1 periodization of world history. The World History. The most famous approaches

One of the important problems of historical science is the problem of periodization. historical development human society. Periodization is the establishment of chronologically sequential stages in social development. The allocation of stages should be based on decisive factors common to all countries or to leading countries.

Since the development of historical science, historians have developed many various options periodization community development.

Thus, the ancient Greek poet Hesiod (VIII-VII centuries BC) divided the history of peoples into five periods - divine, golden, silver, copper and iron, arguing that people live worse from century to century. The ancient Greek thinker Pythagoras (6th century BC) in understanding history was guided by the theory of the circle, according to which development follows the same track: birth, flourishing, death. At the same time, the vector of history is practically absent. Such a view of history goes by analogy with human life, with the circles of civilization, which will be discussed further.

The German scientist Bruno Hildebrand (1812-1878) proposed his own version of periodization according to the type of economy, who divided history into three periods: subsistence economy, money economy, credit economy.

Russian scientist L.I. Mechnikov (1838-1888) established the periodization of history according to the degree of development of waterways: river period (ancient civilizations), Mediterranean (Middle Ages), oceanic (modern and modern times).

Marx, proceeding from the principle of a materialistic understanding of history, developed a variant of periodization, based on the mode of production or the formational concept. In accordance with this theory, the history of mankind appears as a successive change of socio-economic formations (primitive communal, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist, communist).

The mode of production is a historically concrete unity of productive forces and production relations.

Unlike Marx, Western scientists of the XX century. considered historical process as the alternation of the same "cycles" of circulation of local civilizations. The largest representative of this theory is the Englishman A. Toynbee. Despite the fact that the 13 main civilizations identified by him develop independently of each other, they all go through the same stages in their development: birth, flourishing, death.

Civilization approach in search general patterns historical process is based on identifying common features in political, spiritual, everyday, material culture, public consciousness, similar development paths. In addition, it takes into account the differences generated by the geographical environment, historical features.

There are three main types of civilization.

Peoples without the idea of ​​development, i.e. outside of historical time. This type includes the primitive state of society, it is characterized by adaptation, the harmony of man and nature, the repetition of traditions and the prohibition to violate, expressed through taboos. This type of civilization is currently represented by separate tribes that have survived in various areas. the globe, for example, in Australia, Africa, America, Siberia.

Eastern (cyclical nature of development). This type is characterized by the interweaving of past and present, the preservation of religious priorities. It is distinguished by the absence of pronounced class distinctions and developed private property, the presence of caste communities, which, not being connected with each other, rely on a highly centralized power. Progress in such a society goes in cycles, slowly.

European (progressive). It is based on the idea of ​​continuous development. This type becomes common for European countries with the spread of Christianity. It is characterized by rationalism, the prestige of productive work, developed private property, market relations, a class structure with active political parties, and the presence of a civil society.

All types of civilization are equal before history, they have inherent disadvantages and advantages. In the first one, the problem of harmony between man and nature is solved, but man does not realize himself. Eastern society is aimed at spirituality, but does not value the individual. European civilization gives a person a chance of self-realization, but the rapid pace of development leads to world wars, revolutions, acute social class struggle.

American scientist Walt Rostow (sociologist, political scientist, economist, historian) in the 60s of the XX century. developed the theory of stages of economic growth. Then he identified five stages of economic growth:

• traditional society;
• period of prerequisites or transitional society;
• period of "rise" or shift;
• period of maturity;
• era of high mass consumption.

Rostow believes that he gave a theory of history in general, which is a modern alternative to Marxism. Rostow contrasts the socio-economic formations put forward by Marx with the stages of growth and the ideal type of the era. high level mass consumption recognizes the "British-American pattern". In the 70s, Rostow supplemented his scheme with the sixth stage - at this stage, society is busy looking for ways to improve the quality of human living conditions.

The World History: periodization

The periodization of world history usually contains several periods. They simply need to be learned if you want to competently and systematically work through each topic and remember it in the best possible way. Parse sequence historical events I recommend, as stated in the post on the link. So, the Periodization of World History is as follows:

The first period from the 5th to the 11th centuries. This period is also characterized by the formation of barbarian kingdoms on its territory.

The second period of the periodization of world history: from the XII to the XV centuries. During this period, the boundaries of European civilization are expanding, Europe is expanding, learning about other states. This resulted in the crusades. Institutions, religions, inquisitions are taking shape. There is a rivalry between royal and papal power.

The third period is associated with the XVI - the middle of the XVII century. During this period, feudal institutions are undergoing a crisis, expressed in the Renaissance, at the beginning of the crisis royalty and so on.

The fourth period in the periodization of world history is called Modern Time. It covered the period from the middle of the 17th century to 1914. During this period, the first bourgeois revolutions took place in Europe, the industrial revolution, the change of several systems international relations(Westphalian, Vienna, etc.)

Fifth period: from 1914 to 1991. This is the shortest and at the same time the most dramatic period of world history.

When studying world history, I highly recommend correlating each studied historical process, event with a specific historical period. It is most effective, easiest and cheapest to study World History using the materials of ours.

Plan
Introduction
1. History
2 scientific significance

Introduction

Periodization of history is a special kind of systematization, which consists in the conditional division of the historical process into certain chronological periods. These periods have certain distinctive features, which are determined depending on the chosen basis (criterion) of periodization. A variety of reasons can be chosen for periodization: from a change in the type of thinking (O. Comte, K. Jaspers) to a change in communication methods (M. McLuhan) and environmental transformations (J. Goodsblom). Many scientists, from 18th century thinkers (A. Barnave, A. Ferguson, A. Smith) to modern post-industrialists like D. Bell and E. Toffler, rely on economic production criteria.

1. History

The first pre-scientific periodizations of history were developed in ancient times (for example, from the Golden Age of people to the Iron Age), but scientific periodizations appeared only in the New Age, when, as a result of the works of Italian humanists, in particular Jean Bodin, the division that has been preserved to this day history into ancient, medieval and modern.

In the 18th century, many different periodizations appeared. The most famous of the numerous periodizations of the 19th century belong to G. Hegel, K. Marx, O. Comte. In the 20th century, the development of periodization ideas continued, but by the middle of this century, interest in this problem had significantly weakened. Nevertheless, one can point to quite important works in this respect (for example, by V. I. Lenin, W. Rostow, D. Bell, L. White, E. Toffler, R. Adams, W. McNeill and others).

In the USSR, as you know, there was a mandatory so-called. five-term periodization associated with five modes of production (primitive-communal, slave-owning, feudal, capitalist, communist).

2. Scientific value

Periodization is very effective method analysis and ordering of the material. Through periodization, one can more deeply show the relationship between the development of the historical process as a whole and its individual aspects. It has a great heuristic potential, is able to give harmony to the theory, structures it in many respects and - most importantly - gives it a measurement scale. It is no coincidence that many scientists note the great importance of periodization for the study of history.

Nevertheless, periodization deals with extremely complex phenomena of a process, developing and temporal type, and therefore inevitably coarsens and simplifies historical reality (a map is not a territory). Therefore, any periodization suffers from one-sidedness and greater or lesser discrepancies with reality. This is especially noticeable when scientists begin to absolutize the significance of selected factors, forgetting that periodization still plays a secondary role. On the other hand, the number and significance of such discrepancies can be drastically reduced if the rules and features of this methodological procedure are strictly followed. In particular, the construction of periodization requires compliance with the rule of identical grounds, that is, the need to allocate periods equal in taxonomic significance to proceed from the same reasons (criteria). The second rule: the bases of periodization should be related both to general concept researcher, and with the appointment of periodization (which can be very different).

It is very important and productive to use the rule of an additional basis, which consists in the fact that, in addition to the main periodization basis, which determines the number and characteristics of the allocated periods, an additional one is also needed, with the help of which the chronology is specified. In other words, in periodization it is necessary to distinguish between its semantic (conceptual) and chronological aspects.

Literature

· Grinin, L. E. 2006. Productive Forces and the Historical Process. Ed. 3rd. Moscow: KomKniga.

· Grinin, L. E. 2006. Periodization of history: theoretical and mathematical analysis // History and Mathematics: problems of periodization of historical macroprocesses. / Ed. Korotaev A. V., Malkov S. Yu., Grinin L. E. M.: KomKniga / URSS. pp. 53-79. ISBN 978-5-484-01009-7.

· Grinin, L. E. 2006b. Methodological foundations of the periodization of history. Philosophical Sciences 8: 117-123; 9:127-130.

· Grinchenko SN History of mankind from cybernetic positions // History and Mathematics: Problems of periodization of historical macroprocesses. M.: KomKniga, 2006. S. 38-52.

· Sorokin, P. A. 1992. On the so-called factors of social evolution // Sorokin, P. A. Chelovek. Civilization. Society, p. 521-531. Moscow: Politizdat.

Shofman, A. S. 1984 (ed.). Periodization of world history. Kazan: Kazan University Press.

· Jaspers, K. 1994. The Meaning and Purpose of History. M.: Republic.

· Bell, D. 1973. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society. New York: Basic Books.

· Comte, O. 1974 . Cours de philosophie positive // ​​The essential Comte: selected from Cours de philosophie positive / Edited and with an introduction by Stanislav Andreski. London: Croom Helme.

· Goudsblom, J. 1996. Human History and Long-Term Social Processes: Toward a Synthesis of Chronology and Phaseology // The Course of Human History. Economic Growth, Social Process, and Civilization / Ed. by J. Goudsblom, E. L. Jones, and S. Mennel, p. 15-30. New York, NY: Sharpe.

· Green, W. A. ​​1992. Periodization in European and World History // Journal of World History 3(1): 13-53.

Green, W. A. ​​1995. Periodizing World History // History and Theory 34: 99-111.

· Grinin, L. E., and A. V. Korotayev. 2006. Political Development of the World System: A Formal Quantitative Analysis // History & Mathematics. Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies / Ed. by P. Turchin, L. Grinin, V. de Munck, and A. Korotayev. Moscow: URSS.

· Toffler, A. 1980. The Third Wave. new york.

· White, L. A. 1959. The Evolution of Culture; the development of civilization to the fall of Rome. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Topic 11

Periodization of history

According to the famous English thinker of the XX century. Albert Toynbee, "History exists where and only where there is time." Indeed, in the course of time there is a change in the states of human societies, and through this change, in turn, the content of history is manifested. In order to understand this endless stream of time and events, they must somehow be ordered.

The problem of periodization criteria. One way to comprehend history is to periodize it. Periodization is a conditional division of history into separate chronological periods, which differ from each other by some features. In order to identify these features, scientists develop a system of criteria, on the basis of which they distinguish periods. Such general criteria are most often chosen as culture, religion and forms of its organization, economy, productive forces, or sometimes even as part of the productive forces - natural conditions.

Among scientists there is still no agreement on which of the criteria to put in the first place. Moreover, it is not enough to single out and arrange the criteria, it is also necessary to agree on what is meant, for example, by the word “culture”, since this term has a lot of definitions.

Periodization is primarily subject to general, or civil, history, and in its various scales, ranging from global, worldwide and ending with local, local. Within the periods are divided into sub-periods, which are given a specific name. Separate areas can also be divided into periods public life, for example, the development of the economy, science, the development of technology, art. The history of art is a separate history, subject to its own periodization, not directly related, for example, to economic history. To work out a general scientific periodization of world history is perhaps an impossible task. In different eras, in different historical conditions, philosophers proceeded from ideas characteristic of their time about the world, about time, about the course of history, about the fate of mankind.

Images of time and epochs of the past. IN Ancient Greece was substantiated by the cyclic concept of development, or otherwise - the theory of circulation. One of Plato's students explained it this way: the movement of time connects the end with the beginning, and this happens an infinite number of times. Ancient Greek historians came to this conclusion by observing the circular motion celestial bodies. The change of seasons and, accordingly, agricultural cycles, determined by the movement of celestial bodies, was in full agreement with this theory in the ideas of the inhabitants of that time.

With the emergence and spread of Christianity, an idea appeared about the linearity of time from the creation of the world by the Lord God to the Last Judgment and the end of the world. The concept of linear time at the end of the 1st - beginning of the 5th c. justified by Blessed Augustine - one of the fathers of the church, who laid the foundations of the Christian doctrine. Medieval scientists singled out a special particle of time, which they called sacred time, that is, sacred. This is the time of the earthly life and activity of Christ and his disciples. On the one hand, it belongs to the divine, but since the life of Christ took place on Earth, it is involved in earthly time. Divine services or liturgies, in which the life of Christ was constantly reproduced symbolically, also became part of sacred time. Such ideas dominated in the Middle Ages throughout the Christian world, including in Rus'. And the Church disposed of this sacred time exclusively.

In the Renaissance, with the rise of science and experimental knowledge, new ideas about time appeared. Natural philosophers - philosophers who studied the phenomena of nature - put forward the concept of objective and absolute time. The famous astronomer Giordano Bruno defined the main property of such time as infinite duration. The absoluteness of time in the understanding of natural philosophers meant that it does not depend on movement, but exists on its own. This theory was subsequently developed by the English scientist Isaac Newton.

This idea of ​​time formed the basis of the perception of time. modern man. It finally took shape in the 19th century, having received expression in the idea of ​​continuity of social development. The periodization of the historical process was based on these changing views on time and its nature.

In the Middle Ages, periodization according to the ages of the world was very common. According to this concept, the age of the world corresponded to human age: childhood, youth, maturity, old age. The world, like man, is decrepit and moving towards its end. In this theory, the beginning and end of human history is consistent with the biblical concept of the beginning and end of the world. This is how the monks looked at the world, compiling chronicles in the monasteries, which they, as a rule, began from Adam, regardless of whether they wrote the history of the Franks or the Hungarians. With this periodization of world history, another periodization according to empires or monarchs, dynasties perfectly agreed. During the decline of the Western Roman Empire, philosophers, trying to comprehend world history, gave its first universal periodization, highlighting four periods in the history of the Empire: the Assyrian-Babylonian state, Medo-Persian, Greco-Macedonian and Roman, moreover, as the last, final. In the Middle Ages, Christian philosophers came up with the theory of empire translation. According to her, the Roman Empire did not perish, it already, as a Christian empire, had to pass from people to people, from state to state.

Some monarchs, for example, Charlemagne, tried to bring this idea to life by creating their own monarchies, which they built to the Roman one. The theory of "Moscow - the Third Rome" also goes back to this idea of ​​the translation of the empire and to this periodization of world history.

But more practically, the periodization of history was tied to the rule of some kingdom or dynasty, and some monarch got into the spotlight. The state of society was not taken into account with this approach, and this is precisely the important difference between the understanding of history by scientists today and people of that time.

The Renaissance opened a new page in the periodization of history and brought it closer to our time. Humanist scientists, who discovered Greco-Roman antiquity for themselves and for the world, coined the term Middle Ages, more precisely middle age. This Middle Age separated the time of the humanists from Antiquity, and the criterion for such a separation was pure Latin, which Caesar spoke, wrote Cicero. The Middle Ages, from this point of view, was the time of kitchen Latin, that is, the time of barbarism and the decline of culture.

In the 17th century world history was divided into Antiquity, the Middle Ages and the New Age. This periodization has taken root in science, and it is still accepted, although of course with some changes, since time has not stopped either.

Modern ideas about historical periods. In modern historical science, the periodization of world history looks like this: Antiquity, Middle Ages, New and Newest time. Often, after the Middle Ages, the Renaissance is distinguished as a special period. But the recognition of such periodization does not mean that all disputes about it are over. There is no agreement among scholars on the boundaries of these periods. The border between Antiquity and the Middle Ages is conditionally determined by the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, but the opinions of scientists differ greatly about the distinction between the Middle Ages and the New Age. The new time sometimes begins in the 13th century, when cities and trade rise, sometimes during the Great geographical discoveries, that is, from the end of the 15th century, and sometimes by the first bourgeois revolutions, that is, from the middle of the 17th century. In the last decade, the concept of "early modern times" has been introduced in science to refer to the transitional historical period between the Middle Ages and the New Age, and the chronological framework of this period is determined by the 16th - the end of the 18th centuries.

The reasons for these disagreements between scientists lie in their different understanding of the content of the historical process and, accordingly, the allocation of different criteria for the development of the historical process. IN modern science Antiquity is most often understood as the time when the slave system dominated, the Middle Ages are identified with the domination feudal relations, and New time - with the dominance of capitalist relations. But how to understand feudalism? As a political system, as a special economic system, or as a system of special interpersonal relationships? There is no common understanding among historians.

In the 19th century in the social sciences, two approaches to history were developed and became widespread, which was reflected in its periodization. This is a formative approach civilizational approach. The first was developed by the prominent economist Karl Marx. By formation, he understood the division of the historical process into large periods on the basis of the property relations and relations of production that dominated within them. Who owned the main wealth - say, land under feudalism? Who directly worked on this earth? And how were the results of labor distributed between the owners of the land and the worker on this land? The focus of this approach is on economics. Marx distinguished five formations or modes of production: primitive communal formation, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist and communist. Each of them has experienced a period of formation, prosperity and decline. Having exhausted her options, she gave way to the next.

The civilizational approach is based on the territorial delimitation of human societies, which retain their special identity throughout the entire period of existence. Civilizations are usually understood as closed societies that are characterized by common features, such as natural conditions, way of life, customs, religion, culture, historical destiny. Civilizations, although they represent some kind of closed integrity, are most often interconnected in time and space.

In the XX century. especially in its last decade, the concept of civilization and the periodization based on this concept received especially great importance in the studies of philosophers, historians, sociologists, including in our country.

The formational approach to history is based on the recognition of the continuous progressive course of the development of history. However, in its present form, it does not answer the question: what kind of formation follows the communist one? And then the problem of continuity of development is called into question.

The civilizational approach gives scope for various cyclic theories of development, some of which recognize, while others deny the progress of historical development. In modern science, in addition to dividing history into ancient, medieval, etc., there are other approaches. Thus, the separation of traditional and modernized societies is widespread. The first refers to the period of historical development, when the agrarian economy, based on the manual labor of small workers, dominated. This time includes both ancient antiquity and the Middle Ages. social structure in these societies it is motionless, it is represented by class groups. Those social groups that legal basis enjoy certain rights or perform certain duties and occupy a clearly defined place in society, and the transition from one class to another is extremely difficult.

The era of modernity and postmodernity. The problem of periodization also affects modernity: it is divided into the eras of modernity and postmodernity or industrial and postindustrial societies. The chronological framework between them falls on the decades that followed the end of World War II. The era of modernity in general corresponds to the traditional chronological framework new history, that is late 18th- the beginning of the XX century. and corresponds to the name of a modernized society. From an economic point of view, it is marked by two industrial revolutions and the transformation of an agrarian society into an industrial one. During this period, large-scale industry, mass consumption was created. From a social point of view, the era of modernity is characterized by a new division of society mainly on the basis of economic interests. The social structure of such a society is mobile, it is quite easy to move from one social stratum to another, moreover, based on one's own talents and relying on one's own abilities, in contrast to, say, the feudal era.

And finally, the postmodern era. It is characterized primarily by the results scientific and technological revolution, so-called third revolution. As a result of this revolution, the role of the consumer sector of the economy is growing sharply. And the industry based on the production of machines and machine tools is receding into the background. Now there are machines with the help of which, with one button, you can control the entire production from the remote control, which is remote from this production itself. Therefore, the production of large machine tools and machines fades into the background, not only in essence, but even in the mentality of people. The first place is occupied by the consumer sector. And it is interesting that mass production and consumption in this society outgrow the framework of the national economy and the same globalization is taking place, causing widespread public protest.

High technologies are developing, a society of consumers is finally taking shape. From a social point of view, this society is distinguished by the widest possibilities of communication. The cultural life of the postmodern is determined by the mass media and pop culture. Humanity has received an unusually wide access to information. IN social movement A special place is now occupied by the protection of nature and anti-war speeches - these are perhaps the most striking phenomena in public life.

Periodization of history

Periodization of history- a special kind of systematization, which consists in the conditional division of the historical process into certain chronological periods. These periods have certain distinctive features, which are determined depending on the chosen basis (criterion) of periodization. A variety of reasons can be chosen for periodization: from a change in the type of thinking (O. Comte, K. Jaspers) to a change in communication methods (M. McLuhan) and environmental transformations (J. Goodsblom). Many scientists use economic and production criteria to create periodization: these are both socio-economic relations and means of production (the Marxist theory of formations), and the main sphere of production (the theory of industrial and post-industrial society; periodization according to the principles of production by L. E. Grinin).

The most famous approaches

Formative approach

In Soviet historical science, the scheme of five formations (the so-called "five-membered"), which was developed by Soviet scientists on the basis of the works of Marx and Engels, in particular the work "The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State" by Friedrich Engels, was most widely used. The essence of the concept was that any human society goes through five successive stages in its development - the primitive communal, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist and communist formations. This scheme, as an indisputable dogma, was included in all educational and reference Marxist publications, and Soviet historians made considerable efforts to find a consistent change of formations in the history of any society.

The so-called "creative Marxists" perceived the five-term scheme as the main erroneous construct of Marxist theory, and it was against it that their main critical statements were directed. To a very high degree, the development of creative Marxism in the USSR should be associated with a discussion about the Asian mode of production - the sixth formation, the existence of which was postulated by Marx, but rejected by Soviet scientists.

Based on the new ideas voiced during the discussion, new formational schemes were formed, different from the scheme of the five formations. In some concepts, there are six formations - between primitiveness and slavery, researchers have an "Asian (politarian) mode of production" (Semenov; Koranashvili; Kapustin; Nureyev and others). In other formations, there are four - instead of slavery and feudalism, "a large feudal formation" (Kobishchanov) or a single pre-capitalist formation - "estate-class society" (Ilyushechkin). In addition to single-line formational schemes, multi-linear ones appeared, fixing the differences in the development of Western civilization and non-Western societies. The multilinear approach to world history was most consistently defended by L. S. Vasiliev.

At present (2011), one of the most consistent supporters of the formation theory remains Yu. I. Semyonov. He created a global formational (relay-formational) concept of world history, according to which, no society is obliged to go through all the formations, which was insisted on by the Soviet historical science. The last societies do not go through the stage at which the first ones were, they do not repeat their movement. Entering the highway of human history, they immediately begin to move from the place where the once advanced societies stopped earlier.

Civilization approach

Unlike stage theories, including the Marxist one, the civilizational approach considers the historical process in a different plane, not in the diachronic "vertical", but in the spatial "horizontal" dimension. Proponents of this approach believe that the allocation of equivalent civilizations allows you to avoid the question of progress in history, and hence avoid the gradation of developed, developing and undeveloped peoples.

It is believed that the main ideas of the cyclic understanding of history were formulated in the works of Giambattista Vico. However, this approach was most clearly outlined for the first time in the book by N.I. Danilevsky "Russia and Europe". In foreign science, absolute priority belongs to the book of O. Spengler " The Decline of Europe". However, the most detailed civilizational theory was formulated in A. Toynbee's 12-volume work "Comprehension of History". Toynbee singled out about 30 civilizations that are distinguished by unique inimitable features. The causes of the emergence of civilizations were the "challenges" of the external environment. Each of the civilizations went through the stages of emergence, growth, breakdown and decay in its development. Internal structure civilizations was based on functional division into "creative minority", masses, "proletariat".

Have been discovered for a long time weak sides civilizational approach. First, it was not possible to identify objective criteria by which civilizations stand out. For this reason, their number varies greatly among different authors, and various speculations are possible (up to the reduction of any people to a special civilization). Secondly, the identification of civilizations with living organisms is not correct. The time of existence of civilizations is different, periods of rise and fall can happen repeatedly. Thirdly, the reasons for the genesis and decline of different civilizations are different.

The civilizational theory was popular in world science half a century ago, now it is in a state of crisis. Foreign scientists prefer to turn to the study of local communities, the problems of historical anthropology, the history of everyday life. The theory of civilizations has been most actively developed in recent decades (as an alternative to Eurocentrism) in developing and post-socialist countries. During this period, the number of identified civilizations has increased dramatically - up to giving a civilizational status to almost any ethnic group. I. Wallerstein characterized the civilizational approach as "the ideology of the weak", as a form of protest of ethnic nationalism against the developed countries of the "core" of the modern world-system.

Modernization theories

neoevolutionism

world-system

World-systems analysis explores the social evolution of systems of societies, but not of individual societies, in contrast to previous sociological approaches, in which theories of social evolution considered the development of individual societies, and not their systems. In this, the world-systems approach is similar to the civilizational one, but goes a little further, exploring not only the evolution of social systems that embrace one civilization, but also those systems that embrace more than one civilization or even all the civilizations of the world. This approach was developed in the 1970s. A. G. Frank, I. Wallerstein, S. Amin, J. Arrighi, and T. dos Santos. F. Braudel is usually regarded as the most important predecessor of the world-system approach, which laid its foundations. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the main world center for world-systems analysis (in Binghampton, at the University of New York) bears the name of Fernand Braudel.

Literature

• Grinin, L. E. 2006. Productive Forces and the Historical Process. Ed. 3rd. Moscow: KomKniga.
• Grinin, L. E. 2006. Periodization of history: theoretical and mathematical analysis // History and Mathematics: problems of periodization of historical macroprocesses. / Ed. Korotaev A. V., Malkov S. Yu., Grinin L. E. M.: KomKniga / URSS. pp. 53-79. ISBN 978-5-484-01009-7.
• Grinin, L. E. 2006b. Methodological foundations of the periodization of history. Philosophical Sciences 8: 117-123; 9:127-130.
• Grinchenko S. N. The history of mankind from cybernetic positions // History and Mathematics: Problems of periodization of historical macroprocesses. M.: KomKniga, 2006. S. 38-52.
• Sorokin, P. A. 1992. On the so-called factors of social evolution // Sorokin, P. A. Chelovek. Civilization. Society, p. 521-531. Moscow: Politizdat.
• Shoffman, A. S. 1984 (ed.). Periodization of world history. Kazan: Kazan University Press.
• Jaspers, K. 1994. The Meaning and Purpose of History. M.: Republic.

• Bell, D. 1973. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society. New York: Basic Books.
• Comte, O. 1974. Cours de philosophie positive // ​​The essential Comte: selected from Cours de philosophie positive / Edited and with an introduction by Stanislav Andreski. London: Croom Helme.
• Goudsblom, J. 1996. Human History and Long-Term Social Processes: Toward a Synthesis of Chronology and Phaseology // The Course of Human History. Economic Growth, Social Process, and Civilization / Ed. by J. Goudsblom, E. L. Jones, and S. Mennel, p. 15-30. New York, NY: Sharpe.
• Green, W. A. ​​1992. Periodization in European and World History // Journal of World History 3(1): 13-53.
• Green, W. A. ​​1995. Periodizing World History // History and Theory 34: 99-111.
• Grinin, L. E., and A. V. Korotayev. 2006. Political Development of the World System: A Formal Quantitative Analysis // History & Mathematics. Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies / Ed. by P. Turchin, L. Grinin, V. de Munck, and A. Korotayev. Moscow: URSS.
• Toffler, A. 1980. The Third Wave. new york.
• White, L. A. 1959. The Evolution of Culture; the development of civilization to the fall of Rome. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Links

• Yuri Semyonov Periodization and the general picture of world history

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See what "Periodization of history" is in other dictionaries:

Conditional division of c.l. ist. process chronologically. periods will distinguish them accordingly. features determined depending on the chosen criterion. P.'s object and. can serve not only the general, so-called. civil history in its various scales ... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

WITH late XIX V. in Japan, it is customary to divide the history of the country into large time periods of jidai. Paleolithic, or ancient stone Age(40,000–13,000 BC). Jomon period, Japanese Neolithic (13 thousand years BC - III century BC). Named after ... ... All Japan

Periodization of the history of civilization in Russia- There are different points of view but about how many civilizations there were in that area, which is called Russia. Some historians believe that from the IX century. (education ancient Russian state) at the present time there is one civilization in ... ... Man and Society: Culturology. Dictionary-reference

PERIODIZATION OF THE HISTORY OF DOMESTIC CONFLICTOLOGY- - allocation in the history of the development of this science of periods, stages, other time intervals that differ in qualitative characteristics of the state of conflictology. Periodization is based on a meaningful analysis of conflictological ideas and theories, ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

periodization- and, well. periodisation f. Division into periods. Periodization of the history of the peoples of the USSR. ALS 1. In the 60s and 70s of the twentieth century. many historians of our country were attracted by the problems of periodization of history. Very often, discussions on this issue were abstract and unnecessarily ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

periodization- PERIODIZATION, and, well The result of the study of which l. phenomena, most often related to public life, which is a sequence of time periods that differ in common features. Periodization of the history of Russian culture ... Dictionary Russian nouns

PERIODIZATION, periodization, pl. no, female (book scientific). Division into periods. Periodization of world history. Outline, establish, give a periodization of something The history of the CPSU (b), approved in 1938 by the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), is divided into 12 chapters, ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

PERIODIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION. The main problems are related to chronological and regional language features formation of patristics. Although the Roman world at the end of its existence corresponded just as little to the abstract norm ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia