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Cheka December 20, 1917 Council decision People's Commissars to fight

counter-revolution and sabotage in Soviet Russia the All-Russian

Extraordinary Commission (VChK). Its first chairman was

F.E. .

He held this post until February 6, 1922. July to August 1918the duties of the chairman of the Cheka were temporarily performed by Ya.Kh.

GPU February 6, 1922 The All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution on the abolition of the Cheka and the formationState Political Directorate (GPU) under the NKVD of the RSFSR. OGPU November 2, 1923 The Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR created the United Statepolitical administration (OGPU) under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Chairman of the GPU and OGPU until the endof his life (July 20, 1926) remained F.E. Dzerzhinsky, who was replaced V.R.

head of the OGPU until 1934.

NKVD

July 10, 1934 in accordance with the resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, state bodiessecurity entered the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) of the USSR. Afterdeath of Menzhinsky by the work of the OGPU, and later the NKVD from 1934 to 1936. supervised G.G.Yagoda.

From 1936 to 1938. The NKVD was headed by N.I. Yezhov.

November 1938 to 1945 L.P. Beria was the head of the NKVD.

NKGB USSR February 3, 1941 The NKVD of the USSR was divided into two independent bodies: the NKVD of the USSRand People's Commissariat state security(NKGB) USSR. People's Commissar of Internal Affairs -L.P. Beria. People's Commissar for State Security - V.N. Merkulov.

In July 1941 The NKGB of the USSR and the NKVD of the USSR were again merged into a single people's commissariat -NKVD USSR. In April 1943 the People's Commissariat of State was re-establishedsecurity of the USSR, headed by VN Merkulov.

MGB March 15, 1946 The NKGB was transformed into the Ministry of Statesecurity. Minister - V.S. Abakumov.

In 1951 - 1953. the post of Minister of State Security S.D. Ignatiev.

In March 1953 decision was made to merge the Ministry of the Interior and S.N. Kruglov.

MIA 7 March 1953 decision was made to merge the Ministry of the Interior andMinistry of State Security into a single Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, headed by S.N. Kruglov. KGB USSR March 13, 1954 established the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers THE USSR. From 1954 to 1958 the leadership of the KGB was carried out by I.A. Serov,

from 1958 to 1961 — A.N. Shelepin,

from 1961 to 1967 - V.E. Semichastny,

from 1967 to 1982 - Yu.V. Andropov,

from May to December 1982 — V.V. Fedorchuk,

from 1982 to 1988 — V.M. Chebrikov,

August to November 1991 - V.V. Bakatin.

December 3, 1991 The President of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev signed the Law "On the reorganizationorgans of state security". On the basis of the Law of the KGB of the USSR waswas abolished and the Inter-Republican Service was created on its basis for the transitional periodsecurity and the Central Intelligence Service of the USSR (currently - the Serviceforeign intelligence of the Russian Federation).

SME November 28, 1991 The President of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev signed the Decree "On approvalTemporary Regulations on the Inter-Republican Security Service".Head - V.V. Bakatin (from November 1991 to December 1991).

KGB RSFSR May 6, 1991 Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR B.N. Yeltsin and Chairman of the KGBUSSR V.A. Kryuchkov signed a protocol on education in accordance with the decisionCongress of People's Deputies of Russia of the State Security Committee of the RSFSR,having the status of a union-republican state committee. leaderhe was appointed V.V. Ivanenko.

AFB November 26, 1991 President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin signed the Decree on the transformation of the KGBRSFSR to the Federal Security Agency of the RSFSR.The AFB was headed by V.V. Ivanenko from November 1991 to December 1991.

MB January 24, 1992 President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin signed the Decree on EducationMinistry of Security Russian Federation on the basis of the abolished AgencyFederal Security Service of the RSFSR and the Inter-Republican Security Service.Minister - V.P. Barannikov since January 1992. to July 1993,

N.M. Golushko since July 1993 to December 1993

FSK December 21, 1993 President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin signed a Decree on the abolitionMinistry of Security and on the creation of the Federal Counterintelligence Service.Director - N.M. Golushko since December 1993. to March 1994,S.V.Stepashin since March 1994 to June 1995

FSB April 3, 1995 The President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin signed the Law "On the Bodies of the Federalsecurity services in the Russian Federation", on the basis of which the FSB issuccessor of FSK.Director - M.I. Barsukov since July 1995. to June 1996,

N.D. Kovalev since July 1996 to July 1998,

V.V. Putin since July 1998 to August 1999,

N.P. Patrushev since August 1999

Breastplate 5 years of the Cheka-GPU with the inscription: "VChK-GPU. 1917-1922" was established in 1923. The badge was awarded for a merciless fight against counter-revolution. To the cavalier of the badgewas awarded the title of Honorary Worker of the Cheka-GPU. He had the right to wearweapons, the entrance to all the buildings of the GPU.The first to be awarded were employees of the Cheka and the State Political Administration, who participated inthe defeat of the "Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom", "National Center", "Tacticalcenter", in carrying out operations "Trust" and "Syndicate", which ended with the arrests of B.Savinkov and S. Reilly.

December 17, 1927 by order of the OGPU for the 10th anniversary of the security agencies wasa sign with the profile of F.E. Dzerzhinsky against the background of a red banner. placewearing the "anniversary badge" was determined by the left breast pocket.

On November 23, 1932, the OGPU issued an order stating: "Incommemoration of the 15th anniversary of the establish Chest sign"VChK-OGPU. 1917-1932",to which to attach importance to the highest award of the OGPU collegium "The badge was presented until the end of 1940 to the employees of the OGPU, and from1934 - Main Directorate of State Security of the NKVD of the USSR,distinguished himself "in the fight against counter-revolution" and the suppression of hostile intriguesforeign intelligence services both in Russia and in Republican Spain.

Breastplate "Honored Worker of the NKVD", put into effectDecree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR from December 31, 1940, employees were awarded "formerits in leadership or direct performance of work on protectionstate security and for the successful completion of special tasks government." This sign was also awarded to employees who distinguished themselves on the fronts of the secondworld war, who managed to neutralize the efforts of the Abwehr and the Gestapo.The award was made until 1946, when the NKVD was transformed intoMinistry of State Security.

The badge "Honored Chekist of the MGB" repeated on appearance sign"Honored Worker of the NKVD".Established in 1946.

In 1957, three years after the formation of the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, by the 40thOn the occasion of the anniversary of the state security agencies, the badge "Honorary Officerstate security". The award was made "for the achieved specificresults in operational activities" in accordance with the decisionBoards of the Committee.This award marked 7375 people.

Anniversary badge with a gilded number "50" issued in 1967 for the 50th anniversary of the organs security.

Anniversary badge with a gilded number "60" issued in 1977 for the 60th anniversary of the organs security.

Anniversary badge with a gilded number "70" issued in 1987 for the 70th anniversary of the organs security.

By order of the FSB of March 22, 1994, the badge "Honorary Officercounterintelligence". They were awarded for special merits in the operational and serviceactivities and displayed initiative and perseverance.The awardees were provided with benefits in the field of medical, sanatorium andhousing, they were assigned a monthly allowance to their official salaryand granted the right to wear military uniform dismissal, regardless of years of service.

The badge of three degrees "For service in counterintelligence" was established by order ofFSB No. 256 of July 12, 1994. This sign is awarded to military personnel andcivilian personnel of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation "for the positive results achieved inofficial activities and having work experience in security agencies of at least 15 years". As of December 2000, 16working employees of the FSB Department in the Yaroslavl region.

FSB MEDAL "FOR DIFFERENCE IN MILITARY SERVICE" I DEGREE

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In 1917, Vladimir Lenin created the Cheka from the remnants of the tsarist secret police. This new organization, which eventually became the KGB, dealt with a wide range of tasks, including intelligence, counterintelligence, and isolation. Soviet Union from Western goods, news and ideas. In 1991, the USSR collapsed, which led to the fragmentation of the Committee into many organizations, the largest of which is the FSB.

The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK) was established on December 7, 1917 as an organ of the "dictatorship of the proletariat". The main task of the commission was the fight against counter-revolution and sabotage. The body also performed the functions of intelligence, counterintelligence and political search. Since 1921, the tasks of the Cheka included the elimination of homelessness and neglect among children.

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Vladimir Lenin called the Cheka "a striking weapon against countless conspiracies, countless attempts on Soviet power by people who were infinitely stronger than us."
The people called the commission "extraordinary", and its employees - "chekists". Felix Dzerzhinsky headed the first Soviet state security agency. The building of the former mayor of Petrograd, located at Gorokhovaya, 2, was assigned to the new structure.

In February 1918, employees of the Cheka received the right to shoot criminals on the spot without trial or investigation in accordance with the decree "The Fatherland is in danger!".

The death penalty was allowed to apply to "enemy agents, speculators, thugs, hooligans, counter-revolutionary agitators, German spies", and later "all persons involved in White Guard organizations, conspiracies and rebellions."

The end of the civil war and the decline of the wave of peasant uprisings made the continued existence of the expanded repressive apparatus, whose activities had practically no legal restrictions, meaningless. Therefore, by 1921, the party faced the question of reforming the organization.

On February 6, 1922, the Cheka was finally abolished, and its powers were transferred to the State Political Administration, which later became known as the United (OGPU). As Lenin emphasized: "... the abolition of the Cheka and the creation of the GPU does not simply mean a change in the name of the bodies, but consists in changing the nature of all the activities of the body during the period of peaceful state building in a new situation ...".

Felix Dzerzhinsky was the chairman of the department until July 20, 1926, after his death this post was taken by former people's commissar Finance Vyacheslav Menzhinsky.
The main task of the new body was still the same fight against counter-revolution in all its manifestations. Subordinate to the OGPU were special units of the troops necessary to suppress public unrest and combat banditry.

In addition, the following functions were assigned to the department:

Protection of railway and waterways;
- the fight against smuggling and border crossing by Soviet citizens);
- fulfillment of special instructions of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars.

On May 9, 1924, the powers of the OGPU were significantly expanded. The department began to obey the police and the criminal investigation department. Thus began the process of merging the state security agencies with the internal affairs agencies.

On July 10, 1934, the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR (NKVD) was formed. The People's Commissariat was all-Union, and the OGPU was included in it in the form structural unit under the name of the Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB). The fundamental innovation was that the judicial board of the OGPU was abolished: the new department was not supposed to have judicial functions. The new People's Commissariat was headed by Genrikh Yagoda.

The NKVD was responsible for political investigation and the right to extrajudicial sentencing, the penal system, foreign intelligence, border troops, and counterintelligence in the army. In 1935, regulation was assigned to the functions of the NKVD. traffic(GAI), and in 1937 departments of the NKVD were created for transport, including sea and river ports.

On March 28, 1937, Yagoda was arrested by the NKVD, during a search of his house, according to the protocol, pornographic photographs, Trotskyist literature and a rubber dildo were found. In view of the "anti-state" activities, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks expelled Yagoda from the party. Nikolai Yezhov was appointed the new head of the NKVD.

In 1937, the "troikas" of the NKVD appeared. commission them three people issued thousands of sentences in absentia to "enemies of the people", based on the materials of the authorities, and sometimes simply according to the lists. A feature of this process was the absence of protocols and the minimum number of documents on the basis of which a decision was made on the guilt of the defendant. The verdict of the Troika was not subject to appeal.

During the year of work, the “troikas” convicted 767,397 people, of which 386,798 people were sentenced to death. The victims most often became kulaks - wealthy peasants who did not want to voluntarily give their property to the collective farm.

April 10, 1939 Yezhov was arrested in the office of Georgy Malenkov. Subsequently, the former head of the NKVD confessed to being homosexual and preparing a coup d'état. Lavrenty Beria became the third people's commissar of internal affairs.

On February 3, 1941, the NKVD was divided into two people's commissariats - the People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB) and the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD).

This was done in order to improve the intelligence and operational work of the state security agencies and the distribution of the increased workload of the NKVD of the USSR.

The tasks assigned to the NKGB were:

Conducting intelligence work abroad;
- the fight against subversive, espionage, terrorist activities of foreign intelligence services within the USSR;
- operational development and liquidation of the remnants of anti-Soviet parties and counter-revolutionary -
- formations among various strata of the population of the USSR, in the system of industry, transport, communications, agriculture;
- protection of party and government leaders.

The tasks of ensuring state security were assigned to the NKVD. The military and prison units, the police, and the fire brigade remained under the jurisdiction of this department.

On July 4, 1941, in connection with the outbreak of war, it was decided to merge the NKGB and the NKVD into one department in order to reduce the bureaucracy.

The re-creation of the NKGB of the USSR took place in April 1943. The main task of the committee was reconnaissance and sabotage activities in the rear German troops. As we moved west, the importance of working in countries increased. of Eastern Europe, where the NKGB was engaged in the "liquidation of anti-Soviet elements."

In 1946, all people's commissariats were renamed into ministries, respectively, the NKGB became the Ministry of State Security of the USSR. At the same time, Viktor Abakumov became the Minister of State Security. With his arrival, the transition of the functions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the jurisdiction of the MGB began. In 1947-1952, internal troops, police, border troops and other units were transferred to the department (the camp and construction departments, fire protection, escort troops, courier communications remained in the Ministry of Internal Affairs).

After Stalin's death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev removed Beria and organized a campaign against the illegal repressions of the NKVD. Subsequently, several thousand unjustly convicted were rehabilitated.

On March 13, 1954, the State Security Committee (KGB) was created by separating from the MGB departments, services and departments that were related to issues of ensuring state security. Compared to its predecessors, the new body had a lower status: it was not a ministry within the government, but a committee under the government. The chairman of the KGB was a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU, but he was not a member of the highest authority - the Politburo. This was explained by the fact that the party elite wanted to protect themselves from the emergence of a new Beria - a man who could remove her from power for the sake of implementing their own political projects.

The area of responsibility of the new body included: foreign intelligence, counterintelligence, operational-search activities, security state border USSR, the protection of the leaders of the CPSU and the government, the organization and provision of government communications, as well as the fight against nationalism, dissent, crime and anti-Soviet activities.

Almost immediately after its formation, the KGB carried out a large-scale staff reduction in connection with the beginning of the process of de-Stalinization of society and the state. From 1953 to 1955, the state security agencies were reduced by 52%.

In the 1970s, the KGB intensified its fight against dissent and the dissident movement. However, the department's actions have become more subtle and disguised. Such means of psychological pressure as surveillance, public condemnation, undermining a professional career, preventive talks, coercion to travel abroad, forced confinement to psychiatric clinics, political trials, slander, lies and compromising evidence, various provocations and intimidation. At the same time, there were also lists of "not allowed to travel abroad" - those who were denied permission to travel abroad.

A new "invention" of the special services was the so-called "exile beyond the 101st kilometer": politically unreliable citizens were evicted outside of Moscow and St. Petersburg. Under the close attention of the KGB during this period were, first of all, representatives of the creative intelligentsia - figures of literature, art and science - who, due to their social status and international authority, could cause the most extensive harm to the reputation of the Soviet state and the Communist Party.

On December 3, 1991, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev signed the law "On the reorganization of state security agencies." On the basis of the document, the KGB of the USSR was abolished and, for the transitional period, the Inter-Republican Security Service and the Central Intelligence Service of the USSR (currently the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation) were created on its basis.

After the abolition of the KGB, the process of creating new state security agencies took about three years. During this time, departments of the disbanded committee were transferred from one department to another.

On December 21, 1993, Boris Yeltsin signed a decree establishing the Federal Counterintelligence Service of the Russian Federation (FSK). From December 1993 to March 1994, Nikolai Golushko was the director of the new body, and from March 1994 to June 1995 this post was held by Sergei Stepashin.

Currently, the FSB cooperates with 142 special services, law enforcement agencies and border structures of 86 states. Offices of official representatives of the bodies of the Service are functioning in 45 countries.

In general, the activities of the FSB bodies are carried out in the following main areas:

counterintelligence activities;
- fight against terrorism;
- protection of the constitutional order;
- fight against especially dangerous forms of crime;
- intelligence activities;
- border activities;
- provision information security; fight against corruption.

The FSB was headed by:
in 1995-1996 M. I. Barsukov;
in 1996–1998 N. D. Kovalev;
in 1998-1999 V. V. Putin;
in 1999–2008 N. P. Patrushev;
since May 2008 - A. V. Bortnikov.

The structure of the FSB of Russia:
- Office of the National Anti-Terrorist Committee;
- Counterintelligence Service;
- Service for the protection of the constitutional order and the fight against terrorism;
- Economic Security Service;
- Operational Information and International Relations Service;
- Service of organizational and personnel work;
- Activity support service;
- Border Service;
- Scientific and technical service;
- Control service;
- Investigation department;
- Centers, departments;
- directorates (departments) of the FSB of Russia for individual regions and constituent entities of the Russian Federation (territorial security agencies);
- border departments (departments, detachments) of the FSB of Russia (border agencies);
- other directorates (departments) of the FSB of Russia exercising certain powers of this body or ensuring the activities of the FSB bodies (other security bodies);
- aviation, railway, motor transport units, special training centers, units special purpose, enterprises, educational institutions, research, expert, forensic, military medical and military construction units, sanatoriums and other institutions and units designed to ensure the activities of the federal security service.

FGBOU VPO State University - UNPK

Educational Research Institute of Sociology and humanities

Lubyanka: VChK - OGPU - NKVD - KGB

Eagle, 2012

Introduction

After the October Revolution of 1917, the authorities faced a serious task: to form such a state security agency that could actively fight against counter-revolutionaries, and also (in the future) be a means of intimidating and suppressing all opponents of the Soviet system and the party program. And already in September 1919, part of the former house of the Rossiya insurance company on Lubyanskaya Square, at the beginning of Bolshaya Lubyanka Street (house 2), was occupied by employees of a new service - the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Since that time, the house on Lubyanskaya Square (in 1926-1991 - Dzerzhinskaya) passed to all his successors - the OGPU until 1934, then the NKVD, and from 1954 the KGB of the USSR. Thanks to this building, the word Lubyanka became a household word and gained fame as the designation of the Soviet state security agencies and the Lubyanka internal prison.

It is obvious that the study of the state security bodies formed in the post-revolutionary time is necessary for understanding many aspects national history XX century. However, for a long time the structure of the Central Office of the Soviet internal affairs and state security bodies of the USSR was not described in detail. Its study became possible only thanks to the decree of the President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin dated June 23, 1992 "On the removal of restrictive stamps from legislative and other acts that served as the basis for mass repression and infringements on human rights", it was ordered to declassify laws, by-laws and departmental directives, including "... the organization and activities of the repressive apparatus", which were the above-mentioned state security agencies.

Target- to study the structure and activities of the state security organs of the USSR.

Tasks:

1.Study literature on this issue;

.To establish the periodization of the existence of the Cheka, the OGPU, the NKVD and the KGB, as well as the direction of their activities;

.Identify the main goals and objectives Soviet power in pursuing a policy of "mass terror".

Methods:

1)analysis and synthesis,

)description,

)conclusions.

Structure:

The first chapter is a review of the structure of individual state security organs of the USSR (from the Cheka to the KGB): the history of occurrence, chronological framework, their direct activity, management apparatus, some results of activity.

The second chapter is devoted to the policy of mass terror and its victims.

Chapter 1. Characteristics of the bodies of internal affairs and state security of the USSR

.1 All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (VChK of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR)

The Cheka of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was formed on December 22, 1917. It was liquidated with the transfer of powers to the State Political Directorate (GPU NKVD RSFSR) under the NKVD RSFSR on February 6, 1922.

The Cheka was an organ of the "dictatorship of the proletariat" for the protection of the state security of the RSFSR, " governing body struggle against counter-revolution throughout the country. The Cheka had territorial subdivisions for "fighting the counter-revolution on the ground."

Since January 27, 1921, the tasks of the Cheka also included the elimination of homelessness and neglect among children.

The administrative apparatus of the Cheka was headed by a collegium, the governing body was the Presidium of the Cheka, headed by the Chairman of the Presidium of the Cheka (Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky), who had two deputies (I.K. Ksenofontov and I.S. Unshlikht), document flow was provided by two personal secretaries. If in December 1917 the apparatus of the Cheka consisted of 40 people, then in March 1918 there were already 120 employees.

In March 1918, the central office of the Cheka, together with the Soviet government, was transferred to Moscow, and since 1919 it occupied the building of the Rossiya insurance company: the famous building of the state security agencies on Lubyanka.

Initially, the functions and powers of the Cheka were rather inaccurately defined. However, in fact, from the moment of its formation, the Cheka has both investigative and operational functions. In the administrative order, direct measures of influence are also applied, which were initially rather mild: depriving counter-revolutionaries of food cards, compiling and publishing lists of enemies of the people, confiscation of counter-revolutionary property, and a number of others. Since at this time execution as the highest form of punishment was abolished in the RSFSR, execution was not used by the organs of the Cheka either.

With the outbreak of the civil war, the Cheka received emergency powers in relation to counter-revolutionaries and saboteurs, persons seen in speculation and banditry. On September 5, 1918, the Cheka received the right to directly liquidate spies, saboteurs, and other violators of revolutionary legality. The rights and obligations to execute "all persons connected with the White Guard organizations, conspiracies and rebellions" and the direct implementation of the Red Terror.

As a result of the activities of the Cheka, large underground organizations (“Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom”, “National Center”) were identified and liquidated, conspiracies of foreign intelligence and specialized services were liquidated.

1.2 State political administration under the NKVD of the RSFSR

The State Political Administration under the NKVD of the RSFSR was established at the suggestion of V. I. Lenin at the IX Congress of Soviets on February 6, 1922 by the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the abolition of the Cheka with the transfer of powers to the State Political Administration (GPU NKVD of the RSFSR) under the NKVD of the RSFSR.

The entire period when the main special service of the RSFSR was called the GPU, it was headed by F. E. Dzerzhinsky, who previously led the Cheka.

The name "GPU" in the future, in the 1920s - the first half of the 1930s, was used in colloquial speech, in fiction (« Fatal eggs” Bulgakov, “The Twelve Chairs” by Ilf and Petrov, “Envy” by Olesha, “How the Steel Was Tempered” by N. Ostrovsky, “The Day Stood About Five Heads” by Mandelstam, etc.).

The highest administrative body of the GPU was the Collegium under the chairman of the GPU, whose orders were binding on all units, including territorial ones.

The powers of the GPU did not include judicial and investigative functions. His competence consisted in suppressing open counter-revolutionary movements and combating banditry, espionage, smuggling, guarding communications and the state border.

According to the decree, any person arrested by the GPU must either be released after two months, or his case was taken to court. It was allowed to keep under arrest for more than two months only by special order of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The GPU was under the supervision of a prosecutor.

However, in the autumn of 1922, the powers of the GPU were expanded: by a secret resolution of the Politburo of September 28, 1922, the GPU was granted the right of extrajudicial repression up to execution for a number of crimes, as well as exile, deportation and imprisonment in concentration camps.

1.3 United state political administration under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

After the formation of the USSR, on March 19, 1923, the United State Political Administration (OGPU) was established under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The chairman of the OGPU until July 20, 1926 was F. E. Dzerzhinsky, then until 1934 the OGPU was headed by V. R. Menzhinsky.

In 1924, he was granted the right to administrative expulsions, exile, and imprisonment in a concentration camp. Relevant decisions were made by a special meeting of the OGPU consisting of three members of the collegium with the participation of the USSR prosecutor. The Special Council had the right to extrajudicial prosecution and sentencing.

Thus, after the liquidation of the Cheka, there was no fundamental change in the nature of the activities of the repressive bodies. The country's leadership continued to believe that violent methods were the basis for the functioning of the "dictatorship of the proletariat".

1.4 People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR

People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR (NKVD) - the central body government controlled USSR for combating crime and maintaining public order in 1934-1946.

During the period of its existence, the NKVD performed state functions, both related to the protection of law and order and state security (it included the Main Directorate of State Security, which was the successor to the OGPU), and in the field of public utilities and the country's economy, as well as in the field of supporting social stability.

The NKVD controlled the activities of societies, had the right to audit their financial transactions, close public organizations in cases where its bodies considered that the activity of the company is illegal or does not comply with the charter. Congresses of public organizations could meet only with the sanction of the NKVD. All this made it possible to strengthen control over the activities of public associations.

Genrikh Yagoda was appointed People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

The following tasks were entrusted to the newly created NKVD: ensuring public order and state security, protecting socialist property, recording acts of civil status, border guards, maintenance and protection of labor camps.

As part of the NKVD, the following were created: the Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB); Main Directorate of the RKM (GU RKM); Main Directorate of Border and Internal Security (GU PiVO); Main Directorate of Fire Protection (GUPO); the main department of corrective labor camps (ITL) and labor settlements (Gulag); department of acts of civil status (ZAGS); administrative and economic management; financial department (FINO); Human Resources Department; secretariat; special department. In total, according to the states of the central apparatus of the NKVD, there were 8,211 people.

In September 1936, Nikolai Yezhov was appointed People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

A special place in the work of the NKVD in 1937-1938. occupied the so-called "national operations", i.e. ethnic repression. All foreigners who crossed the border were put on trial. In January 1938, the Politburo of the Central Committee adopted a special decision: to shoot all the detained defectors if they crossed the border "with a hostile purpose", if such a goal could not be found, then the defectors were sentenced to 10 years in prison. There was also a “cleansing” of the ranks of the NKVD themselves: the number of Poles, Latvians, Germans, and Jews decreased; approximately 14,000 employees were laid off.

Since December 1938, Lavrenty Beria was appointed People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

The NKVD was the main perpetrator of the massive political repressions of the 1930s. Many citizens of the USSR imprisoned in Gulag camps or sentenced to death penalty, were convicted out of court by special troikas of the NKVD. Also, the NKVD was the executor of deportations on a national basis.

Many members of the NKVD themselves became victims of repression; many, including those belonging to the top leadership, were executed.

Hundreds of German and Austrian communists and anti-fascists who sought asylum from Nazism in the USSR were expelled from the USSR as "undesirable foreigners" and handed over to the Gestapo along with their documents. emergency commission people's commissariat

During the Great Patriotic War, the border and internal troops of the NKVD were used to protect the territory and search for deserters, and also directly participated in the hostilities. On the liberated lands, arrests, deportations and the execution of death sentences were carried out against the underground left by the Germans and unreliable persons.

The intelligence services of the NKVD were engaged in the elimination of persons abroad whom the Soviet authorities considered dangerous. Among them: Leon Trotsky - a political opponent of Joseph Stalin, the latter's rival in the struggle for choosing the path of development of the USSR; Yevhen Konovalets is the leader of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists.

After the start of the Great Patriotic War, the activities of the state security bodies were focused on combating the activities German intelligence at the front, identifying and eliminating enemy agents in the rear areas of the USSR, reconnaissance and sabotage behind enemy lines. The NKVD subordinated to the troops for the protection of the rear.

October 1941 by a resolution State Committee Defense The Special Conference of the NKVD was given the right to pass a sentence up to the death penalty in cases of counter-revolutionary crimes against the order of government of the USSR.

After Stalin's death, Khrushchev removed Lavrenty Beria, who led the NKVD from 1938 to 1945, and organized a campaign against the illegal repression of the NKVD. Subsequently, several thousand unjustly convicted were rehabilitated.

After the collapse of the USSR, some former NKVD workers living in the Baltic countries were accused of crimes against the local population, according to documents found in the archives.

1.5 USSR State Security Committee

The State Security Committee of the USSR is the central union-republican body of state administration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the field of ensuring state security, which operated from 1954 to 1991.

Chairman of the committee since 1954 to 1991: I.A. Serov (1954-1958), A.N. Shelepin (1958-1961), V.E. Semichastny (1961-1967), Yu.V., Andropov (1967-1982), V.V. Fedorchuk (1982), V.M. Chebrikov (1982-1988), V.A. Kryuchkov (1988-1991), V.V. Bakatin (1991).

The main functions of the KGB were foreign intelligence, counterintelligence, operational-search activities, protection of the state border of the USSR, protection of the leaders of the CPSU and the Government of the USSR, organization and provision of government communications, as well as the fight against nationalism, dissent and anti-Soviet activities. Also, the task of the KGB was to provide the Central Committee of the CPSU (until May 16, 1991) and the highest bodies of state power and administration of the USSR with information affecting the state security and defense of the country, the socio-economic situation in the Soviet Union and issues of foreign policy and foreign economic activity of the Soviet state and the communist parties. The system of the KGB of the USSR included fourteen republican committees of state security on the territory of the republics USSR; local state security bodies in autonomous republics, territories, regions, individual cities and districts, military districts, formations and units of the army, navy and internal troops, in transport; border troops; government communications troops; military counterintelligence agencies; educational establishments and research institutions; as well as the so-called "first departments" of Soviet institutions, organizations and enterprises.

Chapter 2. Mass terror and its victims in the 20s - 30s. 20th century

.1 Folding the "subsystem of fear"

A month after the October Revolution, by order of the All-Russian Revolutionary Committee, all officials who did not want to cooperate with the Soviet government were declared enemies of the people. The bodies of the Cheka - the OGPU, endowed with the right of extrajudicial reprisals up to execution, could uncontrollably and with impunity dispose of human destinies.

Over time, open or covert repression became an integral part of the existence of the Soviet state. According to very rough estimates, only in the RSFSR from 1923 to 1953, that is, within the life of one generation, 39.1 million people, or every third capable citizen, were convicted for various crimes by general judicial bodies. As evidenced by criminal statistics, during these years there was not only class-directed terror, but massive and constant state repressions against society. Fear of the power of the state becomes the most important factor maintaining the loyalty of the authorities by the majority of the population. A system based on non-economic measures of coercion could only rely on violence and repression.

Repressions, or the "fear subsystem", performed various functions throughout the Soviet period. The Bolshevik regime made violence a universal means to achieve its intended goals.

Also, repression and violence become a prerequisite for the functioning of the Soviet economy, terror becomes the most important element of labor motivation: universal labor service and attachment of workers to entrepreneurs. In case of stubborn unwillingness to submit to "comradely discipline" and repeated penalties, the "guilty" are subjected as an unearned element to dismissal from enterprises with transfer to concentration camps (According to the Regulations of the Council of People's Commissars on workers' disciplinary courts of November 14, 1919). By the end civil war 122 concentration camps already functioned on the territory of the RSFSR. In the 1920s in the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp (SLON), as an experiment for ideological reforging, the labor of prisoners for logging for the needs of industrialization and export to Western countries was widely used.

Based on the experience and personnel of the Solovki, the Gulag system was subsequently created. From his staff, the apparatus of Belomorstroy and many other construction projects were formed, where the labor of prisoners was used.

The flywheel of repression was spinning slowly but surely. If in 1921-1929. out of 1 million arrested by extrajudicial bodies, only 20.8% were convicted, then for 1930-1936. of the 2.3 million arrested, the number of convicts was already 62%.

By the end of the 1920s. the pressure of the Stalinist apparatus-bureaucratic part of the ruling elite on its intelligentsia-opposition honor is intensifying. Objects political repression become yesterday's comrades-in-arms in the revolutionary struggle.

However, in the first place, open opponents of Soviet power were destroyed by Stalin: the execution of a group of monarchists under investigation after the murder of diplomat P.L. Voikov. Ecclesiastical and other religious organizations. Church ministers were arrested and repressed, churches, cathedrals, and monasteries were seized and partially destroyed.

Held in 1929-1932. forced collectivization caused a new surge of state terror. During this period, the number of those convicted in the RSFSR only by general courts averaged 1.1-1.2 million people per year.

In the early 1930s small entrepreneurs, merchants, trade intermediaries, as well as former nobles, landowners, and manufacturers were subjected to repression.

Repressions from above were supplemented by mass denunciations from below. Denunciation, especially of superiors, neighbors in apartments, colleagues becomes a means of promotion, obtaining apartments. 80% of those repressed in the 1930s died on the denunciations of neighbors and colleagues in the service.

2.2 Some examples of the manifestation of the policy of mass terror

In the late 1920s on Stalin's orders, a number of cases were fabricated, on the basis of which open show trials were held. The main thing in these sabotage trials falsified by the OGPU was the mass “confession” of the defendants in their “crimes”.

The first in 1928 was the trial of a group of specialists in the Donbass (Shakhty case), who allegedly set themselves the goal of disorganizing and destroying the coal industry in this region. They were accused of intentionally damaging cars, flooding mines, and setting fire to industrial facilities. The case was considered by the Special Judicial Presence of the Supreme Court chaired by A.L. Vyshinsky. The trial went on for about a month and a half. In July, 49 defendants were found guilty and received various terms of punishment, five sentenced to death were shot.

The Shakhtinsky case has become a kind of testing ground for working out the following similar actions. Processes equal in scale to the Shakhty case took place in 1929 in Bryansk and Leningrad.

In 1930, in order to organize new public trials, the OGPU “constructed” three anti-Soviet underground organizations: the so-called Industrial Party, the Union Bureau of the Mensheviks and the Labor Peasant Party.

However, open trials were held only in the case of the Industrial Party and the Allied Bureau of the Mensheviks.

When considering the case of the Industrial Party of the OGPU, a group of engineers was accused of trying to disrupt the industrialization of the country by creating an artificial disproportion between industries. National economy, deadening investment. Stalin not only shifted the blame to the specialists, but also got rid of the staunch supporters of the NEP.

In March 1938, the largest political trial of the 1930s took place. in the case of the so-called Right-Trotskyist anti-Soviet bloc. Three members of the Leninist composition of the Politburo - N. Bukharin, A. Rykov, N. Krestinsky - appeared on the dock at once. The arrest of these persons was part of the campaign carried out by Stalin in the union of N. I. Yezhov (People's Commissar of the NKVD) to destroy the "Trotskyist elements." The military board sentenced N. Bukharin, A. Rykov, M. Chernov to death. Some of the others arrested in this case were never released: they were destroyed in custody without any judicial farce.

The closed, fleeting trial in June 1937 (everything ended on the same day) over a group of senior military leaders (M.N., Tukhachevsky, I.E., Yakir, I.P. Uborevich, and others) and the execution of the accused became the signal for a mass campaign to identify the enemies of the people in the Red Army. 45% of the commanders and political workers of the army and navy were repressed. Slandered as enemies of the people, two marshals, four commanders of the first rank and at least 60 commanders were destroyed. rout commanders was held with the connivance of People's Commissar of Defense K.E. Voroshilov. Commander of the Special Far Eastern Army V.K. Blucher was also accused of espionage, arrested and killed in the Lefortovo prison in November 1938. Unable to withstand the atmosphere of total suspicion and persecution, People's Commissar for Heavy Industry G.K. Ordzhonikidze committed suicide. As a result of the repressions, the headquarters of the director's corps and the flower of military science were destroyed, and the defense industry also suffered significantly.

A situation of mass psychosis has been created in the country.

The peak of mass repressions in the USSR, which engulfed all strata of human society, fell on 1937-1937. - mass terror, which went down in history as "Yezhovism". It was directed not against open opponents of the authorities, but against loyal sections of citizens. About 700 thousand people were shot and about 3 million people were thrown into prisons and camps. Moreover, “Ezhevichka,” as Stalin called the people’s commissar, did not disdain anything: on the basis of a secret decree of the Central Committee, Yezhov legalized the use of physical coercion during interrogations, there were no exceptions even for women and the elderly.

A significant role in the implementation of the criminal repressive policy in the late 20's - early 30's. played by the head of the OGPU, People's Commissar of Internal Affairs G.G. Berry. In accordance with Yagoda's order of May 27, 1935, well-known extrajudicial troikas arise. Usually the troikas included the secretary of the party committee, the head of the NKVD department and the prosecutor. All territories and regions received orders - how many people they should have arrested. At the same time, the arrested were divided into two categories: according to the first - they were immediately shot, according to the second - they were imprisoned for 8-10 years in prison and camp. The limit of arrests grew rapidly.

In addition, lists of high-ranking enemies of the people were compiled, subject to trial by a military tribunal. The verdict was announced in advance - execution.

However, it became clear to everyone that the process of mass repressions began to get out of control, and most importantly out of control of Stalin himself, and the authorities were under attack. Sharp accusations against the internal affairs bodies began. Yezhov was arrested on charges of leading a "counter-revolutionary organization" in the NKVD, as a result of which, on November 7, 1940, he was shot by a military collegium of the Supreme Court. In addition to Yezhov, 101 people were repressed in the leadership of the NKVD.

However, until the death of Stalin, terror remains an indispensable attribute of the Soviet system.

Conclusion

The state security organs of the USSR (VChK, OGPU, NKVD, KGB) were formed with a single goal - the fight against counter-revolution and sabotage. At first, the powers with which they were endowed did not represent anything unnatural and were completely legal. However, soon, starting on September 5, 1918 (after the Cheka received the authority to destroy spies without trial), their activities turn into open terror not only against counter-revolutionaries, spies, but also against the civilian population.

The policy of mass terror pursued by I.V. Stalin and his associates, was mainly aimed at intimidating the people, the destruction of the pre-revolutionary intelligentsia, labor motivation, regulation of all spheres of life, including personal life, and was an integral element of the existence of the Soviet state. The value of a separate human life becomes less and less important.

As a result of repression, the cultural, spiritual, and industrial spheres suffered.

On the eve of the Great patriotic war the whole flower of military science was destroyed: 3-4 years before the German attack, the USSR lost the most experienced and trained personnel in charge of the reorganization of the Armed Forces.

It is noteworthy that the "executioners" themselves (for example, N.I. Yezhov) were often sentenced to death. This fact indicates that the authorities used any suitable methods to maintain the order.

The people were forced to break under the powerful machine of the state apparatus, while there was a loss of some moral guidelines. The conditions of mass psychosis created by the authorities bred hatred and cruelty. This is evidenced by frequent false denunciations of their neighbors, work colleagues, colleagues.

In other words, the authorities, with the help of the state security agencies, created a kind of Soviet puppet, which would not be able to resist the ruling system, but would only implicitly carry out the program outlined by the party.

Bibliography

1. Bakhturina, A. Yu. History of Russia: XX - beginning of the XI century [Text]: textbook. allowance for university students. - M.: ACT, 2010. - C. 240-274. - ISBN 978-5-17-066211-1.

2. Sakharov, A. N. recent history Russia [Text]: textbook. allowance. - M.: Prospekt, 2010. - S. 268-281. - ISBN 978-5-392-01173-5.

Yakovlev, A.N. Lubyanka: VChK - OGPU - NKVD - NKGB - MGB - NVD - KGB [Text]: a collection of documents and regulations / A. I. Kokurin, N. V. Petrov. - M.: MFD, 1997. - 352 p. - ISBN 5-89511-004-5.

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