The idea of personal identity, the constancy of the basic features of the personality structure is the central postulate, the axiom of the theory of personality. But is it confirmed l "and this axiom empirically? At the end of the 60s American psychologist W. Michel, after analyzing the data of experimental psychology, came to the conclusion that no.

The so-called "personality traits", the stability of which was measured by psychologists, are not special ontological entities, but conditional constructs, behind which there are often very vague behavioral or motivational syndromes, and the distinction between permanent, stable "traits" and changeable, fluid psychological " states "(shyness is a stable feature, and embarrassment or calmness is temporary states") is largely conditional. If we also take into account the conditionality of psychological measurements, the variability of situations, the time factor and other points, then the constancy of most "personality traits" except perhaps for intelligence is highly doubtful.Whether we take people's attitudes towards authoritative elders and peers, moral behavior, dependence, suggestibility, tolerance for contradictions or self-control - everywhere variability prevails over constancy

The behavior of the same person in different situations can be completely different, therefore, on the basis of how this or that individual acted in a certain situation, it is impossible to accurately predict the variations in his behavior in a different situation. Michel also believes that there is no reason to believe that the present and future behavior of a person is completely due to its past. The traditional psycho-dynamic concept sees the individual as a helpless victim. childhood experience, fixed in the form of rigid, unchanging properties. Recognizing in words the complexity and uniqueness of human life, this concept actually leaves no room for independent creative decisions that a person makes taking into account the special circumstances of his life in each this moment. At the same time, psychology cannot ignore the extraordinary adaptability of a person, his ability to rethink and change himself.

By the way, this criticism of "individualistic", asocial psychology is largely justified. But if individuals do not have relatively stable behavior that distinguishes them from other people, then the very concept of personality becomes meaningless.

Michel's opponents pointed out that "mental features" are not "bricks", of which supposedly "consists"102

personality and (or) its behavior, but generalized dispositions (states), a predisposition to think, feel and behave in a certain way. Without predetermining single actions, which rather depend on specific situational factors, such “personality traits” influence the general style of an individual’s behavior in the long term, internally interacting with each other and with the situation. For example, anxiety - ϶ᴛᴏ the tendency to feel fear or anxiety in a situation where there is some kind of threat, sociability - a tendency to be friendly in situations involving communication, etc.

"Personality traits" will not be static or merely reactive, but will include dynamic motivational tendencies, a tendency to seek or create situations conducive to their manifestation. The intellectually open individual tends to read books, attend lectures, and discuss new ideas, whereas the intellectually closed individual usually does not. The internal dispositional sequence, manifested in different behavioral forms, also has age specificity. It is important to note that the same anxiety can manifest itself in a teenager mainly in tense relationships with peers, in an adult - in a sense of professional insecurity, in the old man - in hypertrophied fear of illness and death.

Knowing the psychological properties of an individual, it is impossible to predict with sovereignty how he will act in a particular situation (϶ᴛᴏ depends on many reasons that lie outside his personality), but such knowledge is effective for explaining and predicting the specific behavior of people of this type or the behavior of a given individual in a more or less long term.

Take, for example, such a trait as honesty. Is it possible to assume that a person who has shown honesty in one situation will be honest in another? See, you can't. In a study by G. Hartshorne and M. May, the behavior of the same children (the subjects were over 8 thousand children) was recorded in different situations: using a cheat sheet in class, cheating when doing homework, cheating in a game, cheating cheating money, lying, falsifying the results of sports competitions, etc. The cross-correlations of such tests turned out to be very low, leading to the idea that the manifestation of honesty in one situation has a low predictive value for another single situation. But as soon as scientists combined several tests into a single scale, it immediately acquired a high predictive value, making it possible to predict the behavior of a given child in almost half of the experimental situations. We argue in the same way about everyday life: it is naive to judge a person by one act, but several similar acts are already something...

Experimental psychology judges the constancy or variability of personality according to certain test indicators. At the same time, dimensional constancy can be explained not only by the immutability of the measured traits, but also by other reasons, for example, by the fact that a person has guessed the psychologists' intention "or remembers ϲʙᴏ and past answers. It is not easier to fix the continuity of behavior. Trying to predict or explain behavior of an individual by the characteristics of his past (retrodiction), it must be taken into account that "the same" behavior, according to external signs, can have completely different psychological meaning at different ages. If, for example, a child tortures a cat, ϶ᴛᴏ does not mean " that he is bound to grow up to be cruel. In addition, there is a so-called “dormant” or “delayed” effect, when some quality exists for a long time in the form of a latent predisposition and will only exist at a certain stage of human development, and in different ages in different ways; For example, the behavior of a teenager, by which it is possible to predict the level of his mental health at the age of 30, is different from those by which the mental health of 40-year-olds is predicted.

Any theory of personality development postulates the presence in the ϶ᴛᴏm process of certain successive phases or stages. But there are at least five different theoretical models of individual development. It is important to note that one model suggests that although the pace of development of different individuals is not the same and therefore they reach maturity in different ages(the principle of hetero-chronism), the end result and maturity criteria are the same for everyone. Another model proceeds from the fact that the period of development and growth is strictly limited by chronological age: what was missed in childhood,

it is impossible to catch up later, and the individual characteristics of an adult can be predicted already in childhood. The third model, starting from the fact that the duration of the period of growth and development is not the same for different people, considers it impossible to predict an adult from his early childhood;

an individual who lags behind at one stage of development may break ahead at another. The fourth model focuses on the fact that development is heterochronous not only in the interethnic, but also in the intra-individual sense: different subsystems of the body and personality reach the peak of development at different times, so the adult is higher in some respects, and in others - below the child. The fifth model emphasizes, first of all, the internal contradictions specific to each phase of development of the individual, the way of resolving them predetermines the possibilities of the next stage (such is the theory of E. Erickson)

But after all, besides theories, there are empirical data. As long as developmental psychology was limited to comparative age studies, the problem of personality constancy could not be discussed in detail. But in recent decades, longitudinal studies have become widespread, tracing the development of the same people over a long period of time.

The general conclusion of all longitudinals is that stability, constancy and continuity of individual personality traits at all stages of development are more pronounced than variability. At the same time, the continuity of the personality and its properties does not exclude their development and change, and the ratio of both depends on a number of conditions.

First of all, the degree of constancy or variability of individual ϲʙᴏ properties is related to their own nature and supposed determination.

Biologically stable traits that are genetically determined or that arose in the initial stages of ontogeny persist throughout life and are more closely related to sex than to age. Culturally-conditioned traits are much more variable, and the shifts that seem age-dependent in age-comparative studies often express socio-historical differences. Biocultural traits subordinate

double determination, vary depending on the cd, on biological, and on socio-cultural conditions.

According to many studies, cognitive functions are the most stable, in particular, the so-called primary mental abilities and functions associated with the type of higher nervous activity (temperament, extraversion or introversion, emotional reactivity and neuroticism)

The long-term constancy of many behavioral immotivational syndromes is also beyond doubt. For example, the description by three different teachers of the behavior of the same children at 3, 4, and 7 years seemed to be very similar. A few classmates' assessment of the aggressiveness (tendency to start fights, etc.) of 200 sixth grade boys changed little three years later. “Many forms of behavior of a 6-10-year-old child and individual forms of his behavior between the ages of 3 and 6 already make it possible to fairly definitely predict the forms of behavior of a young adult theoretically related to them. Passive withdrawal from stressful situations, dependence on family, irascibility, love for mental activity, communicative anxiety, gender-role identification and sexual behavior of an adult are associated with his analogous, within reasonable limits, behavioral dispositions in the first school years ”(Kagan I., MossX.)

High mental constancy is also observed in adults. In 53 women tested at age 30 and again at age 70, 10 out of 16 measurements were stable. According to P. Costa and R. McCrae, men from 17 to 85 years old, tested three times with an interval of 6-12 years, found almost no changes in temperament and many other indicators. how activity, mood swings, self-control and self-confidence depend both on “personal syndromes” and on social factors (education, profession, social status, etc.) much more than on age; but the same features are comparatively constant in some people, and variable in others. According to the data of various studies, the need for achievement and a creative style of thinking are among the stable personality traits.

In men, the most stable traits turned out to be defeatism, readiness to come to terms with failure, a high level of claims, intellectual interests, volatility of moods, and in women - aesthetic reactivity, cheerfulness, perseverance, desire to reach the limits of the possible. "At the same time, to varying degrees variability differs not only in personality traits, but also in individuals.Therefore, it is more correct to pose not the question "Do people remain unchanged?", but "Which people change, which ones don't, and why?" Comparing adults with what they were at the age of 13-14, D. Blok statistically identified five male and six female types of personality development.

Some of these types are distinguished by great constancy of mental traits. So, men with an elastic, elastic "I", at the age of 13-14, differed from their peers in reliability, productivity, ambition and good abilities, breadth of interests, self-control, directness, friendliness, philosophical interests and comparative self-satisfaction. They retained these features even at the age of 45, having lost only part of their former emotional warmth and responsiveness. It must be remembered that such people place a high value on independence and objectivity and score high on such scales as dominance, self-acceptance, sense of well-being, intellectual efficiency, and mental state of mind.

The features of unbalanced men with weak self-control are also very stable, for whom impulsiveness and inconstancy are characteristic. As teenagers, they were distinguished by rebelliousness, talkativeness, love for risky actions and deviations from the accepted way of thinking, irritability, negativism, aggressiveness, and weak controllability. Reduced self-control, a tendency to dramatize life situations, unpredictability and expressiveness characterize them in adulthood. It is worth noting that they changed jobs more often than other men.

Belonging to the third male type - with hypertrophied control - in adolescence, they were distinguished by increased emotional sensitivity, introspection, and a tendency to reflection. These boys did not feel well in uncertain situations, did not know how to quickly change roles, easily despaired of success, were dependent and mistrustful. Having crossed forty, they remained so greedy, prone to avoid potential frustrations, feel sorry for themselves, tense and dependent, etc. Among them, the highest percentage of bachelors ....

Some other people, on the contrary, change greatly from youth to maturity. Such, for example, are men who are stunned by a stormy, intense youth, which is replaced by a calm, measured life in their mature years, and women are “intellectuals”, who in their youth are absorbed in mental searches and seem emotionally drier, colder than their peers, and then overcome communication difficulties, become softer, warmer, etc.

The stability of personality syndromes associated with self-control and the “power of the Self” is also evidenced by later studies. A longitudinal study of 116 children (59 boys and 57 girls) tested at 3, 4, 5, 7, and 11 years old showed that 4-year-old boys who showed strong self-control (the ability to delay the satisfaction of their immediate desires) in a short-term laboratory experiment, resist temptation, etc.), at older ages, seven years later, are described by experts as being able to control ϲʙᴏ and emotional impulses, attentive, able to concentrate, reflective, prone to reflection, reliable, etc. On the contrary, boys, in whom this ability was the least developed, and at older ages they are characterized by weak self-control: they are restless, fussy, emotionally expressive, aggressive, irritable and unstable, and in stressful situations they show immaturity. The relationship between self-control and the ability to delay receiving Pleasure also exists among check girls, but it looks more complicated for them.

Although the stability of many individual personality traits can be considered proven, one cannot but make a reservation that we are talking mainly about psychodynamic properties, one way or another connected with the characteristics of the nervous system. And what about the content of the personality, with its value orientations, beliefs, worldview orientation, i.e. such features, in which the individual not only realizes

inherent in it potency, but makes ϲʙᴏy independent choice? The influence of various environmental factors, from world-historical events to seemingly random, but nevertheless fateful meetings, in this case is colossal. Usually people highly value the constancy of life plans and attitudes. A monolithic man a priori commands more respect than a weathercock man. But every apriorism is an insidious thing. Firmness of convictions, as V. O. Klyuchevsky, can reflect not only the consistency of thinking, but also the inertia of thought.

On what does the preservation, change and development of personality depend not in ontogenetic, but in a broader biographical key? Traditional psychology knows three approaches to the problem. The biogenetic orientation believes that since the development of a person, like any other organism, is ontogeny with a phylogenetic program embedded in it, its basic patterns, stages and features are the same, although sociocultural and situational factors leave an imprint on the form of their course. orientation puts at the forefront the processes of socialization, learning in the broad sense of the word, arguing that age-related changes depend primarily on shifts in social status, the system of social roles, rights and obligations, in short - the structure of the individual's social activity. Personological orientation highlights the consciousness and self-awareness of the subject, believing that the basis for the development of the individual, in contrast to the development of the organism, is the creative process of the formation and realization of her own life goals and values. Since each of these models (implementation of a biologically predetermined program, socialization and co-conscious self-realization) demonstrates the real aspects of personality development, the argument on the principle of "either-or" does not make sense. "Dilute" these models according to different "carriers" (organism, social individual, personality) is also impossible, since ϶ᴛᴏ would mean a cruel, unambiguous distinction between the organic, social and mental properties of the individual, against which all modern science opposes.

Note that theoretical solution The problem lies, apparently, in the fact that a person, like culture, is a system that, throughout its development, adapts to its external and internal environment, and at the same time more or less purposefully and actively changes it, adapting to ϲʙᴏ them conscious needs...

But the ratio of genetically given, socially educated and independently achieved is fundamentally different for different individuals, in different types of activities and socio-historical situations. And if the features and behavior of a person cannot be derived from any separate system of determinants, then the idea of a uniform flow of age-related processes also collapses. So the alternative formulation of the question - age determines personality traits or, on the contrary, personality type determines age traits - is replaced by the idea of dialectical interaction of both, and again not in general, but within a specific field of activity, in certain social conditions.

Accordingly, the system of age categories becomes more complicated, which have not one, as previously thought, but three reference systems - individual development, age stratification of society and the age symbolism of culture. The concept of "lifetime", "life cycle" and " life path are often used as synonyms. But their content is significantly different.

The time of life, its length, denotes the simple time interval between birth and death. Longevity has important social and psychological implications. It largely depends on it, for example, the duration of the coexistence of generations, the duration of the primary socialization of children, etc. to its content.

The concept of "life cycle" suggests that the flow of life is subject to a certain pattern, and its stages, like the seasons, form a gradual cycle. The idea of the cyclic nature of human life, like natural processes, is one of the most ancient images of our consciousness. Many biological and social age processes are indeed cyclical. The human body goes through the sequence of birth, growth, maturation, aging and death. A person learns, realizes and then gradually leaves a certain set of social roles (work, family, parental), and then the same cycle is repeated by her descendants. Cyclicity also characterizes the change of generations in society. Not without heuristic value and analogy between the ascending and descending phases of development. At the same time, the concept of the life cycle presupposes a certain isolation, completeness of the process, the center of which is in the nonself. Meanwhile, the development of the personality is carried out in a wide interaction with other people and social institutions, which does not fit into the cyclic scheme. Even if each individual aspect or component of it represents a certain cycle (biological life cycle, family cycle, professional work cycle), individual development is a non-sum of variations on given topic, but a specific history, where much is done anew, by trial and error.

The concept of "life path" just implies the unity of many autonomous lines of development, which converge, diverge or intersect, but cannot be understood separately from each other and from specific socio-historical conditions. Its study must necessarily be interdisciplinary - psychological, sociological and historical ...

"Mature man" - how is it? After all, he is not a fruit - you can’t touch him, you won’t try ... How to understand whether your partner or interlocutor is a mature person - or does he have too many infantile features? Yes, and it would not hurt to figure it out with yourself, because psychological maturity is the ideal that we strive for in one way or another.

The concept of maturity in psychology implies 2 aspects: maturity as a stage of life (it is not for nothing that they speak of “mature” age) and maturity as a level of development. This means that some objective criteria for the maturity of a person are necessary, because it also happens that a mature age does not coincide with psychological maturity (“The head has already turned gray, but the mind has not increased”).

The concept of psychological maturity

Today, there are many approaches to the definition personal maturity- if only because none of them can give an exhaustive answer to the question of what it is.

In society, at the ordinary level, a certain level of achievement is determined for each age, and a person is considered mature when he meets these expectations (for example, in our culture it is customary to get a job after graduation, and some nomadic peoples have children of 3 years should already be free in the saddle - this is evidence that the level of achievement for each age is determined by social norms).

IN social psychology the main criterion of psychological maturity is the level of adaptation of a person to his social environment: in this version, a mature personality is a person who is well acquainted with the rules of his environment and plays exclusively by them; non-conflict; shares and accepts existing norms of behavior. If we talk about the psychosocial maturity of the individual, then this is the ability to predict the consequences of one's actions, to take responsibility for own life and your loved ones.

Characteristics of the psychological maturity of the individual

At different times, many scientists, including the famous Russian psychologist B. G. Ananiev, dealt with issues of maturity. Well, the most interesting thing that was proposed within the framework of this problem in last years is the theory of A. A. Rean (2000).

He identifies 4 main components of personal maturity - they are basic, and all the rest are formed on their basis: responsibility, tolerance, self-development and positive thinking (a positive outlook on the world). Wow! It turns out that all “whiners” are psychologically immature people! And in fact, in fact, it is.

So, the criteria for a person's personal maturity:

Taking responsibility for your own thoughts, feelings and actions. A mature person will not shift his guilt or problem onto others and will not look outside for the causes of his troubles.
Reasonable inner freedom. Exactly enough so as not to constantly look back at someone else's opinion, and be able to refuse requests that are inconvenient for you.
The ability to distinguish fiction from reality. Do you take it for granted? But not everyone knows how to do this - many take their own fantasies, illusions, attitudes for reality. Manifestations of this ability - a sober assessment own capabilities and the situation in general.
A sense of self-integrity as a person and self-acceptance. Such a person does not need to hide and hide his weaknesses, he has come to terms with them and accepts them.
Flexibility of thinking, adaptability. New setting? Let's rebuild! Someone's mind? Hmm, there's something to this...
Tolerance. Tolerance for those who look or live differently from us. Tolerant means without aggression and negative emotions. At the same time, tolerance does not imply a rejection of one's own views and positions.
Self-criticism. A psychologically mature person also sees his weak sides, but does not reproach himself for them, but works on them, and on occasion he can laugh at his own weaknesses.
Spirituality. It implies harmonious interaction with the world and a person's comprehension of the meaning of his own life. The well-known psychologist I. G. Malkina-Pykh believes that the gradual accumulation of spirituality is one of the tasks of the period of maturity, a prerequisite for human development, especially in the second half of life.

By these signs, you can try to diagnose yourself or your friends. You will see, there are not so many truly mature people, but still they exist. Well, the rest have the opportunity to work on themselves! There would be a wish...

The level of personality development often correlates with the degree of its socialization. The criteria of maturity, respectively, are the criteria of socialization. At the same time, the question of the criteria for the maturity of the individual is not once and for all resolved in domestic psychology. Among maturity indicators:

the breadth of social connections, represented at the subject level: I-other, I-others, I-society as a whole, I-mankind;
measure of personality development as a subject;
the nature of the activity - from appropriation to implementation and conscious reproduction;
social competence.

C. G. Jung linked the achievement of maturity with the individual's acceptance of responsibility primarily for his projections, their awareness and subsequent assimilation. K. Rogers considered responsibility in close connection with awareness, freedom to be oneself, control of one's own life and choice.

Expansion of feeling I, which gradually arises in infancy, is not fully formed in the first 3-4 years or even in the first 10 years of life, but continues to expand with experience, as the circle of things in which the person participates increases. Here, the activity of the I is important, which must be purposeful.
Warmth in relationships with others. A person should be capable of significant intimacy in love (in a strong friendship). And at the same time - to avoid idle, obsessive own involvement in relationships with other people, even with their own family.
Emotional security (self-acceptance). A mature person expresses his or her beliefs and feelings in a way that is sensitive to the beliefs and feelings of others and does not feel threatened by the expression of emotions, either by oneself or others.
Realistic perception, skills and tasks. A mature person should be focused on the problem, on something objective that is worth doing. The task makes you forget about the satisfaction of desires, pleasures, pride, protection. This criterion is obviously related to responsibility, which is the existentialist ideal of maturity. At the same time, a mature personality is in close contact with the real world.
self-objectification- understanding, humor. A person acting for show does not realize that his deception is transparent, and his posture is inadequate. A mature person knows that it is impossible to "fake" a person, one can only intentionally play a role for the sake of entertainment. The higher the self-understanding, the more pronounced the person's sense of humor. It is worth remembering that real humor sees behind some serious object or subject (for example, oneself) a contrast between appearance and essence.
Unified philosophy of life. A mature person necessarily has a clear idea of \u200b\u200bhis goal in life. A mature person has a relatively clear self-image. This criterion is connected with the “maturity” of conscience. A mature conscience is a sense of duty to maintain one's self-image in an acceptable form, to continue one's chosen line of proprietary aspirations, to create one's own style of being. Conscience is a kind of self-guidance.

It is important to note that the process of socialization does not stop even in adulthood. Moreover, it never ends, but always has a conscious or unconscious purpose. Thus, the concepts of "maturity" and "adulthood" are not synonymous. In fact, even at the individual level, the concepts of "maturity" and "adulthood" do not completely coincide. Within the framework of one paradigm, the problem of maturity can be considered at the level of correlation between different levels of human organization: individual, personality, subject of activity. According to A. A. Bodalev, in the process of human development there is a certain relationship between the manifestations of the individual, the personality and the subject of activity. The nature of this relationship can be represented in four main variants..

individual the development of a person is significantly ahead of his personal and subject-activity development. A person is physically already an adult, but his assimilation of the basic values of life, his attitude to work, and his sense of responsibility are insufficient. More often this occurs in those families where parents "prolong childhood" for their children.
personal human development is more intensive than his individual and subject-activity development. All qualities (values, attitudes) are ahead of the pace of physical maturation, and a person, as a subject of labor, cannot develop habits for everyday labor effort, determine his vocation.
Subject-activity development is leading compared to the other two. A person can almost fanatically love to work at the level of his still small physical abilities and poorly formed positive personal qualities.
There is a relative correspondence of the pace of individual, personal and subject-activity development. The ratio, the most optimal development of a person throughout his life. Normal physical development, good physical health is one of the factors not only for more successful assimilation, but also for the manifestation of the basic values of life and culture, which are expressed in the motives of human behavior. And positive motivation, behind which stands the emotional-need core of the personality, is one of the indispensable components of the structure of a person as an active subject of activity.

A. A. Rean, trying to generalize known approaches to the psychological understanding of the level of maturity of the individual, distinguishes four, in his opinion, basic or main components that are not "ordinary":

responsibility;
tolerance;
self-development;
positive thinking or a positive attitude towards the world, which determines a positive view of the world.

The last component is integrative, since it covers all the others, being simultaneously present in them.

Personal development does not end with the acquisition of autonomy and independence. We can say that the development of personality is a process that never ends, which indicates the infinity and unlimited self-disclosure of personality. It goes a long way, one of the stages of which is the achievement of self-determination, self-government, independence from external urges, the other is the realization by the personality of the forces and abilities inherent in it, the third is overcoming one's limited Self and the active development of more general global values.

Self-development is influenced by a large group of factors: individual characteristics, age, relationships with others, professional activity, family relationships, etc. The process of self-development of an adult is uneven, changes in personality relationships at certain periods of life are progressive in nature, raise it to the level of "acme", then evolutionary processes begin, leading to "stagnation" or regression of personality.

The stage of maturity and at the same time a certain peak of this maturity - acme (translated from Greek means "top", "point") - this is a multidimensional state of a person, which, although it covers a stage of his life that is significant in time, is never a static formation and is distinguished by a greater or less variation and variability. Acme shows how a person has developed as a citizen, as a specialist in a certain type of activity, as a spouse, as a parent, etc.

Acmeology is a science that arose at the junction of natural, social, humanitarian, technical disciplines, studying the phenomenology, patterns and mechanisms of human development at the stage of his maturity and especially when he reaches the most high level in this development.

The concept of "acmeology" was proposed in 1928 by N. A. Rybnikov, and new area scientific research in human knowledge began to create in 1968 B. G. Ananiev. One of the most important tasks of acmeology is to find out the characteristics that should be formed in a person in preschool childhood, younger school age, during the years of adolescence and youth, so that he can successfully prove himself in all respects at the stage of maturity.

The concept of maturity in psychology involves the allocation of two main aspects :maturity as a stage of life and maturity as a level of development. Hence one of the important problems: the definition of objective criteria of human maturity. Today, perhaps, it is impossible to describe the model of social maturity of the individual with exhaustive completeness.

As criteria for psychological maturity in psychological literature put forward various characteristics and personality traits . It could be the ability of the individual to reflect , and her Willingness to accurately fulfill the assigned social roles , And ability personalities reach the goal at the right age . In society, each age is assigned a certain level of achievement, and if a person meets these social expectations, then he is considered mature. IN social psychology as a criterion of psychological maturity is put forward the concept of adaptation to the social environment . A person is considered psychologically mature if she is well adapted to the social environment, if she is not in conflict, if she shares social norms behavior and social values. The psychosocial maturity of a person can be defined as the ability to recognize the existing boundaries of social reality, predict the consequences of one's own actions and take responsibility for one's own life, as well as for the life of those around them.

Hall and Lindsay (1997), characterizing a mature person, distinguish the following characteristics: wide boundaries of the Self, the ability to have warm social relations, the presence of self-acceptance, a realistic perception of experience, the ability to self-knowledge, a sense of humor, the presence of a certain philosophy of life. B. Livehud (1994) considers three main properties of a mature person: wisdom; gentleness and condescension; self-awareness.

22. Socialization of the individual: characteristics and main types.

Personal socialization is the process of entering each individual into social structure, as a result of which changes occur with the very structure of society and in the structure of each individual. This is due to the social activity of each individual. As a result of this process, all the norms of each group are assimilated, the uniqueness of each group is manifested, the individual learns patterns of behavior, values and social norms. All this is essential for successful functioning in any society.

The process of socialization personalities runs throughout the existence of human life Since the world around us is in constant motion, everything changes and a person simply needs to change for a more comfortable stay in new conditions. The human essence undergoes regular changes and changes over the years, it cannot be constant. Life is a process of constant adaptation, requiring continuous change and renewal. Man is a social being. The process of integrating each individual into social strata is considered to be quite complex and rather lengthy, since it includes the assimilation of values and norms of social life and certain roles. The process of socialization of the individual takes place in mutually intertwined directions. The object itself can act as the first one. As a second, a person begins to more actively integrate into the social structure and life of society as a whole.

Stages socialization of the individual.

The process of socialization of the individual goes through three main phases in its development.

The first phase consists in the development of social values and norms, as a result of which the individual learns to conform to the whole society.

The second phase consists in the desire of the individual for his own personalization, self-actualization and a certain impact on other members of society.

The third phase consists in the integration of each person into a certain social group, where he reveals his own properties and capabilities.

Only the consistent flow of the entire process can lead to the successful completion of the entire process.

The process of socialization itself includes the main stages of personality socialization . Modern sociology is capable of solving these questions ambiguously. Among the main stages can be distinguished: pre-labor stage, labor stage, post-labor stage.

The main stages of personality socialization:

Primary socialization - the process proceeds from birth to the formation of the personality itself;

Secondary socialization - at this stage, the personality is restructured during the period of maturity and stay in society.

Levels of maturity of the individual.

Personal maturity level characterizes a person's ability to fully and adequately perceive the reality of his inner peace and the world around, as well as the ability and inclination to adequate life, as a result of which a person harmoniously and effectively fits into the world around him. The level of maturity of a person is another point of balance between the motivating and restraining internal processes in the human psyche, this is the level of success in solving internal and external problems.

In modern psychology there is a classification maturity levels l

The tragedy is that many of us die before we begin to live.

Erich Fromm
identity. This is about social personality maturity biologically adult person. Each of us was once a child, teenager, etc., but some people even at the age of forty have a level personal development A small child, but there are people who already at the age of twenty have the personality of a Wise old man - and this does not mean at all that they have “grown old in soul”. On the contrary, such "young wise men" are usually the most cheerful and cheerful among their peers.

Personal maturity has little to do with biological maturity. There are people who, even at the age of fifty, still perceive reality and act in it, like little children or teenagers. Such people are not really adults, they have only learned to imitate the image of adults, and this game of adults, combined with biological age, often misleads us.

Moreover, not only people, but entire nations can demonstrate immature, infantile behavior. Only they have the phrase “I don’t play with you because you tease” turns into “trade sanctions due to a failure in the field of diplomatic relations.”

Understanding maturity level of the individual eliminates many misunderstandings in human interaction. Seeing who is in front of you, you can correctly formulate your thought, choose the right personnel, especially leaders. It is especially important to understand that the corporate culture and management system in an organization are determined by the level of personal maturity of the majority of employees in this organization.

There are ten most common maturity principles human personality, reflecting the patterns of personal growth of a person.

As a person matures, he accumulates life experience and expands the ability to analyze and assimilate the events and situations offered by life.

As a person matures, he acquires everything O greater ability to resolve conflict situations in a peaceful and painless way.

Whatever I do, the amount of goodness in the world must increase.

The main principle of life

As a person matures, he experiences an ever-increasing sense of kindness and compassion for all living things.

As a person matures, his faith in his own strength and clarity of awareness of the tasks facing him grow.

As a person matures, his awareness of the right of others to freedom of expression and personal happiness grows.

As a person matures, he experiences less and less fear of the unknown.

As a person matures, he increasingly takes responsibility for his life and for the state of the world around him.

As a person matures, the shackles of his egoism weaken, and the altruistic tendency in thoughts and behavior increases.

As a person matures, his understanding of the fundamental laws of the structure of this world, his spiritual unity with life in all its manifestations, expands and deepens.

So, below are the features and characteristics biologically adult people with some level of maturity. The names of the levels of maturity, of course, are rather conditional, and aim to help to better understand the essence of each of the levels of maturity of the individual.

It is especially important to understand that each of these levels of maturity, when completed in their natural time in the process of growing up, is quite adequate. But when an adult's personality remains at the level of a small child, this leads to a discrepancy between biological and personal maturity, and hence to many problems and inadequacies in the life of this person. The breastfed infant is adorable, but the adult breastfed infant is disgusting or even fearful.

Level 1

“What kind of people! Evil as dogs! And there is no owner ... "

Andrey Knyshev

such a person does not have a system of values, a system of moral and ethical restrictions. He does not know what is "good" and what is "bad". His actions are controlled by primitive emotions and momentary impulses, desires. For this reason, such people can be quite friendly, or they can kill - simply because of a sudden outburst of rage or even out of curiosity.

The world around them is perceived as potentially dangerous. They are very poorly oriented in it, and they perceive everything incomprehensible to themselves as threatening, reacting with retaliatory aggression. Such people seek to destroy everything that they do not understand. Abstract thinking they lack, characterized by rough and concrete thinking.

My eyes have seen, my ears have heard,

I felt even the details are detailed:

Sick, rotten, crippled souls -

They walked, crippling themselves not like them.

Igor Guberman

adult people with the personality of the Infant are constantly in need of strict guidance and generally prefer not freedom, which frightens them with its uncertainty, but harsh authoritarian, often despotic, methods of management. Constant pressure and restriction of freedom is perceived by them as desirable for themselves and others. Adult Infants are generally internally convinced that order is a tight, rigid framework of limitation, and freedom is disorder, chaos, that is, evil. Therefore, they cannot even imagine that the Universe can successfully and harmoniously exist without the Tsar and the Overseer, that is, God in their understanding, and the state, in their opinion, is simply not able to work normally without dictatorship, repression and active persecution of dissent. Adult Babies themselves pay a huge price of fear, pain and humiliation for life in such a cruel society - but that is why they seek to doom all their other fellow citizens to the same suffering, for reasons of some kind of perverted "justice". Anger and aggression are manifested as psychological compensation for fear.

Such people are characterized by primitive egoism. The main goal of life for them is to survive, and at any cost, in any way possible. The main slogan in everything: "I - the first!" The content of life is the search for pleasure and and

Everything that worked slaves

Always working for slavery.

Igor Guberman

avoidance of pain and discomfort. Subjectively, they perceive themselves as the center of the universe, and react very aggressively to those who demonstrate to them that this is not so. However, this feature has a downside. Since Infants are very dependent in their worldview and behavior, they readily obey the one who takes on the functions of an active authoritarian leader towards them.

Relationships with others Breastfeeding infants build, based on the need for survival. They are tied to a narrow circle of "their own": their own family, clan, gang - in general, a group with the help of which this person solves his problems of survival in this world. The main motivation for activity is negative, based on fear. In relations with people, adult Infants are dominated by various manipulations in order to obtain from them the desired life benefits. Sexual intimacy is based solely on sexual desire and is essentially similar to other physiological functions. They have no real affection for anyone. In communication, they are afraid of a direct look into the eyes, stubbornly look away, as if they always had something to hide.

In mythology, people gave away their thoughts about what they would do if they were gods.

Stanislav Jerzy Lec

spiritually, such people are distinguished by extremely primitive ideas. They are very superstitious and suspicious. They are afraid of death - and, as a result, fascinated by it, prone to taking the life of others simply out of interest in the process of killing. Such people often find themselves involved in various cults associated with black magic and Satanism, devil worship. Moreover, the motive of their attitude towards the devil is ambivalent: on the one hand, the devil inspires horror, but, on the other hand, that is why it is associated with great power and causes a desire to curry favor with him in order to enlist his patronage. God, who is Love, does not arouse such great sympathy in Infants: he is not some kind of authoritative, not at all terrible. By the same principle, they greatly revere people with a "cool" disposition, quick to brutal reprisals: those who inspire fear are associated with strength and power.

Only when the first monkey at the dawn of civilization picked up a stick did the rest begin to work.

Andrey Knyshev

organizations such people can do only the most basic work. At the same time, it is important to provide them with detailed and comprehensive instructions on what and how to do, as well as constantly monitor the process and results of the work. If there is no proper control, such an employee will perceive this as an invitation to steal something or deceive the manager in his own interests. In general, if you are a leader of people with this level of personality maturity, you should play a role a harsh and demanding boss, sometimes even a petty tyrant in the mood, overwhelming and "building" subordinates for no reason, just to demonstrate power. It is this model of behavior of the leader that will be perceived most favorably by Infants: they say, here is a real boss!

On the other hand, when dealing with such people It's important not to allow yourself to stoop to their level.. The problem is that somewhere in the depths of the soul of each of us there is a Breast Infant, and this is the simplest form of responding to internal and external difficulties. Sometimes we still tend to regression , and some people descend to the level of an adult baby and remain at this level for the rest of their lives (drunk homeless people, drug addicts, etc.). Therefore, it is important to always take care of maintaining and increasing your level of personal maturity. And if you, as a leader, follow this model of behavior (of course, adjusted for the level of maturity of your subordinates), subordinates will see in you being of a higher order and honor according to your understanding of your intellectual and spiritual superiority.

Statistically, such people are more common in third world countries. However, even in the societies of developed countries, the proportion of adults with the personality of a Infant can be quite noticeable, up to 5-10%.

The main criteria for the maturity of the individual. Psychological maturity of the individual. Psychological maturity: main criteria