Bright short life S. I. Muravyov-Apostol is inextricably linked with the fateful events of Russia in early XIX century. Leo Tolstoy, who did not share the ideas of the Decembrists, called him one of the best people not only of that, but of any other time. A descendant of an ancient family, related to the famous Ukrainian hetman Daniil Apostol, Sergei Ivanovich, heading the list of Decembrists, became a staunch republican and an active opponent of serfdom.
Childhood of Muravyov-Apostol
September 28, 1796 in the family statesman Ivan Matveyevich Muravyov-Apostol was born the fourth child, named Sergei. Shortly after his birth, Ivan Matveyevich was sent by Emperor Paul I as an envoy to Hamburg, where he went with his family. After returning to Russia in 1801, Ivan Matveyevich soon moved to Madrid on official business. Under pressure from Napoleon, who came to power in France, the Russian mission was withdrawn from Spain. Leaving his family in Paris, Ivan Matveyevich returns to Russia and receives his resignation. Sergey begins his studies at the Hicks boarding house, where he immediately drew attention to himself with his briskness and great success in academic disciplines.
Homecoming
Despite the fact that the children grew up abroad and speak French, under the influence of their mother, they had a strongly developed sense of patriotism and love for Russia. However, when in 1809 the family returned to St. Petersburg and the children happily accepted this return, Anna Semyonovna, their mother immediately warned that Russia was a country of slaves, referring to serfdom. Sergey's brilliant mathematical abilities allow him to easily enter the newly formed school in 1810.
Participation in the War of 1812
After Napoleon's attack on Russia, the student was sent to serve in the main headquarters of the army, commanded by Kutuzov. In June 1812, 15-year-old Sergei received a baptism of fire in the battles for Vitebsk, and then the young lieutenant participated in the Battle of Borodino. Army commander M. I. Kutuzov tried to keep him at the main apartment, but at a critical moment, a young officer as part of a sapper company built and defended redoubt fortifications under heavy fire from the French.
Tarutinsky fight
The significance of the Tarutino battle, in which the second lieutenant, who had not reached the age of 16, also distinguished himself, was not only that successful results were achieved for the first time, but also in raising the spirit of the Russian troops. Historians believe that the Tarutino battle, with its success in October 1812, forced Napoleon to decide to withdraw from captured Moscow. Then there was a fierce one that led to the fact that Napoleon refused to advance further to Kaluga, the main forces of the Russian army began to pursue the retreating French troops. After Maloyaroslavets, colleagues sent from the school to the war returned to St. Petersburg to continue their studies, but Sergey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol decided to remain in the army. The participation of Muravyov-Apostol in further battles for the liberation of the Fatherland from the French invasion was marked by the award of the Golden Sword and the assignment of the rank of lieutenant. After Napoleon was expelled from Russia, he was awarded the Order of St. Anna III degree.
foreign trip
Wishing to participate in a foreign campaign, the 16-year-old officer achieved an appointment in the Jaeger battalion. For the case near Lutzen (Germany), Muravyov-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich, whose biography was very difficult, was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 4 tbsp. with a bow. Since 1814, under command, he took part in many battles, and for the battle near Paris, the young captain receives the Order of Anna, 2nd degree. In Paris, he meets with his older brother Matvey, and together in March 2014 they return to Russia, where their father and eight-year-old brother Ippolit are waiting for them.
Organization of the first secret societies
The unanimous uprising of the Russian people against the foreign invasion in 1812 showed the strength of the spirit ordinary people, including serfs. After the glorious military campaign, when Russia liberated Europe from the yoke of Napoleon, the enlightened part of the advanced Russian nobility was in anticipation of the liberation of the peoples of their homeland from the yoke of autocracy. According to S. I. Muravyov-Apostol, the liberation of Russia from its own yoke will lead to the liberation of the whole world, will contribute to the development and prosperity of the country.
The desire to help the people free themselves from the tyranny of their masters, to escape from hopeless poverty and at the same time avoid a repetition of the horrors of the "Pugachevshchina" led the best representatives of the privileged class to the need for unification. The first decade of the 19th century was generally rich in various secret societies, including Masonic lodges, with the help of which the nobles could fill the spiritual vacuum after active participation in global events. One of these societies, which were created in 1815, was the “Artel of officers of the Semenovsky regiment”, organized by N. M. Muravyov. S. I. Muravyov-Apostol, who, after returning from a foreign campaign, transferred to serve in the army, together with his brother Matvey, became a member of the artel. The goals of this society, consisting of 15-20 people, were vague and unclear. Soon, at the direction of the emperor, the artel was dissolved, but the meetings of its members continued, and it could be considered the basis for the further development of the revolutionary movement.
"Union of Salvation"
The first secret organization of officers (“Union of Salvation”) was created in 1816 in the house of the Muravyov-Apostol brothers, where Prince Trubetskoy, Alexander and Yakushkin were also present. The organization of young officers, renamed in 1817 after the admission of P. I. Pestel into its members into the “Society of True and Faithful Sons of the Fatherland”, as it was, remained small (30 people), but already with more clearly defined goals. The main task of the society was the struggle for the liberation of the peasants from serfdom and the elimination of autocracy, which is enshrined in the charter of the society. In an effort to spread their influence widely, not only nobles, but also philistines, merchants, clergy and free peasants were accepted as members of the society.
The society was led by the so-called Root Council, which included Sergey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol. Along with the growing discontent of the masses within the country and the strengthening of the all-European revolutionary situation in the Union of Welfare, supporters of a decisive military onslaught on the autocracy and the establishment of a republican system gained more and more influence. The correctness of this approach was also confirmed by a spontaneous uprising in 1820 by the soldiers of the Semyonovsky regiment. After the suppression of indignation in the Semenovsky regiment, it was disbanded, and Muravyov-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich was transferred with the rank of colonel to the Chernigov infantry regiment. Created in January 1821, the congress of the Indigenous Council of the Union of Welfare announced the dissolution of the society. However, in fact, it was not the liquidation that was carried out, but the reorganization of the Union, which resulted in the organization of two societies coordinating joint actions.
"Southern Society"
A secret organization in Ukraine, initiated by the members of the Tulchin Council of the "Union of Welfare", was called the "Southern Society". It was headed by P. I. Pestel, and Sergei Muravyov-Apostol (Decembrist) became the head of the most numerous Vasilyevsky council. The program goals and objectives of the society, which the Society of United Slavs joined in 1825, are set out in Russkaya Pravda by Pavel Ivanovich Pestel.
The goals of the society remained in tune with the tasks of the "Union of Welfare", but it was proposed to act more decisively, using the assassination of the king to behead the monarchist party. At the same time, Pestel believed that the uprising should take place in the capital and be carefully prepared, and Sergei Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostle, Decembrist, insisted on speedy action using troops under the command of officers - members of the "Southern Society".
Uprising of the Chernihiv Regiment
After the failure of the performance of the military on Senate Square (St. Petersburg), at the end of December 1815, a riot of soldiers began in the Chernigov regiment stationed in the Kyiv province. The reason for the uprising was the arrest of Lieutenant Colonel S. I. Muravyov-Apostol, who was personally carried out by the regiment commander after receiving news of the uprising in St. Petersburg. The next day, the rebels occupied Vasilkov, and then Motovilovka. In Motovilovka, before the formation, the proclamation of the rebels (“Orthodox Catechism”) was read out, which was composed by Muravyov-Apostol and Bestuzhev-Ryumin. The Chernihiv regiment began to move to Petersburg with the hope that other military units would support it. However, these hopes turned out to be unfounded, and near Belaya Tserkov the regiment was surrounded by a detachment of hussars and artillerymen. January 3, 1826 they were defeated by government troops. The younger brother of Sergei Ivanovich, Ippolit, not wanting to be captured, shot himself, and he himself, seriously wounded, was captured. During the investigation, he behaved courageously and nobly, trying to shield his comrades and take all the blame on himself.
Decembrist movement in Russia
The Decembrist movement in Russia was special in that they did not rely on a specific social stratum and, taking a mortal risk in the name of the liberation of the people, did not seek support from it. The situation of the interregnum after the sudden death of Alexander I allowed the Decembrists to bring the guards regiments to Senate Square in order to force the Senate to proclaim the destruction of the autocracy, the elimination of serfdom and the establishment of political freedoms.
The indecisiveness and fragmentation of the actions of the conspirators led to the fact that the Decembrist uprising (year 1825) was defeated. The Supreme Criminal Court, established to try the participants in the military rebellion, sentenced 121 people. In accordance with the degree of guilt, all those who were included in the list of Decembrists were divided into 11 categories. According to the first category, providing at the beginning death penalty, and then replaced by eternal hard labor, 31 people were convicted. Five people, recognized by the commission of inquiry as out of ranks, were sentenced to hanging, including Muravyov-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich. In July 1826, the sentence was carried out.
House of Muravyov-Apostol
The estate of the Muravyov-Apostles in Moscow was located on Staraya Basseinaya Street. After the Decembrist uprising took place (year 1825), the house was sold. Even Lunacharsky, who was going to open a museum of the Decembrists in the house-estate, thought about perpetuating the memory of the first Russian revolutionaries. The implementation of this plan took place only in 1986, but five years later it was closed due to the accident rate of the building. Invited in 1991, the descendants of the Muravyov-Apostles decided to restore the building through the efforts of the family. After almost ten years of hard work main house The estate was restored and leased to the Museum of the Decembrists. Currently, exhibitions and tours are regularly held there.
Decembrist, retired lieutenant colonel (since 1823). Brother of S. I. Muravyov Apostol. Participant Patriotic War 1812 and foreign campaigns of the Russian army in 1813-14. One of the founders of the "Union of Salvation" ...
- (1793 1886), Decembrist, one of the founders of the Union of Salvation and the Union of Welfare, member of the Southern Society, retired lieutenant colonel (1823). Brother of I. I. and S. I. Muravyov Apostles. Member of the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns. Participant … encyclopedic Dictionary
Muravyov Apostol: Muravyov Apostle, Ivan Matveyevich (1768 1851) Russian writer, statesman and public figure, senator. Muravyova Apostle, Anna Semyonovna (1770 1810, ur. Chernoevich) wife of the previous one. Their children: Ants Apostle ... Wikipedia
1. MURAVYOV APOSTLE Ippolit Ivanovich (1806-26), Decembrist, member of the Northern Society, ensign. Brother of S. I. and M. I. Muravyov Apostles. Member of the uprising of the Chernigov regiment. Wounded in battle, shot himself. 2. MURAVYOV APOSTLE Matvey Ivanovich (1793 ... ... Russian history
Muravyov-Apostol M.I.- MURAVYOV APOSTOL Matvey Ivanovich (17931886), Decembrist, one of the founders of the secret associations in the Union of Salvation and the Union of Welfare, member. South wow, retired lieutenant colonel. Brother I.I. and S.I. Ant Apostles. Member Fatherland. wars of 1812 and foreign ... ... Biographical Dictionary
I Muravyov Apostol Matvey Ivanovich, Decembrist, retired lieutenant colonel (since 1823). Brother of S. I. Muravyov Apostol (See Muravyov Apostle). Member of the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1 . Matvey Ivanovich (April 25, 1793 - February 21, 1886) Decembrist. Retired lieutenant colonel. Brother of S. I. Muravyov Apostol. Member of the Fatherland. wars of 1812 and abroad. campaigns 1813 14. One of the founders of the Union of Salvation, a member of the indigenous council of the Union ... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia
S.I. Muravyov-Apostle. Unknown artist, 1828 The portrait is in State Museum A.S. Pushkin.
Nicholas I Pavlovich Romanov.
One of the prominent figures in the Decembrist movement, a member of the Union of Salvation, the Union of Welfare and the Southern Society.
Born September 28 (October 9), 1796 in St. Petersburg in the family of a prominent diplomat and writer, coming from an old noble family. The son of Ivan Matveyevich Muravyov-Apostol, Prime Major, Master of Ceremonies, official of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, Senator, Russian Ambassador to Spain, from his first marriage to A.S. Chernoevich, the daughter of the Austrian general Serb S. Chernoevich, who transferred to the Russian service. Mother, Anna Semyonovna, was a strong and strong-willed woman. She gave birth to five children, Sergey was the fourth. . The future Decembrist was excellently brought up, received an excellent education, knew literature well, enthusiastically studied exact sciences especially mathematics. .
Sergei Muravyov-Apostol spent his childhood in Hamburg and Paris. He studied at Hicks' boarding school in Paris, showed brilliant abilities and diligence, composed poetry in French and Latin. The strongest and liveliest of all children, Sergei even overtook his older brother Matvey (the future Decembrist), with whom he studied at the boarding school, in height.
In 1809, Anna Semyonovna with her children returned with her children to Russia, where Matvey Ivanovich had previously left. On the border of Prussia with Russia, the children of the Muravyovs, seeing a Cossack, begin to hug him, happily accepting the acquisition of their homeland. When they returned to the carriage in which they traveled from Paris itself, their mother said sternly: “I am very glad that a long stay abroad did not cool your feelings for your homeland, but get ready, children, I have to tell you terrible news; you will find what you do not know: in Russia you will find slaves! Anna Semyonovna meant serfdom, a system in which millions of peasants were deprived of everything and had only duties - natural slavery. With such a warning, Sergei's acquaintance with the Motherland begins.
In 1810, Sergei easily passed two exams at the newly opened school of railway engineers (now the St. Petersburg Institute of Railway Engineers). In 1810 he was enrolled in the guard. Soon after returning to Russia, her mother, Anna Semyonovna, dies, having fallen ill on the way to one of the estates in the Poltava region.
In 1812, Sergei Ivanovich graduated from the institute, received the rank of ensign of the quartermaster unit. In the same year he began military service Lieutenant of the Life Guards Semyonovsky Regiment.
During the Patriotic War, Sergei is in Maloyaroslavets at the main headquarters of the army, commanded by Kutuzov. After the battle, officers from the Communications Corps are sent back to St. Petersburg to continue their studies. Taking advantage of his father's connections, Sergei decides to stay at the headquarters. Adam Ozharovsky (husband of Elizabeth's sister) takes him to his detachment. . Despite his youth (27 years old), he managed to visit hot battles. In 1812 he participated in the battles near Vitebsk. Member of the Battle of Borodino. For courage during the capture of Mogilev and the crossing of the Berezina, he was promoted to lieutenant. . For courage in the battle of Krasnoye, Sergei Muravyov-Apostol receives one of the highest awards - a golden sword with the inscription "For Courage".
At the end of 1812, he was already in the rank of lieutenant with the Order of Anna, 3rd degree. In 1813, Sergei wrote to his sister Elizabeth from Peterwalsdau: “I live with my brother [Matvey], and since we are in a similar position, that is, without a single sous, we philosophize each in our own way, eating a rather meager dinner ... When Count Adam Ozharovsky was here, I dined with him, but, alas he departed, and his dinners with him."
Then Sergey participates in battles:
Under Lutzen, for which he was granted Vladimir of the 4th degree with a bow;
Under Bautzen, he was promoted to the rank of staff captain for merit;
Under Leipzig - the rank of captain.
In 1814, he was with General Raevsky and participated in the battles: Provins, Arcy-sur-Aube, Fer-Champenoise, Paris. For the battle near Paris, Sergei receives Anna of the 2nd degree.
In Paris, Sergei finds his brother Matvey, as well as numerous cousins and relatives. In March 1814, almost all future Decembrists can be found here. The brothers can't wait to go home to their father and younger brother, eight-year-old Hippolyte.
The return to Russia becomes another shock for Sergei Muravyov-Apostol. The people who want to greet the winners, the heroes of the war of 1812, are dispersed by the police with sticks. The serfs who shed blood on the Borodino field and in other fierce battles, returning again, put on the yoke of corvée and dues. These liberators are still the same slaves, nothing has changed, the emperor is not grateful to them for having defeated the enemy, but believes that "each of them [we are talking about all Russians] is a rogue or a fool". The future Decembrist, seeing all this, is becoming more and more disillusioned with the imperial power.
Ivan Matveyevich Muravyov, after the death of his wife, remarried and remains in the village with his young wife and three children from his second marriage. In the same 1814, Sergei's older sister, Elizabeth, Ozharovsky's wife, dies. Sergei is very worried about her death, seeks consolation in religion, decides to leave the service and go abroad to finish his studies or go to university. The father does not give his blessing, and Sergei remains in Russia. Soon he was already a lieutenant of the Semyonovsky regiment. His brother Matvey, Yakushkin and other freethinkers also serve in the same regiment. Since 1815, Sergei was a colonel, a brilliant officer in the guard, commander of the 1st (imperial) company of the Semyonovsky regiment.
In 1816, he became one of the founders of the first secret political organization of the Decembrists - the Union of Salvation, which set as its goal the elimination of serfdom and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. After the creation of the Welfare Union in 1818, he became part of it governing body- Root administration. In January 1820, at the St. Petersburg meeting of members of the society, he supported the idea of P.I. Pestel to introduce a republican form of government in Russia.
In 1820, the Semyonovsky regiment, where Sergei Muravyov continued to serve, passes under the command of Fyodor Schwartz. The new commander is aware that officers do not apply corporal punishment to soldiers, however, despite this, he is tightening the practice of executions. They say that there was even a soldier's cemetery of the victims of the Arakcheev Schwartz. The officers send a complaint to the chief. For this, the first grenadier company of the regiment in in full force goes to jail. Others are looking for Schwartz to take revenge, he hides in a dunghill. Sergei Muravyov withdraws his company along with eleven others and pacifies the soldiers, preventing them from revolting. Soldiers respecting the lieutenant obediently lay down their arms. Schwartz personally asks for his forgiveness. Schwartz, however, is sentenced to death, commuted to dismissal from service. Sergei, along with other officers, nevertheless ends up in a military prison, but soon leaves it. Almost at the same time, Muravyov-Apostol met Mikhail (Michel) Bestuzhev-Ryumin - their friendship was destined to last to the grave. After being released from the fortress, Sergei was exiled to the army, first to the Poltava Infantry Regiment, then to the Chernigov Infantry Regiment. Soon Sergei was appointed commander of the 2nd battalion of the Chernihiv Infantry Regiment, stationed near Belaya Tserkov. He had the rank of lieutenant colonel.
After the self-dissolution in January 1821 of the Welfare Union, Sergei Muravyov-Apostol joined the organized P.I. Pestel Southern Society. Together with M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin headed his Vasilkovskaya council. He was an opponent of terrorist methods of struggle (regicide). Unlike P.I. Pestelya considered possible an independent armed uprising in the south of Russia. Muravyov-Apostol planned to raise a large part of the 2nd Army stationed in Ukraine to an anti-government rebellion, and with its help to capture Moscow. He actively tried to win soldiers and officers over to the side of the conspirators. .
It was 1823. As usual, from January 15 to 25, a contract fair was held in Kyiv. Under its cover, the Decembrists of the Southern Society held their next congress. One of the issues that was discussed at it was the question of the timing of the uprising. Sergey Muravyov-Apostol and Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin were active supporters of an early action. They were the organizers of the first concrete idea of an open performance in Bobruisk. There, in 1823, the 9th division of the 3rd infantry corps of the 1st Russian army was stationed. . Sergey Ivanovich, instead of building the fortifications of the Bobruisk fortress with his battalion, carried out guard duty, and was engaged in ordinary military exercises. The arrival of the king in Bobruisk, where the troops were gathered, according to Muravyov-Apostol, created a unique opportunity to start an uprising. Together with his friend and associate M. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, he developed an important propaganda document - the "Orthodox Catechism", calling for the overthrow of the autocracy. .
Why was it supposed to raise an uprising in Bobruisk? First, it seemed necessary to use the rare case of a royal review of those regiments that were stationed and were under the direct influence of the four members of society.
Secondly, the proximity of Moscow was extremely important, where the rebel regiments would move after a successful "possession of a special sovereign". In other words, after the arrest of Alexander I. At the same time, the presence of the Bobruisk fortress also contributed to the uprising, since in case of failure it could serve as a shelter. As it turns out from the investigation files, the conversation was not just about the fact that the conspirators who lost the case began to sit out in the fortress, but also about the fact that they could keep the arrested emperor there.
In 1823-1825, Sergei Muravyov-Apostol negotiated with other secret officer organizations - the Society of United Slavs and the Polish Patriotic Society, which sought to restore the national independence of Poland. For propaganda among the soldiers, he compiled an anti-monarchical Catechism in the form of questions and answers. In early November 1825 he became one of the three directors of the Southern Society.
Shackled, by the will of Tsar Muravyov-Apostol, they put him in the darkest casemate of the Peter and Paul Fortress - Alekseevsky ravelin. He couldn't move. Painful interrogations, threats of torture, the use of other inquisitorial means had a heavy effect on his psyche. But Sergei Ivanovich showed himself to be a man of unbending will and courage. No trials shook his revolutionary convictions. In his testimony there was no repentance and pleas for help, for pardon. He did not refuse anything, did not deny anything, tried only to fully take the blame on himself. .
The Supreme Criminal Court condemned Sergei Muravyov to death by quartering, which Nicholas I replaced by hanging. The day before the execution, the sentenced Decembrists are put in shackles, fearing that they will commit suicide. Five were ordered to be hanged at four in the morning, removed at six, and then destroyed the gallows. Together with four other convicts, Muravyov-Apostol was executed on July 13 (25), 1826 on the crown of the Peter and Paul Fortress. . His last words at the scaffold were: "Everything that is sown will sprout, even if it doesn't rain." .
The execution of five Decembrists - Pestel, Ryleev, Muravyov-Apostol, Bestuzhev-Ryumin and Kakhovsky - took place on the night of July 25, 1826. The chief of police read the maxim of the Supreme Court, which ended with the words: "... hang for such atrocities!". During the execution, there were two executioners who put on a noose, and then a white cap. On the chest, the Decembrists had black skin, on which the name of the criminal was written in chalk. They were in white coats and had heavy chains on their legs. When everything was ready, with the pressure of the spring in the scaffold, the platform on which they stood on the benches fell. . However, when he fell, the ropes broke over Ryleev, Kakhovsky and Pestel - and all three fell down. Strong ropes were urgently found in nearby shops - and the execution took place a second time.
Emperor Nicholas I refused to hand over the bodies of the executed to his relatives, and therefore the cart with them stood on the territory of the merchant navigation school. According to one version, the suicide bombers were secretly buried on Goloday Island. In 1926, it was renamed the island of the Decembrists. In Soviet times, a monument was erected at the place of execution, on which the names of the executed Decembrists were carved.
» Muravyov-Apostle Matvei Ivanovich (1793-1886)Decembrist, retired lieutenant colonel (since 1823). Brother S.I. Muravyov-Apostol. Member of the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns of the Russian army of 1813-1814. One of the founders of the Union of Salvation, a member of the indigenous council of the Union of Welfare and the Southern Society; negotiated the unification of the Southern and Northern societies. Member of the uprising of the Chernigov regiment. Sentenced to 20 years hard labor, then reduced to 15 years. Under the amnesty of 1856, he returned from Siberia, until 1863 he lived in Tver, and then in Moscow. Remained faithful to the Decembrist ideals. Three years before his death, he dictated his memoirs about his stay in Siberia.
M.I. died. Muravyov-Apostol February 21, 1886, was buried in Moscow at the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent (please do not confuse with the modern Novodevichy cemetery).
Biography:
Retired lieutenant colonel.
From nobles.
Born in St. Petersburg.
Father - Ivan Matveevich Muravyov-Apostol (October 1, 1768 - March 12, 1851), writer, member of the Russian Academy, envoy to Hamburg and Madrid, mother - Anna Semyonovna Chernoevich (d. March 28, 1810)
His father is married to Praskovya Vasilievna Grushetskaya by a second marriage.
For the father 3478 souls.
He was brought up (until 1802) together with his brother Sergei in Paris at the Hicks boarding house, then in St. Petersburg - the Corps of Railway Engineers (since 1810).
He entered the service as a lieutenant in the L.-Gds. Semenovsky Regiment - 11/20/1811, participant in the Patriotic War of 1812 (Vitebsk, Borodino - awarded the insignia of the Military Order of George, Tarutino, Maloyaroslavets) and foreign campaigns (Lutzen, Bautzen, Kulm, where he was wounded, awarded the Order of Anna 4th class, Leipzig, Paris ), warrant officer - 12/18/1812, second lieutenant - 1/13/1816, lieutenant - 2/2/1817, appointed adjutant to the Little Russian Governor-General, Adjutant General Prince. N.G. Repnin-Volkonsky - 1/1/1818 (Poltava), staff captain - 12/15/1819, transferred to the Life Guards. The Chasseurs Regiment with the retention of Repnin's adjutant on 1/24/1821, was transferred as a major to the Poltava Infantry Regiment on 3/21/1822, retired as a lieutenant colonel on 1/21/1823, lived in the Khomutets estate of the Mirgorod district of the Poltava province.
Mason, member of the United Friends and the Three Virtues Lodge (1816 - 3 May 1820).
One of the founders of the Union of Salvation (participant in the Moscow conspiracy of 1817), a member of the Union of Welfare (member of the Indigenous Council, participant in the St. Petersburg meetings of 1820), the Southern Society, a participant in the uprising of the Chernigov regiment.
Arrest order - 12/19/1825, arrested on the morning of 12/29 by Lieutenant Colonel Gebel in Trilesy, released by officers of the Chernigov regiment, arrested again between the village. Kovalevka and s. Korolevka - 3.1.1826, sent to Belaya Tserkov, from there to Moscow, sent from Moscow 14.1.1826, arrived in St. Petersburg to the main guardhouse - 15.1; 17.1 transferred to the Peter and Paul Fortress (" sent Muravyov, a retired colonel, to be imprisoned at his discretion and kept strictly»
) in No. 20 of the Trubetskoy bastion, in May 1826 it was shown in No. 35 of the Kronverk curtain wall.
Convicted of the 1st category and confirmed on 10/7/1826 sentenced to hard labor for 20 years.
Sent to Rochensalm - 17.8.1826 (signs: height 2 arshins 4 4/8 inches, “white, clean, round face, light brown eyes, large nose, sharp, dark hair on the head and eyebrows, small warts on the right cheek, on the right on the same leg from the thumb the second and third are fused together, on the right thigh there is a wound from a bullet that has passed right through and has a scar”), the term was reduced to 15 years - 22.8.
Left Fort Slava - 10/1/1827, sent from Shlisselburg to Siberia - 10/2/1827, arrived in Irkutsk at the end of November 1827, arrived in Yakutsk on 12/24/1828, sent to Vilyuisk, Yakutsk region - 6/1/1828, at the request of sister E.I. . Bibikova was allowed to be transferred to the Bukhtarma fortress in the Omsk region - 13.3.1829, delivered from Irkutsk to Omsk - 29.8.1829, arrived in the Bukhtarma fortress - 5.9.1829.
In June 1832 the governor general Western Siberia Velyaminov allowed him to live in the house of State Councilor Brant, 1 verst from the fortress near the Seleznevka River, then settled in his own house, which he bought from the official Zaleyshchikov, was allowed to be transferred to Yalutorovsk - 06/3/1836, left the Bukhtarma fortress - 09/25/1836, arrived in Yalutorovsk - 10/1/1836.
Under an amnesty on 26.8.1856, he was restored to his former rights, on his return he settled on 3.1.1857 in the village of Zykova, Moscow district, moved to Tver - 12.4.1857, allowed to live in Moscow - 14.8.1858, allowed to live in St. Petersburg and wear the Kulm cross and military medal of 1812 - 04/27/1863, the soldier's St. George's Cross was returned (in connection with the 200th anniversary of the life guards of the Semenovsky regiment) - 1883.
He died in Moscow and was buried in the Novodevichy Convent.
Wife(from 1832) - Maria Konstantinovna Konstantinova (1810 - January 3, 1883), the daughter of a priest, was buried in Moscow at the Vagankovo cemetery.
The son died in 1837, two adopted daughters - Augusta Pavlovna Sozonovich and Anna Borodinskaya, both in 1860 were allowed to be called Matveevs and were given the rights of personal honorary citizenship
Brothers: Sergei, Ippolit, Vasily (1817-1867),
sisters Ekaterina (1795-1861), married to I.M. Bibikov, Anna, married to collegiate adviser Khrushchev; Elena, for the Decembrist S.V. Kapnist.
VD, IX, 179-284; GARF, f. 109, 1 exp., 1826, file 61, part 51.
Matvey's childhood years were spent mainly in Germany (Hamburg), Spain and France. He received an excellent education, first at home, and then at Hicks' Parisian boarding house. Before moving to Russia, which happened in 1809, the European-educated Matvey, like his brother Sergei, did not even suspect that serfdom dominated in their homeland, and only at the very border Anna Semyonovna revealed this truth to them.
Moving from Prussia to Russia, the children saw a Cossack on the clock, jumped out of the carriage and rushed to hug him, and when they set off on their way, they heard from their mother: “I am very glad that a long stay abroad did not cool your feelings for your homeland, but get ready, children, I have terrible news to tell you; you will find what you do not know: in Russia you will find slaves!” .
In 1811, Matvey entered the St. Petersburg Corps of Railway Engineers, but studied there for only four months, because. the war with France was approaching, and Matvey decided in the life guards. Semyonovsky regiment with the rank of ensign. In the regiment, he met the future Decembrist I.D. Yakushkin, friendship with whom passed through their entire subsequent life. In addition, cousin Artamon Muravyov and Nikolai Muravyov, the founder of the early Decembrist organization "Choka" (Sakhalin), organized on the principles of the "Social Contract" by J.-J. Rousseau, served in the regiment. All of them became members of this society, remaining true to its Decembrist principles until the end of their days.
With the outbreak of the Patriotic War of 1812, as part of the regiment, Matvey Ivanovich participated in the battle of Borodino, where he was awarded the insignia of the Military Order (No. 16698) for distinction by the majority of votes from the lower ranks of the seventh company and promoted to ensign. Participated in the battles of Tarutino and Maloyaroslavets, in foreign campaigns of 1813-1814, where he distinguished himself at Luzen, Bautzen and Kulm. He was wounded in the leg, awarded the Order of Anna, 4th degree. Participated in the famous Battle of Leipzig and in the battles near Paris.
Having gone through the entire war in Russia and in European campaigns as part of the Semyonovsky regiment, Matvey returned with him from France: on May 22, 1814, the regiment set out from Paris, on June 13 they sailed on ships from Cherbourg, on July 18 they landed in Peterhof, on July 30 as part of Russian Guard The Semyonovsky regiment entered Petersburg with a solemn march.
In 1815, the Three Virtues Masonic Lodge was founded (its installation - 01/11/1816), which the future Decembrists S.G. Volkonsky, one of the founders of the lodge, Matvey and Sergey Muravyov-Apostles, Nikita Muravyov and P.I. Pestel. As N.M. wrote Druzhinin, here we are already "in front of us - a rationalistic environment of advanced officers who are looking for support for a close friendly association."
However, soon the future Decembrists became disillusioned with Freemasonry, because this kind of brotherhood did not meet the internal needs of the advanced nobles in understanding reality, in penetrating the meaning of events and determining their own attitude towards them. In the minds of the "firstborn of freedom" there was a process of formation political culture, and he demanded not only individual comprehension, but also collective.
On February 9, 1816, in the barracks of the Semyonovsky regiment, at the apartment of the brothers Matvey and Sergey Muravyov-Apostolov, Alexander Nikolayevich Muravyov, Nikita Muravyov, S.P. met with them. Trubetskoy, I.D. Yakushkin. They organized a secret society, the Union of Salvation.
It met the needs of the political consciousness of the Decembrists, the craving for a collective understanding of Russian reality and true brotherhood in the struggle for the implementation of political ideals. By the beginning of 1817, the Charter of the Union had already been written by a specially created authoritative commission. P.I. During the investigation into the case of the Decembrists, Pestel admitted: “The statute of our original society was drawn up by no less than one, but by a Commission appointed by the society, of three members and a secretary. The members were: Prince Sergei Trubetskoy, Prince Ilya Dolgorukov and I, and the secretary was Prince Shakhovskoy.
So, Matvey, together with his brother Sergey - the participants are now secret society, the purpose of which was most accurately determined by I.D. Yakushkin: “To promote the good of Russia” and further: “... here (in a secret society - M.S.) the main ulcers of our fatherland were sorted out: the inertia of the people, serfdom, cruel treatment of soldiers, whose service for 25 years was hard labor; widespread extortion and robbery and, finally, a clear disrespect for man in general. What was called the highest educated society then consisted for the most part of the Old Believers, for whom to touch on any of the questions that occupied us would have seemed a terrible crime. There is nothing more to say about the landowners living on their estates.
At the same time, growth continued military career Matvey Ivanovich: in 1818, with the rank of lieutenant, he was appointed adjutant to the Little Russian Governor-General, Prince N.G. Repnin and moved to Ukraine. When there was a rebellion of the Semyonovsky regiment in the capital, and the regiment was disbanded, Matvey Ivanovich, remaining Repnin's adjutant, was transferred to the life guards. Jaeger Regiment. The character of M.I. Muravyov-Apostol, which was formed on the confession of Decembrist convictions, manifested itself in a particular case. In 1822, at a ceremonial dinner at Prince N.G. Repnin, in Kyiv, Matvey Ivanovich defiantly refused to raise a toast to the health of the emperor and poured wine on the floor, quarreled with Repnin, left the post of adjutant and transferred to the army Poltava infantry regiment.
In moral terms, the transition from the guards to the army was considered at that time a clear downgrading of a career. However, the Decembrist went for it. In 1823 he retired with the rank of lieutenant colonel and never returned to military service. The capital - Petersburg, as well as his father's estate Khomutets, Mirgorodsky district, Poltava province, became his place of residence.
Freedom from compulsory service allowed Matvey Ivanovich to actively engage in the affairs of a secret society. Researcher of Decembrism N.A. Rabkina, on concrete historical material, proved the active and fruitful activity of M.I. Muravyov-Apostol in the 1820s in three secret societies. In fact, he stood at the origins and was engaged in practical work in five secret societies: in 1811 - a secret early Decembrist organization - "Choka" (Sakhalin), 1816 - 1818. - The Union of Salvation, in 1818 Matvey Ivanovich was one of the founders of the Union of Welfare, in 1820 - 1825. he is a member of the Southern secret society of the Decembrists, in 1823 - 1825. - one of the founders of the branch of the Southern secret society in St. Petersburg.
In 1823, the head of the Southern Secret Society P.I. Pestel sent Matvey Ivanovich to St. Petersburg as his trusted representative with a very important mission: to negotiate with the leaders of the Northern Secret Society on ways to merge the two societies, hold a unification congress and work out general program. The negotiations were difficult and an agreement was reached on the points mentioned by M.I. Muravyov-Apostol failed. A sharply negative position on all key issues of the negotiations was taken by the head of the northerners N.M. Muravyov. However, Matvey Ivanovich was active in recruiting many from the Northern society to the side of the "southerners". Moreover, he personally accepted several young cavalry guards as members of the southern branch of the Northern Society, which, according to P.I. Pestel, was very important: the future revolutionary action was conceived as a mass participation in it of officers of the guard and the army.
In the spring of 1824, P.I. arrived in St. Petersburg. Pestel to negotiate the unification of societies. He held a constituent meeting of the branch of the Southern Society, which was attended by M.I. Muravyov-Apostol, delivered an hour-long speech in which he detailed his political program - "Russian Truth".
Convinced by the arguments and logic of P.I. Pestel, cavalry guards members of the St. Petersburg branch of the Southern Society expressed their full readiness to follow the program outlined. Later, in investigative testimony, Pestel admitted: “Vadkovsky, Polivanov, Svistunov, Annenkov (all four are cavalry guard officers) and artillery Krivtsov ... were in full revolutionary and republican spirit.” In total, by the end of 1825, the number of the St. Petersburg branch of the Southern Society reached 24 people, and this was a considerable merit of Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol.
According to N.M. Druzhinin, members of the St. Petersburg cell of the Southern Society, as "militant republicans, ready for the most decisive violent measures," "raved about regicide projects and expressed a desire for immediate action."
At the center of these plans was M.I. Muravyov-Apostle. He was preparing to become a member of the "cohort of the doomed." It was assumed that it would include ten young people who were not related by families, impeccably brave and selfless: knowing about their personal doom, they must decide to exterminate the royal family.
Ultimately, everything was limited to conversations and assumptions that had no practical action in this regard. However, the fact that M.I. Muravyov-Apostol, P.N. Svistunov and others on regicide, established by the investigation, influenced the issuance of harsh sentences to them, especially since the investigation actually considered only this version, ignoring other motives for the uprising: the need to abolish serfdom, change the political regime, modernize the economy, the army, develop public education, etc.
How did further developments- it is well known: having not reached an agreement on key issues in 1824, the South and the North agreed on a possible consensus for 1826 and, based on its results, a joint performance was to be prepared on the basis, as P.I. Pestel, the programs of the southerners - "Russian Truth". However, the dynastic crisis caused by the unexpected death of Emperor Alexander I on November 19, 1825 forced the Decembrists to openly protest against the autocratic-serf system earlier: in St. Petersburg on December 14, 1825, and in the South (uprising of the Chernigov regiment) on December 29, 1825 - January 3, 1826
Due to unpreparedness, fragmentation of forces and leadership, deliberate betrayal and the subsequent arrest of the leaders of the Southern Secret Society and other factors, the uprising, as you know, was defeated. Arrests, investigations and repressions began.
Matvey Ivanovich was an active participant in the uprising of the Chernigov regiment, along with brothers Sergei Ivanovich, the leader of the uprising, and Ippolit, the youngest, who was only 19 years old. On the day of the defeat of the uprising of the Chernigov regiment on January 3, 1826, in the field between the villages of Kovalevka and Korolenko, Matvey Ivanovich was with his comrades and brothers in arms, saw the death of the younger, Ippolit (he, wounded in the arm and not wanting to surrender, shot himself ). Sergei was wounded in the head and taken prisoner along with Matvey by government forces.
Arrested Matvey Ivanovich was taken to St. Petersburg to the main guardhouse on January 15, 1826, and on January 17 he was transferred to the Peter and Paul Fortress in No. 20 of the Trubetskoy bastion with an accompanying royal rescript: “The sent Muravyov, a retired lieutenant colonel, should be imprisoned at his discretion and kept strictly”.
In May 1826, Matvey Ivanovich was shown in No. 35 of the Kronverk Curtain of the same fortress. There was an investigation. Matvey Ivanovich was very upset by the death of Ippolit, the injury and arrest of Sergei, he was devoured by pity for his orphaned father, his state of mind was oppressed. He tried to shield his brother, took all the blame on himself, deliberately increased his responsibility.
At dawn on July 13, 1826, on the day of the execution of brother Sergei, together with P.I. Pestel, K.F. Ryleev, M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin and P.G. Kakhovsky, Matvey Ivanovich and other Decembrists were taken to the fortress parade ground. Swords were broken over their heads, their uniforms were thrown into the fire, and a gallows towered on the crownwork of the Peter and Paul Fortress.
Matvei Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol was sentenced by the Supreme Criminal Court, and in fact by decree of Emperor Nicholas I, issued on July 10, 1826, in the first category - to death. By the same decree, the tsar replaced the death penalty with the deprivation of ranks, the nobility and 20 years of hard labor, followed by a settlement in Siberia.
On August 17, 1826, Matvey Ivanovich was sent to Rochensalm - Fort Slava on the shores of the Gulf of Finland. During this move, their relatives were waiting for the prisoners in the station house: Matvey Ivanovich - sister Ekaterina Ivanovna Bibikova and Ekaterina Fedorovna Muravyova; I.D. Yakushkina - wife of A.V. Yakushkina and mother-in-law N.N. Sheremeteva, a smart, strong-willed woman who enjoyed great respect and authority among the Decembrists. In this batch of prisoners, together with M.I. Muravyov-Apostol were also A.A. Bestuzhev, A.P. Arbuzov and A.I. Tyutchev. “Fort Slava was built according to the project for strengthening the Finnish border, drawn up in 1791 by A.V. Suvorov. It was a huge round tower, as if grown out of water, in which casemates were prepared for the Decembrist prisoners. Her appearance was gloomy and did not bode well for us, ”I.D. later recalled. Yakushkin. And further: “we were placed one by one in the casemates and locked up with a padlock ... There was a bed with straw along the wall, a table and several chairs completed the belonging of the casemate ... it was dark and damp.” On August 22 of the same year, upon confirmation, the term of hard labor for Matvey Ivanovich was reduced to 15 years. From Fort Slava, he was transferred to the Shlisselburg Fortress, from where on October 2, 1827, he was sent by imperial order directly to a settlement in Siberia, without serving hard labor. The tsar determined the distant Vilyuisk in the north of Siberia, on the Vilyui River, a tributary of the Lena, 800 versts from Irkutsk, as the place of settlement. A ninety-year-old old man, three years before his death, Matvey Ivanovich recalled: “Vilyuisk, where fate threw me in the person of St. Petersburg administrators, was located at the end of the world ... Vilyuisk could not be called either a city, or a village, or a village; there was, however, a wooden church, around which Yakut yurts and only four wooden small houses were placed in disorder and at a great distance from each other.
Matvey Ivanovich settled in a yurt with ice floes instead of glass, cooked dinner for himself in a chuval, got a cow, read, taught Yakut children. He even set about organizing a school for children of different classes and nationalities. He taught them reading, writing, arithmetic, and in the absence of textbooks he himself compiled several teaching aids. After leaving for the Bukhtarma fortress, pedagogical activity in Vilyuisk, begun by M.I. Muravyov-Apostol, continued the Decembrist peasant Pavel Fomich Vygodovsky ( real name- Duntsov) (1802 - 12.12.1881), arrested for the second time and exiled here in 1855 from Narym for propaganda activities.
About the inhabitants of a remote and abandoned region of Russia - the Yakuts, Matvey Ivanovich recalled with great warmth. There were other Russian settlers there - a carpenter, from former convicts - the Cossack Zhirkov and the talented doctor Uklonsky, who at one time graduated from Moscow University with a gold medal, but completely drank himself here, on the edge of the earth, from longing and hopelessness.
Matvey Ivanovich's sister, Ekaterina Ivanovna Bibikova, wife of the Nizhny Novgorod governor, maid of honor of the empress, constantly fussed about improving the fate of her only surviving brother - she asked to be transferred from the harsh region to western Siberia, closer to European Russia. On March 13, 1829, the petition was granted, and Matvey Ivanovich was allowed to be transferred to the Bukhtarma fortress in the Omsk region, where he arrived on September 5, 1829.
The governor-general of Western Siberia ordered the commandant of the Bukhtarma fortress, upon the arrival of the exile, “to receive him and assign him an indispensable and permanent residence in the fortress itself, to have strict supervision over him, both over his behavior and so that he would not dare to leave under any circumstances from the fortress." The tsar and the local administration were afraid of the influence of the Decembrists on the Siberians, they took any measures to isolate them and monitor them and even their way of thinking. This is evidenced by the addition to the above instruction made to the head of the fortress, General De Saint Laurent: “Then I forewarn that Muravyov-Apostol was a well-known freethinker ... by that you undertake to have observation of his way of thinking.”
As soon as the Decembrist arrived at the Bukhtarma fortress, a police guard was assigned to him and housing was determined in the outpost of the fortress, the owner of which was also obliged to inform the commandant about the behavior and mood of the exile. Thus, Matvey Ivanovich was under double surveillance. The commandant of the fortress was obliged to report monthly to the chief of gendarmes A.Kh. Benckendorff about the lifestyle and behavior of the exiled Decembrist. Life researcher M.I. Muravyov-Apostol in the Bukhtarma fortress A.D. Kolesnikov, on the basis of a thorough analysis of archival material from the state archive of the Omsk region, established the fact of the impeccable behavior of the Decembrist in the settlement. Moreover, during the seven-year stay of Matvey Ivanovich in Bukhtarma, there was not a single case of any claims against him from the local authorities. All reports of the same type of content: “assigned to the settlement M.I. Muravyov-Apostol was not noticed in any acts contrary to the law ... he was engaged in reading books that he has in French and German dialects. Books, letters and money were sent to him by his sister, Ekaterina Ivanovna Bibikova.
Of course, the Decembrist was burdened by the guard assigned to him and especially the prohibition to go outside the fortress, about which he complained to his sister. She made a new petition addressed to A.Kh. Benckendorff, where she asked "to remove unnecessary restrictions on the movement of her brother", and the chief of gendarmes responded positively to this request: the commandant of the fortress was advised to "allow the exile to go beyond the fence of the fortress".
As a direct consequence of these "relaxations" was the establishment of benevolent relations between the exiled Decembrist and the local population and the officers of the fortress garrison. In 1829 - 1836. Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol was the only exiled Decembrist in Bukhtarma. He, a man of high culture, education, the bearer of the advanced ideas of the century, naturally attracted the attention of the local intelligentsia.
Communication with the Decembrist brought a living stream of life to the environment of the inhabitants of the fortress, suburban area and the local population in the district. In addition, Matvey Ivanovich was ready to sincerely and completely disinterestedly help local people with the development of education among them, medical assistance, and money. So, A.D. Kolesnikov cites in his study the fact that the Decembrist donated his house to the collegiate assessor of the Bukhtarma border customs Andreev "only out of philanthropy, for the reason that he, Andreev, has a family", for which "he could not find a decent apartment in the fortress, and Muravyov himself switched to an apartment to the house of the collegiate assessor Krok, who manages the customs, with whom he has one table.
Many representatives of the local intelligentsia sent their children to study with Matvey Ivanovich, and he educated them with great pleasure and enthusiasm. In addition, his library, constantly updated with new books and magazines, was in demand among the local intelligentsia.
In 1832, Matvey Ivanovich married the daughter of a local priest, Maria Konstantinovna Konstantinova (1810 - 1883). Their son died in childhood in 1837, the parents took in the upbringing of two orphans, the daughters of exiled officers - Augusta Sozonovich and Anna Borodinskaya. Pupils of the Muravyovs-Apostles in 1860 received the right to be called Matveevs, they were given the rights of personal honorary citizenship. The fact of marrying a girl from a respected family further strengthened the authority of the exiled Decembrist in the eyes of the local society. The Muravyovs were welcome guests at many family celebrations and children's christenings as godparents.
However, among the general goodwill, A.D. Kolesnikov found in the documents evidence and hostility towards the Decembrist and his family. Yes, in state archive In the Omsk region, the researcher met a denunciation by a certain warehouse warden of the Bukhtarma customs Petrov, who, noticing the friendly relations of his boss Makarov with Muravyov, immediately reported to his superiors "about Makarov's impermissible relationship with a state criminal." Captain Strashnikov, who was temporarily acting commandant, hastened to conduct an "investigation" and, having drawn unfounded conclusions, sent them to Omsk. Correspondence was opened on this occasion, Makarov was demanded an explanation. In them, he most positively characterized M.I. Muravyov-Apostol, emphasizing his respectable and impeccable behavior.
The investigation was entrusted to Major Andreev, previously mentioned, who completed it in favor of the exiled Decembrist. However, concern arose in the minds of the Siberian authorities about the friendly relations of the exiled Decembrist with the local population, and at the end of 1835, the head of the Siberian district of gendarmes, Maslov, petitioned Benckendorff to transfer M.I. Muravyov-Apostol from Bukhtarma to one of the cities of the Tobolsk province. The Kurgan chosen by Matvey Ivanovich was rejected by the tsar: "... there are already enough state criminals in Kurgan", and Yalutorovsk was approved as the place of the new settlement, in which the Decembrist lived for almost 20 years.
October 1, 1836 Muravyov-Apostles arrived in Yalutorovsk. Comrades-Decembrists already lived there in the settlement: I.D. Yakushkin, E.P. Obolensky, I.I. Pushchin, V.K. Tizenhausen, N.V. Basargin, A.V. Entaltsev. The colony of associates was friendly, as, indeed, in all other Decembrist settlements. According to I.I. Pushchin, twice a week (on Thursday - at Pushchin, on Sunday - at Muravyov-Apostol) everyone got together and "interpreted frankly", "lived well". The same facts are confirmed by N.V. Basargin. In his “Journal”, a kind of recollection of what he experienced, he singled out the Yalutorovo colony of the Decembrists, noted their friendship among themselves: “Not a day passed that we did not see each other and, moreover, we dined four times a week and spent evenings with each other ... Between us, everything was almost in common, the joy or sorrow of each was shared by everyone, in a word, it was some kind of brotherhood - a moral and spiritual union.
And here is the absolutely amazing testimony of Matvey Ivanovich himself, made by him in a letter to his pupil A.P. Sozonovich: “When the hour of parting came (in 1853, M.A. Fonvizin received the highest permission to return to his homeland, in central Russia and drove to Yalutorovsk to say goodbye to M.I. Muravyov-Apostol and I.D. Yakushkin - M.S.), M.A. (Fonvizin - M.S.) gave us all a friendly hug. I bowed at the feet to Ivan Dmitrievich for accepting him into our secret alliance.
In addition, for Matvey Ivanovich in Yalutorovsk, an opportunity opened up to continue his favorite business - to educate and educate local children, to continue educational activities. The fact is that Ivan Dmitrievich Yakushkin was actively working to create schools for boys and girls, in which the Lancastrian education system prevailed, which had long been mastered by many Decembrists in the army, incl. and Matthew Ivanovich. And now, with all the fervor of his soul, he devoted himself to this work. Its rich library opened its doors to the local intelligentsia. The energy of Matvey Ivanovich was also enough for medical assistance to the poor residents of Yalutorovsk and the surrounding area.
In addition, he did not leave his favorite pastime agriculture. Even in Vilyuisk, he gained experience in growing potatoes in the harsh conditions of Siberia. These experiments continued, and very successfully, and the local population learned new agronomic techniques. Thus, the Decembrist principles of life, beliefs and behavior remained for Matvey Ivanovich and his other comrades the main motives for life in the conditions of Siberian exile.
Matvey Ivanovich took great help and participation in the correspondence of new "offensive" works by S.M. Lunin. So, by the hand of M.I. Muravyov-Apostol, two lists of Lunin's Letters were made. In the Department of Written Sources (OPI GIM) (F. 249. - Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol) there is a bound notebook under No. 3, which contains two series of "Letters from Siberia", "Analysis of the Report ..." and "Look at Polish Affairs" by Lunin . The notebook has the owner's inscription: “Belongs to Alexander Illarionovich Bibikov (a relative of the Muravyov-Apostolov - M.S.). Yalutorovsk, 1851. Written by Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol. On sheets 8-23 of M.I. Muravyov-Apostol - 16 letters of the first series of the early edition, in French. At the end of the preface, the date is set - “1837” and the place of writing is indicated - “Ourika pres d’ Irkoutsk” (Urik near Irkutsk), which is absent in Lunin’s texts. The second series of "Letters" (ll. 27 - 60) includes all ten letters of the Decembrist. Similarly to this document, the GARF (F. 1153 - Muravyovs) stores a notebook of the same composition as the album of A.I. Bibikov: On the 31st anniversary of the execution of the Decembrists on July 13, 1857, Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol rewrote two series of Lunin's Letters from Siberia.
Lists of Lunin's writings, produced by the hand of Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol, allow us to make an assumption about the involvement of M.I. Muravyov-Apostol to the appearance of Lunin's "Analysis ..." in the uncensored press of A.I. Herzen and N.P. Ogaryova.
From a letter to M.A. Fonvizin to Ivan Ivanovich Pushchin dated March 4, 1841, it is clear that in 1841 Matvey Ivanovich was very ill, applied to Benckendorff for permission for treatment in Tobolsk, but was refused. Only a year and a half later, in 1842, he was allowed treatment in this city, where he arrived, as is known from a letter from M.A. Fonvizina I.D. Yakushkin dated November 25, 1842. In the same letter, the author reports that Matvey Ivanovich stayed with P.N. Svistunov, who bought a two-story wooden house in the center of the city from a local merchant, which became the meeting place for many Decembrists settled there.
In Yalutorovsk, the life of Matvey Ivanovich and other Decembrists turned out to be closely connected with educational and pedagogical activity. August 7, 1842 I.D. Yakushkin opened a school according to the Lancaster system of education for boys, and on July 1, 1846 - for girls. Both schools taught reading from the Slavic and civil press, writing, the beginning of arithmetic, "a short Catechism and a short Sacred History", Russian grammar, geography and Russian history. Teaching in all these subjects was distributed among themselves by all the Decembrists of the Yalutorovo colony, incl. and Matvei Ivanovich. I.D. himself Yakushkin at the school for boys taught "the beginnings of algebra, geometry and mechanics", as well as the 1st part of Latin and Greek grammar.
The extensive program was assimilated by children relatively easily due to the combination of the class-lesson system and the Lancaster (peer-to-peer) system. In addition, teachers (Decembrists), using a comprehensive method, had a relative freedom of action and the opportunity to creatively approach the conduct of conversations, excursions, and teaching crafts. All this taken together brought interest, enthusiasm and comparative ease of assimilation of the material into the training. In addition, children of different classes and nationalities studied at the school. The Decembrists strictly ensured that friendly relations existed between the children. Many “peasant orphans from different villages and even other counties” studied together with the townspeople.
Their maintenance was at the expense of the Decembrists. And, of course, the developed and created educational and visual aids played a big role. Benefits were full of various educational material with patriotic content, which made them fundamentally different from official textbooks. Children loved school, and parents willingly sent their children to study. Since 1843, the school of I.D. Yakushkin was officially called the Sretensky Theological School, but access to it was open to all classes.
A rather extensive program, assimilated by students over the course of four years, gave much more knowledge than the program of county schools, not to mention parochial ones.
Since 1846, both schools began to receive an allowance "from city incomes" in the amount of 200 rubles a year (in addition to donations from private individuals - local merchants and some Decembrists: P.N. Svistunova, A.M. Muravyov, M.A. Fonvizin ). From 1842 to 1856 594 students entered the boys' school, 531 completed the course; to a girls' school from 1846 to 1856. 240 students enrolled, 192 graduated.
Archpriest Stepan Yakovlevich Znamensky, who became a friend of the Decembrists, rendered great assistance to these schools. All of them spoke of him as a talented, highly educated and humane person who stood up for the enlightenment of the people. In fact, the Decembrist schools of Yalutorovsk became the best, exemplary in all of Western Siberia, and the Lancaster method, widely used by the Decembrists, became widespread throughout the region. From everywhere - from Kurgan, Ishim, Tobolsk to I.D. Teachers went to Yakushkin for experience in organizing school affairs, as well as for mastering teaching methods. These facts testified to the progressive influence of the Decembrists on the cause of public education in Siberia.
The Decembrists, on the other hand, were the founders of education and the bearers of advanced pedagogical thought and practice in Russia in the second quarter and the middle of the 19th century. The Yalutorovo women's school was the first all-class women's school not only in Siberia, but throughout Russia.
When Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol left Siberia in accordance with the royal amnesty in November 1856, he asked the director of the male Yalutorovo school for information on the number of students for 14 years. According to the lists, the figure turned out to be very impressive - 1,600 people were educated according to the Lancaster system in one school alone.
Leaving Siberia, Matvey Ivanovich did not part with the advanced ideas of Decembrism, but, on the contrary, continued to develop them, more and more understanding the role and importance of the people themselves in the destinies of the country. It was already quite clear to him that without the participation of the people themselves, it was impossible to solve the key points of the social and state structure. This is evidenced by his letter to G.S. Batenkov dated September 27, 1860, when, in the conditions of a fierce struggle between the serf-owners and liberals, preparations were underway for the abolition of serfdom: government".
Matvey Ivanovich thinks a lot not only about peasant question, but also about history, philosophy, jurisprudence, politics, literature. He sharply critically assesses the epoch of Nicholas II, the time of Alexander II, and everywhere sees the vices of autocracy, bureaucratic bureaucracy, and is convinced of the need to reform the country. Here is just one of his judgments regarding the reforms of the judiciary: “The announcement of the transformation of the judiciary and the judiciary was accepted by everyone so indifferently. What to expect from Valuev and others. This people values their place, their money, but as far as Russia is concerned, they don't think much about it... The disgusting stupidity of the St. Petersburg bureaucracy is much to blame for the people. Sense to wait from it is not even possible. No one will take away from him (the king - M.S.) good aspirations, but that he is stupid can be positively said, having analyzed everything that is being done with us. It is impossible to do things on your own. Peters are the first to be born for centuries. His mind is indicated by only one thing, the appointment of assistants to himself. Everywhere you look - all these people are below any mediocrity, to say the least.
In another letter to the same Bibikov: “Bureocracy and centralization are the death of peoples and the source of inexhaustible bloody upheavals and the turmoil that we see.”
In a letter to Nikolai Mikhailovich Shchepkin, a publisher and public figure, dated January 30, 1863, Matvey Ivanovich is even more critical: on the classes of people who breathe the same air, and in addition in a matter that concerns everyone? Nothing good can be expected from the Petersburg bureaucracy.
Matvey Ivanovich was very kind to Decembrism and his historical assessment. He was glad that the great L.N. Tolstoy conceived a novel about the Decembrists (twice Lev Nikolayevich visited Matvey Ivanovich, and the Decembrist told the writer a lot of valuable information about his comrades). In 1895 L.N. Tolstoy published the political pamphlet Shameful, where he remembered Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol: “... like his brother, and all the best people of his time, he considered corporal punishment a shameful remnant of barbarism, shameful not so much for the punished as for the punishers ... ".
In addition, the Decembrists never stopped their friendly ties until the end of their days: both in Siberia and the Caucasus, and after returning to central Russia after the amnesty. So, Matvey Ivanovich lived in Tver. I.I. Pushchin and S.G. Volkonsky visited him at least twice. There was an intense friendly correspondence between the survivors of the "firstborn of freedom." These letters are a valuable source of our knowledge about the thoughts, deeds, attitudes of the Decembrists, as well as about their worldview of the internal and foreign policy Russian state.
So, the events of the Crimean War became the subject of active reflection by the Decembrists back in Siberia. Matvey Ivanovich made a sharply critical rebuke to the results of the war: “The last unfortunate war exposed all the disgusting wounds of our society - they require immediate healing.”
Sixty years after the uprising, the Decembrists remained true to their ideals and cared about objective and truthful assessments of the event itself and their role in it. In this regard, in 1857 in " polar star» A.I. Herzen published an article by Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol "Semenovskaya history", in which he restored the truth about the uprising on October 16, 1820 in the life guards. Semyonovsky regiment.
When in the late 1860s Matvey Ivanovich moved to Moscow, then took up painstaking editing for P.I. Bartenev in the journal "Russian Archive" manuscript N.I. Lorera "Notes", where she was preparing for publication. He did the actual proofreading of the Notes, a painstaking reconciliation of various dates, names, etc., as well as a straightening of style. This is the work of N.I. Lorera is one of the most remarkable monuments of the Decembrist memoirs.
For about forty years he created his "Notes of the Decembrist" A.E. Rosen. Having started writing them back in the Chita prison, as a young man, being involved in the most important event in Russian history of the first half of XIX century, completed them with a wise old man who outlived many of his fellow prisoners in the 70-80s. who was one of the "last Decembrists", the keeper of their heritage. In the autumn of 1869, Rosen read the chapters of his work to P.N. Svistunov, M.A. Bestuzhev and M.I. Muravyov-Apostol, "who listened to his reading with great pleasure and spoke of his work with sincere praise" .
On August 11, 1857, I.D. died in Moscow. Yakushkin. Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol also accompanied him on his last journey to the Pyatnitskoye cemetery.
Only in 1858, Matvey Ivanovich received permission to wear awards - the Kulm Cross and the military medal of 1812. In 1883, in connection with the 200th anniversary of the life guards. Semyonov regiment, the soldier's St. George's Cross was returned to him, but it did not take long to wear military awards. The life of the old Decembrist was coming to an end. Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol died on February 21, 1886 in Moscow, and was buried in the Novodevichy Convent.
Page addresses http://m-necropol.narod.ru/
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Home page » Muravyov-Apostol Matvey Ivanovich (1793-1886)
Final game of the 1997 Summer Series.
Members
Team of connoisseurs
- Inna Druz (rating - 11 300 000)
- Alexander Druz (rating - 11,000,000)
- Mikhail Jabbarov (rating - 11,000,000)
- Georgy Zharkov (rating - 10,000,000)
- Andrey Kozlov (rating - 8 800 000)
- Boris Burda
Round 1 (Veronika Ananicheva, Engels)
"Holy Carrier"
Attention, "Holy Carrier"!
What pleasantly surprised Marc Chagall when he saw this painting of his at the Berlin Exhibition in 1914?
Boris Burda says: He was surprised that the picture was hung correctly Correct answer: The picture was hung incorrectly, and in this form Chagall saw the picture more lively and dynamic. Check - 0: 1 . Boris Burda - rating 0.
Round 2 ("Super Blitz")
This is how the cap is worn during the parade
And so - during preparation
Not a single bet played. At stake - 2,500,000 rubles. Alexander Druz remains at the table.
Question 1(Evgeny Alekseev, Mariupol). How do some soldiers wear their caps during a parade and how do they wear them while preparing for a parade?
Answered by Alexander Druz: During the parade - traditionally; while preparing for the parade - back Correct answer: During the parade - traditionally; while preparing for the parade - upside down and should not fly off during the parade in order to cultivate one's gait Check - 0: 2 . Alexander Druz - rating 0.
Round 3 (Alevtina Sarycheva, Tula region)
“Behold, you are those who dispute about that of which you have knowledge; why do you argue about what you have no knowledge of? You will be tested both in your possessions and in yourselves, and I will judge between you.” These are words from the third chapter. What is the name of the first chapter that opens the book?
Boris Burda says: Opening (Al-Fatiha) The answer is correct. Check - 1: 2 . Boris Burda - rating 5,000,000.
Round 4 (Larisa Rozhdestvenskaya)
Part of the human body
Not a single bet played. At stake - 1,500,000 rubles.
Attention, part of the human body!
Where exactly, in what place of the Czech city of Litomysl in the 16th century. was this part of the human body embedded in the wall?
Andrey Kozlov answers: The hand was embedded in the wall of a temple or an almshouse as a sign of alms, mercy Correct answer: This part of the body - the elbow - was built into the wall in the market square as a standard of length when selling and buying goods. Check - 1: 3 . Andrey Kozlov - rating 0.
Round 5 (Tatiana Radyakina, Yuzhny village, Rostov region)
Weapons of the proletariat
Played by Andrey Kozlov. At stake - 15,000,000 rubles.
Attention, weapons of the proletariat!
It turns out that the cobblestones were used not only by the proletariat, but also by some Saka horsemen to improve their skills. How did they do it?
Andrey Kozlov answers: They sat on this cobblestone Correct answer: They pinched him between his legs and jumped Check - 1: 4 .
Round 6 ("Blitz")
Not a single bet played. At stake - 3,000,000 rubles.
Question 1(Stanislav Korenblit, Moscow). Read by heart a poem about the 47th element of the first book of Euclid's "Beginnings".
Boris Burda says: Pythagorean pants are equal in all directions The answer is correct.
Question 2(Igor Sitkovsky, Moscow). "Master," the same Euclid was once asked, "what would you choose - one whole apple or two halves equal to this whole?" What did Euclid choose and how did he explain his choice?
Mikail Jabbarov answers: Euclid chose the whole because it is always easier to make two halves out of a whole, but it is much more difficult to make a whole out of two halves. Correct answer: Euclid chose two halves, because if he had chosen a whole apple, how would he know whether it was wormy or not. Check - 1: 5 .
Round 7 (Olga Lipich, Penza)
Played by Andrey Kozlov. At stake - 25,000,000 rubles.
At this time of the year, television, Kabuki theater and other theaters in Japan specifically include scary plays in their repertoire. The Japanese themselves at this time of the year also tell each other horror stories about ghosts and ghosts. What time of year does this happen and why?
Andrey Kozlov answers: In the summer, because from horror the Japanese begin to grow cold The answer is correct. Check - 2: 5 . Andrey Kozlov - rating 25,000,000.
Round 8 (Sergey Karpov, Astrakhan)
Played by Boris Burda. At stake - 20,000,000 rubles.
“Many, blowing the air out of themselves with great swiftness, will lose their sight, and soon all their other senses.” Who are these "many" and what is going on?
Boris Burda answers ahead of schedule: It is necessary to blow out the candle and at first sight will be lost, and during sleep all other senses will be lost. The answer is correct. Check - 3: 5 . Boris Burda - rating 25,000,000.
Round 9 (Andrey Nefyodov, Tula)
Mark Bernes, who sang the song "Scavs full of mullets"
In the black box - granulated sugar
Played by Inna Druz. At stake - 15,000,000 rubles.
Attention, black box!
"... for the wedding, the movers put on their shoes with a terrible creak." In the black box - the cause of this creak. What's there?
Answered by Inna Druz: Granulated sugar The answer is correct. Check - 4: 5 . Inna Druz - rating 15,000,000.
Round 10 (Alexander Kostyukov, Rostov-on-Don)
Played by Boris Burda. At stake - 5,000,000 rubles.
Before him, in the mournful darkness,
The coffin is rocking crystal,
And in that crystal coffin
The princess sleeps forever.
Boris Burda says: "And about the coffin of the dear bride / He hit with all his strength / The coffin broke. The maiden suddenly / Came to life The answer is correct. Check - 5: 5 . Boris Burda - rating 30,000,000.
Round 11 (Igor Filippov, USh 349/56)
Played by Alexander Druz. At stake - 15,000,000 rubles.
"Whoever conquers pain and fear, he himself will become God." With this thought, this writer is close to Mr. Filippov. And what is this writer close to connoisseurs?
Answered by Alexander Druz: Dostoevsky The answer is correct. Check - 6: 5 . Alexander Druz - rating 15,000,000.
Alexandra Marinina, using her right, adds a point to the score of the viewers.
Check - 6: 6
Round 12 ("Zero")
According to Druz, the necessary funds were collected from everyone in this saucer for the implementation of the project.
Played by Mikail Jabbarov. At stake - 10,000,000 rubles.
We will assume that this saucer is not mine, but Muravyov-Apostol. Remember, there was such a dreamer, a Decembrist, a dreamer? So, Muravyov-Apostol came up with a wonderful project in his time. Some great action was to take place on this project, and this project was to be achieved in a simple, easy and understandable way. Unfortunately, the project did not materialize. You have a chance to implement the Muravyov-Apostol project. Do a great action that Muravyov-Apostol did not succeed in and tell me why he brought this saucer with him?
Mikail Jabbarov transfers the right to answer to Alexander Druz: Funds were collected in this saucer from everyone in a circle in order to implement a humane project Correct answer: Muravyov-Apostol wanted every gambling house in Russia to have this saucer, and from each win the chip had to be placed in the saucer. The money raised went to charity. Check - 6: 7 . Due to the fact that the location of the planned project was not named, the answer was not counted.
Game results
- The team of connoisseurs is defeated.
- For the first time since 1989, the score of the game exceeded 6 points.
- On the last question, a conflict occurred between the presenter and the experts. In the course of lengthy attempts, Alexander Druz manages to give the correct answer, but the presenter does not count it and asks to clarify exactly where the funds were collected. In the end, Alexander casually mentions the word "casino", but he is immediately interrupted by Andrei Kozlov, who considered that everything happened in the Hunting Lodge in the Neskuchny Garden. Despite the fact that the majority of those gathered in the house were in favor of the victory of experts, the presenter awarded a point to the viewers, which caused violent indignation on the part of the playing team.
