Traits that have a social character. The character of a person is his traits and qualities. Positive and negative character traits

The work was carried out within the framework of the research project template Project No. 383: "Workers in the industrial and scientific and technical spheres in a single-industry town (on the example of a sociological analysis of Togliatti)"

The social character is a complex, multifaceted and ambiguous phenomenon that affects the foundations of the social system and explains the behavior of various social groups, helping to predict their behavior in certain situations. The main difficulties associated with the consideration of the concept of social character are heterogeneous interpretations of the social character of a person, weak continuity theoretical approaches associated with the belonging of the concept to an interdisciplinary field of knowledge. Despite the variety of existing scientific works on this topic, most only partially affect the concept of the social nature of the individual. In science, there is still no unity in understanding this concept and the possibilities of its application in modern society, therefore, the interpretation of the concept of "social character" must be considered in conjunction with specific theories.

First of all, the social character is a very important part of the character of the individual, along with his individual character and natural traits, and closely interacts with them. The social character has stability and integrity, allows you to link people's behavior into a single characterological orientation, to identify its general orientation. “The social character includes both relatively stable, deep, unconscious character traits, and behavioral - more superficial, conscious. At the same time, unconscious traits manifest themselves more consistently and steadily, constituting the core of the social character and explaining social behavior personality.

The content of the social unconscious is "repressed" material, which is not individual, but common to most members of a given society. Such “repressed social material” includes desires and aspirations of a person that are incompatible with social requirements, they are expressed in such unproductive characteristics as sadism-masochism, thanatophilia, authoritarianism, destructiveness, narcissism, irrationalism. Conscious behavioral orientations include the orientation of the individual towards individualism, collectivism, economic behavior, degree of political involvement, religious attitudes, labor orientations, cultural values. Conscious and unconscious traits of a social character are formed in a person within the framework of the structure of her needs, given to the person “by nature” (i.e. the most fundamental), which include the relationship of the person with other people, the attitude of the person to material values, religious and spiritual values , to power, to work, socialization.

Thus, the structure of social character can be represented as interdependent concentric circles. The outer circle represents the existing socio-historical conditions that affect the content of the needs of the individual. This is followed by a circle of fundamental needs through which social character traits are manifested. Then - the most labile and dynamic part of the social character - behavioral traits. Finally, the central circle represents the most rooted characterological unconscious traits of the social character, as well as the degree of its fruitfulness.

Along with individual traits and qualities of character, one can distinguish general way adaptation of the individual to the social environment- social type human nature. When determining the type of character, that essential and similar in the characters of individual people is singled out, which determines the general style of their life.

The comparison of social character with other sociological concepts includes comparative analysis concepts of a social nature with such phenomena as national character, mentality, personality type, value orientation, attitude.

The difference between the concepts of social character and national character is the most controversial issue, however, they must be separated due to the expansion of social space beyond the national community in the context of globalization. The concept of "national character", that is, the historically established set of stable psychological traits of a nation that determines the habitual manner of behavior and the typical way of life of people in special territorial conditions, is based on the influence of the national environment on a person. While the concept of "social character" reflects the influence on a person of that era in which various nations and states coexist, and its content is revealed when studying the social and typical properties of people of a given era, regardless of their nationality.

“Very vague in science is also the concept of “mentality”, which is related to the social character. The mentality is a projection of society in the context of its history on the individual, while taking into account the personal and fundamental projection on society to a lesser extent, while the concept of social character combines both components. The concept of a social character also correlates with the category of "personality type" generally recognized in science. If in the concept of “personality type” attention is focused on the embodiment of social relations in an individual, then in the category of “social character” in organic unity, fundamental nature human, social and individual principles. The concept of “attitude” organically fits into the concept of a social character, while the complex of attitudes presupposes the emergence of a qualitatively new structure, the so-called “syndrome”, which forms one or another orientation of a social character.

Thus, the phenomenon of the social character of a person is fundamentally irreducible to any of the above concepts, however, they are interconnected and influence each other.

The concept of "social character" - in concepts developed within the framework of the psychoanalytic direction in sociology to explain the interaction between the individual and society, the influence of socio-economic and cultural factors on the formation of human character, the role of the psychological factor in the social process. Social character is a kind of integral unconscious structure that motivates the behavior of members of society and gives it, to one degree or another, a general direction and consistency. Thus, the social character performs important biological and social functions: it replaces a person's system of instincts, frees him from thinking about every action; allows the individual to act consistently, makes his behavior predictable; Concepts of social character arose on the basis of the dynamic concept of character developed by Freud, who distinguished between character and behavior.

The most influential concepts of a social nature were developed by E. Fromm and D. Riesman.

Erich Fromm proposes to consider as a link between the individual and society a certain type of social character, in which various conscious and unconscious attitudes are interconnected and which usually arises as a result of some kind of sociocultural shift.

Character, according to Fromm, acts as a substitute, a substitute for animal instincts. It is social in origin, but "built into" the personality and has a coercive power for it. Subject to the inclinations of character, people desire what society wants from them, hate what is contrary to its ideology. They maintain their sense of identity, rootedness, and other existential needs in a way that is beneficial to society. This maintains stability in human relationships, reliability in the fulfillment of their obligations. Society is more interested in making its members want to do what they have to do than in making them aware of what they are doing. The social character is based on an unconscious, irrational basis and serves as a kind of "driving belt" from society to the individual. It is a more effective and reliable means than moral duty or coercion.

Character as a tool social control little depends on intellectual and moral development, educational level personality and provides a quick, "non-reasoning" response to situations of a certain type.

The social character of the individual, according to Fromm, is formed due to the experience of life in a particular social system. “Freedom of initiative, democracy, the rule of law form an active, self-confident, disciplined and rationally thinking person. The totalitarian state brings up an authoritarian personality, which Fromm calls "sado-masochistic". This person is incapable of democratic equal cooperation and effectively operates only in the system of domination-submission. Of course, under any system, due to the diversity of initial temperaments and conditions of the microenvironment, personalities of various types are formed: “authoritarian”, “conformal”, “receptive-dependent”. However, characters that do not meet the requirements of the system are either destroyed or are on the periphery. public life» . The social character is a product of various ideologies and religions, in which worldview positions, life-sense attitudes and beliefs are fixed. Ideology is a tool for the ruling elite to control the masses and their moods.

Thus, human behavior in its most common and predictable aspects is determined, according to Fromm, by social character. The social character occupies an intermediate position in the motivational structure of the personality between the "outer" layer social roles, which change along with a change in status, and an "internal" layer of existential values, such as faith, love, hope, which are highly individualized and may not depend on either roles or character. The prevailing types of characters are formed under the influence of stable environmental factors, as a result of the entire "psychohistory" of the people.

E. Fromm draws attention to the following functional features of a social nature.

First, it plays a regulatory role in the structure of the psyche. Attitudes and orientations regulate the satisfaction of natural needs. A person can live in poverty, but not experience psychological discomfort, if the dominant attitudes of character are satisfied.

Secondly, social attitudes correspond to the hierarchy of social values. The vital energy of a social group or even an entire nation is "canalized", that is, discharged through certain "channels": work, war, prayer, love, festivities, party meetings. For the mass of people, the satisfaction of social attitudes is, according to Fromm, an urgent need. And if there are no channels of detente, then tension increases and a social explosion is likely.

Thirdly, the information function of a social nature is important, which includes not only emotional-volitional, but also cognitive elements. Those ideas are assimilated that reinforce existing beliefs and habits.

The theory of social character explains the role of the "human factor" in social processes, predicts mass behavior and reveals intermediate links between the economy and ideology. Some types of the social character of the individual serve as a support for despotism or anarchy, contribute to the spiritual destruction of the individual, others give impetus to creative and revivalist movements.

E. Fromm, under the concept of social character, meant “the core of the character structure, common to most representatives of the same culture, as opposed to the individual character that distinguishes people belonging to the same culture from each other.

Regarding the social nature inherent in the middle of the 20th century, E. Fromm singled out the following features:

1) the transition from the accumulation orientation of the XIX century, based on the consumption of things in all more and the desire to have things, to a receptive orientation, the purpose of which is to continuously receive, to acquire something new, to be constantly surprised;

2) an alienated attitude to consumption that determines the ways in which free time is used;

3) the relationship of a person to his neighbor, as the relationship of two abstractions that use each other living machines, selfish interest;

4) a person's attitude to himself, based on market orientation: feeling like a thing that should find a successful application in the market;

5) routinization and ousting from human consciousness of the fundamental problems of human existence;

6) home driving force modern man - the need for exchange, which has become an end in itself and penetrated from the economy into other spheres of life;

7) "balance" approach to human life - life is either "failure" or "success".

American sociological school David Riesman has focused more on the structural representation of social character. He considers the historical change in the social character, taking into account the most important social spheres - economic, political, cultural, demographic, social and psychological.

Riesman defines social character as follows: “It is the part of ‘character’ shared by significant social groups, and by the definition of many contemporary social scientists, is the product of life experience these groups. This understanding of social character allows us to speak about the character of classes, groups, countries and nations. I will use the term "mode of conformity" as a synonym for the term "social character".

Depending on the specifics of the conformity of the members of these societies and the degree of population growth potential in them, D. Riesman proposed the following typology of the social nature of various societies:

1) Oriented-to-tradition. A society of high potential for population growth creates in its typical members a social character, conformity to which is achieved through their tendency to follow tradition. This is a pre-industrial society associated with agriculture, hunting, fishing and mining. This society corresponds to a conservative type, its representatives are conformal, oriented towards traditions, established patterns of behavior in the clan, caste.

2) Self-oriented. A society of transitional population growth develops in its typical representatives a social character, conformity to which is achieved due to their tendency to acquire an internalized system of goals early in life. The life of society is connected with industrial production. This is how an “inwardly oriented” personality is created - strong, purposeful, enterprising, prone to innovation and change.

3) Other-oriented. A society of incipient decline in population shapes in its typical members a social character, conformity to which is achieved through their tendency to be receptive to the expectations and preferences of others. Society lives by trade, communications and services. An “outwardly oriented personality” is being formed, in which there is no strong independent “I”, especially the “super-I”; it is a standardized and impersonal figure, an object of manipulation and the result of alienation. In a personality of this type there is a desire for truly human manifestations, but the whole system of external influence interferes with it in this one.

D. Risman believed that all these types of characters coexist in modern society, but the specific weight and influence of each of them are different, they depend on economic, social, demographic factors. He examines social characters from the standpoint of liberal criticism directed against the bureaucracy, the consumer society; concerning different spheres of life - work, play, education, leisure, religion, power, freedom, and so on.

Robert Merton, from the point of view of structural functionalism, analyzing the theory of anomie (a situation of disharmony between cultural goals and institutional means to achieve them), evaluates not the behavior of the individual as a whole, but his behavior in a separate area: economics, politics, family, and so on.

Thus, the personality typology he created refers to the social structure of society and captures the socio-cultural influences:

1) "conformist" accepts both cultural goals and institutional means approved in society, and is a loyal member of society;

2) the "innovator" tries to achieve cultural goals by non-institutional means;

3) the "ritualist" accepts institutional means that he absolutizes, but ignores or forgets the goals to which he must strive with the help of these means;

4) the "isolated type" departs both from cultural, traditional goals and from the institutional means necessary to achieve them;

5) The "rebel" is indecisive about both means and cultural ends.

The most striking example of the main personality - the social character of a certain historical period, can serve as the theory of authoritarian personality, developed by the theorists of the Frankfurt sociological school. For the first time, the problem of a special, authoritarian type of social character was raised by E. Fromm, but further development this topic received in the writings of T. Adorno, M. Horkheimer and other representatives of the Frankfurt School.

In the work "Authoritarian Personality" were subjected to a comprehensive study psychological aspects this problem; the purpose of the study was to identify "elements of the personality of modern man that predispose him to reactions of hostility to racial and religious groups." The study demonstrated a stable correlation between racial and ethnic prejudices and certain deep personality traits that, in Horkheimer's words, form a "new anthropological type" of a person that arose in the 20th century - an authoritarian personality type.

1) conventionalism - following the traditions of an ordinary man in the street due to the lack of formation of values;

4) intraceptivity is hypersensitivity, soft-heartedness, sentimentality, its absence is manifested in intolerance for soft-heartedness, fantasies, etc. This is the result of a narrow framework of consciousness. A person is afraid of his own feelings and thoughts, that already weak values ​​will “tear”. Its opposite feature is anti-intraceptiveness;

5) superstition and stereotyping - the tendency to shift responsibility to external forces and think in rigid categories;

6) "strength" and "power" - compensation for weakness by demonstrative force;

7) destructiveness and cynicism - perceived aggressiveness, expressed in disbelief in constructive decisions, in the absence of faith in ideals;

8) excessive intolerance and hypocrisy in relation to sex;

9) projection - as the predominant defense mechanism.

Additional features: inability to admit guilt, desire to consider interpersonal relationships in terms of power, status, not friendship and love, sadomasochism.

Russian scientist Boris Sergeevich Bratus created his own typological model of psychological personality types in Russian and Soviet cultures. “Based on the dominant way of relating to oneself and another person, several fundamental levels were identified in the structure of personality.

The first level is egocentric. It is determined by the predominant desire only for one's own convenience, profit, prestige.

The next, qualitatively different level is group-centric. A person who gravitates to this level identifies himself with some group and his attitude towards other people closely depends on whether these others are part of his group or not.

The next level we will call pro-social or humanistic. For a person who reaches this level, the attitude towards another is no longer determined by whether he belongs to a certain group or not. Behind each person, even if narrow-minded, not included in my group, is implied self-worth and equality in relation to rights, freedoms and duties.

However, over this high level there is one more. It can be called spiritual or eschatological. At this stage, a person begins to realize and look at himself and the other not as finite and mortal beings, but as beings of a special kind, connected, similar, correlated with the spiritual world. As beings whose life does not end with the end of earthly life. In other words, this is the level within which the subjective relationship of a person with God is resolved, a personal formula for connection with Him is established.

B.S. Bratus believes that all four levels are present in one way or another, cohabitate in each and at some moments, at least in an episode, situationally wins one level, and at some another. However, it is quite possible to speak of some typical this person profile, typical aspiration.

So, we have considered various scientific approaches in defining the concept of "social character" and its functions, as well as known typologies of social characters in sociological and socio-psychological channels. Based on these concepts and definitions, the following general definition of the social character of a person can be distinguished - this is the core of the character structure, characteristic of most representatives of a given culture, reflecting the basic values ​​of this culture and exercising constant pressure in the direction of a certain cultural model, which includes relatively stable, deep, unconscious characterological traits that explain the social behavior of the individual. But since the social character is inextricably linked with the society that forms it, it is necessary to carefully consider the concepts that describe modern society, in particular the concepts of post-industrial and information society.

Thanatophilia (from the Greek "thanatos" - death) is a term introduced by E. Fromm to denote the orientation of a person towards self-destructive behavior, literally, a subconscious desire for death.

By studying the characteristics of the character of a particular person, it is possible to identify what qualities characterize a person. At the heart of their manifestation are the influence of individual experience, knowledge, abilities and capabilities of people. The list of biological features includes the innate characteristics of a person. Other personality traits acquired as a result of life:

• sociality

It means irreducibility to individual, biological characteristics of people, saturation with socio-cultural content.

• Uniqueness

The uniqueness and originality of the inner world of an individual, his independence and the inability to attribute to one or another social or psychological type.

• transcendence

Willingness to go beyond one's "limits", constant self-improvement as a way of being, belief in the possibility of development and overcoming external and internal obstacles on the way to one's goal and, as a result, incompleteness, inconsistency and problematicness.

• Integrity and subjectivity

Internal unity and identity (equality to oneself) in any life situations.

• Activity and subjectivity

The ability to change oneself and the conditions of one's existence, independence from the surrounding conditions, the ability to be a source of one's own activity, the cause of actions and the recognition of responsibility for the actions taken.

• Moral

The basis of interaction with the outside world, the willingness to treat other people as the highest value, equivalent to one's own, and not as a means to achieve goals.

List of qualities

The personality structure includes temperament, volitional qualities, abilities, character, emotions, social attitudes and motivation. And also separately the following qualities:

• Independence;
• Intellectual self-improvement;
• Communication;
• Kindness;
• industriousness;
• Honesty;
• Purposefulness;
• Responsibility;
• Respect;
• Confidence;
• Discipline;
• Humanity;
• Mercy;
• Curiosity;
• Objectivity.

The personal qualities of a person are internal perception and external manifestations. External manifestation includes a list of indicators:

• congenital or acquired artistry;
• attractive appearance and sense of style;
• ability and distinct pronunciation of speech;
• intelligent and sophisticated approach to .

The main qualities of a person (her inner world) can be classified according to a number of criteria:

• a comprehensive assessment of the situation and the absence of conflicting perceptions of information;
• inherent love for people;
• unbiased thinking;
• positive form of perception;
• wise judgment.

The level of these indicators determines individual characteristics being studied.

The structure of individual qualities

To more accurately determine the quality of a person's personality, it is necessary to highlight its biological structure. It consists of 4 levels:

1. Temperament, including characteristics of genetic predisposition ( nervous system).
2. The degree of unique mental processes that allows you to determine the personal qualities of a person. The level of individual perception, imagination, manifestation of volitional signs, feelings and attention affects the result.
3. The experience of people, characterized by knowledge, abilities, capabilities and habits.
4. Indicators of social orientation, including the attitude of the subject to the external environment. The development of personal qualities acts as a guiding and regulating factor in behavior - interests and attitudes, beliefs and attitudes (a state of consciousness based on previous experience, a regulatory attitude and), moral norms.

Features of people that characterize their temperament

The innate qualities of a person form him as a social being. Behavioral factors, type of activity and social circle are taken into account. The category is shared by 4 concepts: sanguine, melancholic, choleric and phlegmatic.

• Sanguine - easily adapting to a new habitat and overcoming obstacles. Sociability, responsiveness, openness, cheerfulness and leadership are the main personality traits.
• Melancholic - weak and inactive. Under the influence of strong stimuli, behavioral disturbances occur, manifested by a passive attitude to any activity. Closure, pessimism, anxiety, a tendency to reason and touchiness - character traits melancholic.
• Cholerics are strong, unbalanced, energetic personality traits. They are short-tempered and unrestrained. Resentment, impulsiveness, emotionality and instability are clear indicators of a restless temperament.
• Phlegmatic - a balanced, inert and slow personality, not inclined to change. Personal indicators are in easy overcoming negative factors. Reliability, goodwill, peacefulness and prudence are the hallmarks of calm people.

Individual character traits

Character is a set of traits of an individual, which are manifested in different types activities, communication and relationships with people. The development of personal qualities is formed against the background of life processes and the type of activity of people. For a more accurate assessment of the nature of people, behavioral factors in specific circumstances should be studied in detail.

Varieties of character:

• cycloid - changeability of mood;
• hyperthymic accentuation consists in high activity, failure to complete things;
• asthenic - capricious and depressive personal qualities;
• sensitive - timid personality;
• hysterical - the makings of leadership and vanity;
• distimic - focused on the negative side of current events.

Individual abilities of people

Individual psychological qualities of a person contribute to the achievement of success and perfection in a certain activity. They are determined by the social and historical practice of the individual, the results of the interactions of biological and mental indicators.

Exist different levels abilities:

1. giftedness;
2. talent;
3. genius.

The development of the algorithm of personal qualities and abilities of people is characterized by the ability to learn new things in the mental sphere. Special features are manifested in a specific type of activity (musical, artistic, pedagogical, etc.).

Volitional traits of people

Adjustment of behavioral factors associated with overcoming internal and external discomfort makes it possible to determine personal qualities: the level of efforts and plans for taking actions, concentration in a given direction. Will manifests itself in the following properties:

• - the level of effort to achieve the desired result;
• perseverance - the ability to mobilize to overcome troubles;
• endurance is the ability to limit feelings, thoughts and actions.

Courage, self-control, commitment are the personal qualities of strong-willed people. They are classified into simple and complex acts. In a simple case, urges to action flow into its execution automatically. Complex acts are carried out on the basis of drawing up a plan and taking into account the consequences.

human feelings

The persistent attitude of people to real or imaginary objects arise and are formed on the basis of the cultural and historical level. Only the ways of their manifestation, based on historical epochs, change. are individual.

Personality motivations

Motives and motivations that contribute to the activation of actions are formed from. The stimulating qualities of a person are conscious and unconscious.

They appear as:

• striving for success;
• avoiding trouble;
• getting power, etc.

How to manifest and how to recognize personality traits

The personal qualities of an individual are determined by analyzing behavioral factors:

• self-esteem. manifested in relation to themselves: modest or confident, arrogant and self-critical, decisive and brave, people with a high level of self-control or lack of will;
• assessment of the relationship of the individual to society. There are different degrees of the relationship of the subject with representatives of society: honest and fair, sociable and polite, tactful, rude, etc.;
• a unique personality is determined by the level of interests in the labor, educational, sports or creative field;
• clarification of the position of the individual in society occurs in a close relationship of opinion about it;
• when studying psychological factors, special attention is paid to memory, thinking and attention, characterizing the development of personal qualities;
• observation of the emotional perception of situations allows you to assess the reaction of the individual when solving problems or its absence;
• measuring the level of responsibility. The main qualities of a serious personality are manifested in labor activity in the form of creativity, entrepreneurship, initiative and bringing things to the desired result.

An overview of the individual characteristics of people helps to create an overall picture of behavior in professional and social sphere. Under the concept of "personality" is a person with individual properties, due to the social environment. These include personality traits: intelligence, emotions and will.

Grouping features that contribute to personality recognition:

• subjects who are aware of the presence of their inherent social traits;
• people participating in the social and cultural life of society;
• personal qualities and character of a person are easy to determine in a social relationship through communication and the labor sphere;
• individuals who are clearly aware of their peculiarity and significance in the public.

Personal and professional qualities of a person are manifested in the formation of a worldview and internal perception. The individual always asks philosophical questions about life, his significance in society. He has his own ideas, views and life positions that influence

As Victor Hugo used to say, a person has as many as three characters: one ascribes to him the environment, the other he ascribes to himself, and the third is real, objective.

There are more than five hundred character traits of a person, and not all of them are unambiguously positive or negative, a lot depends on the context.

Therefore, any person who has collected certain qualities in individual proportions is unique.

The character of a person is a specific combination of personal, ordered psychological traits, features, nuances inherent only to him. It is formed, meanwhile, for a lifetime and manifests itself during labor and social interaction.

Soberly assessing and describing the character of the chosen person is not an easy task. After all, not all of its properties are shown to the environment: some features (good and bad) remain in the shadows. Yes, and to ourselves we seem somewhat different than seen in the mirror.

Is it possible? Yes, there is a version that this is possible. Through long efforts and training, you are able to appropriate the qualities you love, becoming a little better.

The character of a person is manifested in actions, in social behavior. It is visible in the attitude of the individual to work, to things, to other people and in her self-esteem.

In addition, the qualities of character are divided into groups - "volitional", "emotional", "intellectual" and "social".

We are not born with specific traits, but acquire them in the process of upbringing, education, exploration of the environment, and so on. Of course, the genotype also influences the formation of character: the apple often falls very close to the apple tree.

At its core, character is close to temperament, but they are not the same thing.

In order to relatively soberly assess oneself and one's role in society, psychologists advise writing out their positive, neutral and negative traits on a piece of paper and analyze.

Try to do this and you will find examples of character traits below.

Positive character traits (list)

Negative qualities of character (list)

At the same time, some qualities are difficult to attribute to good or bad, and you can’t call them neutral either. So, any mother wants her daughter to be shy, silent and bashful, but is this good for the girl?

Again, a dreamy person can be cute, but completely unlucky due to the fact that he is always in the clouds. An assertive individual looks stubborn for some, unbearable and stubborn for others.

Is it bad to be gambling and carefree? How far has cunning gone from wisdom and resourcefulness? Ambitiousness, ambition, purposefulness lead to success or to loneliness? It will probably depend on the situation and context.

And what to be to you, you decide!

Korobitsyna T.L. characterizes the upbringing of a person by various social qualities, reflecting the various attitudes of the individual to the world around him and to himself. She believes that together these qualities determine the richness and originality of each individual, its uniqueness. In the characteristics of an individual, some qualities may be absent and may represent a wide variety of combinations.

If an important task of upbringing is to promote the flourishing of each individual, then an equally important and responsible task is to ensure that any individual meets the basic criteria accepted in society. In this regard, the task arises of establishing relatively few, but the most important socially significant qualities that can be considered mandatory for the citizens of our country. Such qualities can serve as indicators of upbringing, i.e. level social development schoolchild, which characterize the measure of his readiness for life in society.

Monakhov N.I. singled out social qualities that can be formulated in junior schoolchildren.

Partnership - proximity based on comradely (friendly) relations; joint participation in something on an equal footing.

Respect for elders is a respectful attitude based on the recognition of their merits.

Kindness - responsiveness, sincere disposition to people, the desire to do good to others.

Honesty - sincerity, directness, conscientiousness and impeccability.

Industriousness is the love of work. Labor - work, occupation, effort aimed at achieving something.

Thrift - careful attitude to property, prudence, frugality.

Discipline - subordination to discipline (mandatory for all members of a team, obedience to the established order, rules); keeping order.

Curiosity - a tendency to acquire new knowledge, inquisitiveness.

Love for the beautiful is a constant strong inclination, a passion for what embodies beauty, corresponds to its ideals.

The desire to be strong, dexterous is a persistent desire to achieve a physical or moral opportunity to actively act.

Teacher in English the highest category Ponasenko I.I. highlights other significant qualities of the student's personality:

initiative;

independence and responsibility for the result of their own decisions;

willingness and need to work with contemporary sources information in the professional and household fields of activity;

the ability and willingness to live and interact in a modern multicultural world;

readiness for education and self-improvement throughout life.

Tomsk teachers secondary school compiled over full list social qualities of schoolchildren in the table and identified two types of personal qualities:

However, this is rather a basic set of social qualities of people, which should be formed in each person. It is much more interesting for us to find out what social qualities are inherent or should be inherent directly in lawyers.

Consider the socially significant qualities of lawyers based on professional factors that affect their personality.

The first factor is high level social (professional) adaptation forms the following social qualities:

high level of legal awareness; honesty, civil courage, conscientiousness; adherence to principles (irreconcilability) in the fight against violators of law and order; commitment, conscientiousness, diligence, discipline.

The second factor is the neuropsychic (emotional) stability of the lawyer's personality. This factor suggests:

resistance to stress, a high level of self-control over emotions and behavior, performance in critical situations that cause frustration; developed adaptive properties of the nervous system, strength, balance, mobility, sensitivity, activity, dynamism, lability, plasticity of nervous processes, allowing at the official level to maintain working capacity in a state of fatigue, the ability to adequately respond to various events.

The third factor is a high level of intellectual development, cognitive (cognitive) activity of a lawyer. This factor is due to the following social qualities of the individual:

developed intellect, broad outlook, erudition; flexible, creative thinking, mental performance, the ability to highlight the main thing; activity, mobility of mental cognitive processes (perception, memory capacity, productive thinking, attention); developed imagination, intuition, ability to abstract, reflection.

The fourth factor - communicative competence lawyer. Communicative competence implies the following personality traits:

the ability to establish emotional contacts with various participants in communication, maintain a trusting relationship with him, within the necessary limits;

insight, ability to understand inner world interlocutor, his psychological features, needs, motives of behavior, mental state;

benevolent, polite attitude towards people, the ability to listen to the participant in the dialogue, empathy (the ability to emotionally respond to the experiences of the interlocutor);

free, flexible possession of verbal and non-verbal means of communication;

the ability in conflict situations to carry out, adequate to the situation, a strategy of communicative behavior, to change the style of communication depending on the circumstances;

the ability to cooperate, reach compromises, agreements, developed self-control over emotions, mood in extreme situations;

adequate self-esteem;

sense of humor.

The fifth factor is organizational skills. They allow a lawyer, regardless of his kind professional activity, to exert a controlling influence on various people with whom you have to enter into a dialogue in the process of professional communication. Therefore, a lawyer must have the following social qualities:

activity, initiative, resourcefulness, courage, determination, perseverance, purposefulness, the ability to highlight the main thing, predict the consequences of decisions made, independence, a sense of responsibility for one's actions and deeds, organization, composure, accuracy in work.

The following properties also play an important role in organizational skills: communicative competence; neuropsychic stability; adequate self-esteem; high motivation for success.

Important neuropsychic social qualities of the profession include: emotional stability; plasticity of nervous processes; reduced level of anxiety tolerance resistance to neuropsychic overstrain.

Thus, there are a lot of types of social qualities of people and even sociology itself cannot list them all, since every profession, every nationality, every age, in addition to the generally accepted basic one, has its own special set of social qualities.

Social character -it is the designation of a stable and well-defined system of orientation. The process of socialization begins from the moment when the individual defines himself and his attitude towards other people through certain forms of human relations. The development of a particular type of communication leads to the formation of a social character.

The structure of the personality determines not only the thoughts and feelings of a person, but also his actions. The merit of this discovery belongs to 3. Freud, however

E. Fromm believed that his theoretical justification was incorrect. That a person's activity is determined by the prevailing tendencies in the structure of the personality is quite evident in neurotics. When a person feels the need to count the windows of houses or the stones on the pavement, it is not difficult to understand that some kind of forced internal drives lie at the basis of this need. The actions of a normal person, as can be assumed, are determined only by reasonable considerations and the conditions of real life.

However, with the help of the methods of observation introduced by psychoanalysis, it was possible to establish that the so-called rational behavior is largely determined by the structure of the personality of the individual. What is the function of the social character in serving the individual and society? In the event that the character of the individual more or less coincides with the social character, the prevailing aspirations of the individual induce him to do exactly what is necessary and desirable in the specific social conditions of his culture.

Let's say a person is obsessed with a passion for accumulation and any excess is disgusting to him. Such a character trait can be very useful if a person is a small shopkeeper forced to thrift. Along with this economic function, personality traits have another, no less important function - a purely psychological one. A person for whom hoarding turns out to be a need rooted in his personality also receives deep psychological satisfaction from the opportunity to act in accordance with this need. He wins not only economically, but also psychologically.

So, for a normal person, the subjective function of his character is to direct his actions in accordance with practical needs and to give psychological satisfaction from activity.

If we consider social character from the point of view of its function in the social process, then we must begin with the same statement that was made about the function of social character for the individual. Adapting to social conditions, a person develops in himself those character traits that prompt him to want act exactly as he account for act.

When the personality structure of most people in a given society, i.e. their social character is adapted to the objective tasks that the individual must perform in this society, the psychological energy of people turns into a productive force necessary for the functioning of this society. Let's take the example of labor intensity. The modern industrial system requires that the bulk of human energy be devoted to work. If people worked only under the pressure of external necessity, then there would be a gap between what they want and what they should do. This would reduce their productivity.

But the dynamic adaptation of the individual to social requirements leads to the fact that energy takes on forms that encourage action in accordance with the specific requirements of the economy. modern man you don't have to force him to work as hard as he does. Instead of external coercion, he has an internal need for work, which is of great psychological importance for a person as a person. In other words, instead of submitting to external authority, a person has created in himself an “internal authority” - conscience or duty, which controls him as effectively as no external authority could ever manage.

Thus, the social character transforms external necessity into the internal need of individuals and thereby mobilizes human energy to fulfill the tasks of a given socio-economic system. If certain needs have already developed in the character, then the behavior corresponding to them gives both psychological satisfaction and practical benefits in terms of material success. When society provides the individual with satisfaction in both these spheres simultaneously, we can assume that there is a situation where psychological forces cement the social structure.

When a person is born, he is aware of himself as an individual. He can say "I" about himself. But does this mean that a personality has been formed? No. "I" is the original given. Personality develops, enriches itself. A person with a poorly developed "I", which was mentioned at the beginning of the chapter, is not capable of a responsible decision, of a thoughtful act. Personality is wholeness and unity.

The problem of personality is multifaceted. This is the structure of the personality, and psychological types, motivation and abilities, giftedness and temperament. Social character is a stable and well-defined system of orientation. In any particular society, there may be several types of orientation. However, living conditions, values ​​and all social structure in general, differently affect the forms of adaptation.