat, barley, millet, peas, sesame (here is the birthplace of cotton and rice). They raised chickens, goats, sheep, pigs, cows and even zebu, engaged in fishing and collected edible fruits grown by nature itself.

The well-being of the Harappan civilization was based on highly productive agriculture (two crops per year) and cattle breeding. An artificial canal 2.5 kilometers long, opened in Lothal, allows us to conclude that in agriculture irrigation system was used. One of the researchers of Ancient India, the Russian scientist A. Ya. Shchetenko, defines this period as follows: thanks to "magnificent alluvial soils, a humid tropical climate and proximity to the advanced centers of agriculture in Western Asia, already in the 4th-3rd millennia BC, the population of the Indus Valley is significantly ahead of in the progressive development of the southern neighbors".

Riddles of letters

The society of merchants and artisans, apparently, had neither a monarch nor priests at the head: in cities there are no luxurious buildings intended for those who stand above common people. There are no magnificent grave monuments, even remotely resembling Egyptian pyramids with its scale. Surprisingly, this civilization did not need an army, it did not have aggressive campaigns, but it seems that she had no one to defend herself from. As far as the excavations allow to judge, the inhabitants of Harappa did not have weapons. They lived in an oasis of peace - this is in perfect agreement with the characterization of the mores of the ancient Hindus, given above.

Some researchers attribute the absence of fortresses and palaces in cities to the fact that ordinary citizens also took part in decisions important to society. On the other hand, numerous finds of stone seals depicting all kinds of animals indicate that the rule was oligarchic, it was divided among the clans of merchants and land owners. But this point of view is contradicted to some extent by another conclusion of archaeologists: in the excavated dwellings, they did not find signs of wealth or poverty of the owners. So maybe writing can answer these questions? Scholars who study the history of ancient India find themselves in a worse position than their counterparts who study the past of Egypt and Mesopotamia. In the last two civilizations, writing appeared many hundreds of years earlier than in Harappa. But it's not only that. The Harappan writings are extremely sparse and, to say the least, laconic, pictorial signs, that is, hieroglyphs, are used in inscriptions literally in units - 5-6 hieroglyphs per text. Recently found the longest text, it has 26 characters. Meanwhile, inscriptions on everyday pottery are quite common, and this suggests that literacy was not the lot of only the elite. The main thing, however, is that the decipherers are still ahead: the language is not known, and the writing system is not yet known.

The more important the present stage work acquires the study of found objects of material culture. For example, an elegant figurine of a dancing woman fell into the hands of archaeologists. This gave reason to one of the historians to suggest that the city was fond of music and dancing. Usually this kind of action is associated with the performance of religious rites. But what is the role of the "Great Pool" opened in Mohenjo-Daro? Did it serve as a bath for the inhabitants or was it a place for religious ceremonies? Failed to answer this important question: did the townspeople worship the same gods, or did each group have its own special god? Ahead - new excavations.

Archaeologists have a rule: to look for traces of its connections with the neighbors of the country under study. The Harappan civilization found itself in Mesopotamia - its merchants were on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates. This is evidenced by the indispensable companions of the trader - weights. The Harappan type of weights has been standardized, so weights from these places are similar to labeled atoms. They are found in many places along the coast of the Arabian Sea, and if you move north, then on the banks of the Amu Darya. The presence of Indian merchants here is also confirmed by the found seals of Harappan trading people (this is indicated in his book "The Forgotten Civilization in the Indus Valley" by Dr. historical sciences I. F. Albedil). In the Sumerian cuneiforms, the overseas country of Meluh, or Meluhha, is mentioned, today's archeology identifies this name with Harappa. In one of the bays of the Arabian Sea, recently during excavations, the port city of Lothal, which belonged to the Harappan complex, was found. There was a shipbuilding dock, a grain warehouse and a pearl processing workshop. What goods were carried by proto-Indian merchants, for example, to Mesopotamia? Tin, copper, lead, gold, shells, pearls and ivory. All these expensive goods, as one might think, were destined for the court of the ruler. Merchants also acted as intermediaries. They sold copper mined in Balochistan - a country lying to the west of the Harappan civilization, gold, silver and lapis lazuli bought in Afghanistan. Oxen brought building timber from the Himalayas. In the 19th century BC e. proto-Indian civilization ceased to exist. At first it was believed that she died from the aggression of the Vedo-Aryan tribes, who plundered the farmers and merchants. But archeology has shown that the cities liberated from sediments do not bear signs of struggle and destruction by barbarian invaders. Moreover, recent studies by historians have found that the Vedo-Aryan tribes were far from these places by the time of the death of Harappa. The extinction of civilization occurred, apparently, due to natural causes. Climatic changes or earthquakes could change the course of rivers or dry them up, and soils were depleted. The farmers were no longer able to feed the cities, and the inhabitants left them. The huge socio-economic complex fell apart into small groups. Written language and other cultural achievements were lost. There is nothing to suggest that the decline happened all at once. Instead of empty cities in the north and south, new settlements appeared at this time, people moved east, to the Ganges valley.

Findings of archaeologists in India and on the territory of modern Pakistan, allow us to talk about the existence ancient civilization stretching from Balochistan in Pakistan to Gujrat in India. This civilization was called the Indus Valley Civilization or the Harappan Civilization, since the first finds were made in the town of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro in British India (at the beginning of the 20th century), in the Indus River Valley. Later, traces of the Harappan civilization were also found in Gujarat (Lothal near Ahmedabad and other places)

The first inhabitants of the Indus Valley were nomadic tribes who gradually settled down and took up agriculture and cattle breeding. Gradually, conditions were created for urbanization and the emergence of urban culture. Starting from 3500 B.C. large cities with a population of up to 50,000 people appear on the territory of the Indian River Valley.

The cities of the Harappan civilization had a strict layout of streets and houses, a sewerage system and were perfectly adapted for life. Their device was so perfect that it has not changed for a millennium! In its development, the Indus Valley Civilization was not inferior to the great civilizations of that time. Lively trade was carried out from the cities with Mesopotamia, the Sumerian kingdom and Central Asia, and a unique system of measures and weights was used.

Archaeological finds also testify to the rather high culture of the "Harappans". Terracotta and bronze figurines, models of wagons, seals, and jewelry were found. These finds are the oldest artifacts of Indian culture.

By the beginning of the second millennium BC, the Indus Valley Civilization fell into decay and disappeared from the face of the earth for unknown reasons.

At the beginning of the twenties, now of the last century, the Indian scientist R. Sahni led the first expedition to the Indus River Delta to find the ruins of a temple that belonged to the most ancient deity - "old Shiva". The temple was mentioned in many legends of the Ho people, whose possessions in ancient times bordered on the territory belonging to the northern Maharajas. Myths told about "mountains of heavenly gold stored in the dungeons of the temple" ... So the incentive to dig in the swampy earth was still considerable.

What was the surprise of Sakhni when his people began to dig out of the ground whole city blocks of high-rise buildings, imperial palaces, huge statues of bronze and pure iron. From under the shovels showed the pavements, equipped with deep grooves for the carriage wheels, gardens, parks, courtyards and wells. Closer to the outskirts, luxury diminished: here one- and two-story buildings of four to six rooms with a toilet were grouped around central courtyards with wells. The city was surrounded by a wall of rough, unhewn, but very tightly adjacent stones, alternating with mud brick masonry. The citadel was an even higher and more durable stronghold, equipped with several towers. In the imperial chambers, a real and very ingeniously designed plumbing was equipped - and this was three and a half thousand years before the discovery of the laws of hydraulics by Pascal!

Considerable surprise was caused by the excavations of huge libraries, represented by repositories of stearin tablets with pictograms that have not yet been deciphered by them. Images and figurines of animals, which also had mysterious writings, were also kept there. Experts who established a certain periodicity of signs came to the conclusion that a rhyming epic or religious prayers in verse were recorded here. Among the metal items found were copper and bronze knives, sickles, chisels, saws, swords, shields, arrowheads and spears. Iron things could not be found. Obviously, by that time people had not yet learned how to mine it. It came to Earth only with meteorites and was considered a sacred metal along with gold. Gold served as a frame for ritual objects and women's jewelry. The Sahni expedition accidentally hit the center of a large ancient city Harappa. Archaeologists have unearthed more than a thousand monuments for hundreds of kilometers around. There were large merchant cities, small villages, seaports and border fortresses. Copper weights with ancient Chinese hieroglyphs suggested external trade relations.

By the middle of the 20th century, excavations began to decline. However, the curiosity of researchers did not dry out. After all, it remained main riddle- what is the reason for the death of a great and formidable civilization?

About thirty years ago, New York researcher William Fairservice claimed to have been able to recognize some of the Harappan writings found in the Metropolitan Library. And seven years later, Indian scientists tried to combine "read" with the ancient legends of the peoples of India and Pakistan, after which they came to interesting conclusions. It turns out that Harappa arose long before the third millennium. On its territory there were at least three warring states of carriers of different cultures. Strong weak, so in the end there was only a rival country with administrative centers in Mohend-Daro, Harappa. The long war was ended with an unexpected peace, the kings shared power. Then the most powerful of them killed the rest and thus appeared before the face of the gods. Soon the villain was found dead, and royal power passed into the hands of the Supreme. Thanks to contacts with the "supreme mind", the priests conveyed useful knowledge to people. In just a couple of years, the inhabitants of Harappa were already using with might and main huge flour mills, granaries equipped with conveyors, foundries, and sewers. Carts pulled by elephants moved along the streets of cities. IN major cities there were theaters, museums and even circuses with wild animals! In the last period of the existence of Harappa, its inhabitants learned how to mine charcoal and build primitive boiler houses. Now almost every city dweller could take a hot bath! The townspeople mined natural phosphorus and used some plants to light their dwellings. They were familiar with wine-making and opium-smoking, as well as the full range of comforts that civilization offered. Which destroyed them.

Until now, no one knows what was the main reason for the death of a developed centralized state. This was explained in different ways: floods, a sharp deterioration in the climate, epidemics, invasions of enemies. However, the version with a flood was soon ruled out, because in the ruins of cities and layers of soil there were no traces of the revelry of the elements. Versions about epidemics were not confirmed either. The conquest was also ruled out, since there were no traces of the use of edged weapons on the skeletons of the inhabitants of Harappa. One thing was obvious: the suddenness of the disaster. And just recently, scientists Vincenti and Davenport put forward a new hypothesis - civilization died from an atomic explosion caused by aerial bombardment!

The entire center of the city of Mohenjo-Daro was destroyed so that no stone was left unturned. The pieces of clay found there looked melted, and structural analysis showed that the melting occurred at a temperature of about 1600 degrees! Skeletons of people were found on the streets, in houses, in basements and even in underground tunnels. Moreover, the radioactivity of many of them exceeded the norm by more than 50 times! In the ancient Indian epic there are many legends about a terrible weapon, "sparkling like fire, but having no smoke." An explosion, after which darkness covers the sky, is replaced by hurricanes, "bringing evil and death." Clouds and earth - all this mixed up together, in chaos and madness, even the sun began to quickly walk in a circle! Elephants, burned by the flames, rushed about in horror, the water boiled, the fish were charred, and the warriors rushed into the water to wash away the "deadly dust".

Researcher R. Furdui believes that such a weapon of mass destruction could well exist among the ancients, who received knowledge after contacts with "extraterrestrial intelligence". But, however, what difference does it make to us where this deadly weapon came from! Is not the Harappan civilization a formidable omen that our civilization will soon destroy us too!

English explorer D. Davenport He devoted 12 years to studying the excavations of the city. IN 1996 he made a sensational statement that this spiritual center of the Harappan civilization was destroyed 2000 BC as a result nuclear explosion ! Studying the ruins of the buildings of the city, one can determine the center of the explosion, the diameter of which is about 50 m. At this place, everything is crystallized and melted. At a distance of up to 60 m from the center of the explosion, bricks and stones are melted on one side, which indicates the direction of the explosion. Stones melt at a temperature of about 2000°C.

Another mystery for researchers remains very high level radiation in the area of ​​the explosion. Also in 1927 archaeologists have found 27 fully preserved human skeletons. Even now, the level of their radiation background is close to the radiation dose that the inhabitants of Hiroshima and Nagasaki received!

afterword:

More than 94 species are mentioned in ancient Indian scriptures. nuclear weapons called brahmastra. To activate it, it was only necessary to touch the water for purification and, concentrating, utter a special mantra. It is mentioned in the Mahabharata. Mohenjo-daro could well have been destroyed by this type of weapon.

Where did the main wave of the catastrophe, called the "Global Flood" go? What did Sklyarov's expedition prove? Where did our ancestors live and how could they survive this ancient Apocalypse? Why are the bones of large ancient animals and the remains of trees found in the north of Siberia, in the tundra and permafrost zone? How were the priests of our ancestors able to save their people? Where did our ancestors go after the "Flood"? What other catastrophe befell the ancient people 6-5 thousand years BC. (that is, after the "Flood")? How did the Neva river appear? Who created the civilizations of Sumer, Egypt, Greece (Hellas)? Where did the ruins of cities come from at the bottom of the Black World? Who were the first settlers in Europe and from what territories did they come? Independent researcher, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Sergey Sall makes brief digression V ancient history human civilization.

What happened 11 thousand years ago when the flood happened. A satellite has fallen to Earth. Splinters, mostly fell into Pacific Ocean . The main part of the wave went to Central And South America , which was proved by the expedition Sklyarova. The Eurasian continent got, of course, less. But apparently there the wave height was also under a kilometer, maybe in some places even more. Naturally. That this whole civilization was demolished. You know that on northern Siberia a huge number of mammoths and other animals were discovered, all this was mixed with the forest and was frozen. Because the belt has shifted to 2 thousand kilometers and it immediately got colder. That is, at first all this was carried away by a water stream with mud, with stones, and then everything froze. And part of this civilization, the raktids, apparently managed to evacuate. Because the moon Fatta decreased for several days and they understood, the priests realized that they had to climb the mountains, apparently part of the civilization managed to climb the mountains, in Siberian mountains. Well, after that, all of Siberia was flooded with water.

New seas formed Ural Range represented at that time a very long island. Civilization began to move south along these mountain ranges. Where? Here in the same Mountain Shoria, which is currently being investigated by the expedition Sidorova, V China, V Tibet. Ancient Arctic civilization, she created Chinese civilization. Well, then conflicts with the ancestors of modern Chinese began to arise. Vedic civilization began to move gradually to the west. Seven or eight thousand years ago, he already came to the territory East European Plain. She went north, founded that same Hyperborea, that is, on the islands in the White Sea and on the Kola Peninsula.

But somewhere 5 or 6 thousand years ago, according to various estimates, a terrible cataclysm happened on Earth, now it is not entirely clear what it was, in any case, in different parts of the Earth they find the remains of melted stones, destroyed cities, that is, there was some world war, which, apparently, was of a nuclear nature. As a result, the strongest earthquakes at that time went, shifts earth's crust. At that time the strait Bosphorus And Dardanelles was broken through by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea and the waters of the Mediterranean Sea poured into the Black Sea and in a few months the level of the Black Sea rose by approximately 200 meters.

That is, these are the pyramids that are now found nearby Feodosia, Sevastopol, near Romania these are the remains of the very civilization that existed at the bottom of the ancient sea. Terrible things have happened even in our country, in our country these shifts have led to the formation of an isthmus in Gulf of Finland. After all, before Ladoga lake was part of the Gulf of Finland. As a result of all these advances, Lake Ladoga rose and began to fill with rainwater. Then these waters broke through the isthmus and thus the Neva was formed. That is, it is approximately 5 thousand years ago Total. The Neva is about 5 thousand years old. As a result of these shifts, the course has changed Gulfstream. At that time, the waters on the Kola Peninsula and in the Black Sea did not freeze. Then there was a decently mild climate. Which allowed the existence of the Hyperborean civilization at that time on the islands in the White Sea and on the Kola Peninsula.

And after these shifts there was a very strong cooling. That is Gulf Stream, apparently, was stopped or greatly weakened, and this Hyperborean civilization went south. This means that the Trypillia culture is the remnants of this civilization, and then they went to Black Sea region and went to South, on Arary peninsula, V Egypt. And Egypt was created by representatives of Hyperboria. IN Egyptian history written, and they sailed on ships. Sailed from the Black Sea. The Shemerian civilization was created even earlier, this is also a Vedic civilization, so to speak, but which, unfortunately, was poisoned by representatives of the remnants of the satanic Atlantic empire, which remained on the shelf Black Sea. Yes, there was such a mixture of the Vedic worldview and the Shemer one. But gradually the Shemerian civilization coped with this, but then it was destroyed, as a result of a new war.