1. In accordance with what sounds are denoted by letters, all letters are divided into vowels and consonants.
Vowels 10:
2. In Russian, not all speech sounds are indicated, but only the main ones. In russian language 42 basic sounds - 6 vowels and 36 consonants, while number of letters - 33. The number of basic vowels (10 letters, but 6 sounds) and consonants (21 letters, but 36 sounds) also do not match. The difference in the quantitative composition of the main sounds and letters is determined by the peculiarities of Russian writing.
3. In Russian, hard and soft sounds are denoted by the same letter.
Wed: sir[sir] and ser[sir].
4. The six basic vowels are represented by ten vowels:
[And] - And (Cute).
[s] - s (soap).
[A] - A (May) And I (my).
[O] - O (my) And yo (Christmas tree).
[e] - uh (This) And e (chalk).
[y] - at (ku st) And Yu (yu la).
Thus, to denote four vowel sounds ([a], [o], [e], [y]) there are two rows of letters:
1) a, o, e, y; 2) i, e, e, u.
Note!
1) I, e, e, u are letters, not sounds! Therefore, they are never used in transcription.
2) The letters a and i, o and e, e and e denote respectively: a and i - sound [a]; o and e - sound [o], e and e - [e] - only under stress! For the pronunciation of these vowels in an unstressed position, see paragraph 1.8.
5. The letters i, e, e, yu perform two functions:
after a consonant they signal that the preceding consonant denotes a soft consonant:
Xia du[with’ hell], se l[s' el], sho l[s’ ol], here[with’ oud];
after vowels, at the beginning of the word and after the dividing b and b, these letters denote two sounds - the consonant [ j ] and the corresponding vowel:
I -, e -, e -, u -.
For example:
1. after vowels: chewing t[zhujo t], shave t[br'eju t];
2. at the beginning of a word: e l , i to ;
3. after the separation b And b: ate l[sje l], view n[v’ju n].
Note!
1) The letters i, e, e after the hissing letters w and w do not indicate the softness of the preceding consonant. Consonant sounds [zh] and [sh] in modern Russian literary language always solid!
Shil[shul], tin[zhes't'], walked[shol].
2) The letter and after the consonants w, w and c denotes the sound [s].
Shil[shul], lived[live], circus[circus].
3) Letters a, y and o in combinations cha, cha, choo, cha, cho, cho do not indicate the hardness of the consonants h and u. The consonants [h '] and [u '] in the modern Russian literary language are always soft.
chum[ch'um], (five) pike[sh'uk], Part[h'as't'], Shchors[Sch'ors].
4) b at the end of a word after hissing is not an indicator of softness. It performs a grammatical function (see paragraph 1.11).6. The sound [ j ] is indicated in writing in several ways:
after vowels and at the end of a word - with the letter y;
May[maj].
at the beginning of a word and between two vowels - using the letters e, e, u, i, which denote a combination of the consonant [j] and the corresponding vowel;
E l , i to .
the presence of sound [ j ] is also indicated by dividing b and b - between the consonant and vowels e, e, u, i.
Ate l[sje l], view n[v’ju n].
7. The letters ъ and ь do not represent any sounds.
Dividing b and b signal that the following e, e, u, i denote two sounds, the first of which is [j].
Non-separating b:
1) indicates the softness of the preceding consonant:
stranded[m'el'];
2) performs a grammatical function.For example, in the word mouseь does not indicate the softness of the preceding consonant, but signals that the given noun is feminine.
For more information on the spelling of ъ and ь, see paragraph 1.11. The use of b and b.
Exercises for the topic "Sounds of speech and letters"
Other topics
- A a a
- B b ba
- in in ve
- G G G G
- D d de
- E e e
- Yo yo yo
- Well
- Z z ze
- And and and
- th and short
- K to ka
- L l el
- M m um
- N n en
- Ooo
- P p p p
- R r er
- S s es
- T t te
- u u u
- f f ef
- x x ha
- C c c tse
- h h th
- Sh sh sha
- shh shcha
- ъ solid sign
- s s s
- b soft sign
- uh uh
- yu yu yu
- I am I
| 42 sounds | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 vowels | 36 consonants | ||||
| [a] [and] [o] [y] [s] [e] | Paired | Unpaired | |||
| Drums | Unstressed | voiced | Deaf | voiced | Deaf |
| [b] [b "] [in] [in"] [g] [g"] [d] [d "] [and] [h] [h "] | [n] [n"] [f] [f"] [to] [to "] [t] [t"] [w] [s] [s"] | [th"] [l] [l"] [mm"] [n] [n"] [r] [r "] | [x] [x"] [c] [h"] [sch"] |
||
| Paired | Unpaired | ||||
| Solid | Soft | Solid | Soft | ||
| [b] [V] [G] [e] [h] [To] [l] [m] [n] [P] [R] [With] [T] [f] [X] | [b"] [V"] [G"] [d"] [h "] [To"] [l"] [m"] [n"] [P"] [R"] [With"] [T"] [f"] [X"] | [and] [c] [w] | [th"] [h"] [sch"] |
||
How are letters different from sounds?
Sound is elastic vibrations in a medium. We hear sounds and can create them, among other things, with the help of speech apparatus(lips, tongue, etc.).
A letter is a symbol of the alphabet. It has an uppercase (excl., ь and ъ) and a lowercase version. Often a letter is a graphic representation of the corresponding speech sound. We see and write letters. So that the pronunciation features do not affect the letter, spelling rules have been developed that determine which letters should be used in the word in question. The exact pronunciation of the word can be found in phonetic transcription words that are shown in square brackets in dictionaries.
Vowels and sounds
Vowel sounds (“voice” is the Old Slavonic “voice”) are the sounds [a], [i], [o], [u], [s], [e], which are created by vocal cords, and no barrier is erected in the way of the exhaled air. These sounds are sung: [aaaaaaa], [iiiiii] ...
Vowels are denoted by the letters a, e, e, and, o, u, s, e, u, i. The letters e, e, u, i are called iotized. They denote two sounds, the first of which is [th "], when
- are first in phonetic word e le [y "e ́ l" e] (3 letters, 4 sounds) e sche [y" and sch "oʹ] (3 letters, 4 sounds) ezh [y" o sh] (2 letters, 3 sounds) Yu la [y" y l "a] (3 letters, 4 sounds) i block [y" a blaka] (6 letters, 7 sounds) i testicle [y" and ich "ka] (5 letters, 6 sounds)
- follow after the vowels bird d [pt "itsy" e ́ t] (7 letters, 8 sounds) her [yy" o ́] (2 letters, 4 sounds) kayu ta [kai" u ta] (5 letters, 6 sounds) blue [with "in" y "a] (5 letters, 6 sounds)
- follow after b and ъ entry zd [vy "e st] (5 letters, 5 sounds) rise m [fall" o m] (6 letters, 6 sounds) lew [l" y ́] (3 letters, 3 sounds ) wings [wing "th" a] (6 letters, 6 sounds)
The letter and also denotes two sounds, the first of which is [th "], when
- follows after nightingales [salav "th" and ́] (7 letters, 7 sounds)
In a word, vowels highlighted during pronunciation are called stressed, and not highlighted are unstressed. Stressed sounds are most often both heard and written. To check what kind of letter you need to put in a word, you should choose a single-root word in which the desired unstressed sound will be stressed.
Running [b "igush" y"] - running g [b" e k] mountain ra [gara] - mountains [mountains]
Two words united by a single stress make one phonetic word.
To the garden [fsat]
There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels. The division of a word into syllables may not correspond to the division during transfer.
e -e (2 syllables) then -chka (2 syllables) o -de -va -tsya (4 syllables)Consonants and sounds
Consonant sounds are sounds, during the creation of which a barrier is erected in the way of the exhaled air.
Voiced consonants are pronounced with the participation of the voice, and deaf consonants without it. The difference is easy to hear in paired consonants, for example, [n] - [b], when pronouncing which the lips and tongue are in the same position.
Soft consonants are pronounced with the participation of the middle part of the tongue and are indicated in transcription by an apostrophe " what happens when consonants
- are always soft [th "] , [h"] , [u"] ah [ah"] (2 letters, 2 sounds) beam [beam"] (3 letters, 3 sounds) bream [l" esch "] (3 letters, 3 sounds)
- follow before the letters e, e, and, u, i, b (excl., always solid [g], [c], [w] and in borrowed words) stranded [m "el"] (4 letters, 3 sounds) aunt [t "ot" a] (4 letters, 4 sounds) people [l "oud" and] (4 letters, 4 sounds) life [zh yz "n"] (5 letters, 4 sounds) circus [ts yrk] (4 letters, 4 sounds) neck [sh eya] (3 letters, 4 sounds) tempo [t emp] (4 letters, 4 sounds)
- followed by soft consonants (some cases) pancake [bl "in" h "ik]
The rest of the consonants will mostly be solid.
Hissing consonants include sounds [g], [w], [h "], [u"]. Speech therapists rule their pronunciation penultimately: the tongue must be strong and flexible in order to resist exhaled air and be held against the palate in the shape of a cup. Vibrating [p] and [p"] are always the last in line.
Do students need phonetics?
Without division into vowels, consonants, stressed, unstressed, of course, it is impossible. But transcription is a clear overkill.
Phonetic parsing speech therapists are required to know words and probably it can be useful to foreigners.
For students (from grade 1!), who have not yet mastered the rules of spelling, a rather in-depth study of phonetics only hinders, confuses and contributes to incorrect memorization of the spelling of words. It is “back” that the child will associate with the pronounced “run”.
There are more consonant sounds in Russian than letters: if there are 21 consonant letters, then there are 37 consonant sounds. They are classified according to a variety of parameters: deafness and sonority, hardness and softness, as well as into categories according to the method of pronunciation. Unlike vowels, consonants, except for hissing sounds, are pronounced very briefly.
Classification of consonant sounds of the Russian language
Consonants can be hard and soft, deaf and voiced. If the sounds that are divided into pairs according to these characteristics, but there are also unpaired ones. The table will help you understand the big picture:
|
Sound |
deaf/voiced |
hard/soft |
Paired / unpaired |
|
double |
|||
|
voiced |
solid |
unpaired |
|
|
voiced |
|||
|
unpaired |
|||
|
unpaired |
|||
|
unpaired |
|||
|
unpaired |
|||
|
unpaired |
|||
It is worth understanding in more detail the characteristics that she describes.
So what are voiced and deaf consonants? This is a characteristic of tonality, which indicates that whether when pronouncing a sound, the vocal cords or not. If not, the sound is muffled. If yes - voiced.
Hardness and softness are also pronunciation characteristics. Soft sounds are formed when the middle back of the tongue rises to the soft palate.
Accordingly, consonants can have a pair of hardness / softness and deafness / sonority, and then they will be called paired. Those who do not have such a pair are unpaired.
Other characteristics of consonants
All consonants are divided into three categories - sonorous (they are also called nasal - it's clearer how they are pronounced), noisy (formed by the convergence of pronunciation organs) and hissing (pronounced through the interdental gap). The consonants are divided as follows.
Acquaintance of a child with the Russian alphabet is always a meeting with the unknown, but mysterious world with so many interesting things in it.
The letters of the Russian alphabet make up a whole family, in which there are 33 inhabitants!
And everyone needs to be remembered in their places. But the study of letters does not end there. We still have to divide them into vowels and consonants, stressed and unstressed, soft and hard, deaf and voiced.. And this is far from a complete classification. Let's figure out how to correctly divide the letters of the alphabet into groups.
Vowels and consonants and letters
First, let's figure out how many letters the Russian alphabet contains. There are 33 of them in total. All of them are divided into two large groups: vowels and consonants.
only soft and solid marks we cannot attribute to any of the groups: they do not designate a sound, but serve to indicate the hardness or softness of the previous sound.
Table with cards of vowels and consonants in Russian. Vowel sounds
Vowel sounds are pronounced easily, in a singsong voice. This is possible due to the fact that during articulation in the mouth there is no obstruction to the air flow.
How many vowels are there in Russian? - 10 letters. Vowel sounds are much less: only 6: A, O, U, Y, I, E. This difference is explained by the fact that 4 vowels are formed by merging two sounds: Ё = Y + O; E=Y+E; Yu=Y+U; I=J+A.
percussion and unstressed
Vowel sounds are stressed and unstressed. Stressed vowel sounds in a word are distinguished by the voice. Thanks to stress, we understand the meaning of the word. There are words in which the meaning depends only on the placement of the stress, for example: castle - castle. Unstressed sounds are not pronounced so clearly, so writing unstressed sounds we check the accent.
How many consonants and sounds are there in Russian?
There are only 21 consonants, but there are 37 sounds.
Consonant sounds are formed due to the barrier that occurs in the mouth during the passage of the air flow. The role of a barrier can be played by teeth, tongue, lips, depending on the nature of the barrier, consonants are divided into many groups, for example, labial, dental, etc.
Also, consonants are divided into hard and soft, deaf and voiced.
Hard and soft
Hard consonants are pronounced more roughly, while soft ones sound more elegant and are softened by a nearby vowel or in writing with soft sign. In transcription, soft sounds are indicated by a nearby apostrophe. For example, in the word HOUSE, the letter "d" sounds hard, and in the word GO - softly. Soft and hard consonants are presented in the table.
Deaf and voiced
Deaf consonants are pronounced without the participation of the voice, while in the formation solid sounds voice participation is required. Voiced and deaf sounds, as a rule, form a pair, for example: B-P, V-F, etc. There are only a few sounds that do not have a deafness-voiced pair: U, C, Y, R, L, M, N.
The table presented on our website will help to fully consider deaf and voiced, hard and soft consonants, as well as stressed and unstressed vowels. It can be hung in the classroom, where children have begun to study the Russian alphabet in more detail. It is also quite reasonable to hang the table in a conspicuous place at home if the baby begins to learn letters.
tables
Related cartoons
In order for the baby to quickly learn the division of letters into vowels and consonants, you can offer him cartoons on this topic. On our site you will find educational cartoons dedicated to this topic.
Speech therapist. Russian alphabet
This video presents sounds in Russian using onomatopoeia examples. This technique will allow kids to work out the clarity of pronunciation of vowels and consonants, to feel the difference in their sound more clearly. Sounds accompany bright pictures with animals and natural phenomena. Watch the cartoon here
Learn and sing the Russian alphabet
This video clip contains the performance of the alphabet to the music. The melody is pleasant, easy to remember, and the song itself is accompanied by a display of the letter and the form of its writing. This cartoon can be useful for children of any age, as it is aimed not only at remembering the order of letters, but also at practicing diction. You can watch the cartoon here
Voiceless consonants
There is a generally accepted opinion that it is impossible to sing consonant sounds. However, the authors of this cartoon break the usual stereotypes of perception. Of course, this video cannot be called a song in its entirety: rather, we will be dealing with a drawn-out pronunciation of deaf consonants. This is extremely useful for children's diction, in which defects in the pronunciation of hissing sounds are constantly visible. Turn on this cartoon to your child more often so that he corrects diction. Watch the cartoon here
Voiced consonants
It is much easier to sing voiced consonant sounds, although again we will not be dealing with singing, but with a prolonged pronunciation of a sound. The voice is involved in the formation of voiced consonants, so they can be easily pronounced in a singsong voice. This cartoon invites children to practice in such a simple matter and get to know the sonorous sounds better. You can watch the cartoon here
Learn vowels and consonants, because they form the basis of our alphabet!
Ticket number 1
vowels
Consonants are soft and hard. Softening hard consonants
According to the sound and method of formation, consonants are divided in Russian into hard and soft.
Soft consonants are formed with the participation of the middle part of the tongue and have a special, “soft” sound. Hard consonants are formed without the participation of the middle part of the tongue and have a "hard" sound.
Most consonants form hard/soft pairs.
[b] - [b '] [l] - [l '] [t] - [t '] [c] - [c '] [m] - [m '] [f] - [f '] [g ] - [G']
[n] - [n '] [x] - [x '] [d] - [d '] [n] - [n '] [s] - [s '] [p] - [p ']
[k] - [k '] [s] - [s ']
Some consonants are only hard or only soft. They do not pair in hardness/softness.
Only hard consonants:[g], [w], [c].
Only soft consonants:[th '], [h '], [u '].
Hard consonants cannot be combined with the vowel sound [and] following them, soft consonants cannot be combined with the vowel sound [ы] following them.
A man - [man] (here, after always a hard F sounds [s]).
Taught - [uch'il] (here after the always soft H sounds [and]).
In some cases, in the flow of speech, softening of paired solid consonants occurs.
Hard [n] can change to soft [n '] in combinations [n'h '], [n'sh'].
Pancake - pancake [bl'in'ch'ik].
Change - changer [sm'en'sch'ik].
Hard [d], [t], [h], [s], [n] can soften before soft [d '], [t '], [h '], [s '], [n '].
Whistle - whistle [s't']et.
Forest - le [s "n"] ik.
Treasury - in ka [z "n"] e.
Bow - ba [n "t"] ik.
India - I [n "d"] iya.
2) Practical task.
Syntactic analysis of the sentence, phonetic analysis of the word, morphological analysis.
No one could tear me away from my favorite thoughts.
Sentence: narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, common,
Text analysis.
Defining the topic of the text: chipmunk food supplies
Ticket number 2
1) Oral task: Topic: Section on speech sounds - phonetics.
2) Practical task:
Task: put punctuation marks in sentences.
Accuracy and brevity are the first virtues of prose.
The speech culture of a person is a mirror of his spiritual life.
Poverty is not a vice. There is no dash before the NOT particle.
Syntactic parsing of the sentence: Carefully examining each suspicious place, knocking with a powerful beak on the bark, a large black woodpecker climbs up the white birch.
Sentence: Narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, one-part, common, isolated by homogeneous members.
Phonetic analysis: beak
k-[k] -acc., deaf., tv.
l-[l ’]-acc., sound. unpaired, soft
yu-[y] -ch., percussion.
in-[f] -acc., deaf., tv.
Morphological analysis: birch
Initial form: BIRCH Part of speech: noun Grammar: dative case, the word usually does not have a plural, singular, feminine, inanimate
Forms: birch, birch, birch, birch, birch, birch.
Text analysis.
Text speech type: narration
Style definition given text: art style
Ticket number 3
1) Oral task: topic: Homonyms, Synonyms, Antonyms.
Homonyms- different in meaning, but the same in sound and spelling, words, morphemes and other units of the language. troika (horses) and troika (mark).
Synonyms - words of the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, but having the same or very close lexical meaning. Bold - brave.
Antonyms - these are words of the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings. For example: "truth" - "false", "good" - "evil", "speak" - "silent"
The use of synonyms.
Synonyms enrich the language, make our speech figurative. Synonyms may have different functional and stylistic coloring. So, the words mistake, miscalculation, oversight, error are stylistically neutral, commonly used; a hole, an overlay - colloquial; slip - colloquial; blooper - professional slang. The use of one of the synonyms without considering it stylistic coloring may lead to speech errors.
Example: Having made a mistake, the director of the plant immediately began to correct it.
When using synonyms, the ability of each of them to be more or less selectively combined with other words is often not taken into account (see Lexical compatibility).
Varying in shades lexical meaning, synonyms can express a different degree of manifestation of a sign, action. But, even denoting the same thing, interchangeable in some cases, in others, synonyms cannot be replaced - this leads to a speech error.
Example: Yesterday I was sad. A synonym for sad is quite suitable here: Yesterday I was sad. But in two-part sentences, these synonyms are interchanged. Sadly, I look at our generation ....
The use of homonyms.
Due to the context, homonyms are usually understood correctly. But still, in certain speech situations, homonyms cannot be understood unambiguously.
Example: The crew is in excellent condition. Is the crew a wagon or a team? The word crew itself is used correctly. But to reveal the meaning of this word, it is necessary to expand the context.
Very often, the use of homophones (sounding the same, but spelled differently) and homoforms in speech (especially oral) leads to ambiguity.
Ticket number 6
1) oral task: topic: Original Russian and borrowed words
Original Russian words and borrowed vocabulary. This group of words reflects the features of their origin. The original Russian vocabulary includes those words that were formed directly in the Russian language. Among the original Russian words, common Slavic words stand out (mother, shepherd, yard, porridge, kvass, birch, field, morning), East Slavic (uncle, nephew, spoon, ravine, flower) and Russian proper (grandmother, grandfather, fork, fairy tale, calf , duck). There are many borrowed words in Russian. According to scientists, about every tenth word is borrowed. Borrowed words reflect historical changes in the life of the state, in science, technology, economics, and art.
2) practical task
The sun, hiding behind a narrow cloud, gilds its edges.
Despite the difference in characters, the brothers loved each other deeply.
Insert missing letters parsing, phonetic analysis of the word, morphological analysis.
Parsing: I prepared to shoot, but the bird did not fly out of the bushes.
Sentence: narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, allied connection, SSP.
Phonetic analysis: Bird
p - [n] - acc., deaf., tv.
and - [i´] - ch., percussion.
a - [b] - ch .. bezud.
Morphological analysis: bushes
Initial form: BUSH
Part of speech: noun Grammar: plural, masculine, inanimate, Genitive
Shapes: bush, bush, bush, bush, bush, bush, bush, bush, bush, bush
Ticket number 7
Old Church Slavonicisms
Classification by groups:
Semantic
2) practical task:
Ticket number 8
dialect words
Term
2) practical task.
The plane, along with the passengers, captured the mail.
Who, except the hunter, experienced how gratifying it is to wander through the bushes at dawn?
Ticket number 9
1) oral task: topic: sources of vocabulary replenishment.
2) practical task.
Phonetic parsing: Minutes
and [and] - vowel, unstressed
y [`y] - vowel, stressed
Ticket number 13
1) Oral task……..
2) Practical task
Text analysis
Text speech type: narration
Text style: artistic.
Ticket number 14
1) Oral task: Vowels o and e after hissing
1. After hissing under stress, it is written about, in accordance with the pronunciation:
a) in the endings of nouns, for example: dugout, turn (turn), listing, displacement, footage, installation, dummy, page, shelving, ball, paralysis, raisins, hut, tick, ivy, boundary, candle, left-handed, sling ( Wed unstressed endings: turn - in photography, landscape, prestige, type, tonnage, timing; crying; apash, plush; vegetable; cottage, burden, forest);
b) in the endings of adjectives, for example: alien, big (cf. unstressed endings: red, good);
c) in the suffixes of nouns: -ok (debt, hook, shepherd boy, borscht), -onok (bear cub, wolf cub, frog), -onk-a (book, nag, little soul);
d) in the suffixes of adjectives: -ov- (hedgehog, chesuchovy, penny, horsetail), -on (with a fluent o: funny);
e) at the end (in suffixes) of adverbs, for example: fresh, already (meaning "later", "after"), hot, evening (meaning "last night"), general.
2. After hissing under stress, e (e) is written, although it is pronounced about:
a) in the endings of verbs, for example: lies, flows;
b) in the verbal suffix -ёvyva-, for example: demarcate, uproot, obscure;
c) in the suffix -evk- of verbal nouns, for example: demarcation, uprooting (but: hacksaw - from the adjective knife);
d) in the suffix -ёr- nouns, for example: trainee, retoucher;
e) in the suffix -yonn- (-yon-) passive participles, for example: slain, irrigated, discontinued; smitten, irrigated, terminated; in the suffix -yon- of verbal adjectives, for example: burnt, smoked; in words derived from words of this type, for example: zhzhenka, smoked meats, stew, simplicity;
f) in the prepositional case of the pronoun what: about what, on what; in words, and by no means.
2) practical task
Unionless complex sentence A sentence is called in which the parts forming it are interconnected:
1) in meaning, 2) intonation, 3) the order of the parts, 4) aspectual-temporal forms of verbs-predicates.
Love a book, it will help you sort out the motley confusion of thoughts, it will teach you to respect a person.
Cheese fell out, with him there was a cheat.
Text analysis
Subject: Fall has arrived.
Text speech type: description
Text style: artistic
Ticket number 15
1) oral task
In accordance with general rule the spelling of letters in the place of unstressed vowels in suffixes is established by checking words and forms with the same suffix in which the vowel being checked is under stress.
2) practical task
Gogol's influence on Russian literature was enormous, points out V.G. Belinsky.
The use of antonyms.
Very often used by poets to give an image. Example: They came together, water and fire.
2) Practical task.
Place punctuation marks in sentences:
Phonetic analysis: lay down
Leg - a word of 1 syllable,
e - [e] -ch., shock.
g - [x] -acc., deaf. unpaired, tv.
Text analysis.
Text speech type: narration
Ticket number 4
1) Oral task: topic: the use of figurative and expressive means of the language.
personifications- when inanimate objects are endowed with the properties of living beings: Sleepy birches smiled ...
comparison: example: The forest, as if a painted tower, shimmered with crimson, gold, orange colors.
The moon, like a huge cold ball, shone high in the sky.
The lake shone like a black mirror.
Ice, like melting sugar, lies on a cold river.
Mashenka's cheeks were like poured apples.
epithets, which characterize an object, emphasize its qualities, properties, create a certain image: the wind is violent, wandering.
Hyperbole - a stylistic figure or artistic device based on exaggeration: some attribute is attributed to the phenomenon to the extent that it does not really possess it (for example, in N. V. Gogol: "bloomers as wide as the Black Sea")
Antithesis - a stylistic figure of contrast, a sharp opposition of concepts: I will laugh with everyone, but I don’t want to cry with anyone.
2) practical task
I fall asleep, then I wake up, I open my eyes.
The table, the armchair, the chairs were all of the heaviest and heaviest quality.
Right in front of the window opposite side, stood a beautiful manor house.
Text analysis
Text subject: aspen
Style Definition: …………
Ticket number 5
1) oral task: Dictionaries of the Russian language
Russian language dictionaries- The universe in the alphabet - Anthroponymic dictionaries - Dialect (regional) dictionaries - Grammar dictionaries- Dictionaries word combinations - Ideographic, semantic and associative dictionaries - Linguistic and cultural dictionaries - Morphemic and word-building dictionaries - Reverse dictionaries - Spelling dictionaries Dictionaries - Orthoepic Dictionaries- Synonymic Dictionaries- Dictionaries antonyms - Dictionaries linguistic terms - Dictionaries names of inhabitants - Dictionaries of neologisms - Dictionaries of homonyms - Dictionaries of paronyms - Dictionaries of epithets, comparisons and metaphors - Dictionaries of abbreviations - Dictionaries of social dialects: jargon, slang, slang - Dictionaries of the language of writers and individual works - Dictionaries-reference books of the difficulties of the Russian language - Terminological Dictionaries - Explanatory dictionaries.
2) practical task
Ticket number 10
Phraseologism, phraseological unit- stable in composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in meaning, a phrase or sentence that performs the function of a separate lexeme (vocabulary unit).
2) Practical task
Friends, our union is beautiful.
What are you thinking, Cossack?
Text analysis
Theme of the text: the development of a culture of speech
Type of speech: reasoning
Ticket number 11
1) oral task: topic: Using speech etiquette formulas.
Speech etiquette- a set of rules of speech behavior adopted by society in the relevant areas and situations of communication. Speech behavior is regulated by social hierarchy, national culture and etiquette, ritual, upbringing of a linguistic personality, constant practice controlled by consciousness.
2) Practical task
Ah, how bright the sun is.
No, I didn't leave you.
Yes, time flies very quickly.
Text analysis
Text subject: daily entries
Text speech type: narration
Text style: artistic.
Ticket number 12
Console
Suffix
Root
2) Practical task
The air breathes with the aroma of spring, and all nature revives.
He will give a sign - and everyone will laugh.
Text analysis
Text speech type: reasoning
Text style: colloquial
Text analysis
Text speech type: reasoning
Text style: artistic.
Ticket number 16
2) practical task
It was already late and dark, the rain beat angrily against the window, and the wind blew sadly howling.
A herd of wild ducks whistled over us, and we heard them descend into the river.
Phonetic analysis: Water
o [`o] - vowel, unstressed
o [a] - vowel, stressed
Text analysis
Subject: Chipmunk Food Stocks
Text speech type: narration
Determining the style of a given text: artistic style
Ticket number 17
2) practical task
And he, rebellious, asks for a storm.
Text analysis
Definition of the topic of the text: leaves fall in autumn, leaf fall
Text speech type: narration
Determining the style of a given text: artistic style
Ticket number 18
1)
2) practical task
My father was sitting on a bench by the window.
Text analysis
Definition of the topic of the text: the life of a hedgehog
Text speech type: narration
Definition of the style of the given text: artistic.
Ticket number 19
1)
2) practical task
Gogol's influence on Russian literature was enormous, points out V.G. Belinsky.
Language, notes A.P. Chekhov, should be simple and elegant.
Text analysis
Text subject: aspen
Determining the speech type of a text: reasoning
Style Definition: …………
Ticket number 20
1) oral task
Abstract- this is a short, coherent and consistent presentation of the ascertaining and arguing provisions of the text.
Essay- a report on a specific topic, in which information is collected from one or more sources. Abstracts can be a summary of the content scientific work, articles, etc.
2) practical task
Of course, not only Yevgeny could see Tanya's confusion. Comma at the introductory word.
The beach, as I said, was low sandy.
Phonetic analysis: lay down
Leg - a word of 1 syllable,
l [l ’] - acc., sound. unpaired, soft
e - [e] -ch., shock.
g - [k] -acc., deaf. unpaired, tv.
Text analysis
Text speech type: reasoning
Text style: artistic
Ticket number 21
1) oral task
Phoneme- this is the shortest sound unit capable of distinguishing sound shells different words and morphemes.
Day- 4 letters, 3 sound
d [d "] - consonant, soft, voiced, paired
e [`e] - vowel, stressed
n [n "] - consonant, soft, voiced, unpaired, sonorous
Rise 6 letters, 6 sounds
n [n] - consonant, solid, deaf, double
o [`o] - vowel, unstressed
d [d] - consonant, solid, voiced, paired
e [th "] - consonant, soft, voiced, unpaired, sonorous
[o] - vowel, unstressed
m [m] - consonant, solid, voiced, unpaired, sonorous
2) practical task
Oh, I understand him perfectly. Grammatical basis- I understand
The night is frosty and clear. Grammatical basis - tonight
Phonetic parsing: Minutes
m [m "] - consonant, soft, voiced, unpaired, sonorous
and [and] - vowel, unstressed
n [n] - consonant, solid, voiced, unpaired, sonorous
y [`y] - vowel, stressed
t [t] - consonant, solid, deaf, double
Text analysis
Theme of the text: skill of human hands
Text speech type: reasoning
Text style: artistic
Ticket number 22
1) oral task
2) practical task
Pavel went to the door, pushed it with his hand, asked who was there?
You should intercede for Pavel, then the mother exclaimed, getting up, because he went for the sake of everyone.
Phonetic analysis: beak
Beak - a word of 1 syllable, 4 letters, 4 sounds.
k-[k] - acc., deaf., tv.
l-[l ’] - acc., sound. unpaired, soft
yu-[y] - ch., percussion.
v-[f] - acc., deaf., tv.
Ticket number 26
1) oral task:
2) practical task
Ah, how bright the sun is.
No, I didn't leave you.
Yes, time flies very quickly.
Text analysis
Subject: a person must be intelligent
Text speech type: reasoning
Text style: colloquial
Ticket number 27
2) Practical task
Complicated sentence. such sentences are joined by subordinating conjunctions (for example: when, what, to, which...)_______________________________________________
Clouds descended over the valley where we were driving.
I saw how the stars began to dim and lose all their radiance, how a coolness swept over the earth with a light sigh.
Text analysis
Subject: father and son went hunting in the woods
Text speech type: narration
Text style: artistic.
Ticket number 28
1) oral task:
Console- this is part of the word, and in writing it cannot be separated from the root.
Suffix- Part of the word between the root and the ending, giving the word a new meaning
Root- this is the common part of related words, which contains their main meaning. Words with the same root are called cognate (related)
2) Practical task
Gogol's influence on Russian literature was enormous, V.G. Belinsky.
Language, notes A.P. Chekhov, should be simple and elegant.
Text analysis
Subject: Fall has arrived.
Text speech type: description
Text style: artistic
Ticket number 29
1) oral task:
2) Practical task
And he, rebellious, asks for a storm.
Attracted by the light, the butterflies flew in and circled around the lantern.
Phonetic analysis: Water
in [in] - consonant, solid, voiced, paired
o [`o] - vowel, unstressed
d [d] - consonant, solid, voiced, paired
o [a] - vowel, stressed
th [th "] - consonant, soft, voiced, unpaired, sonorous
Text analysis
Topic: art as education
Text speech type: reasoning
Text style: artistic.
Text analysis
Theme of the text: Russia is a mother
Text speech type: reasoning
Text style: artistic
Ticket number 23
1) oral task
2) practical task
It was a rainy, dirty dark night.
A long freight train has long been at the station.
Text analysis
Text subject: apple tree
Determining the speech type of a text: reasoning
Style Definition: …………
Ticket number 24
1) oral task: Old Slavonicisms.
Old Church Slavonicisms- words borrowed from the Old Slavonic language, the language of liturgical books.
Classification by groups:
Ascending to the common Slavic language Old Slavicisms that had East Slavic variants, distinguished by their sound or affixal design: gold, night, fisherman, boat, gate, line (queue), captivity (full)
Semantic.
2) practical task
At the rallies, we, the newspapermen, learned a lot of news.
The fiercest scourge of heaven, nature's horror - pestilence rages in the forests.
Phonetic analysis: Bird
Bird - a word of 2 syllables, 1st stressed
p - [n] - acc., deaf., tv.
t - [t ’] - acc., deaf, soft.
and - [i´] - ch., percussion.
C - [c] - acc., deaf. unpaired, tv. unpaired
a - [b] - ch .. bezud.
Text analysis
Subject: a person must be intelligent
Text speech type: reasoning
Text style: colloquial
Ticket number 25
1) oral task: Dialect words. Word terms
dialect words- these are words used only by the inhabitants of a particular area. For example, in Russian folk dialects there are the words “barka” (ice floe), “brany” (woven with patterns, patterned), “devyo” (girls), “unsteady” (suspended cradle), “mryaka” (damp, dark weather with drizzling rain). The speech of the inhabitants of a particular area is called a dialect.
Term- this is a specific word denoting a special concept that refers to a particular field of technology, science, art, etc. ( technical term, scientific term, a religious term). The term cannot have a double meaning. Used in specialized literature, thematic conversations, etc.
2) practical task
Of course, not only Yevgeny could see Tanya's confusion.
The beach, as I said, was low sandy.
Text analysis
Subject: daily entries
Text speech type: narration
Text style: journalistic
Ticket
1) oral task:
2) Practical task
My father was sitting on a bench by the window.
During heavy rains, the river overflows like a spring, stormy and noisy, and then makes itself felt.
Text analysis
Subject of the text: search for the galangal plant
Text speech type: reasoning
Text style: artistic
Ticket number 1
Sounds of speech. Vowels and consonants
Human speech is made up of speech sounds.
Speech sounds are special sounds uttered by a person during oral communication. They are used to create words and word parts. According to the features of their formation and sound, speech sounds are divided into vowels and consonants.
vowels sounds are called, during the formation of which air freely passes through the oral cavity, without encountering any obstacle. Therefore, vowel sounds consist only of a voice. Vowel sounds form syllables in Russian (they are syllable-forming).
In Russian, 6 vowel sounds are distinguished under stress: [а́], [о́], [и́], [ы́], [е́], [у́].
When forming consonants the air meets some kind of barrier in the oral cavity (closed lips, tongue pressed to the teeth, etc.). Consonants consist of voice and noise (voiced) or only noise (voiceless). Consonants in Russian are not able to form syllables.
There are 36 consonants in Russian:
These are all consonants only hard and soft.
