Information approach to the processes of managing logistics systems. Cybernetic organization of logistics systems and logistics chains: linear, functional and headquarters. Standard information model as the basis for the design of organizational technology for making a logistics decision. Computer technologies for intellectual support for making logistics decisions.
Cybernetics is the science of general laws management in nature, society, living organisms and machines, or the science of management, communication and information processing. The object of study is dynamic systems. Subject- information processes related to their management.
A cybernetic system is a purposeful system, in relation to which the assumption of relative isolation in terms of information and absolute permeability in terms of material and energy is accepted. The logistics system, as a purposeful, dynamic, is manageable in this sense, belongs to the category of cybernetic systems.
Cybernetic approach - research systems based on cybernetic principles, in particular, by identifying direct and feedback links, considering the elements of the system as some "black boxes".
The purpose of the cybernetic approach in logistics is the application of principles, methods and technical means to achieve the most effective in one sense or another, the results of logistics, that is, optimizing management. The fundamental concepts of cybernetics are: system, feedback, information.
The systems studied by cybernetics are a set of elements interconnected by a chain of cause-and-effect dependence. Such a connection between elements is called a "connection".
The use of cybernetics in logistics serves both methodological (cognitive) purposes and entrepreneurial practice. The methodological goal is achieved by the fact that cybernetics allows in a new way consider ways of links between elements and ways of functioning of logistics systems:
As whole production-commercial, national economic, reproduction cycles, as well as their individual parts (links). For example: the "mechanism" of the money circulation market, the exchange of goods through foreign trade.
Scientific direction applications of cybernetics ideas and methods to economic systems, which include logistics, that is, optimizing systems.
Economic cybernetics is developing in three interrelated areas:
1. Theory of economic systems and models: methodology for system analysis of the economy and its modeling, reflection of the structure and functioning of economic systems in models; problems of economic regulation, correlation and mutual coordination of various incentives and interactions in the functioning of economic systems;
2. The theory of economic information considers the economy as an information system; it studies the flows of information circulating in production-commercial systems;
3. The theory of control systems in economics concretizes and brings together studies of other sections of economic cybernetics; the practical output of this theory is ACS.
The cybernetic approach is based on the idea of the possibility to develop general approach for consideration management processes in system different nature. The advantage of this idea lies in the fact that, in addition to general methodological reasoning, it was possible to offer an effective apparatus for the quantitative description of processes, for solving complex control problems based on the methods of applied mathematics.
The main features of cybernetics as an independent scientific field consists of the following:
1. Cybernetics contributed to the formation of the information concept of systems representation.
2. Cybernetics considers systems only in dynamics.
3. Cybernetics practices probabilistic methods for studying the behavior of complex systems.
4. In cybernetics, the method of researching systems is used using the concept of a “black box”, which means a system in which only the input and output information of this system is available to the researcher, and the internal structure may be unknown.
5. A very important method of cybernetics using the concept of a "black box" is the modeling method.
Comparison of the cybernetic and systemic approaches in logistics allows us to draw one conclusion that is important for understanding the essence of general scientific methodological areas in general and the systemic approach in particular. Specific scientific methodology, the principles of which are applicable within the framework of not one, but at least several disciplines, can appear in two varieties.
In the first case, the methodology not only formulates certain ideas or principles of a methodological order, but also provides a fairly detailed research apparatus; in the second case, there is no such apparatus, at least in a rigidly fixed form. These two types of cases embody, respectively, theoretical cybernetics and systems approach. The lack of a systematic approach (unlike the cybernetic one) of a uniquely fixed research apparatus makes its methodological functions somewhat less clearly defined, although no less significant. This well-known fuzziness is derived from the nature of the systems approach and its initial settings. As is known, cybernetics also operates with the concept of a system and a number of other concepts that are considered specific to the system approach. But in cybernetics, with all the enormous differences in the specific types of systems it deals with, communications and control processes remain the main subject of systemic consideration. The systems approach, on the other hand, lays claim to a special kind of universality. For him, the consistency of the object of study is essentially identical to its integrity. It can be considered that cybernetics develops along an inductive path, while deductive tendencies prevail in the development of systems theory.
So, what are the similarities between cybernetics and systems theory?
1. The object of consideration is systems and the systemic nature of the subject is always emphasized.
2. If possible, they are abstracted from the substratum of the systems under consideration and study only their most general properties and features.
3. In both cybernetics and systems theory, the main objects of consideration are the structure and functions of systems. Since only systems that change in time can function, i.e. change their state and thus affect the external and internal environment, this means that in both cases the object of study is dynamic systems.
4. Since in both cases the relationship between structure and functions is mainly studied, the synthesis of structures that provide the necessary functioning (behavior), insofar as they essentially investigate the problems of expedient change in systems, that is, management problems.
The difference between cybernetics and systems theory is as follows:
· Systems theory, studying, as well as cybernetic behavior and functioning of systems, does not focus on the informational aspects of these phenomena.
· Systems theory and cybernetics differ in the areas of choice of specific subjects of study and the nature of the apparatus used. Cybernetic phenomena were based at the beginning on such concepts as modeling, information, and feedback; at present, they use a system-wide apparatus and general methodological concepts.
Theoretical cybernetics armed not only its individual disciplines, but to one degree or another the entire modern science, some general principles historical nature, primarily the ideas of hierarchical organized management and information links. For all its abstractness and universality, cybernetic thinking from the very beginning was focused on a very specific type of processes and connections in the real world, processes and connections of control.
The method of representing logistic models proposed in the cybernetic approach is based, just as in system analysis, on the well-known position that movement, change, and processes are inherent in all objects of production and commercial activity. Hence the so-called process method of cybernetic reflection of logistics systems. According to this method, the first and main element of any logistics system (or its model) is process, in which resource flows are optimally transformed. Therefore, the process way of representing logistics systems can also be called optimally streaming.
The second element of the cybernetic flow model is entrance. It just represents the flow of resources consumed in the process. For example, for the organizational and technological part of the logistics system, this is equipment, a working system, raw materials, and so on, for information, it is output information, technical means for its processing. We can also say that the input is everything that changes during the course of processes.
The third element of the cybernetic model is exit. This is the result of the transformation of the inputs itself, that is, the flow of resources created or spent. In logistics systems, outputs can be finished products, production waste, released equipment, output information, etc. The totality of connections between the elements of the system ensures their joint functioning - flows between elements (links) of one system or between systems. If the connection transfers the output action of one element to the input of any subsequent element of the same system, then it is called straight connections.
The fourth element of the cybernetic model is Feedback. This is the connection between the output of any element and the input of the element preceding it in the same system. It performs a number of operations to correct the elements of the system. Distinguish between positive and negative feedback. Positive feedback returns to the input part of the signal received at the output of the element or system. Positive feedback does not correct the input signal, but only increases its value.
With negative feedback the signal received from it may not coincide in sign with the original one. This makes it possible to compare the result obtained with the intended goal and, if necessary, correct the behavior of the element or the system as a whole. In practice, the timeliness of such an adjustment is important in order to avoid a significant deviation of the system from the trajectory of movement towards the intended goal. The feedback principle underlies the logistics management of production and commercial activities, it characterizes the ability of the logistics system to perceive and use information about the results of its own activities to achieve the goal in the best (optimal) way and in the shortest possible time. Accounting for products produced by the workshop and raw materials used, price regulation of demand for products, material incentives, the use of tariffs to attract cargo for transport are different forms of feedback in logistics cybernetic systems.
The fifth and last element of the cybernetic model of the logistics system is restrictions, which consist of the goals of the system and the so-called coercive links. For production and commercial systems, one of the goals is the release of products of a given range, volume and quality, cost; for the information part of the system - obtaining the required information. In these cases, various resource limits, the method of information processing, specifications funds for its implementation, etc.
In accordance with the accepted interpretation of the logistics system, its division into subsystems is the division of the logistics process into subprocesses (operations, functions) with the corresponding inputs and outputs. Any kind of a given logistic process is an input to the next one (there are no inputs “from nowhere” and outputs “to nowhere”; if a resource is produced somewhere, then it is needed for something), i.e. all processes are interconnected. It is the connection that determines the follow-up of logistics processes.
The information approach to management processes is the first feature of cybernetics. In the information interpretation of the cybernetic approach, management in organizational systems, which include logistics systems, is considered primarily as a process of information transformation: information about the control object is perceived by the control system, processed in accordance with a particular control goal, and transmitted to the object in the form of control actions. management. Therefore, the concept information belongs to the most fundamental concepts of cybernetics. In the information interpretation, the processes of cybernetic control are associated with the receipt, transmission, processing and use of information. The processes of obtaining information, its storage and transmission in this case are identified with the concept of "communication". The processing of the perceived information into signals that direct the activity in the object is identified with the concept of control. If systems are able to perceive and use information about the results of their functioning, then they say that they have feedback. The processing of information coming through feedback channels into signals that correct the activity of the system is called regulation. There is a difference between the terms "management" and "regulation": if we consider that management means the impact on the results of the system to achieve the intended goal, then regulation means the type of management based on the method of equalizing deviations from the norm (standard, set value). Devices (or organs) serving this purpose are called regulators.
System-cybernetic approach and information
The above model of the genesis of the control mechanism corresponds to the cybernetic approach to the analysis of complex dynamic systems. The main thesis of classical cybernetics is that control in both machines and living organisms is carried out in a single way - according to the feedback principle. Feedback implies that the system has a specific goal and regular reconciliation of intermediate, current states (outputs) of the system to correct behavior. In a more general sense, cybernetics is understood as the science of the main principles of control, understood as the organization of purposeful actions by processing information. A feature of the cybernetic approach is that it was used to study only systems for which the concept of a goal is defined, which is necessary for any cybernetic model.
A cybernetic system is a purposeful system, many interconnected elements of which are capable of perceiving, remembering, processing and exchanging information.
Any social system can be attributed to the class of cybernetic systems. Such systems have special system properties. Their study constitutes the most important task of organization theory.
A cybernetic system can be represented as two interconnected subsystems: control and controlled. The subsystems are in constant interaction: the control subsystem transmits commands and signals to the controlled object, which, in turn, sends information about its current state. As has been repeatedly emphasized, the most important feature of a cybernetic system is feedback and, as a consequence, self-regulation and self-development. From the point of view of cybernetics, communication is a process of information exchange that regulates the behavior of systems (i.e. controls them).
It was cybernetics that revealed the role of scientific management in the life of society, especially in connection with social and environmental problems, established the commonality of the management mechanism for wildlife, technology and society, revealed the inextricable link between information and organizational processes. Cybernetics has defined the control mechanism as the core of the development of any system: thanks to control, the system, in the process of its development, conducts constant “anti-entropic” activity - it creates organizational order out of chaos.
The system-cybernetic approach is a methodological direction in the theory of organization, the main task of which is to develop methods for studying complexly organized objects - systems and explanatory mechanisms for their development.
The construction and development of explanatory models is one of the most important tasks of the system-cybernetic approach. It all starts with the collection and analysis of disparate facts, which make it possible to make certain generalizations and identify empirical (experimental) patterns; then proceed to the definition of mechanisms that implement these regularities. It can be argued that if there is some regularity confirmed by facts, then there are mechanisms that ensure the manifestation of this regularity, they must be cognizable, and therefore used. Knowledge of these mechanisms can help explain and predict the behavior of the system. It should be noted that the explanatory mechanism, like any model, has limited validity, it is valid for certain conditions. For example, the problem of the teachings of K. Marx is not in the positive knowledge established by this theory, but in the fact that its followers absolutized it, claiming its universality. The mechanism of natural selection explained most of the facts, empirically identified patterns of development of species. However modern achievements biology show that natural selection in the Darwinian sense is not able to explain many facts related to the evolution of species.
The system-cybernetic approach to the study of the behavior of complex systems assumes the unity of the processes that occur in a developing dynamic system: the accumulation of information, its selection and structuring, according to the goals of the system development, and the transition to a new level of organization:
The development of any organizational systems is based on the mechanisms of goal-setting and information. Although it would be more correct to say that all three pillars of cybernetics - information, goal-setting and structural organization underlie the process of development of any system and act simultaneously. If we want to establish a sequence, what came first - the goal, information or organization, then we will have to solve philosophical problems: what came first - the egg or the chicken?
Both in the processes of organizing living nature and in social systems, the goal acts as some anticipatory reflection of reality, as an expression of the future need of a cybernetic system. An analysis of biological, social and technical systems shows that the more relevant the target function, the more active, faster the process of obtaining and using information and the transition to a new level of organization. For example, the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in 1941 found the country unprepared for the transition to a qualitatively new level of organization. beyond the unthinkable a short time enterprises were selected and re-equipped for the production of weapons (automatic machines, machine guns, tanks, etc.). At the same time, structures that have a less urgent goal are pushed into the background.
So, the adjustment of the trajectories of the system development is carried out through the adjustment of the goals of the system, it is the goal-setting that determines the trajectory of the system development. Goals are inherent in any system. In living organisms, the main goal is to maintain stability, homeostasis. In natural systems, a clear hierarchy of goals is defined, there is a main goal - incorporation into biospheric cycles, incorporation of a system into a supersystem. Thus, natural systems fulfill one of the most important principles - the principle of co-development (co-evolution) of systems. Calculating many options using the accumulated structural information, the system selects those that meet the criteria for maintaining stability and consistency with the goals of the supersystem.
A range of goals emerge in social systems. In such systems, the elements (subsystems) are themselves systems that can have their own goals. And they, these goals of the subsystems, often do not coincide with the goals of the supersystem. The task of the supersystem is to ensure co-development with the subsystems. If the system is unable to ensure the co-development of the system and its own elements, a systemic crisis occurs. For example, when the elements of the system (industries, ministries, high officials) put their own interests above the interests of the system, a classic “systemic crisis” arises. The system approach obliges to correlate the goals of development of subsystems with the goals of the supersystem. For example, the technosphere cherished by man must correlate its goals with the biosphere as its supersystem, fit its technologies into biospheric cycles in order to preserve the main characteristics natural environment and human environment.
However, modern "achievements" of man show that if the rest of the natural world lives according to the law of subordination to the external environment, its laws, then man, on the contrary, subordinates the environment to himself. Imagine that you, the manager of a company, instead of following the laws of the country in which you live, follow your own "laws" - what will happen to you and your company? You violate one of the most important system principles - the principle of system hierarchy. Hierarchy is not coercion, it is one of the most important laws of Nature.
Thus, the properties of elements (subsystems) are determined by the goals of the system itself. The system is able to reject those elements, those structures, the goals of which contradict its own. This is one of the most important system properties. In this process of building one's own structure, the role of information interactions between elements and the system, the system and its external environment is important.
The system would not be able to advance one iota in its development if it did not receive a continuous flow of information about the state of the external and internal environment. Information is the basic concept of cybernetics. The idea that information can be considered as something independent arose along with cybernetics, which proved that information is directly related to development and management, with the help of which sustainability and survival are ensured. There are many definitions of this term, they are sometimes complex and contradictory. The reason lies in the fact that many sciences deal with information, cybernetics is the youngest of them. Depending on the field of knowledge, information has received many definitions: information is a designation of the content received from the outside world in the process of adapting to it (Wiener); information is the negation of entropy (Brillouin); information - communications and communication, in the process of which uncertainty is eliminated (Shannon); information - diversity transmission (Ashby); information - originality, novelty; information - a measure of the complexity of structures (Mol); information - probability of choice, etc. Each of these definitions reveals different facets of one concept, but in all interpretations it assumes the existence of two objects: the source of information and the consumer of information.
Academician N.N. Moiseev refers the concept of information to the fundamental concepts, along with matter and energy. At present, information is already conceived as an environment that feeds the governing bodies, which they themselves create for future development in the form of various databases and data banks. As the structure of the organization becomes more complex, the role of information and information interaction increases.
The scientific cybernetic concept of information is largely abstracted from the content side of messages, considering their quantitative aspect.
Working out scientific concept information revealed a new aspect of the material unity of the world, made it possible to approach many processes that previously seemed completely different from a single point of view: the transmission of a telegraph text; work nervous system; driving; rocket launch control, etc. All this is connected with the processes of transmission, storage and processing of information. The concept of information played here a role analogous to the concept of energy, which also makes it possible to describe from a unified point of view the most diverse processes in physics, chemistry, biology and technology.
Two types of information should be distinguished: structural and operational (signal). Both types of information play a role in the process of self-organization of systems.
Operational, or signaling, information is always associated with the relationship of two processes, with "sending" and receiving a signal, with a transmitter and a receiver. In cybernetic systems, changes in the object B - receiver, signal acceptor, caused by the influence of A - transmitter, signal donor, are not only some characteristics of B, but become a factor in the functioning of the system precisely as carriers of signal information. Some authors, by analogy with energy, use the concepts of kinetic and potential information: kinetic information circulates in the process and, with the help of potential (structural) information, moves the development process.
Structural information characterizes the achieved level of organization of the system, or the measure of its organization. Information, accumulating, self-organizes into structures, begins to exist as if in a potential form, and the structure of the developing system itself (for example, rings on trees) can be a repository of structural information. It is the amount of structural information that determines the transition of the system to a new level of organization.
A new level of organization means the fact of the implementation of a new option selected by the system, the transition to a new level of homeostasis. The number of pieces of information grows from cycle to cycle, acquires a certain structure (hypotheses, theories, programs, inventions, etc.), such structures are the points of growth of a new organization - the phenomenon of development. Based on the accumulated information, according to the main development goals, the system selects the only option and rebuilds its structure; according to this new option: the system moves to a new level of organization.
So, the system-cybernetic approach to management means the unity of the processes of accumulation of information, its selection and structuring according to the goals of the system and the transition to a new level of organization. At the heart of development is the mechanism of governance. The system-cybernetic approach was adopted by the Western economy back in the 60s. of the past century. Numerous schools of organizational management have taught and prepared for practical work thousands of managers.
The incompetence of managers in our country can be traced at all levels of the hierarchy and turns into billions in losses for the country.
Cybernetics is the science of control processes in living and artificial systems and methods of information processing. Cybernetics studies the processes of interaction between objects and subjects of management, direct and reverse information and management relationships between them. One of the founders of the theory of cybernetics, N. Wiener, substantiated the proposition about the unity of control principles in living and artificial systems, if they are considered from the standpoint of direct communication, but by which control information is transmitted, and feedback, but by which the control object reports its state and control results ( Fig. 2.4).
Rice. 2.4.
The most important goal of cybernetics is the prevention of chaos based on the processes of ordering and regulation. The foundations of cybernetics were laid by N. Wiener, K. Shannon, S. A. Lavrentiev and many other scientists. The development of cybernetics was closely connected with the development of the theory of complex systems that arose at the beginning of the 20th century. in the works of A. A. Bogdanov (Malinovsky), Ludwig von Bertalanffy, R. Wellman, S. Beer, V. M. Glushkov and many other scientists.
The most important principles of cybernetics are the principles of feedback between the object and the subject of management, ensuring stability based on regulation, hierarchy and structure of management bodies, synergy, target orientation of management and efficiency.
In cybernetics, the concept of feedback is formulated, which means that the system receives information about the results of its interaction with the environment, as well as about the operation of its subsystems and elements. This information is used by the subject of management to make decisions about adjusting and changing internal and external processes to improve the efficiency of the managed object. The advent of cybernetics caused the rapid development of electronic information systems, profound changes in management and the economy, and gave reason to call it the second industrial revolution (the first industrial revolution took place in early XIX V.). Cybernetic models reflect the complex processes of interaction between the participants in the management process and the relationship between them, which can be complex, are described by mathematical models. Cybernetic models describe essential characteristics management processes. On their basis, other models are developed, including models of organizational change, information models, behavior models, etc., reflecting the development and interaction of participants in management processes. Cybernetic models created the basis for the emergence of new types of models - informational, technical, systemic, etc. As information processing tools developed, they gradually began to give way to information models.
Currently, cybernetic models are developed mainly in the modeling of technical systems and the description of fundamental relationships in control systems. Today, instead of them, information models are mainly used, implemented in the form of information management systems using the information approach.
The information approach is closely related to the cybernetic one and proceeds from the universality of information transformation processes in control systems and the need to create information models of the “subject - object of control” system.
A typical information process includes the stages of collecting, processing, transmitting, storing information, controlling information processes, and protecting information.
Enterprise information systems emerged in the middle of the last century. Abroad, they were first implemented in the form of MRP systems (eng. Material Requirements Planning - planning of requirements for materials mainly in physical terms), then in the form of MRP II ( Manufacturing Resource Planning- planning of production resources), which significantly expanded the capabilities of the previous system, including the planning of a number of financial and economic indicators. The MRP II system provides enterprise resource planning based on a standard that contains the following functions: planning sales and production, requirements for materials, personnel, production facilities, finance, other resources, as well as monitoring and evaluating results.
Its essence lies in the fact that MRP II sets the principles of detailed production planning for an enterprise, includes order accounting, production capacity utilization planning, the need for all production resources (materials, raw materials, components, equipment, personnel), production costs, modeling of the production process, its accounting, planning the release of finished products, operational adjustment of the plan and production targets.
Later this system was developed in the form of the ERP information system ( Enterprise Resource Planning), aimed at the integrated automation of the entire enterprise by coordinating the actions of its divisions, developing business procedures for managers. Based on this system, many functions are implemented, including production planning, inventory control and procurement planning, fixed asset accounting, financial planning, personnel records, etc.
In the USSR, for many years, typical integrated automated control systems (ACS) were developed and used, in many respects similar to those given above and including: automated process control systems (APCS); automated enterprise management systems (APCS) in general; industry management systems (OLSU). At a number of Russian production facilities, automated process control systems and automated control systems continue to work in our time.
Automation of the management information model is also carried out by various information systems such as SAP, Oracle, etc.
- See: URL: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRP_II 2014
5.2. Cybernetic approach
Cybernetics- the science of the general laws of control in nature, society, living organisms and machines, studying information processes associated with the control of dynamic systems. Cybernetic approach- study of the system based on the principles of cybernetics, in particular, by identifying direct and feedback links, studying control processes, considering the elements of the system as certain " black boxes”(systems in which the researcher has access only to their input and output information, and the internal structure may not be known).
In cybernetics and general theory systems have much in common, for example, the representation of the object of study in the form of a system, the study of the structure and functions of systems, the study of control problems, etc. But, unlike systems theory, cybernetics practices informational approach to the study of management processes, which identifies and studies in the objects of study different kinds information flows, methods of their processing, analysis, transformation, transmission, etc. Management in its most general form is understood as the process of forming a purposeful behavior of a system through informational impact produced by a person or device. The following management tasks are distinguished:
· goal setting task– determination of the required state or behavior of the system;
· stabilization problem- keeping the system in its current state under disturbing influences;
· program execution task– transfer of the system to the required state under conditions when the values of controlled variables change according to known deterministic laws;
· tracking task– ensuring the required behavior of the system under conditions when the laws of change of controlled variables are unknown or change;
· optimization problem– retention or transfer of the system to a state with extreme values of characteristics under given conditions and restrictions.
From the point of view of the cybernetic approach, LAN control is considered as a set of processes for the exchange, processing and transformation of information. The cybernetic approach represents the LAN as a system with control (Fig. 5.1), which includes three subsystems: the control system, the control object and the communication system.
Rice. 5.1. Cybernetic approach to the description of drugs
The control system together with the communication system forms a control system. The communication system includes a channel direct connection, which transmits the input information (x) and the channel feedback, through which information about the state of the control object (y) is transmitted to the control system. Information about the controlled object and the environment is perceived by the control system, processed in accordance with a particular control goal, and transmitted to the control object in the form of control actions. The use of the concept of feedback is a distinctive feature of the cybernetic approach.
The main groups of functions of the control system are:
· decision making functions
or information content transformation functions
are the main ones in the control system, are expressed in the transformation of the content of information about the state of the control object and the external environment into control information;
· routine information processing functions
do not change the meaning of information, but cover only accounting, control, storage, search, display, replication, transformation of the form of information;
· communication functions
associated with bringing the developed solutions to the control object and the exchange of information between decision makers (collection, transmission of textual, graphic, tabular, electronic, etc. information by telephone, fax, local or global data networks, etc.).
The application of a cybernetic approach to logistics requires a description of the main properties of drugs using mathematical models. This makes it possible to develop and automate optimization algorithms for a cybernetic control system.
Cybernetics- the science of the general laws of control in nature, society, living organisms and machines, studying information processes associated with the control of dynamic systems. Cybernetic approach- study of the system based on the principles of cybernetics, in particular, by identifying direct and feedback links, studying control processes, considering the elements of the system as certain " black boxes”(systems in which the researcher has access only to their input and output information, and the internal structure may not be known).
Cybernetics and general systems theory have much in common, for example, the representation of the object of study in the form of a system, the study of the structure and functions of systems, the study of control problems, etc. But unlike systems theory, cybernetics practices informational an approach to the study of management processes, which identifies and studies various types of information flows in the objects of study, ways of processing, analyzing, transforming, transmitting, etc. Management in its most general form is understood as the process of forming a purposeful behavior of a system through informational impact produced by a person or device. The following management tasks are distinguished:
· goal setting task– determination of the required state or behavior of the system;
· stabilization problem- keeping the system in its current state under disturbing influences;
· program execution task– transfer of the system to the required state under conditions when the values of controlled variables change according to known deterministic laws;
· tracking task– ensuring the required behavior of the system under conditions when the laws of change of controlled variables are unknown or change;
· optimization problem– retention or transfer of the system to a state with extreme values of characteristics under given conditions and restrictions.
From the point of view of the cybernetic approach, LAN control is considered as a set of processes for the exchange, processing and transformation of information. The cybernetic approach represents the LAN as a system with control (Fig. 5.1), which includes three subsystems: the control system, the control object and the communication system.
Rice. 5.1. Cybernetic approach to the description of drugs
The control system together with the communication system forms a control system. The communication system includes a channel direct connection, which transmits the input information (x) and the channel feedback, through which information about the state of the control object (y) is transmitted to the control system. Information about the controlled object and the environment is perceived by the control system, processed in accordance with a particular control goal, and transmitted to the control object in the form of control actions. The use of the concept of feedback is a distinctive feature of the cybernetic approach.
The main groups of functions of the control system are:
· decision making functions
or information content transformation functions
are the main ones in the control system, are expressed in the transformation of the content of information about the state of the control object and the external environment into control information;
· routine information processing functions
do not change the meaning of information, but cover only accounting, control, storage, search, display, replication, transformation of the form of information;
· communication functions
associated with bringing the developed solutions to the control object and the exchange of information between decision makers (collection, transmission of textual, graphic, tabular, electronic, etc. information by telephone, fax, local or global data networks, etc.).
The application of the cybernetic approach to logistics requires the description of the main properties of drugs using mathematical models. This makes it possible to develop and automate optimization algorithms for a cybernetic control system.
21. What is operations research? Why is operations research methodology used in logistics? Typical tasks of operations research are their essence.
Operations research - this methodology of applying mathematical quantitative methods to substantiate solutions to problems in all areas of purposeful human activity. Methods and models of operations research allow you to get solutions that best meet the goals of the organization.
Basic postulate Operations Research is: optimal solution(control) is such a set of values of variables that achieves optimal(maximum or minimum) value of the efficiency criterion (objective function) of the operation and the specified restrictions are observed. Subject operations research in logistics are the tasks of making optimal decisions in a logistics system with management based on an assessment of the effectiveness of its functioning. The characteristic concepts of operations research are: model, variable variables, constraints, objective function.
