George Alexander Kelly(George Alexander Kelly) (April 28, 1905 - March 6, 1967) was an American psychologist, author of the theory of personality constructs.
George Kelly's theory
Main job Kelly published in 1955 - it is "Psychology of Personal Constructs". In it, the author sets out the author's concept of the human psyche. According to Kelly, all mental processes proceed along the paths of predicting the events of the surrounding world. Man is not a slave of his instincts, not an obedient toy of stimuli and reactions, and not even a self-actualizing self. A person in the framework of the theory of personal constructs is a scientist who studies the world and himself. The basic concept of the theory is a construct, the main means of classifying objects of the surrounding world is a bipolar scale, for example, “good-bad”, “smart-stupid”, “teetotaler”. By assigning certain poles of constructs to objects, forecasting is carried out. On the basis of this theory, the Repertory Test of Role Constructs was created.
Kelly George Alexander- American psychologist, author of the theory of personality constructs. Within the framework of this theory, each person is considered as a kind of researcher who builds an image of the world around him with the help of certain categorical scales, or "personal constructors" that are peculiar to him. Based on this image of the world, hypotheses are put forward about events, planning and implementation of certain actions. To study these constructs, the method of "repertory grids" was developed.
Biography of George Kelly
Kelly was born in a farming community near Wichita, Kansas. At first he studied at a rural school, where there was only one classroom. Later, his parents sent him to Unchita, where he attended four high schools for 4 years. Parents Kelly were very religious, hardworking, did not recognize drunkenness, playing cards and dancing. The traditions and spirit of the Midwest were deeply revered in his family, and Kelly was an adored only child.
Kelly studied for 3 years at Friends University, and then one year at Park College, where he received a bachelor's degree in physics and mathematics in 1926. At first he thought of pursuing a career as a mechanical engineer, but, partly influenced by inter-university discussions, he turned to social issues. Kelly recalled that his first psychology course was boring and unconvincing. The lecturer spent a lot of time discussing learning theories, but Kelly it didn't interest.
After College Kelly attended the University of Kansas, studying educational sociology and labor relations. He wrote a dissertation based on a study of leisure activities among Kansas City workers and received his master's degree in 1928. He then moved to Minneapolis, where he taught a speech development class for the Association of American Bankers and an Americanization class for future American citizens. He then worked at a junior college in Sheldon, Iowa, where he met his future wife, Gladys Thompson, a teacher at the same school. They got married in 1931.
In 1929 Kelly started to lead scientific work at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. There, in 1930, he received a bachelor's degree in education. Under the guidance of Sir Godfrey Thomson, an eminent statistician and educator, he wrote a dissertation on the problems of predicting success in teaching. That same year, he returned to the United States at Iowa State University as a candidate for a PhD in psychology. In 1931 Kelly received a doctorate degree. His dissertation was devoted to the study of common factors in speech and reading disorders.
Kelly started his academic career as a teacher physiological psychology at Fort Hay Kansas State College. Then, in the middle of the Great Depression, he decided that he should "do something else besides teaching physiological psychology." He became involved in clinical psychology without even being formally trained in emotional issues. During a 13-year stay at Fort Hayes (1931-1943) Kelly developed a program of mobile psychological clinics in Kansas. He traveled a lot with his students, providing the necessary psychological help in the public school system public education. Based on this experience, numerous ideas were born that were later incorporated into his theoretical formulations. During this period, Kelly moved away from the Freudian approach to therapy. His clinical experience suggested that people in the Midwest suffered more from prolonged drought, dust storms, and economic hardship than from the forces of libido.
During the Second World War Kelly as department psychologist naval aviation led a program to train local civilian pilots. He also worked in the aviation department of the Bureau of Medicine and Naval Surgery, where he remained until 1945. This year he was appointed assistant professor at the University of Maryland.
After the end of the war, there was a significant need for clinical psychologists, as many of the US military returning home had a variety of psychological problems. Indeed, the second World War was an important factor that influenced the development clinical psychology as part of the science of health. Kelly became a prominent figure in this field. In 1946, he entered the state level in psychology when he became professor and director of the department of clinical psychology at Ohio State University. For 20 years spent here, Kelly completed and published his theory of personality. He also ran a clinical psychology program for top graduate students. educational institutions U.S.A.
In 1965 Kelly began working at Brandeis University, where he was invited to the chair of behavioral sciences. This post (a professor's dream come true) gave him great freedom to continue his own scientific research. He died in 1967 at the age of 62. Until death Kelly compiled a book of the countless talks he had given in the previous decade. A revised version of this work was published posthumously in 1969, edited by Brendan Maher.
Besides that Kelly was an outstanding teacher, scientist, theorist, he held key positions in American psychology. He was president of two divisions—clinical and advisory—at the American Psychological Association. He has also lectured extensively in the United States and abroad. IN last years life Kelly paid great attention to the possible application of his theory of personality constructs in resolving various international problems.
The most famous treatise Kelly- two-volume work "Psychology of personal constructs" (1955). It describes his theoretical formulations of the concept of personality and their clinical applications. Students who wish to learn about other aspects of the work Kelly, the following books are recommended: "New Directions in the Theory of the Personality Construct" "Psychology of the Personality Construct" and "The Development of the Psychology of the Personality Construct" .
biography
George Alexander Kelly was born in 1905 on a farm near Perth, Sumner County, Kansas to strict religious parents. He was an only child. They often move during his childhood years, as a result of a fragmented early education. He later attended Friends University and College Park where he received a bachelor's degree in physics and mathematics. Early on, he was interested in social issues, and he went on to earn his master's degree in sociology from the University of Kansas, where he wrote a dissertation on worker leisure. He also completed small studies in labor relations.
Kelly has taught at various colleges and other institutions, with courses ranging from speech making to "Americanization". In 1929, after receiving an exchange scholarship, he completed a bachelor's degree in education at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, writing a dissertation concerning the prediction of pedagogical success. He then returned to the United States to continue his studies in psychology and completed his graduate and doctorate degrees in psychology from Iowa State University in 1931. After he received his Ph.D. in psychology, Kelly worked as a psychotherapist in Kansas. His dissertation was on speech and reading disabilities. In the years before World War II, Kelly worked in school psychology, developing a clinic travel program that also served as a training ground for her students. He had a strong interest in clinical diagnostics. It was during this period that Kelly left behind this interest in the psychoanalytic approach to the human person because he said that people were more worried about natural disasters than any psychological problem, such as libidinal forces.
Kelly's ideas are still being used in contemporary results for the study of personality in great depth. His idea also helps to reveal patterns of behavior.
Job
kelly problems
Kelly doesn't like his theory being compared to other theories. Often, people considered Kelly's personality construct to be similar to humanistic theories or cognitive theories, but Kelly thought of his theories as his own category of theories. Some say that Kelly was like Neisser, the "father of cognitive psychology" because they both studied the cognitive features of psychology, others say that Kelly was like Abraham Maslow, the creator of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, because they both studied the humanistic characteristics of psychology. Although Kelly's research had some of the humanistic characteristics of psychology, it differed from that field in many ways. Kelly hated being known as a cognitive psychologist—so much so that he almost wrote another book about how his theory had nothing to do with cognitive theories.
Kelly noticed that modern theories the identities were so vague and difficult to verify that in many clinical cases the observer contributed more to the diagnosis than the patient. If people have taken up their problems with a Freudian analyst, they will be analyzed in Freudian terms; Jungian would interpret them in Jungian terminology; a behaviorist would interpret them in terms of conditioning; and so on.
Kelly recognized that both therapist and patient each will bring a unique set of designs to have in the examining room. Thus, the therapist can never be completely "goal" in interpreting his or her client's world. An effective therapist, however, is one who has interpreted the patient's material at a high level of abstraction in the patient's (as opposed to the therapist's) system of construction. The therapist could understand how the patient saw a world that was disordered and help the patient change his inadequate designs.
Personal construct psychology
Kelly's fundamental view of personality was that people are like naive scientists who see the world through a certain lens, based on their uniquely organized construction systems that they use to anticipate events. The personality construct explores the map of the individual they form by overcoming the psychological stresses of life. But since people naive scientists, they sometimes use systems to construct the world that are distorted by idiosyncratic experiences not applicable to their current social situation. A system of construction that does not chronically characterize and/or predict events, and is not properly revised to understand and predict one's changing social world, is considered to underlie psychopathology (or mental illness.)
Body work Kelly, , was written in 1955 when Kelly was a professor at Ohio State University. The first three chapters of the book have been republished by WW Norton in paperback in 1963 and consists only of his personality theory, which is dealt with in most personality books. The re-publication omitted Kelly's assessment technique, the rep grid test, and one of his methods of psychotherapy ( fixed role therapy), which is rarely practiced in the form he proposed.
Kelly believed that each person had their own idea of what the word meant. If someone were to say that their sister is shy, the word "shy" will be interpreted differently depending on that person's personality constructs they are already associated with the word "shy". Kelly would like to know how an individual makes sense of the world based on their designs.
On the other hand, Kelly's fundamental view of people as naive scientists was incorporated into the most recently developed forms of cognitive-behavioral therapy, which flourished in the late 70s and early 80s, and into interpersonal psychoanalysis, which relied heavily on the phenomenological point Kelly's view and his concept of schematic processing social information. Kelly's personality theory differed from drive theories (such as psychodynamic models) on the one hand, and from behavioral theories on the other hand, in that people did not see how only instincts (such as sexual and aggressive drives) or history learning were motivated. but their need to characterize and predict events in their social world. Because the constructs people developed for interpreting experience have the potential to change, Kelly's theory of personality is less deterministic than either drive or learning theory. People can probably change their view of the world and thereby change the way they interacted with it, felt about it, and even strangers' reactions to them. For this reason, it is an existential theory, regarding humanity as having the choice to reconstrue itself, Kelly's concept calls constructive alternativism. Forms provide a certain order, clarity, and forecast to the human world. Kelly cites many philosophers in his two volumes, but the theme of new experience being both new and familiar (because of the patterns placed on it) is closely akin to the notion of Heraclitus: "we step and do not step in the same rivers. The experience is new, but familiar to such an extent that it is interpreted with historically derived constructions.
Kelly defined constructions as bipolar categories—the way two things are different from the third thing that people use to understand the world. Examples of such designs are "attractive", "smart", "look". Design always implies contrast. Thus, when a person classifies others as attractive, or smart, or kind, opposite polarities are implied. This means that such a person may also evaluate others in terms of "ugly", "dumb" or "cruel" constructs. In some cases, when a person has a disordered system of constructs, the opposite polarity is unexpressed or peculiar. The importance of a particular design varies between individuals. The adaptability of a construct system is measured by how well it relates to the situation at hand and is useful for predicting events. All designs are not used in every situation because they have a limited range (range of convenience). Adaptive people are constantly revising and updating their own constructs to fit the new information (or data) they encounter in their experience.
Kelly's theory was structured as a testable scientific treatise with a fundamental postulate and a set of corollaries.
- Fundamental postulate: "A person's processes are psychologically canalized in ways in which he [or she] anticipates events."
- Construction corollary: "a person assumes events, interpreting their repetition." This means that people anticipate events in their social world by perceiving similarities with a past event (interpreting replication).
- Corollary experience: "The construction of a person's system changes when he consistently constructs the replication of events."
- Dichotomy corollary: "The construction system of a person consists of a finite number of dichotomous constructions."
- Organization of the corollary: "each person characteristically develops, for his convenience in anticipating events, the system of construction embraces the ordinal relations between constructions."
- Range corollary: "the construct is convenient for waiting for a finite range of events only."
- A corollary of modulation: "the change in the human building system is limited by the permeability of constructs into whose range of convenience the options lie."
- Choice of consequence: "man chooses for himself this alternative in the dichotomy of construction, through which he anticipates a greater possibility for the extension and definition of his system."
- Individuality corollary: "persons differ from one another in their construction of events."
- Generality corollary: "to the extent that one person uses a construct of experience that is similar to that used by another, his psychological processes similar to another person."
- Fragmentation corollary: "a person can consistently use different building subsystems that are inferentially incompatible with each other."
- Sociality corollary: "to the extent that one person constructs the building processes of another, he can play a role in the social process involving the other person."
Unordered constructs are those in which the construction system is not useful for predicting social events and does not change to accommodate new information. In many ways, Kelly's theory of psychopathology (or mental disorders) is analogous to the elements that define a bad theory. A disordered system of constructs does not accurately predict events or accommodate new data.
Transition sizes
Transitions in a person's life occur when he or she is faced with a situation that changes his or her naive theory (or system of construction) of how the world is ordered. They may create anxiety, hostility and/or guilt, and may also be able to change their designs and the way one looks at the world.
Terms anxiety , hostility And guilt had unique definitions and meanings in a personality construct ( Psychology of personality constructs, vol. 1, 486-534).
Anxiety occurs when a person is faced with a situation that his system of constructs does not cover, an event unlike any he or she has encountered. An example of such a situation is a woman from the western United States, who is accustomed to earthquakes, who is moving in the eastern United States and is very anxious because of a hurricane. Although an earthquake may be larger in magnitude, she experiences great anxiety with a hurricane because she does not have any structures to deal with such an event. She caught "with her builds down." Also, a boy who has been humiliated in early childhood may not have the constructs to accommodate kindness from others. Such a boy may experience anxiety in the outstretched hand, which others see as benevolent.
Guilt is a displacement from its basic constructions. A person feels guilty if he or she cannot acknowledge the constructs that define him or her. This definition of guilt is radically different from other theories of personality. Kelly used the example of a man who considers others, like a cow, as creatures to "make money and give milk." Such a person may interpret his role in relationships with others in terms of his ability to con favors or money from them. Such a person, other psychologists might call a ruthless psychopath, and see how unable to feel guilty, feels guilty, according to Kelly's theory, when he fails to frame others: He then becomes alienated from his basic constructs.
Hostility"trying to extort confirmation of social prediction that is already failing." When a person is faced with a situation in which he/she expects one of the outcomes and gets a completely different one, s/he should change his/her theories or constructs rather than trying to change the situation to fit his/her constructs. But the person who consistently refuses to change his or her belief system to accommodate new data, but actually tries to change the data, is acting in bad faith and with dislike. Hostility, in Kelly's theory, is analogous to a scientist "cheating" his data. An example would be a professor who sees himself as a brilliant educator who deals with bad reviews students devaluing student or assessment tools.
rep test
Rep stands for the repertoire grid. In 1955, the grid was created by George Kelly and based on his personal theory of constructs. Repertory grids are a mathematical way of giving meaning to one's own, or others', personal constructs. The test asks a person to list people or things that are important, then the answers are broken into groups of three. There are three role titles in each row; one has to think how two of the designs are the same, and how the other differs from the two that are similar to each other.
Publications, selection
- 1955: Psychology of personality constructs. Volume I, II. Norton, New York. (Second printing: 1991, Routledge, London, New York)
- 1963: Theory of personality. Psychology of personality constructs. Norton, New York (= ch. 1–3 Kelly, 1955).
- 1969: Clinical Psychology and Personality: Selected writings George Kelly. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
At times it seems that people have already studied everything that exists in the world. They made all the discoveries, invented nanotechnologies, and there is no longer a single area left, exploring which you can find something new and deduce your theory. But such a research environment still exists - human psychology. It seems that science will analyze its features for a very long time, but thanks to scientists such as George Kelly, things will move forward.
First years of life
George Alexander Kelly (George Alexander Kelly) is an eminent psychologist who entered the pages of the history of the development of psychology as the creator of the theory of personality constructs. The psychologist was born on April 28, 1905 in Kansas in a family of ordinary farmers. Elementary education received at a local rural school, which was equipped with only one class. After graduation, George's parents send him to the nearest city, Wichita. There, George attends high school.
As for the psychologist's family, his parents were pious. Dancing and card games were not revered in their house. They deeply respected the traditions of the West, except for George, they had no more children.
University years
George Kelly, after completing school, studies at Friends University, where he spends 3 years. After that, he was educated at Park College for another year. There, in 1926, he received a bachelor's degree in physics and mathematics. After his studies ended, Kelly thought to start working as a mechanical engineer. But due to the influence of the discussions that actively took place between universities, he became seriously interested in the social problems of society.
George Kelly recalls how in his first year the subject of psychology seemed very boring to him, the professor paid a lot of attention to theories, and they were not very interesting. But having become interested in social problems, he enters the University of Kansas. There he studies sociology, pedagogy and work relations. In 1928, he wrote a dissertation on the topic "The manner of spending leisure time by representatives of the working class of Kansas", for which he received a master's degree.
Pedagogical activity
On this desire to learn from George Kelly did not disappear. Immediately after receiving his master's degree, he moves to Scotland, where he conducts research work at the University of Edinburgh. There he meets a famous teacher - Godfrey Thompson - and under his guidance writes dissertations on the problems of successful teaching. Thanks to her, in 1930 he was able to receive a bachelor's degree in teacher education. After graduating from the University of Edinburgh, he goes home to the University of Iowa. There he was introduced as one of the contenders for the degree of Doctor of Psychology.
Immediately after returning, he sits down to write a dissertation, in which he studied in detail the factors affecting speech and reading disorders. He defended his doctorate in 1931, and in the same year he married a university teacher, Gladys Thompson.
Career
The American psychologist began his career as a lecturer in physiological psychology at Fort Hayes. After the onset of the Great Depression, Kelly retrained as a professor of clinical psychology, although he was not particularly prepared for this.
George Alexander Kelly's tenure at Fort Hayes College spanned a full 13 years. During this time, the psychologist developed a program of portable clinics. Together with the students, the psychologist traveled around Kansas and provided psychological support to everyone, in particular, the main attention was directed to helping public schools.
For Kelly, this activity brought a lot of new knowledge. Based on the experience gained, he began to create a new theoretical basis for yet another psychological theory.
War and post-war years
The biography of George Kelly keeps memories of the terrible military and postwar years. When the Second World War began, the psychologist became the head of the program for the training and psychological support of civilian pilots, and is part of the naval aviation. Later transferred to the aviation medicine and marine surgery division. It provides all possible assistance until the end of 1945.
After the war, there is a high need for psychological support in the country: the soldiers who returned home from the front had many problems with their mental state. At this time, the development of clinical psychology reaches a new level, and George Kelly brings a lot of new things to it. 1946 was a significant year for the psychologist, he was recognized as a state-level psychologist and given a position as head of the department of curative psychiatry and psychology at Ohio University. In this honorary position, Kelly spent almost 20 years.
During this time, he managed to create his own psychology of personality. Created a psychological support program best graduates US universities. In 1965, the professor's long-time dream came true, he was invited to the Department of Sciences of Actions and Morals at Brandeis University. Together with a dream come true, he receives freedom for his research and continues to write a book consisting of numerous reports on psychology until the end of his life. He paid the main attention to the possibility of using the main components of the psychology of personal constructs for resolving international conflicts. George Kelly completed his glorious journey on March 6, 1967.
Bibliography
During his life, George Kelly not only became known as an outstanding medical psychologist who held leadership positions, but was also known as a researcher and writer. So, in 1955, a two-volume work entitled “The Psychology of Individual Constructs” was published, which describes the theoretical interpretations of the concept of “personality” and interprets variations in causal changes in personality constructs.
1977 was marked by the release of the work "New Trends in the Concept of Personal Constructs". In 1989, students of the Department of Psychology had the opportunity to get acquainted with Kelly's next book, The Psychology of Constructs. In 1985 appeared on the shelves new job- Development of the psychology of constructs. All these books were published after the death of the scientist. He worked on them throughout his life, devoting every free minute to research. All his ideas and research were detailed in personal notes. Therefore, it turned out to systematize the professor's achievements and publish several more books.
Features of work
George Kelly can be considered the founder of cognitive therapy. When working with patients, he, like many other psychologists of that time, used psychoanalytic interpretations and was struck by the extent to which his wards accepted Freud's teachings. This was the beginning of an experiment: Kelly began to use in his work interpretations from a variety of psychological schools and directions.
This made it clear that neither the study of children's fears nor the digging into the past, which Freud recommended, were of fundamental importance. Psychoanalysis was effective only because it gave patients the opportunity to think differently. Simply put, Kelly found that therapy would only be successful if the client could reinterpret the accumulated experience and aspirations. This also applies to the causes of disorders. For example, if a person is sure that the words of someone who is higher in status are a priori true, then he will be upset if he hears criticism addressed to him.
Kelly helped his students understand their own attitudes and put them to the test. He was one of the first practicing psychologists to try to change the way a patient thinks. Today, this practice is considered the basis for many therapeutic methods.
Psychology of Personality
Following his convictions, George Kelly was sure that it was possible to find a theory that would suit each patient, and most importantly, would quickly recognize his system of the world. This is how the concept of personality constructs appeared. Within the boundaries of this direction, each person is a researcher who considers the world around him through personal categories, constructs that are peculiar only to an individual.
Kelly said that a person is not subject to his instincts, stimuli and reactions. Each individual is able to study the world in his own way, to give environment meanings, constructs and act within them. The psychologist defined constructs as bipolar scales. For example, "sociable-closed", "smart-stupid", "rich-poor". Due to the fact that the individual considers objects through these characteristics, it is possible to predict his behavior. Based on these developments, George Kelly created a special Repertory Test of Role Constructs, in short, the Rep Test.
Rap test
George Kelly once said: "In order to help a person, you need to know how he sees the world." Therefore, the Repertory Test was created. He is considered good diagnostic technique and perhaps tighter than the other psychological test associated with personality theory.
The rep test consists in the sequential execution of two processes:
- Based on the proposed list of roles, the patient must make a list of persons who correspond to these roles.
- The second process is the formation of constructs. To do this, the psychologist points to three written faces and asks the patient to describe exactly how two of them differ from the third. For example, if a list is selected from a friend, father and mother, then the patient can say that the father and friend are similar in their sociability, and the mother, on the contrary, is a rather reserved person. This is how the construct “shy-sociable” appears.
In general, the test usually offers 25-30 roles that are considered significant for everyone. Similarly, 25 to 30 triads are isolated, and after each triad, a new construct is generated in the patient. Constructs tend to be repeated, but in each test there are approximately 7 main directions.
Features and Application
George Kelly and the personality construct theory revolutionized psychiatry. Thanks to the repertoire test, the subject can not only freely express his thoughts, but:
- Provides the most representative figures.
- The constructs obtained as a result of such research are indeed the prism through which a person cognizes the world.
- The constructs used by the subjects give the psychologist a clear idea of how the patient sees his past and future.
In addition, the Rep test is one of the few developments in psychology that can be used in any area. Just by choosing the right roles, you can get countless constructs. So, in 1982, a Rep test was made to determine the constructs used by perfume buyers. Subsequently, the obtained constructs were used by advertising agencies. The advertisement created thanks to this material had high level conversions.
George Kelly studied human psychology all his life and achieved considerable success. And even today, the results of his research are used in various spheres of life.
KELLY GEORGE ALEXANDER.
George Alexander Kelly was born April 18, 1905 in the USA. In his youth, he studied rather mediocrely and, only while studying at the university, became interested in psychology. His first articles appeared in the 1930s. 20th century and were dedicated practical psychology, communication problems.
In the late 1930s J. Kelly became interested in the problems of personality psychology. The theories that existed at that time did not match the views of the young scientist, so he decided to create his own concept. To do this, he even had to develop a special method for studying personality, called the "method of repertory grids."
After defending his doctoral dissertation, J. Kelly taught at the university and simultaneously conducted laboratory research. He was a talented experimenter and actively applied his method. As a result, he developed new concept personality, called the theory of personality constructs. This theory appeared, among other things, because of the disappointment in behavioral and non-behavioral theories that had matured in scientific circles. It has become a new word in psychology and in many respects anticipated the emergence of the cognitive direction. On April 15, 1955, J. Kelly's book "The Psychology of Personality Constructs" was published. In this work, the author examined how a person builds a holistic image of the world in his mind and how, with the help of this image, he can predict and control the events and behavior of the people around him.
The key concept of the theory of personality constructs created by J. Kelly, which forms the core of personality, is the concept of "personality construct" - a generalization from previous experience, a classification and evaluation standard created by a personality and tested by it on its own experience. Personality in the theory of personality constructs is an organized system more or less important constructs And to understand a person, it is enough to know the constructs that he creates and uses, the events included in these constructs, and how they relate to each other.
If the construct facilitates the adequacy of predicting events, it is retained by the individual; if the forecast is not confirmed, then the construct is revised or excluded. The effectiveness of this structure is tested by the individual in terms of its predictive effectiveness, the degree of which may vary. The personal construct organizes and regulates behavior, reconstructs the system of relationships, realizing the understanding of objects in their similarities and differences, constructing the image of "I".
J. Kelly wrote that all personal constructs have two opposite poles: emergent (the pole of similarity of the elements of the construct) and implicit (the pole of contrast). To create a construct, at least three elements are required, two of which must be similar to each other, and the third must be different from the first two. In anticipation of events, a person selects constructs that seem relevant, and then chooses which of the poles of relevant constructs will be applied. The choice of the pole of a construct is called a difficult choice in the theory of personality constructs.
In accordance with the nature of the control exercised over the elements, J. Kelly singled out specific types personal constructs: anticipatory, constellatory and suggestive. The anticipatory construct is responsible for the standardization of its constituent elements. A constellation construct can simultaneously belong to different areas, but is constant only in its own area. The suggestive construct leaves its elements open to alternative constructs and allows the individual to be open to new experiences.
Constructs as complex formations have a number of properties. First, they are characterized by a range of applicability, which includes all events under which a construct can be applicable. This property arises because all constructs have a limited range of applicability, although the limits of the range may vary from construct to construct. Secondly, there is a focus of applicability of the construct, specific to each person.
Third important property construct is the degree of its permeability, in which they can differ. A permeable construct admits into its range of applicability elements not yet construed within its boundaries. The impenetrable construct embraces the phenomena that make up its original basis and remains closed to the interpretation of new experience. The degree of permeability and impermeability of constructs is relative. Permeability refers only to the scope of the construct - the construct is, by definition, impervious to experience outside the range of applicability.
Depending on the features of applicability, J. Kelly distinguished the main and peripheral constructs. According to the degree of stability and immutability, he also distinguished between basic and situational personal constructs, and according to the features of the range - comprehensive and particular constructs. They can also be rigid, i.e. giving a constant forecast, or free, allowing you to make different forecasts under similar conditions.
The totality of personal constructs is a system with a complex hierarchy and many subsystems. Since the construct is not assimilated from the outside, but is built exclusively by the person himself, it is always defined individually. In his work, J. Kelly gave examples of personal constructs that a person uses to evaluate Everyday life, "agitated - calm", "smart - stupid", "male - female", "religious - non-religious", "good - bad" and "friendly - hostile".
This book can be seen as an attempt to combine scientific and humanistic approaches to the study of human personality. Here Kelly made an attempt to overcome the discrepancy theoretical concepts personalities created in different time, and practical problems of each individual. Thus, he came to the idea of creating a kind of metatheory that can be applied both to scientific research as well as to the specific problems of the individual. The basic principle of Kelly's approach was the same perception of the psychologist and the subject. He understood a person as a scientist, a researcher who builds his own image of the world. According to Kelly, each person constantly draws conclusions from the information that comes to him, puts forward hypotheses and checks their correctness. He tries to predict events, his own behavior and the behavior of others, while taking into account all the information received from the outside. Thus, the approach of this scientist was very different from generally accepted principles. Instead of the object approach used by most psychologists of that time, J. Kelly proposed a subjective one.
A feature of this book is also that in it the author contrasted his theory of personality with other concepts that understand a person as passively subject to the influence of external forces, depending entirely on the case and subject to internal, subconscious irrational drives.
George Alexander Kelly died in 1962. In psychology, he acted as an innovator, since his ideas anticipated the development of science by several years. He created an original theory of personality, which was deeply scientific and at the same time had practical significance. Kelly contrasted it with the views of behaviorists, he understood each person as a researcher who is constantly engaged in building his own "image of the world" with the help of constructs.
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Grace Kelly Flirting Academy Criminal passions, romances, scandals and rumors... Phew! We've already gotten tired of discussing personal life Grace, even before getting to the fictional flirtation in the movies, which is based on love triangle(or square). In fact,
Grace Kelly Style Guide First, let's take a look at the basics of Grace's style without unnecessary frills (and lace).
Kelly bag "Personal style is mainly determined by the lady's bag." The Christa Vale Kelly bag is the accessory most associated with Grace and her Look. She was often photographed with a Herm?s bag in the mid-50s - for example, at the Cannes Film Festival in 1955 and 1956, and
The main wardrobe of Grace Kelly The film "Mad Men" has become a real find for fans of Grace, lovers of high fashion and style a la Kelly. Here are the real facts about Kelly's wardrobe staples, without which her inspired look would be
Mr. and Mrs. Jack Kelly Daddy's Girl Why did Grace marry Rainier in such a hurry; why fell in love with mature married men; where does this persistent conviction of our heroine about the need to preserve a marriage in which there was no love come from ... What if the assumptions of biographers and
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Grace Kelly Foundation After the death of his wife, Prince Rainier continued her noble work, supporting the activities of a charitable foundation organized to help young promising artists. “In the thirtieth year of its existence,” is reported on the main
Grace Kelly and the Music Of all her virtues, this is what makes us joyfully sing and try to hit a high note, as Grace did in High Society. Composer Cy Coleman staged the musical Grace about her, which premiered in Holland in 2001. IN
Grace Kelly and Prince Rainier By the time of her meeting with the prince of the tiny Principality of Monaco, Rainier, American actress and movie star Grace Kelly had already become famous. Her film partners have included crowd idols such as Clark Gable, Eva Gardner, Harry Cooper and Marlon.
George Alexander Kelly (1905-1966) American psychologist.
The author of the concept of "personal constructs", according to which the organization mental processes personality is determined by how it anticipates (“constructs”) future events (“Psychology of Personal Constructs”, 1955). A person was interpreted by Kelly as a researcher who constantly builds his own image of reality through an individual system of categorical scales - personal constructs - and, based on this image, puts forward hypotheses about future events. Non-confirmation of these hypotheses leads to a greater or lesser restructuring of the system of constructs, which makes it possible to increase the adequacy of subsequent predictions. Kelly developed the methodological principle of "repertory grids", with the help of which methods were created for diagnosing the features of an individual construction of reality, which were used in various areas of psychology.
As a psychotherapist, J. Kelly worked in line with cognitive therapy, being in fact its founder. Look →
J. Kelly and cognitive psychotherapy
The beginning of cognitive therapy is associated with the activities of George Kelly (Ch. L. Doyle, 1987). In the 1920s, George Kelly used psychoanalytic interpretations in his clinical work. He was amazed at the ease with which patients accepted Freud's concepts, which Kelly himself found absurd. As an experiment, Kelly began to vary the interpretations he gave to patients within a wide variety of psychodynamic schools.
It turned out that patients equally accept the principles he proposed and are full of desire to change their lives in accordance with them. Kelly came to the conclusion that neither Freud's analysis of children's conflicts, nor even the study of the past as such, is of decisive importance. According to Kelly, Freud's interpretations were effective because they disrupted the patient's way of thinking and enabled them to think and understand in new ways.
The success of clinical practice with a variety of theoretical approaches, according to Kelly, is due to the fact that in the process of therapy there is a change in how people interpret their experience and how they look at the future. People become depressed or anxious because they fall into the trap of rigid, inadequate categories of their own thinking. For example, some people believe that authority figures are always right, so any criticism from an authority figure is depressing for them. Any technique that leads to a change in this belief, whether it be based on a theory that links such a belief to an oedipal (20:) complex, to the fear of losing parental love, or to the need for a spiritual guide, will be effective. Kelly set out to create techniques for directly correcting inappropriate ways of thinking.
He invited patients to become aware of their beliefs and test them. For example, an anxious, depressed patient was convinced that disagreeing with her husband's opinion would cause him intense anger and aggression. Kelly insisted that she nevertheless try to tell her husband own opinion. After completing the task, the patient was convinced that it was not dangerous. Such homework assignments became commonplace in Kelly's practice. Sometimes Kelly even offered patients the role of a new personality with a new perspective on themselves and others - first in therapy sessions, and then in real life. He also used role-playing games. Kelly came to the conclusion that maladaptive thinking is at the core of neuroses. The neurotic's problems lie in present ways of thinking, not in the past. The task of the therapist is to clarify the unconscious categories of thought that lead to suffering, and to teach new ways of thinking.
Kelly was one of the first psychotherapists who tried to directly change the mindset of patients. This goal underlies many modern therapeutic approaches, which are united by the concept of cognitive therapy.
At the present stage of the development of psychotherapy, the cognitive approach in its pure form is almost not practiced: all cognitive approaches, to a greater or lesser extent, use behavioral techniques. This is also true of Rational-Emotive Therapy.
