Message on the topic of social reflection. Social reflection. Concept in philosophy

Reflection is understood as a skill that allows not only to control the focus of attention, but also to be aware of one's own thoughts, sensations and general state. Thanks to reflection, a person has the opportunity to observe himself from the outside and see himself through the eyes of the people who surround him. Reflection in psychology implies any encroachments of the individual aimed at introspection. They can manifest themselves in the assessment of their actions, thoughts and ongoing events. The depth of reflection will depend on how educated a person is and knows how to control himself.

Psychological content

Reflection in psychology occupies an important place in the integral structure of personality, as evidenced by a wide range of features and its versatility. Similar processes take place in almost every sphere of psychological activity.

Reflection in thinking is proof that a person can control his thoughts and actions, and his mental activity is productive.

Philosophical aspect

Many philosophers are sure that reflection in psychology is one of the sources of knowledge. Thought itself becomes its subject. For the mechanism to work effectively, objectification must be present. It is necessary to compare the results with the methods and process of reflective representation.

The role of this phenomenon

Reflection is necessary in order for a person to be able to establish and regulate adequate requirements for himself, which are based on the criteria established from the outside, and the specifics of the object itself. The concept of reflection in psychology makes it possible to perform introspection, introspection and self-reflection.

Types of reflection

Due to the fact that experts cannot come to a unified approach in the study of this phenomenon, there are several types and classifications:

Cooperative. In this case, reflection is understood as the "liberation" of the subject and his "exit" to a new position in relation to past activities. The emphasis is on results, not on the procedural subtleties of the mechanism.
Communicative. Reflection is the most important component of the harmonious development of communication and interpersonal perception. This indicator is most often used to address issues that are related to problems of perception and empathy in communication between people. The functions of the phenomenon in this case are as follows: regulatory, cognitive and developmental. They are expressed in the change of ideas about the object to more adequate in this situation.
Personal. It gives you the opportunity to study your own actions, analyze images and the inner "I". It is used in cases where self-disintegration of the personality takes place, correction of self-consciousness and the construction of a new “I” are required.
Intellectual. The object is knowledge related to certain subject and how to interact with it. This type of reflection is used in engineering and
Existential. The object is the deep meanings of the personality.
Sanogenic. The main function is considered to be the regulation of emotional states and the reduction of suffering and feelings.
Reflection implies a complex system of relationships that arise in the process of interaction between individuals.

Forms of the phenomenon

It is customary to consider reflection in three main forms, which differ depending on the functions that are performed:

Situational. It ensures the involvement of the subject in what is happening and encourages him to analyze and comprehend "here and now".
Retrospective. It is used to evaluate those actions and events that have already occurred. This form is necessary for structuring and better assimilation of experience, awareness of one's own mistakes and weaknesses. Using retrospective reflection, you can identify the reasons for your failures and defeats.
Promising. It is used to think about future activities, involves planning and determining constructive ways of influencing.

Why reflection is useful

Experts are sure that it is reflection in psychology that is considered a generator of new ideas. It allows you to build a realistic picture and process the information received. As a result of introspection, a person changes and improves himself. The reflexive mechanism allows you to transform implicit thoughts into explicit ones and gain deeper knowledge.

This phenomenon concerns all spheres of human life, including professional. The concept of reflection in psychology is necessary in order to learn how to take own life under control and not go with the flow. People who are not familiar with this phenomenon do not know how to organize their actions and clearly understand where to go next.

It is very important not to confuse reflection with self-awareness. It implies self-orientation. Reflection focuses on what has already happened. It is necessary for every person, especially those people who are engaged in intellectual work and have interpersonal contact and group relationships.

How to train and develop reflection

It has long been no secret that reflection is very important in which it is helped to develop, it must be done regularly, only then they will bring results. This will help change better side and learn to adequately perceive their own actions and thoughts.

Action analysis. After making decisions or difficult situations, you need to think about your actions and look at yourself from the outside. It is necessary to think, perhaps there was another way out, more successful under the circumstances. You also need to analyze what conclusions can be drawn and what mistakes should not be repeated next time. This will help to understand what reflection is in psychology. The examples may be different, but the purpose of the exercises is the same: to realize the fact of one's own uniqueness and be able to control one's actions.
Assessment of the day. A person should make it a habit at the end of each day to analyze all the events and mentally “drive away” the episodes that have occurred in memory. You should focus on those that cause a feeling of dissatisfaction. It is worth looking at them through the eyes of an uninterested observer, perhaps this will help to identify your own shortcomings.
Communication with people. Social reflection in psychology implies communication with people and constant improvement of one's own. Periodically, it is necessary to check the opinion about a person that has developed with reality. For open people this will not be a problem, but a closed person will have to work more on himself.

It is worth expanding the circle of acquaintances and talking with people who have a separate and radically different point of view. Attempts to understand such a person cause reflection to become more active. This makes the mind more flexible and vision broader. As a result of such an exercise, a person will learn to make informed and informed decisions, as well as to see different ways to solve a problem.

Social reflection in psychology is quite a powerful weapon that helps to better understand yourself and other people. Over time, the ability to predict other people's thoughts and predict actions appears.

Signs of reflection

Psychologists identify several fundamental features of such a phenomenon as reflection:

Depth. It is characterized by the degree of penetration into inner world a person who already contains the worlds of other people.
Extensiveness. This indicator reflects the number of people whose worlds are considered.

What are the processes involved in reflection?

The ability to regulate, control and manage your thinking is impossible without processes such as evaluation.

With the help of analysis, you can break all the information into blocks and structure it. Equally important is the definition of the main and the establishment of a relationship with the secondary. Synthesis helps to combine all the elements and get a whole new object. Evaluation makes it possible to determine the importance of the material and the goal itself. The criteria may differ, they are determined depending on the situation.

Types of hearing

Not every person knows what the main meaning is and what this definition is fraught with. Reflection in psychology is the ability to manage oneself. Listening helps to develop this skill:

is active silence. The technique includes encouraging phrases and gestures, as well as those that will encourage the person to open up.
Reflective listening is feedback from the speaker. It can be achieved using the following techniques: clarifying, paraphrasing, reflecting feelings and summarizing.

Reflection has always attracted the attention of thinkers since the time of ancient philosophy, in particular, Aristotle defined reflection as “ thinking directed to thinking". This phenomenon of human consciousness is studied from different angles by philosophy, psychology, logic, pedagogy, etc.

Reflection(from late lat. reflexio- turning back) - this is one of the varieties of acts of human consciousness, namely, an act of consciousness directed to its knowledge.

Reflection is often associated with introspection. One of the founders of the method of introspection, the English philosopher J. Locke, believed that there are two sources of all human knowledge: the first is the objects of the external world; the second is the activity of one's own mind.

To the objects of the external world, people direct their external senses and as a result receive impressions (or ideas) about external things. The activity of the mind, to which Locke ranked thinking, doubt, faith, reasoning, knowledge, desires, is known with the help of a special inner feeling - reflection. Reflection according to Locke is "observation to which the mind subjects its activity." He pointed to the possibility of "doubling" the psyche, distinguishing two levels in it: the first - perception, thoughts, desires; the second is observation or contemplation of structures of the first level. In this regard, introspection is often understood as a method of studying the properties and laws of consciousness with the help of reflective observation. In other words, any reflection that is aimed at studying the patterns inherent in the psyche of each person is introspection, and, in turn, individual self-observation that does not have such a goal is only reflection.

IN domestic psychology almost all authors of existing psychological concepts touched upon reflection issues. Traditions of the study of reflexive processes in certain areas of psychology are currently taking shape. To reveal the psychological content of various phenomena, reflection is considered within the framework of research approaches:

Awareness (L.S. Vygotsky, N.I. Gutkina, A.N. Leontiev, V.N. Pushkin, I.N. Semenov, E.V. Smirnova, A.P. Sopikov, S.Yu. Stepanov, etc.) ;
Thinking (Alekseev N.G., Brushlinsky A.V., Davydov V.V., Zak A.Z., Zaretsky V.K., Kulyutkin Yu.N., Rubinshtein S.L., Semenov I.N., Stepanov S.Yu. . and etc.);
Creativity (Ponomarev Ya.A., Gadzhiev Ch.M., Stepanov S.Yu., Semenov I.N., etc.),
Communication (G. M. Andreeva, A. A. Bodalev, S. Kondratieva, etc.);
personalities (Abulkhanova-Slavskaya K.A., Antsyferova L.I., Vygotsky L.S., Zeigarnik B.V., Kholmogorova A.B., etc.).

L.S. Vygotsky, for example, believed that “new types of connections and correlations of functions assume as their basis reflection, reflection of one’s own processes in consciousness.”

The psychological concept, in which reflection plays a leading role in the self-determination of a person, is the subject-activity approach of S.L. Rubinstein He emphasized that “the emergence of consciousness is associated with the isolation from life and the direct experience of reflection on the world and on himself."

With the concepts reflection" And " self-awareness» S.L. Rubinstein linked the definition of personality. Giving various definitions of personality, he pointed out: “Personality in its real existence, in its self-consciousness is what a person, realizing himself as a subject, calls his “I”. “I” is a person as a whole, in the unity of all aspects of being, reflected in self-consciousness ... As we see, a person is not born as a person; he becomes a person. Therefore, in order to understand the path of his development, a person must consider it in a certain aspect: what was I? - What I've done? - what have I become? All three positions of the "I", which are at the center of understanding the personality of S.L. Rubinstein are undoubtedly reflexive. In this concept, reflection has not only the functions of analyzing what was, but also represents the reconstruction and design of one's "I", life path and ultimately human life.

According to Ya.A. Ponomarev, reflection is one of the main characteristics of creativity. A person becomes an object of control for himself, from which it follows that reflection, like a “mirror”, reflecting all the changes taking place in him, becomes the main means of self-development, a condition and a way personal growth.

Among the modern developers of the torii of reflexive activity, it should be noted A.V. Karpova, I.N. Semenov and S.Yu. Stepanova.

In the approach of A.V. Karpov's reflexivity acts as a meta-ability, which is part of the cognitive substructure of the psyche, performing a regulatory function for the entire system, and reflexive processes - as " third order processes”(considering cognitive, emotional, volitional, motivational processes of the first order, and synthetic and regulatory processes of the second order). In his concept, reflection is the highest degree of integration process; it is at the same time a way and a mechanism for the exit of the psyche system beyond its own limits, which determines the plasticity and adaptability of the personality.

A.V. Karpov writes:

“The ability to reflect can be understood as the ability to reconstruct and analyze a broadly understood plan for constructing one's own or someone else's thought; as the ability to single out its composition and structure in this regard, and then objectify them, work them out in accordance with the goals set.

In this approach, reflection is a synthetic mental reality, which is both a process, a property and a state. On this occasion, A.V. Karpov says:

“Reflection is both a property that is uniquely inherent only to a person, and a state of awareness of something, and the process of representing one’s own content to the psyche.”

Reflection functions

Reflection performs certain functions. Its presence:

allows a person to consciously plan, regulate and control his thinking (connection with self-regulation of thinking);
allows you to evaluate not only the truth of thoughts, but also their logical correctness;
reflection allows you to find answers to problems that cannot be solved without its application.

In the works of A.V. Karpova, I.N. Semenov and S.Yu. Stepanov describes quite a lot of types of reflection.

S.Yu. Stepanov and I.N. Semenov distinguishes the following types reflection and its areas scientific research:

Cooperative reflection is directly related to the psychology of management, pedagogy, design, sports. Psychological knowledge of this type of reflection provides, in particular, the design of collective activity and the cooperation of joint actions of subjects of activity. At the same time, reflection is considered as a “release” of the subject from the process of activity, his “exit” to an external, new position both in relation to the previous, already completed activities, and in relation to the future, projected activity in order to ensure mutual understanding and coordination of actions in conditions joint activities. With this approach, the emphasis is placed on the results of reflection, and not on the procedural aspects of the manifestation of this mechanism;
Communicative reflection - is considered in studies of the socio-psychological and engineering-psychological plan in connection with the problems of social perception and empathy in communication. It acts as the most important component of developed communication and interpersonal perception, which is characterized by A.A. Bodalev as a specific quality of cognition of a person by a person.

Communicative aspect reflection has a number of functions:

cognitive;
regulatory;
development function.

These functions are expressed in the change of ideas about another subject to more adequate for a given situation, they are actualized in case of a contradiction between ideas about another subject of communication and its newly revealed individual psychological traits.

Personal reflection explores the subject's own actions, images of his own "I" as an individual. It is analyzed in general and pathopsychology in connection with the problems of development, decay and correction of the self-consciousness of the individual and the mechanisms for constructing the I-image of the subject.

Several stages of personal reflection:

experiencing an impasse and understanding the task, the situation as unsolvable;
approbation of personal stereotypes (action patterns) and their discrediting;
rethinking of personal stereotypes, problem-conflict situation and oneself in it anew.

The process of rethinking is expressed, firstly, in a change in the attitude of the subject to himself, to his own "I" and is realized in the form of appropriate actions, and, secondly, in a change in the attitude of the subject to his knowledge and skills. At the same time, the experience of conflict is not suppressed, but aggravated and leads to the mobilization of the resources of the “I” to achieve a solution to the problem.

At a glance Yu.M. Orlova, the personal type of reflection has the function of self-determination of personality. Personal growth, the development of individuality, as a superpersonal formation, occurs precisely in the process of understanding the meaning, which is realized in a particular segment of the life process. The process of self-knowledge, in the form of comprehending one's self-concept, including the reproduction and comprehension of what we do, why we do it, how we do it and how they treated others, and how they treated us and why, through reflection leads to the justification of the personal right to changing the given model of behavior, activity, taking into account the peculiarities of the situation.

intellectual reflection - its subject is knowledge about the object and ways of acting with it. Intellectual reflection is considered mainly in connection with the problems of organizing cognitive processes of information processing and developing teaching aids for solving typical problems.

IN Lately, in addition to these four aspects of reflection, there are:

existential;
cultural;
sanogenic.

Object of study existential reflections are deep, existential meanings of personality.

Reflection resulting from exposure emotional situations leading to the experience of fear of failure, feelings of guilt, shame, resentment, etc., leading to a decrease in suffering from negative emotions, is determined by Yu.M. Orlov as sanogenic. Its main function is to regulate the emotional states of a person.

N.I. Gutkin in experimental study identifies the following types of reflection:

logical- reflection in the field of thinking, the subject of which is the content of the individual's activity.
Personal- reflection in the area of the affective-required sphere, associated with the processes of development of self-consciousness.
interpersonal- reflection in relation to another person, aimed at the study of interpersonal communication.

Domestic scientists S.V. Kondratiev, B.P. Kovalev distinguish the following types of reflection in the processes of pedagogical communication:

Socio-perceptual reflection, the subject of which is rethinking, rechecking by the teacher of his own ideas and opinions that he has formed about students in the process of communicating with them.
Communicative reflection - consists in the subject's awareness of how he is perceived, evaluated, treated by others ("I - through the eyes of others").
Personal reflection - understanding one's own consciousness and one's actions, self-knowledge.

E.V. Lushpaeva describes her type as “reflection in communication”, which is a “complex system of reflexive relationships that arise and develop in the process of interpersonal interaction”.

personal-communicative reflection (reflection "I");
socio-perceptual (reflection of another "I");
reflection of the situation or reflection of interaction.

Most common ways reflections are an expression of certainty, assumptions, doubts, questions. At the same time, all types of reflection are activated under the condition of creating an attitude to observe and analyze one's own knowledge, behavior and understanding of this behavior by others.

Reflection levels. A.V. Karpov identified different levels of reflection depending on the degree of complexity of the reflected content:

1st level - includes a reflective assessment of the current situation by the individual, an assessment of his thoughts and feelings in this situation, as well as an assessment of the behavior in the situation of another person;
Level 2 involves the construction by the subject of a judgment about what another person felt in the same situation, what he thought about the situation and about the subject himself;
Level 3 includes the representation of the other person's thoughts about how he is perceived by the subject, as well as the representation of how the other person perceives the subject's opinion of himself;
The 4th level includes the idea of the other person's perception of the subject's opinion about the other's thoughts about the subject's behavior in a given situation.

Forms of reflection

Reflection of the subject's own activity is considered in three main forms, depending on the functions that it performs in time.: situational, retrospective and perspective reflection.

situational reflection acts in the form of "motivations" and "self-assessments" and ensures the direct involvement of the subject in the situation, comprehension of its elements, analysis of what is happening in this moment, i.e. reflecting "here and now". The ability of the subject to correlate his own actions with the objective situation, to coordinate, control the elements of activity in accordance with changing conditions is considered.

retrospective reflection serves to analyze and evaluate activities already performed, events that took place in the past. Reflective work is aimed at a more complete understanding, understanding and structuring of the experience gained in the past, prerequisites, motives, conditions, stages and results of activity or its individual stages are affected. This form can serve to identify possible errors, search for the causes of one's own failures and successes.

promising reflection includes thinking about upcoming activities, understanding the course of activities, planning, choosing the most effective ways designed for the future.

The subject of activity can be represented as a separate individual or a group.

Based on this, I.S. Ladenko describes intrasubjective and intersubjective forms of reflection.

In within subjective forms distinguish:

corrective;
electoral;
complementary.

Corrective reflection acts as a means of adapting the chosen method to specific conditions.

Through electoral reflection is the choice of one, two or more ways to solve the problem.

By using complementary reflection, the chosen method is complicated by adding new elements to it.

Intersubjective forms presented:

cooperative;
adversarial;
counter-reflex.

Cooperative reflection ensures the unification of two or more subjects in order to achieve a common goal.

adversarial reflection serves the self-organization of subjects in the conditions of their competition or rivalry.

Opposing reflection acts as a means of struggle between two or more subjects for the predominance or conquest of something.

Academician M. K. Tutushkina reveals the meaning of the concept of reflection, based on the nature of its functions, - constructive And control. From the standpoint of a constructive function, reflection is the process of searching for and establishing mental connections between the existing situation and the worldview of the individual in a given area; activation of reflection to include it in the processes of self-regulation in activities, communication and behavior. From the position of the control function, reflection is the process of establishing, testing and using links between the existing situation and the worldview of the individual in this area; a mechanism for reflecting or using the results of reflection for self-control in activities or communication.

Based on the work of B.A. Zeigarnik, I.N. Semenova, S.Yu. Stepanova, the author identifies three forms of reflection that differ by object of work:

reflection in the field of self-consciousness;
reflection of the mode of action;
reflection of professional activity, moreover, the first two forms are the basis for the development and formation of the third form.

Reflection in the field of self-awareness- this is a form of reflection that directly affects the formation of a person's sensitive ability. It has three levels:

the first level is associated with the reflection and subsequent independent construction of personal meanings;
the second level is associated with the awareness of oneself as an independent person, different from others;
the third level involves awareness of oneself as a subject of communicative communication, the possibilities and results of one's own influence on others are analyzed.

Reflection course of action- this is an analysis of the technologies that a person uses to achieve certain goals. The reflection of the mode of action is responsible for the correct use of those principles of action with which a person is already familiar. This analysis is a reflection (in its pure form) as it is presented in classical psychology, when immediately after any act, the reflecting person analyzes the scheme of action, his own feelings, results and draws conclusions about perfection and shortcomings.

UDK 101.1:316(045)

Chekushkina Elena Nikolaevna

Candidate of Philosophy, Associate Professor

Department of Philosophy of the Mordovian State

Pedagogical Institute name

M. E. Evsevieva

[email protected]

Elena N. Chekushkina

Candidate of Philosophy, lecturer

Chair of Philosophy Mordovian State Pedagogical Institute [email protected]

Social reflection in the humanities1 Social reflection in the humanities

Annotation. The article analyzes the role and types of social reflection in the humanities.

Key words: knowledge, activity, cognition, consciousness, social reflection.

abstract. ne article analyzes the role and social reflection in the humanities.

Keywords: knowledge, activity, cognition, consciousness, social reflection.

Identification and study of the role of social reflection in the humanities is determined by the crisis modern civilization, a multitude of social, political, economic, spiritual and other processes and problems that exist in society and sometimes require immediate solutions. Philosophical analysis of social reflection is the most important means substantiation, clarification and creation of some personal program social self-realization of a person; aimed at developing a person's desire for self-affirmation, the search for truth; is aimed at the formation of socially significant guidelines and clarification of the development of society.

Radical social changes actualize the growth of self-awareness of social subjects of various levels from individuals, groups to all of humanity. The study of the subjective side of social reality includes the study of reflection, expressing its complexity and specificity.

1The work was carried out with the financial support of the Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation within the framework of project 2.1.2 "Solving complex problems of the formation of professional competence of a teacher and psychologist in the system continuing education» Strategic Development Program of MordSPI for 2012-2016

knowledge, identification, self-awareness, self-improvement of the individual, creative and dialogic processes, as well as communication.

In a brief philosophical dictionary, reflection is defined as “the principle of scientific and philosophical thinking, the appeal of thinking to itself, to its origins, prerequisites, forms; a necessary moment of any philosophizing, comprehension of the ultimate foundations of culture, being and thinking, subject consideration of knowledge, self-knowledge, revealing the structure and specificity spiritual world person".

The Latin "reflecto" means "reflection", the late Latin "reflexio" is "turning back". In the most general sense, reflection is the process of understanding something by a person through study and comparison. In a narrow sense, a “new turn” of the spirit after the cognitive act towards the Self (as the center of the act) and its microcosm, due to which the appropriation of the known becomes possible.

Shchedrovitsky G.P. notes that reflection must be considered in the “context of transformation procedures various kinds activity". They understood it as a purely active position. The scheme of activity unfolds through reflection, its constructive principle being the links of cooperation.

Lefebvre focuses on reflection, which any type of specific subjects possesses: an individual, a group, an organization, a state, etc. According to the thinker, consciousness is always “egocentric”: it pushes a person to the center of the universe and forces him to take over ... all complete responsibility for this world.

IN modern science there is an intensive growth of theoretical and applied research of reflexive processes, a deep analysis of their theoretical and methodological foundations. Studies of the twentieth century show the importance of analyzing the reflexive aspects of social processes, the value of using the concept of "reflection" in socio-humanitarian knowledge. The concept of "reflection" acts as a special object of study.

Scientific approaches to the definition of reflection are represented by two directions: 1) "externalistic", determined by the development of science in terms of socio-cultural determination; 2) "internalist" is the opposite approach, focusing on the internal sources of development of scientific knowledge.

The “externalist” approach reproduces the traditional understanding of reflection “illuminated” by Hegel, which focuses on the understanding of human consciousness as a self-determining phenomenon.

The insufficient development of the "internalist" approach is manifested in an insufficiently clear understanding of the mechanisms and degree of control of scientific self-consciousness over the development of science. According to N. S. Avtonomova, “scientific reflection, ultimately, is a “reflection of practice”, since the path of reflexive movement is “determined from the outside by factors heterogeneous to it (consciousness)” and that scientific consciousness is able to “consciously control the forms, conditions and foundations of the process of cognition".

The traditional approach proceeds from the fact that reflection provides the concretization of the goals of the development of science, determined by relevant socio-cultural problems. A.P. Ogurtsov expresses a valuable methodological idea about the need to overcome the traditional understanding of reflection on the complementarity of the meaning-giving and meaning-revealing work of consciousness, which consists in penetrating into internal structure activities and identifying its target orientation in the knowledge of the world.

According to L. A. Mikeshina, reflection is a form of theoretical activity aimed at comprehending one's thinking, one's own actions, as well as the thinking and actions of others - in general, culture, science and their foundations.

Social reflection is a very important function and mechanism, without which not a single subject from the field of humanitarian knowledge can be understood. Its result is the conceptual expression social theory, allowing to explain the essence, dynamics and driving forces social system.

Social reflection is a cognitive basis for adequate study global problems, creating opportunities for effective search for ways to solve the difficulties that have arisen. It is the process of reflection of the individual about what is happening in his own mind; knowledge or understanding by the subject of himself; the process of double, mirror mutual reflection by subjects of each other, the content of which is the reconstruction and reproduction of each other's features; disclosure of how others know and understand the "reflector", his personality traits, cognitive representations and emotional reactions. Social reflection is the ability of a person to repeatedly refer to the beginning of his thoughts, actions, the ability to become an observer, reflecting on how you know what you are doing, including yourself.

S. L. Rubinshtein associated with the advent of reflection a special way of human existence in the world. He distinguishes two ways of human existence: reactive and reflexive. Reactive - this is the usual existence and attitude of a person to individual phenomena, but not to life as a whole. Reflective way existence takes a person mentally beyond its limits ... a person, as it were, takes a position outside of it. This is a decisive turning point. Here ends the first mode of existence. Here begins either the path to spiritual devastation ... or another path - to the construction of moral, human life on a new conscious basis".

The desire to understand and realize one's own feelings and actions, to clarify the secrets of the world to oneself is found at all stages of the development of culture. Social reflection represents the ability to reflect one's own states, relationships, experiences, manage personal values. It “turns” a person’s consciousness to their inner world: it helps to realize and comprehend their actions, relationships, values, constructs, if necessary, rebuild them, find new grounds for this.

The study of works devoted to reflection indicates that it is studied in the following main aspects: cooperative, communicative, personal and intellectual.

In the cooperative aspect of reflection, the emphasis, as a rule, is placed not on its procedural differences in their manifestations, but on the results of reflection as an activity of reflection. It is provided by collective activity, taking into account the need to coordinate professional positions and group roles of subjects. The important thing is the cooperation of their joint actions. Reflection is interpreted as the "liberation" of the subject from the process of activity and the "exit" to an external position in relation to it.

In the cooperative aspect, subject-subject activities are analyzed, taking into account the need to coordinate professional positions and group roles of subjects, as well as the cooperation of their joint actions. According to K. Kh. Momdzhyan, a necessary condition for the existence of society and individuals is the cooperation and coordination of their mutual efforts, that without their interaction and mutual influence, no sociocultural phenomenon is possible.

Considering reflection in connection with the dynamics of cooperative relations, G.P. Shchedrovitsky notes that for him reflection “in its original and essential existence is always a special cooperative connection between two acts of activity, a special structure of cooperation that unites cooperators and cooperators” .

The studies of I. S. Kon, V. A. Lefevre, V. A. Petrovsky and others are aimed at identifying the specifics of the communicative aspect. Reflection is considered as an essential component of developed communication and interpersonal perception. It includes thinking for another person, the ability to understand what other people think, which distinguishes it from the philosophical use of this concept. According to I. S. Kohn, reflection is “a deep, consistent mutual reflection, the content of which is the reproduction of the inner world of the interaction partner, and this inner world, in turn, reflects the inner world of the first researcher” .

V. A. Lefevre argues that "the origin of reflection and everything connected with it can only be understood on the basis of the relationship of communications between individuals." Reflection in communications and joint activities allows partners to predict and predict each other's actions, correcting their actions, influence the partner, penetrate into the depths of mutual understanding, or, conversely, deliberately mislead the partner.

V. A. Petrovsky distinguishes two types of reflection: retrospective and prospective. Retrospective reflection appears in the form of a retrospective restoration of the act of activity and leads to the emergence of activity. It is aimed at orienting in the system of conditions that contribute to a vital effect and the construction of an appropriate image. Prospective reflection is represented by “the dynamics of experiencing the need in the course of

activity and novelty in the system of objective conditions. The result of a prospective orientation is some objects that were not previously perceived "as means, ... now act as new opportunities for the action of its excess in relation to the original goal of the activity" .

It is believed that individual reflection (personal) is a secondary form: a personified and internalized process, which in its primary and actual form was interindividual. This interindividual, or communicative reflection, according to V. A. Lefevre, is preferred over classical reflection (i.e., self-consciousness), the latter is considered a later phylogenetic formation. For example, according to the general genetic law of cultural development, as L. S. Vygotsky describes it, the mental function appears on the scene twice: first on the social plane, only then on the psychological plane. In the context of the personal-value direction, modern researchers interpret reflection as a form of mental activity, which manifests itself in the desire for a constant analysis of one's thoughts, actions, experiences, emotions, it is characteristic of personal introversion.

Personal reflection pulls a person out of the endless stream of life and forces him to take an external position in relation to himself. This ability can be seen as a rethinking of the stereotypes of one's own experience. It represents one of the important characteristics of creativity. Reflection is a “mirror” that reflects the changes taking place in a person. Man becomes for himself an object of control; the main means of self-development, the condition and method of personal growth.

Personal development is usually considered in two aspects: a) when a person constructs himself, appropriating the values, norms, methods and forms of activity available in culture; b) there is an ability to develop oneself and improve the surrounding reality, transforming culture, creating something new. Both aspects indicate that the transition to self-improvement is taking place: a person has new potential opportunities. The emergence of opportunities is facilitated by the mechanism of reflection and reflexive abilities.

Exploring reflection in the context of the problems of thinking, intellectual reflection is singled out. At one time, N. I. Gutkina was against the allocation of this concept, justifying this by the fact that any reflection takes place against the background of intellectual activity, and each type of reflection presupposes the presence of an intellectual component. A. Z. Zak agrees with her, who also spoke out against this allocation, noting that reflection is a single universal action- both in the knowledge of the world of things and in the knowledge of one's inner world.

Intellectual reflection in the context of individual consciousness (independent thinking) can only arise if a person's thinking is focused on spiritual contents, dwells in them, contemplates them and cognizes them. One of the main conditions for the emergence of intelligence

tual reflection is considered a learning process. This basic condition distinguishes intellectual reflection from personal reflection (classical reflection) and from communicative (non-traditional) reflection, which often arise and form spontaneously in a cultural environment (without a person choosing certain patterns of culture).

In communicative - reflection acts as a mechanism for knowing another person. The object of reflection is ideas about the inner world of another person and the reasons for his actions. In the personal - the object of cognition is the cognizing personality itself, its qualities, properties, behavioral characteristics, the system of relations with others. In intellectual - the ability to analyze various solutions, find more rational ones, repeatedly return to the conditions of the problem. Reflection is a process of solving various problems.

Reflection occupies a certain place in any scientific research. The study of reflection is aimed at studying it, first of all, as a process. Scientific reflection is associated with the accumulation (expansion) and structuring (folding) of knowledge. To be able to accumulate, generalize, structure knowledge is a necessary stage of any research work. New directions of development will inevitably lead to reflection and again to curtailment.

The presence of two forms of cognition is associated with the internal and external positions of the cognizing subject: a) the subject, occupying internal positions, thinks, makes decisions, etc. But at the same time, he does not know and does not think about how he does it; b) the subject, taking external positions in relation to himself, not only thinks, but also observes how he thinks, does and controls his actions.

So, social reflection is a form of theoretical and practical human activity, which is aimed at comprehending one's own actions, culture and its foundations; the activity of self-knowledge, revealing the specifics of the spiritual world of society. It is not only the fundamental basis of philosophizing itself, but also a prerequisite for the constructive overcoming of obsolete knowledge; enables a person to form images and meanings of life, to design effective and block ineffective actions; allows you to manage your own activity in accordance with personal values and meanings and switch to new mechanisms in connection with changed conditions, goals, and tasks of activity.

Literature

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18. Yashkova, A. N. Subjectivity as a psychological prerequisite for the development of career competencies / A. N. Yashkova // Humanities and education. -2012. - No. 2 (10). P. 116-119.

Reflection in social psychology is the process of cognition by the acting subject (personality or communities) of internal mental acts and states, through the way they are perceived and evaluated by other people. This is not just self-knowledge, but an attempt to find out how others know and understand the features of his personality.

In the process of communication, a person imagines himself in the place of the interlocutor, evaluating himself from the outside and, based on this, corrects his behavior. Such a mechanism of self-knowledge and self-esteem through communication allows not only to understand the interlocutor, but also to assume how much he understands you, which is a kind of process of mirror reflection of each other.

The study of social reflection

The study of socio-psychological reflection began at the end of the 19th century. In Western social psychology, it is associated with the study of experimental dyads - pairs of subjects interacting in artificial, laboratory situations.

J. Holmes described the mechanism of social reflection on the example of communication between two conditional personalities: John and Henry. In this situation, according to J. Holmes, at least 6 people are involved: John, as he really is, John, as he appears to himself, and John, as Henry sees him. These same positions are presented by Henry. Subsequently, T. Newcomb and C. Cooley added 2 more persons: John, as he sees his own image in the mind of Henry and also for Henry. In such examples of social reflection, it is a process of doubled, mirror mutual reflection by the subjects of each other's personalities.

Russian researchers such as G.M. Andreeva and others, believe that a deeper understanding of social reflection can be obtained if the object of study is not a dyad, but more complex organized social groups united by certain joint activities in real conditions.

The value of socio-psychological reflection

According to Demina, reflection in social psychology is a property of the psyche to direct a person's consciousness to the inner world, realizing and reflecting their own states, experiences, relationships, managing personal values. If necessary, reflection makes it possible to find new grounds for their restructuring and change.

But in addition to self-understanding and self-knowledge, reflection includes the processes of understanding and evaluating other people. With its help, one's consciousness, values and opinions are correlated with the same categories of other individuals, groups, society and, finally, universal ones. In everyday life, social reflection allows a person to experience some event or phenomenon, let it pass through his “inner world”.

Many psychologists have given different interpretations of this phenomenon. So, R. Descartes believed that reflection enables the individual to switch from the external, bodily, focusing on the content of his thoughts. J. Locke shared sensations and reflection, understanding this phenomenon as a special source of knowledge - internal experience, contrasting it with external experience, obtained on the basis of the senses.

But all definitions boil down to the fact that socio-psychological reflection is the ability of a person to look at himself from the outside, analyze his actions and, if necessary, change.

Types of reflection

Traditionally, in psychology, the following types of reflection are distinguished:

Communicative - a mechanism for knowing another person, in which his features and behavior, or rather ideas about them, become the object of reflection;
Personal - in this case, the object of knowledge is the individual himself, his personal characteristics, behavior and relationship with others;
Intellectual - reflection, which manifests itself in solving various kinds of problems, as the ability to analyze various ways of solving in search of more rational ones.

The work of the reflective mechanism

According to the Russian researcher Tyukov, the sequence of the mechanism of social reflection includes 6 stages:

Reflexive conclusion - occurs in cases where there are no other means and ways to know another person and oneself;
Intentionality - focus on a specific object of reflection, for which it must be distinguished from other objects;
Primary categorization - the choice of primary means that promote reflection;
Designing a system of reflexive means - the primary means are combined by a certain system, which allows for a targeted and reasonable reflexive analysis;
The schematization of reflexive content is carried out using various sign means (images, symbols, schemes, language constructions);
Objectification of the reflective description - evaluation and discussion of the result.

If the result is unsatisfactory, the process of social reflection is restarted.

The reflexive mechanism in self-knowledge is the identification of a person with another person and with oneself. During it, the subject allocates personality traits, features of behavior, relations and communication of another person, analyzes them, determining the reasons for the presence of this or that quality or the commission of this or that act, and evaluating them. Then he transfers these characteristics to himself and compares. As a result, a person more deeply understands both the personal characteristics of others and the properties of his own personality.

The process of social reflection is a complex work that requires time, effort and some abilities. At the same time, it is precisely this technique that allows one to overcome shortcomings and impart purposefulness and awareness to the process of self-knowledge.

Reflection in social psychology appears in the form of awareness by the acting subject - a person or community - of how they are actually perceived and evaluated by other individuals or communities. Reflection is not just knowledge or the subject's understanding of himself, but also finding out how others know and understand the "reflective", his personal characteristics, emotional reactions and cognitive (related to cognition) representations. When the content of these representations is the object of joint activity, a special form of reflection develops - object-reflexive relations. In the complex process of reflection, at least six positions are given that characterize the mutual reflection of subjects: the subject itself, what it is in reality; the subject as he sees himself; the subject as it is seen by another, and the same three positions, but from the side of another subject. Reflection, therefore, is a process of double, mirror mutual reflection by subjects of each other, the content of which is reproduction, recreation of each other's features. The tradition of reflection studies in Western social psychology goes back to the works of D. Holmes, T. Newcomb and C. Cooley and is associated with the experimental study of dyads - pairs of subjects involved in the process of interaction in artificial, laboratory situations. Domestic researchers (G. M. Andreeva et al.) note that for a deeper understanding of reflection, it must be considered not on a dyad, but on more complex organized real social groups united by significant joint activities.

According to L.D. Demina, reflection is a property of the psyche to reflect its own states, relationships, experiences, to manage personal values. Reflection "turns" a person's consciousness to his inner world. This helps not only to realize one's actions, relationships, constructs, values, but, if necessary, to rebuild them, to find new grounds for this.

Reflection is not only self-understanding, self-knowledge. It includes such processes as understanding and appreciating the other. With the help of reflection, one achieves a correlation of one's consciousness, values, opinions with the values, opinions, relations of other people, groups, society, and finally, with universal ones. To reflect on something means to "experience", "pass through one's inner world", "evaluate".

Common to all definitions is that reflection is the ability of a person to look at himself from the outside, analyze his actions and deeds, and, if necessary, rebuild them in a new way.

The appearance of this function of reflection is connected, if only with the fact that, like any self-organizing system, a person needs "feedback". For self-management and self-regulation, one cannot do without a well-functioning system feedback. However, reflection is not feedback itself, just as an ordinary mirror reflecting the appearance of a person is not feedback in itself, but only a means, method or mechanism by which this feedback can be obtained. Reflection as a feedback mechanism in human life is not only a certain result (an image in a mirror), but also a process that is associated with internal transformations - understanding and rethinking stereotypes of thinking.

Reflection in communications and joint activities is called social reflection. Entering a position "above" and "outside" allows partners not only to predict each other's actions, but also, by correcting their actions, influence the partner, penetrating deeper into the depths of mutual understanding or, on the contrary, deliberately misleading the partner. This type reflection is associated with simulation modeling and organizational-activity games, with the adoption of group decisions, with the study of relationship problems in an organization, etc. At the same time, the very practice of generating reflexive processes, identifying the conditions for their occurrence and functioning in the system is used in various forms of work (reflective practices, trainings). The predominant number of concrete scientific studies of reflection is connected with the study of it as a process. It is the specificity of the reflective mechanism and the variety of ways of reflection that determine the potential of the individual for personal growth and self-improvement.

In Russian psychology, this line of ideas goes back to S.L. Rubinstein, who associated with the appearance of reflection a special way of human existence in the world. Emphasizing that a person has two ways of existing in this world, he considered the first way - this is ordinary existence, when "a person is all inside life, all his attitude is an attitude to his individual phenomena, but not to life as a whole. The absence of such an attitude to life in general, it is connected with the fact that a person is not turned off from life, cannot even mentally take a position outside of it, for reflection on it. The second mode of existence is actually reflection. "Developed reflection, as it were, interrupts the continuous process of life and takes a person mentally beyond its limits ... a person, as it were, takes a position outside it. This is a decisive turning point. Here the first mode of existence ends. Here begins either the path to spiritual devastation ... or another way - to building a moral, human life on a new conscious basis.

Today, the levels of reflection in the works of domestic authors are considered differently and fundamentally different approaches to their understanding are distinguished. Considering the systemic organization of reflection, G.P. Shchedrovitsky singles out: the macro level, i.e. the level of the system itself, in which it is considered as a whole; micro level is the level of subsystems of the given system; and the mega level is the level of some system into which this system included as a subsystem.

In the work of I.S. Ladenko, there are three main forms of reflection: retrospective, prospective and introspective. The first one serves to identify and recreate schemes and means, processes that took place in the past. In the second, schemes and means of possible activities are identified and adjusted. In the third case, control and adjustment or complication of thought processes during execution is carried out. The ability of a person, like a film, to scroll through his thoughts and actions, returning them back or looking ahead; this is the very mechanism that connects the consciousness with the subconscious or with the blocks of the very "program" that has been formed as a control substructure of our experience.

Traditionally, there are several types of reflection in psychology:

communicative - its object is ideas about the inner world of another person and the reasons for his actions. Here reflection acts as a mechanism for knowing another person;

personal - the object of cognition is the cognizing personality itself, its properties and qualities, behavioral characteristics, the system of relations with others;

intellectual - manifests itself in the course of solving various kinds of problems, in the ability to analyze various solutions, find more rational ones, and repeatedly return to the conditions of the problem.

If we try to single out the sequence of work of the reflexive mechanism, then, as the domestic researcher A.A. Tyukov shows, there will be six such stages.

1. Reflexive conclusion - is carried out when it is impossible to know another person and oneself by other means and methods.

2. Intentionality (intention-orientation) - focus on the object of reflection, highlighting it among other objects.

4. Designing a system of reflexive means - the selected primary means are combined into a certain system, which makes it possible to more purposefully and reasonably test the reflexive analysis.

5. Schematization of reflexive content - is carried out through the use of various sign means: images, symbols, schemes, language structures.

6. Objectivization of the reflective description - evaluation and discussion of the result; in the case when the result is unsatisfactory, the reflection process starts again.

The action of the reflexive mechanism in terms of self-knowledge in the course of identification with another person and with oneself. Identifying with another, a person identifies his personality traits, ways of behavior, features of relationships and communication. Further, all this is subjected to a reflexive analysis, during which the reasons for the existence of a particular quality or perfect actions are identified, they are evaluated, then the process of transferring these characteristics to oneself and comparison is carried out. As a result, both the personal characteristics of the other person and their own traits and personality traits are more deeply understood.

A slightly different option is also possible. Identifying with another, a person begins to look at himself as if through his eyes, eventually discovering the difference between his view of himself and his own, which also contributes to the deepening of self-knowledge. This makes it possible to overcome the action of the laws of introjection, to form a more adequate and holistic view of oneself.

In the case of identification with oneself, a wide variety of variants of self-knowledge are possible with the inclusion of reflexive mechanisms. They are defined Firstly, by the way with which a person is identified with his own: I am the cognizer. I am knowable, I am ideal, etc., Secondly how fully and adequately he can choose the means of reflection, create from them complete system. Analyzing his sociability, a person notes the following features:

recognizes this quality as his strength;

standing in the position of other people, also notes the presence of this feature;

at the same time, he discovers that he (she) does not feel a special need to communicate with a wide range of people, and sociability arose on the basis of hard work on himself. He also highlights the root cause that prompted this work;

notes that, despite the ability to communicate, some difficulties remain in establishing the first contact, especially with older people;

detects some well-established programs that vary depending on the interlocutor, speech means and stamps, stereotypes, etc.

It is clear that reflection is a difficult job that requires time, effort, certain abilities. At the same time, it is reflection that makes it possible to overcome the shortcomings that identification has, to make the process of self-knowledge more purposeful and conscious. In fairness, it should be noted that in a number of cases, a pronounced ability to reflect can interfere, as a person begins to engage in self-knowledge, endless analysis, which does not help, but interferes with the creation of the image of the Self, generates a passive orientation in the process of interaction with the outside world.

Reflection is a human activity aimed at comprehending one's own actions, one's internal states, feelings, experiences, analyzing these states and formulating appropriate conclusions. In order for a person to understand himself, control and regulate his actions, develop his inner world, he must master reflection. Reflection includes introspection and introspection. Reflection is the main way to acquire new knowledge. Knowledge about oneself and others does not come to a person from outside, but only through oneself, through constant reflection of what is happening to you every minute, "here and now."

The meaning of all existing psychotechniques is the achievement and maintenance of a high mental, spiritual and physical form by means of directed mental concentration. Most programs aimed at developing human reflection are based on four principles or methods of self-knowledge and self-regulation.