The concept of personality is one of the key in psychology. In scientific psychology, terms denoting representatives of the human species have slightly different meanings and indicate different functional features:
Man is the broadest concept denoting any member of the Homo sapiens species.
An individual refers to a specific member of the species Homo sapiens.
Personality indicates the social essence of a person, since it can be formed only in society, acquiring characteristics associated with the interaction of a person with the world of people: sociability, accentuation of character, organizational skills
Individuality is a single, unique manifestation of personality, characteristic only for this particular individual (for example, speech).
Personality is a person taken in the system of his psychological characteristics that are socially conditioned, manifested in social connections and relationships by nature, are stable, determine the moral actions of a person that are essential for himself and those around him.
Personality structure:
Abilities (understood as individually stable properties of a person that determine his success in various activities)
Temperament (includes qualities on which a person's reactions to other people and social circumstances depend)
Character (contains qualities that determine a person's actions in relation to other people)
Volitional qualities (cover several special personality traits that affect a person’s desire to achieve their goals)
Emotions (experiences)
Motivation (inducements to activity)
Social attitudes (beliefs and attitudes of people)
Orientation of personality - interests, ideals, beliefs, worldview.
Personality theory of A.N. Leontiev:
According to A.N. Leontiev, “a person’s personality is created by social relations.” Personality, in his opinion, is a psychological formation of a special type generated by a person’s life in society. The subordination of various activities creates the basis of a personality, the formation of which occurs in the process of social development ( ontogeny).
Leontiev did not refer to the concept of "personality" the genotypic conditioned features of a person - the physical constitution, type nervous system, temperament, biological needs, efficiency, natural inclinations, as well as life acquired knowledge, skills and abilities, including professional ones. The categories listed above, in his opinion, constitute the individual properties of a person. The concept of "individual", according to Leontiev, reflects - firstly, the integrity and indivisibility of a particular person as a separate individual of a given biological species and, secondly, the features of a particular representative of the species that distinguish him from other representatives of this species. In his opinion, individual properties, including genotypically determined ones, may change during of a person’s life. But from this they do not become personal, because a person is not an individual enriched with previous experience. The properties of an individual do not turn into personality properties. its formation.
Personality development appears as a process of interactions of many activities that enter into hierarchical relations with each other. Personality acts as a set of hierarchical relations of activities. “These hierarchies of activities are generated by their own development, they form the core of the personality,” notes the author.
For the psychological interpretation of the "hierarchies of activities" A.N. Leontiev uses the concepts of "need", "motive", "emotion", "meaning" and "meaning". .Leontiev as a structural element of the future framework of the personality. There are incentive motives, i.e. motivating, but devoid of a sense-forming function, and sense-forming motives or motives-goals, which also encourage activity, but at the same time give it a personal meaning. The hierarchy of these motives is motivational the sphere of personality, which is central in the structure of A.N. Leontiev’s personality, since the hierarchy of activities is carried out through an adequate hierarchy of motives-goals. lines ... form, as it were, a general "psychological" profile of the personality.
All this allows A.N. Leontiev to single out three main personality parameters:
The breadth of a person's connections with the world (through his activities);
The degree of hierarchy of these connections, transformed into a hierarchy of motives-goals;
The general structure of these connections, or rather motives-goals.
According to A.N. Leontiev, the process of becoming a personality is the process of “becoming a coherent system of personal meanings”.
5. PERSONALITY AND ITS PSYCHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. FOREIGN THEORY OF PERSONALITY .
The subject is an indication of a specific, living, animated carrier of psychological phenomenology, activity and behavior.
Personality - 1) a person who develops in society and interacts and communicates with other people using language.
2) a conscious individual who freely and responsibly plays his social role (father, mother, son, worker, etc.) and occupies a certain position / status in society.
The psychological structure of a personality is an integral system, a model of qualities and properties, which quite fully characterizes psychological features personality (person, individual, subject).
Psychological structure of personality:
1. Temperament and character
2. Abilities and inclinations
4. "I-concept" - the inner "I" in a person, on the basis of which self-esteem, self-attitude, self-government, self-education, self-education are formed
5. Features of the manifestation of all the rest mental processes and states.
6. Mental experience of the individual
The psychoanalytic theory of Z. Freud (1856-1939) is an example of a psychodynamic approach to the study of human behavior, in which it is believed that behavior is controlled by unconscious psychological conflicts.
In order to describe the degree of accessibility of mental processes to awareness, Freud singled out three levels of consciousness: consciousness, preconscious and unconscious. In Freud's theory, a person's personality includes three structural components: Id (It), Ego (I) and Super-Ego (Super-I).
The id, which is the instinctive core of the personality, is primitive, impulsive and subject to the pleasure principle. The id uses reflex reactions and primary representations in order to obtain immediate satisfaction of instinctive urges.
The ego is the rational part of the personality and is governed by the reality principle. Its task is to develop for the individual an appropriate plan of action in order to meet the requirements of the Id within the limits of the social world and the consciousness of the individual. The ego solves this problem with the help of secondary processes of representation.
The super-ego, which is the last to form in the process of personality development, is its moral side. The super-ego consists of two structures - conscience and the ego-ideal.
Defense mechanisms: denial, suppression, rationalization, reaction formation, projection, intellectualization, substitution.
Freud's theory of motivation is based on the concept of instinct, defined as an innate state of arousal that seeks release. In the theory of psychoanalysis, two categories of instinct are distinguished: the instinct of life (Eros) and the instinct of death (Thanatos). The instinct has four main parameters: source, target, object and stimulus.
Freud's explanation of the stages of psychosexual development is based on the premise that sexuality begins at birth and develops through a series of biologically defined erogenous zones until maturity. In Freud's view, the development of personality passes through the following stages: oral, anal, phallic and genital. The latent period is not a stage of psychosexual development. Freud assumed that in the process of psychosexual development, unresolved conflicts lead to the fixation and formation of certain types of character. Thus, adults with fixation in the anal-retention stage become inflexible, boring, and compulsorily tidy.
Opened the unconscious; proposed a method for its study; offered psychotherapeutic methods.
Minimized the action of the conscious; exaggerated the importance of libido.
Non-state educational institution
higher professional education
"University of Management "TISBI"
Course work
Psychological structure of personality
Performed:
student of ZP/Ar-32 group
Sibagatova E.G.
Checked:
Korotkova A.L.
Kazan 2014
Introduction
General idea of personality structure
1 The concept of personality, its structure
2 Features of the psychological structure of personality
The main components of the psychological structure of personality
1 Character
2 Temperament
3 Personal abilities
4 Will and volitional qualities
Conclusion
Introduction
Relevance of the chosen topic term paper lies in the fact that the personality is the object of a number of sciences and, being a complex, multifaceted social phenomenon, requires an integrated interdisciplinary approach. The history of research about the field of personality psychology is over a hundred years old.
For more than a hundred years, scientists have been looking for answers to questions about the nature of a person, the inner world of a person, about the factors that determine the development of a person and human behavior, his individual actions and his life path as a whole. This search has by no means only theoretical value. From the very beginning, the study of personality has been closely connected with the need to solve practical problems.
Psychology studies a person from the point of view of his mental spiritual life.
In a broad sense, a person's personality is an integral integrity of biogenic, sociogenic and psychogenic elements.
The essential difficulty is that there are so many differences between us. People differ not only in their appearance. But also by actions, often extremely complex and unpredictable. Among the more than five billion people on our planet, you will not find two exactly alike. These vast differences make it difficult, if not impossible, to find the common thread that unites the members of the human race.
Personality psychology is a branch of science that allows you to understand the essence of human nature and individuality. Modern psychology cannot today offer a single, generally accepted definition of personality. The reason for this lies in the complexity and diversity of the phenomenon, which is the concept of personality.
Personalities are different, harmoniously developed and reactionary, progressive and one-sided, highly moral and vile, but at the same time, each personality is unique. Sometimes this property - originality - is called individuality, as a manifestation of the individual.
Currently, there is a strong opinion that a person is not born as a person, but becomes. Most psychologists and sociologists agree with this. However, their points of view on what laws the development of the personality is subject to differ significantly.
These differences relate to the understanding driving forces development, in particular the importance of society and various social groups for the development of the personality, patterns and stages of development, the presence, specificity and role in this process of personality development crises, opportunities for accelerating development and other issues.
The aim of the study is to give brief description psychological structure of personality, consider the main components of the psychological structures of personality.
Define the concept of "personality";
2. Analyze the psychological structure of the personality;
Describe the basic personality traits.
Highlight the main components of the psychological structure of personality.
The object of research is personality.
The subject of research is the psychological structure of personality.
The structure of the course work: the work consists of an introduction, two chapters with paragraphs, a conclusion and lists of references.
1. General idea of the personality structure
1 The concept of personality, its structure
Personality is a combination of certain properties of the inner life of a given individual, which leads to the fact that, under the same conditions, the material and spiritual life of some individuals differs from the life or activity of others.
The relationship between the individual, as a product of anthropogenesis (the origin and development of all species and subspecies of the genus Homo in genetic, mental and sociocultural terms), a person who has mastered the socio-historical experience and an individual who transforms the world, can be conveyed by the formula: "The individual is born "Become a person. Individuality is defended."
The root or generic, initial concept is the concept of man. Man is a biological being belonging to the class of mammals of the species Homo sapiens. Unlike other animals, this species is endowed with consciousness, i.e., the ability to cognize the essence of both the external world and its own nature, and in accordance with this, act and act reasonably. Man like species characterized by a special bodily organization, essential features which are: upright posture, the presence of hands adapted to knowledge and work, and a highly developed brain capable of reflecting the world in concepts and transforming it in accordance with one's needs, interests and ideals.
Under the "individual" understand this particular person with all his inherent characteristics. The concept of the individual embodies the ancestral affiliation of a person. To say about a particular person that he is an individual means to say very little. In essence, it says that he is potentially human.
Individuality is usually considered as a set of physiological and mental characteristics of a particular person, characterizing his originality.
Individuality is not something super- or super-personal. Individuality is a personality in its originality. When they talk about individuality, they mean the originality of the individual. Each person is individual, but the individuality of some is manifested very brightly, convexly, while others are hardly noticeable. Individuality can manifest itself in the intellectual, emotional, volitional sphere, or in all spheres at once. mental activity.
To explain what people are, personologists have proposed a kind of mosaic made up of concepts. The most popular of which is the concept of personality traits. Traits are seen as enduring qualities or tendencies of a person to behave in a certain way in a variety of situations. Common personality traits are impulsiveness, honesty, sensitivity, timidity. G. Allport, R. Cattell and G. Eysenck believed that the structure of personality is best represented schematically in terms of hypothetical qualities that underlie behavior.
The next level of personality structure analysis can be described using the concept of personality type. In psychology, there are several generally accepted provisions regarding personality:
Personality is inherent in every person.
Personality is what distinguishes man from animals that do not have a personality.
Personality is a product historical development, i.e. arises at a certain stage in the evolution of a human being.
Personality is an individual distinctive characteristic of a person, i.e. that which distinguishes one person from another.
When communicating with people, we primarily focus on the characteristics of their personal warehouse.
The personality type is described as a combination of many different traits that form an independent category with clearly defined boundaries. Such a concept implies more permanent and more generalized behavioral characteristics. People are endowed with many traits, expressed in varying degrees, so they are usually described as belonging to one type or another. So K.G. Jung believed that people fall into two categories: introverts and extroverts.
B. Individually - unique features - temperament, combination of roles, self-awareness.
In general, the structure of personality can be represented theoretically as follows:
A. General human properties - sensations, perceptions, thinking, memory, will, emotions.
B. Socially - specific features - social attitudes, roles, value orientations.
B. Individually - unique features - temperament, combination of roles, self-awareness.
2 Features of the psychological structure of personality
"Structure is a set of stable links between many components of an object, ensuring its integrity and self-identity. The concept of structure involves considering an object as a system ...". (Dictionary of practical psychologist)
The problem of personality structure in psychology is even more confusing than the concept of "personality" itself. Within the framework of this work, it is impossible to cover all theories about the psychological structure of personality. All of them are based on various differing views of domestic and foreign psychologists. I do not consider it possible to single out something common among them and generalize all theories.
In connection with the above, I would like to quote the authors of the world-famous modern textbook on personality psychology L. Hjell and D. Ziegler: "... in order not to lose their scientific significance, personality theories must be adjusted as new empirical data are collected" (Hjell L., Ziegler D. Theories of personality.).
The psychological structure of a personality is a holistic model, a system of qualities and properties that fully characterizes the psychological characteristics of a personality (person, individual).
All mental processes are carried out in some personality, but not all act as its distinctive properties. Each of us is in some ways similar to all people, in some ways only to some, in some ways not like anyone else.
The personality structure includes - abilities, temperament, character, volitional qualities, emotions, social attitudes. Let's consider a set of features that, according to R. Meili, quite fully characterize a personality.
Self-confidence is self-doubt.
Intellectuality, analyticity - limitation, lack of developed imagination.
The maturity of the mind is inconsistency, similarity.
Discretion, restraint, steadfastness - fussiness, susceptibility to influence.
Calmness, self-control - nervousness, neuroticism.
Softness - callousness, cynicism.
Kindness, tolerance, unobtrusiveness - selfishness, self-will.
Friendliness, complaisance, flexibility - rigidity, tyranny, vindictiveness.
Kindness, gentleness - malice, callousness.
Realism is dreaminess.
Willpower is willlessness.
Conscientiousness, decency - dishonesty, dishonesty.
Consistency, discipline of the mind - inconsistency, dispersion.
Confidence - uncertainty
Adulthood is infantilism.
Tact is tactlessness.
Openness, contact - isolation, solitude.
Happiness is sadness.
Charm is disappointment.
Sociability - unsociability.
Activity - passivity.
Independence - conformity.
Expressiveness - restraint.
Variety of interests - narrowness of interests.
Sensuality - coldness.
Seriousness - windiness.
Honesty is deceit.
Aggressiveness is kindness.
Cheerfulness - lethargy.
Optimism - pessimism.
Courage is cowardice.
Generosity is stinginess.
Independence is dependence.
The psychological characteristics of a self-actualizing personality include:
Active perception of reality and the ability to navigate well in it.
Acceptance of yourself and other people for who they are.
Immediacy in actions and spontaneity in expressing one's thoughts and feelings.
Focus on what is happening outside.
Having a sense of humor.
Developed creative abilities
Rejection of conventions.
Preoccupation with the well-being of others, rather than ensuring only one's own happiness.
The ability to deeply understand life.
Establishing friendly personal interactions with other people, although not with everyone.
The ability to look at life from an objective point of view.
The ability to rely on your experience, reason and feelings, and not on the opinions of other people, traditions or conventions.
Open and honest behavior in all situations.
The ability to take responsibility, not run away from it.
The application of maximum efforts to achieve the goals.
The psychological elements of the personality structure are its psychological properties and features. There are a lot of them. Some of them can be displayed in a substructure. There are no two identical personalities on earth, each personality has its own structure. However, there is much in common, which makes it possible to single out the structure of the personality in general, which consists of four sides:
Block of mental phenomena (motivational) - orientation (stable system of motives):
attraction - one of the forms of personality orientation, expressed in an insufficiently fully conscious desire to achieve something, often biological needs are the basis of attraction;
desires - an experience, one of the forms of manifestation of the orientation of the personality, characterized by the desire of the individual to achieve some goal, but sometimes - insufficient awareness of the reasons for such a desire;
interests - one of the forms of personality orientation, which consists in its directed cognitive activity colored with positive emotions and attention to the object. Personal interest is usually socially conditioned;
ideals - an image that is the embodiment of perfection, a model, the highest goal of a person's aspirations;
worldview - a system of views on the world as a whole, on a person's attitude to society, nature, himself; the main form of personality orientation;
beliefs are a form of personality orientation, expressed in a deeply meaningful need to act in accordance with one's value orientations, which organically merges with the feelings and will of a person and has received personal meaning for him. A person's belief system reflects his worldview;
needs - an objective need experienced by the subject for something, which is also reflected subjectively, which is a source of activity, personality development, social community. Between the objective need and its subjective reflection, contradictions are not uncommon, which significantly affect the development of the individual.
Personal experience is the acquisition by a person of social experience (socialization). This experience includes the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for his life:
knowledge is a system scientific concepts about the laws of nature, society, the formation and development of man and his consciousness;
skills - the ability of a person, based on knowledge and skills, to perform work productively, efficiently and in a timely manner in new conditions;
skills are automated components of purposeful conscious activity.
The block of regulation of personality behavior (self-control system) includes forms of mental cognitive processes, in particular:
sensations are the simplest of mental processes by which we obtain information about the world around us. They arise in receptors - especially sensitive nerve cells of the human body, while the receptors of each type are responsible for sensitivity to certain stimuli;
perception - the mental process of reflecting objects and phenomena in reality in the aggregate of their various properties and parts, associated with understanding the integrity of what is reflected. Occurs as a result of the direct impact of physical stimuli on the receptor surfaces of the analyzers;
attention - a mental cognitive process, which consists in the predominant aspiration of a person's consciousness to a certain object or phenomenon, as a result of which they are reflected more fully, more distinctly, deeper;
memory is a psychophysiological process that performs the functions of consolidating, preserving and reproducing past experience. Provides accumulation of impressions about the surrounding world, serves as the basis for acquiring knowledge, skills and abilities and their subsequent use;
imagination is a mental process that consists in creating new ideas and thoughts based on existing experience. It is expressed: 1) in the construction of the image of the means and the final result of objective activity; 2) in creating a program of behavior when a problem situation is characterized by uncertainty; 3) in the production of images that do not program, but replace, simulate reality; 4) in creating images corresponding to the description of the object;
thinking - the process of indirect reflection in the human mind of complex connections and relationships between objects and phenomena of the subjective world; cognitive activity of the individual, characterized by a generalized and indirect reflection of reality. Distinguish between theoretical and practical thinking; intuitive and verbal-logical; visual-effective and visual-figurative; formal-logical and creative, etc.;
speech is a historically established form of communication between people through language, which is a system of phonetic, lexical, grammatical and stylistic means and rules of communication;
emotions - a special form of reflection by the psyche of the surrounding world, manifested mainly in biologically conditioned experiences that reflect the needs of the body and activate or inhibit activity;
feelings - a special form of reflection by the psyche of the surrounding world, the relationship of the individual to the environment, manifested in socially conditioned experiences that activate or inhibit activity.
Biologically determined properties and qualities of personality:
anthropological signs - racial, gender, age, etc.;
physical features - body dimensions and its structural and mechanical properties;
external anatomy of the body;
functional and anatomical features;
biochemical features and pathologies of isolated elements;
properties and types of temperament - a stable ratio of human characteristics that characterize various aspects of his mental activity. It is a general characteristic of the highest nervous activity person and expresses the main natural properties nervous system.
The following substructures can be distinguished as relatively independent complexes of the personality structure:
The dynamics of her mental processes is temperament.
Mental capabilities of the individual, in certain activities - abilities.
The orientation of the personality is its characteristic needs, motives, feelings, interests, assessments of likes and dislikes, ideals and worldview.
Manifestations in the corresponding generalized ways of behavior, orientation determines the nature of the individual.
2. The main components of the psychological structure of personality
1 Character
Usually, when trying to evaluate or characterize a particular person, they talk about his character. Translated from Greek, "character" is "chasing", "sign". Indeed, character is the special signs that a person acquires while living in society. Just as the individuality of a person manifests itself in the features of the course of mental processes (good memory, rich imagination, quick wit, etc.) and in temperament traits, it also reveals itself in character traits.
Character is a set of individual, stable stereotypes of behavior, a stamp of emotional reactions, a style of thinking that have developed in the process of socialization, and fixed in habits and manners, in a system of relationships with others.
The main feature of character as a mental phenomenon is that it always manifests itself in activity, in relation to a person to the surrounding reality and people.
Character is a lifetime formation and can be transformed throughout life. The formation of character is closely connected with the thoughts, feelings and motives of a person. Therefore, as a certain way of life of a person is formed, his character is also formed.
Knowing the character of a person, one can foresee how he will behave under certain circumstances, and therefore direct the behavior of a person.
Character human life always versatile. It can highlight individual traits or sides that are linked together to form a whole character structure.
Structure and character properties.
Character is a holistic education, the unity of the mental properties of the individual. But this whole consists of certain parts, links. In the character, individual traits, sides that do not exist separately from each other, can be distinguished. They are linked together, forming the structure of a whole character and manifesting themselves in such components as orientation, belief, need, inclinations, interests, and much more.
It is possible to single out the main and leading character traits. They set the general direction of the development of the whole complex of its manifestations. Secondary features are also distinguished, which in some cases are determined by the main ones, while in others they may not be in harmony with them. In life, there are more integral and more contradictory characters.
Tolstoy A.N. In the article “People should be formed in this way,” he wrote about Alexei Maksimovich Gorky: “He loved both laughter and jokes, but he treated the vocation of a writer, artist, and creator uncompromisingly, severely, passionately.
Listening to some novice gifted writer, he could burst into tears, get up and leave the table, wiping his eyes with a handkerchief, grumbling: "They write well, devils with stripes."
But if you faked, cunning, - and he felt it with a sixth sense, - stooped to a compromise, his hand begins to drum his fingers on the table, he averted his light blue eyes ... kindness fought in him, as big as everything in him , kindness with incipient irritation. And when kindness finally parted, he uttered such merciless words in a hollow voice, already looking directly into his eyes!
The character of a person is manifested in the way he relates to other people, to himself, to business, to things. It cannot be revealed and understood outside the collective, outside society. In live communication with people, such character traits as quarrelsomeness or complaisance, peacefulness or a tendency to argue clearly stand out. Some people express egocentrism, others - self-giving in the struggle for a common cause. Conscientiousness, diligence, responsibility, careerism, accuracy or negligence are also manifested.
Character formation.
The formation of character occurs in groups that are different in their characteristics and level of development. This is a family, a company of friends, a work team, etc. Depending on how the group is dominant for the individual and what values \u200b\u200bsupported by this group, a person develops appropriate character traits.
In one of the chapters of Vygotsky's book L.S. the question of the formation of the character of the child under the name "endogenous and exogenous character traits" is revealed.
Here it is said that "biologists and physiologists are inclined to attach decisive importance to the innately somatic moment and to put the most complex forms of character in direct connection with one or another physiological processes". And Kretschmer is ready to "reduce groups of characters exclusively to the biological moments of the constitution."
It follows from this that heredity decisively determines the whole make-up of our personality. At the same time, the role of upbringing by parents and the social environment is equated to almost zero.
Social psychologists are of a different opinion. Their observations show that a person's personality develops under the imperative influence of the environment.
But it is impossible to consider and accept each of these points of view separately. They need to be connected together.
After all, when a child is still in the womb, he collects, accumulates the information that his mother carries to him through herself. And the environment cannot be ignored. And after the child was born, he begins to collect new information. After all, where in his subsequent life will new possibilities of movement come from. "They have nowhere to appear, just as there is nowhere for new organs to appear in his body."
If a child were born like a plant, with all those forms of behavior that would correspond to his future life, there would be no need for education.
2 Temperament
Temperament - these are the innate characteristics of a person that determine the dynamic characteristics of the intensity and speed of response, the degree of emotional excitability and balance, and the features of adaptation to the environment.
Before proceeding to the consideration of various types of temperament, we immediately emphasize that there are no better or worse temperaments - each of them has its own positive sides, therefore, the main efforts should be directed not to the alteration of temperament (which is impossible due to the innate nature of temperament), but to the reasonable use of its negative facets.
Mankind has long tried to highlight the typical features of the mental make-up of various people, to reduce them to a small number of generalized portraits - types of temperament. Such typologies were practically useful, since they could be used to predict the behavior of people with a certain temperament in specific life situations.
Temperament in translation from Latin - "mixture", "proportionality". The oldest description of temperaments belongs to the "father" of medicine, Hippocrates. He believed that a person's temperament is determined by which of the four body fluids prevails: if blood predominates ("sangvis" in Latin), then the temperament will be sanguine, i.e. energetic, fast, cheerful, sociable, easily endures life's difficulties and failures. If bile ("chole") predominates, then the person will be choleric - bilious, irritable, excitable, unrestrained, very mobile person, with a quick change of mood. If mucus ("phlegm") predominates, then the temperament is phlegmatic - a calm, slow, balanced person, slowly, with difficulty switching from one type of activity to another, poorly adapting to new conditions. If black bile predominates ("melana-chole"), then a melancholic is obtained - a somewhat painfully shy and impressionable person, prone to sadness, timidity, isolation, he quickly gets tired, overly sensitive to adversity.
Academician I.P. Pavlov studied physiological basis temperament, drawing attention to the dependence of temperament on the type of nervous system. He showed that the two main nervous processes - excitation and inhibition - reflect the activity of the brain. From birth, they are all different in strength, mutual balance, mobility. Depending on the ratio of these properties of the nervous system, Pavlov identified four main types of higher nervous activity:
"unrestrained" (strong, mobile, unbalanced type of the nervous system (n / s) - corresponds to the temperament of the choleric);
"live" (strong, mobile, balanced type of n / s corresponds to the temperament of a sanguine person);
"calm" (strong, balanced, inert type of n / s corresponds to the temperament of a phlegmatic person);
"weak" (weak, unbalanced, sedentary type of n / s determines the temperament of a melancholic).
The psychological characteristics of temperament types are determined by the following properties: sensitivity, reactivity, the ratio of reactivity and activity, the rate of reactions, plasticity - rigidity, extraversion - introversion, emotional excitability.
Consider the characteristics of four types of temperament.
A choleric is a person whose nervous system is determined by the predominance of excitation over inhibition, as a result of which he reacts very quickly, often thoughtlessly, does not have time to slow down, restrain himself, shows impatience, impulsiveness, sharpness of movements, irascibility, unbridledness, incontinence. The imbalance of his nervous system predetermines the cyclicity in the change of his activity and vivacity: being carried away by some business, he works passionately, with full dedication, but he does not have enough strength for long, and as soon as they are exhausted, he is worked out to the point that everything is unbearable for him. There is an irritated state, bad mood, loss of strength and lethargy ("everything falls out of hand"). The alternation of positive cycles of raising mood and energy with negative cycles of decline, depression causes uneven behavior and well-being, its increased susceptibility to the emergence of neurotic breakdowns and conflicts with people.
Sanguine - a person with a strong, balanced, mobile n / s, has a quick reaction rate, his actions are deliberate, cheerful, due to which he is characterized by high resistance to the difficulties of life. The mobility of his nervous system determines the variability of feelings, attachments, interests, views, high adaptability to new conditions. This is a sociable person. Easily converges with new people and therefore he has a wide circle of acquaintances, although he is not distinguished by constancy in communication and affection. He is a productive figure, but only when there are many interesting things to do, i.e. with constant excitement, otherwise he becomes dull, lethargic, distracted. In a stressful situation, it shows the "reaction of a lion", i.e. actively, deliberately defends itself, fights for the normalization of the situation.
Phlegmatic - a person with a strong, balanced, but inert n / s, as a result of which he reacts slowly, is taciturn, emotions appear slowly (it is difficult to anger, cheer); has a high capacity for work, well resists strong and prolonged stimuli, difficulties, but is not able to quickly respond to unexpected new situations. He firmly remembers everything he has learned, is not able to abandon the developed skills and stereotypes, does not like to change habits, life routines, work, new friends, it is difficult and slow to adapt to new conditions. The mood is stable, even. And in case of serious troubles, the phlegmatic remains outwardly calm.
Melancholic is a person with a weak n / s, who has increased sensitivity even to weak stimuli, and a strong stimulus can already cause a "breakdown", "stop", confusion, "rabbit stress", therefore, in stressful situations (exam, competition, danger, etc.) n.) the results of the melancholic's activities may worsen compared to a calm, familiar situation. Hypersensitivity leads to rapid fatigue and a drop in performance (a longer rest is required). An insignificant occasion can cause resentment, tears. The mood is very changeable, but usually the melancholic tries to hide, not to show his feelings outwardly, does not talk about his experiences, although he is very inclined to give himself up to experiences, often sad, depressed, insecure, anxious, he may experience neurotic disorders. However, having a high sensitivity of n / s, melancholics often have pronounced artistic and intellectual abilities.
Since each activity imposes certain requirements on the human psyche and its dynamic features, there are no temperaments that are ideally suited for all types of activities.
The role of temperament in work and study lies in the fact that the influence on the activity of various mental states caused by an unpleasant environment, emotional factors, and pedagogical influences depends on it. The influence of various factors that determine the level of neuropsychic stress depends on temperament (for example, assessment of activity, expectation of activity control, acceleration of the pace of work, disciplinary influences, etc.).
Temperament is an external manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity of a person, and therefore, as a result of education, self-education, this external manifestation can be distorted, changed, and the true temperament is "disguised". Therefore, "pure" types of temperament are rarely found, but, nevertheless, the predominance of one or another tendency is always manifested in human behavior. Temperament leaves an imprint on the ways of behavior and communication, for example, a sanguine person is almost always the initiator in communication, he feels at ease in the company of strangers, a new unusual situation only excites him, and a melancholic, on the contrary, frightens, confuses, he is lost in a new situation, among new people. The phlegmatic also finds it difficult to meet new people, shows little of his feelings and does not notice for a long time that someone is looking for a reason to get to know him. He is inclined to start love relationships with friendship and eventually falls in love, but without lightning-fast metamorphoses, since his rhythm of feelings is slowed down, and the stability of feelings makes him monogamous. In choleric, sanguine, on the contrary, love arises more often from an explosion, at first sight, but not so stable.
The productivity of a person's work is closely related to the characteristics of his temperament.
3 Personal abilities
Abilities are individual psychological characteristics of a person that ensure success in activities, in communication and ease of mastering them. Abilities cannot be reduced to the knowledge, skills and abilities that a person has, but abilities ensure their rapid acquisition, fixation and effective practical application. Abilities can be classified into:
natural (or natural) abilities, basically biologically determined, associated with innate inclinations, formed on their basis, in the presence of elementary life experience through learning mechanisms such as conditioned reflex connections;
specific human abilities that have a socio-historical origin and ensure life and development in a social environment.
Specific human abilities, in turn, are divided into:
general, which determine the success of a person in a variety of activities and communication, and special, which determine the success of a person in certain types of activity and communication, where a special kind of inclinations and their development are needed;
theoretical, which determine a person's inclination to abstract-logical thinking, and practical, which underlie the inclination to concrete-practical actions. The combination of these abilities is characteristic only of versatile gifted people.
educational, which affect the success of pedagogical influence, the assimilation of knowledge, skills, the formation of personality traits by a person, and creative, associated with success in creating works of material and spiritual culture, new ideas, discoveries, inventions. The highest degree of creative manifestations of a person is called genius, and the highest degree of a person's abilities in a certain activity is called talent;
A person capable of many various types activity and communication, has general giftedness, i.e. the unity of general abilities that determine the range of his intellectual capabilities, the level and originality of activity and communication. The inclinations are some genetic determined anatomical and physiological features of the nervous system that make up the individual natural basis for the formation and development of abilities. Individual differences are features of mental phenomena that distinguish people from each other. Individual differences, the natural prerequisite of which are the features of the nervous system, the brain, are created and developed in the course of life, in activity and communication, under the influence of education and training, in the process of human interaction with the outside world in the broadest sense of the word. Individual differences are the subject of study in differential psychology. Abilities are not static, but dynamic formations, their formation and development takes place in the process of organized activity and communication in a certain way. The development of abilities occurs in stages. An important point in the development of abilities in children is complexity - the simultaneous improvement of several complementary abilities. The following levels of abilities are distinguished: reproductive, which provides a high ability to assimilate ready-made knowledge, master the existing patterns of activity and communication, and creative, which ensures the creation of a new, original one. But it should be borne in mind that the reproductive level includes elements of the creative, and vice versa.
There are, for example, abilities on which success in learning depends. They are determined by the speed and quality of knowledge, skills and abilities acquired by a person. There are also musical, artistic and visual, literary, linguistic, mathematical, organizational and many other abilities. They are the product of a person's socio-historical practice, the result of the interaction of his biological and mental characteristics. The number of human abilities corresponds to the variety of activities in which people are involved.
Abilities and knowledge, skills, skills are interconnected, but not identical. In relation to knowledge, skills, skills, mastery, a person's abilities act as an opportunity to acquire and increase them with varying degrees of speed and efficiency. Abilities are found not in knowledge, skills, skills and mastery, but in the dynamics of their acquisition and development, the speed, ease and strength of mastering the skill and building it up. Ability is an opportunity, and this or that level of skill in a particular case is a reality.
A person's abilities are found only in activities, and only in those that cannot be carried out without the presence of appropriate abilities. Abilities are a personality in its productivity. As soon as a person begins to engage in any activity, his abilities are actualized, manifested and developed.
Abilities should not be opposed to other individual mental qualities, personality traits: qualities of the mind, features of memory, character traits, volitional preparedness, emotional characteristics of a person. If any quality or set of personality qualities meet the requirements of the activity or are formed under the influence of these requirements, then this gives grounds to consider this individual psychological feature of the personality as an ability.
Considering the specific mental characteristics of various abilities, one can single out a set of general personality traits necessary for the successful mastery of many types of activity - general abilities. These include, for example, mental abilities, subtlety and accuracy of manual and other movements, developed memory, attentiveness, memory, imagination, speech, etc. At the same time, there is also a set of special qualities necessary for a particular activity - special abilities: musical , artistic, mathematical, technical, literary, sports, etc.
There are several levels in the development of human abilities:
Giftedness is a combination of several abilities that determines the successful activity of a person in a certain area and distinguishes him from other people. Usually it manifests itself in the presence of versatile abilities;
Giftedness indicators:
pace and ease of assimilation of the material;
breadth of transfer;
manifestation time;
correlation of results with conditions.
Giftedness, according to N.S. Leites, this is, first of all, the ability to work, an irrepressible need for activity, as well as an intellect that exceeds the average level. Gifted people show great perseverance in their area of interest. Therefore, one of the earliest indicators of giftedness is the time during which a 2-3-year-old child can concentrate on one lesson. Gifted children are absorbed in their work for several hours in a row and return to it within a few days, unlike a normal child of the same age.
Talent is a set of abilities that allows you to get a product of activity that is distinguished by originality and novelty, perfection and social significance. A feature of talent is a high level of creativity in the implementation of activities;
Genius is the highest degree of talent development, which allows to carry out fundamentally new in a particular field of activity:
excellence in various areas + dominant side;
ability awareness;
inclusion of ability in character.
The work of a man of genius has historical and necessarily positive significance.
Pathological decline in abilities is called oligophrenia.
4 Will and volitional qualities
personality character temperament individuality
Will - a person's conscious regulation of his behavior (activity and communication), associated with overcoming internal and external obstacles. This is the ability of a person, which manifests itself in self-determination and self-regulation of his behavior and mental phenomena.
At present, there is no unified theory of will in psychological science, although many scientists are making attempts to develop a holistic doctrine of will with its terminological certainty and unambiguity.
The following can be distinguished characteristics will:
endurance and perseverance of the will, which are characterized by the fact that vigorous activity covers long periods of a person's life, striving to achieve the goal.
fundamental consistency and constancy of the will, as opposed to inconstancy and inconsistency. The fundamental sequence lies in the fact that all actions of a person follow from a single guiding principle of his life, to which a person subordinates everything secondary and secondary.
critical will, contrasting it with easy suggestibility and a tendency to act thoughtlessly. This feature lies in the deep thoughtfulness and self-critical evaluation of all their actions. It is possible to persuade such a person to change the line of behavior taken by him only through reasonable argumentation.
decisiveness, which consists in the absence of unnecessary hesitation in the struggle of motives, in the rapid adoption of decisions and the bold implementation of them.
The will is characterized by the ability to subordinate one's personal, individual aspirations to the will of the collective, the will of the class to which the person belongs.
Volitional qualities of the personality.
In accordance with the complexity of volitional activity, various volitional qualities of a person are also complex and diverse. Among the most important of these qualities, one can, firstly, single out initiative. It is often said that "the first step is difficult." The ability to get down to business well and easily on one's own initiative, without waiting for stimulation from outside, is a valuable property of the will. A significant role in initiative is played by a certain intensity and brightness of motives; Intelligence is also important. The abundance and brilliance of new ideas and plans, the richness of the imagination that draws emotionally attractive pictures of the prospects that a new initiative can open up, combined with the intensity of motivation and activity of aspirations, make some people wander in the environment in which they find themselves. From them constantly come new beginnings and new impulses for other people.
In direct contrast to them are inert natures. Once set to work, inert people are also sometimes able to continue it, not without perseverance, but the first step is always especially difficult for them: least of all they are able to start something on their own and without stimulation from the outside, on their own initiative to do something.
Following the initiative that characterizes a person by how he accomplishes the most First stage volitional action, it is necessary to note independence, independence, as an essential feature of the will. Its direct opposite is susceptibility to other people's influences, easy suggestibility. Genuine independence of will presupposes, as the analysis of suggestibility, negativism and obstinacy shows, its conscious motivation and validity. Non-susceptibility to other people's influences and suggestions is not self-will, but a true manifestation of one's own independent will, since the person himself sees objective grounds for acting this way and not otherwise.
Decisiveness, a quality that manifests itself in the very decision-making, must be distinguished from independence and motivation of a decision. Decisiveness is expressed in the speed and, most importantly, the confidence with which a decision is made, and the firmness with which it is maintained, as opposed to those swings, like the swing of a pendulum in one direction and the other, that an indecisive person detects. Indecision can manifest itself both in long-term hesitation before making a decision, and in the instability of the decision itself.
Decisiveness itself can be different nature depending on the role that impulsiveness and deliberation play in it. The ratio of impulsiveness and deliberation, impulsiveness and prudence, affect and intellect is of fundamental importance for the volitional qualities of a person. In particular, it determines the different different people the intrinsic nature of their determination. Decisiveness is due not so much to the absolute as to the relative strength of impulses compared to the restraining strength of conscious control. It has to do with temperament.
The impulsive type is determined not by the absolute strength of the impulses, but by their dominance or predominance over the intellectual moments of weighing and deliberation. The judicious type is not necessarily distinguished by the absolute weakness of the impulses, but by the predominance or dominance of intellectual control over them. Decisiveness in some people is reduced simply to impulsivity, being due to the relative strength of impulses with the weakness of intellectual control. The highest type of decisiveness rests on the most favorable, optimal ratio between great impulsivity and the power of conscious control that nevertheless dominates it.
But just as decision does not complete an act of will, determination is not the final quality of will. In performance, very significant volitional qualities of the individual are manifested. First of all, energy plays a role here, i.e. that concentrated force that is brought into action, considering which, they speak of an energetic person, and especially perseverance in enforcing the decision taken, in the fight against all and sundry obstacles to achieve the goal.
Some people immediately bring a lot of pressure into their actions, but soon "run out of steam"; they are capable of only a short rush and give up very quickly. The value of such an energy, which is able to take on obstacles only from a raid and subsides as soon as it encounters opposition that requires prolonged efforts, is not great. It becomes a truly valuable quality only when combined with perseverance. Persistence is manifested in the unflagging of energy for a long period, despite difficulties and obstacles. Perseverance, along with decisiveness, is a particularly essential property of the will. When, without differentiating the various sides of the will, they generally speak of a strong will, they usually mean, first of all, precisely these two properties - decisiveness and perseverance, how a person makes a decision and how he executes it. And in exactly the same way, when one speaks of weakness of the will or lack of will, they mean, first of all, the inability to make a decision and the inability to fight for its implementation. Since these are essentially two different properties of the will, we can distinguish between two different types lack of will: 1) indecision, i.e. inability to make a decision, and 2) lack of perseverance, i.e. inability to fight for the implementation of the decision.
Such indecisiveness or inconsistency is usually shown by people who are not able to burn with the work they are doing, or are easily flammable, but quickly cooled. When the impulse that a person brings to the struggle to achieve the set goal is heated by passion and illuminated by feeling, it results in enthusiasm.
Since in volitional action, in order to achieve a goal, one often has to face not only external obstacles, but also internal difficulties and oppositions that arise when making and then executing a decision, the essential volitional qualities of a person are self-control, endurance, self-control. In the decision process, they ensure the dominance of higher motives over lower ones, general principles over instantaneous impulses and momentary desires, in the process of fulfillment - the necessary self-restraint, neglect of fatigue, etc. in order to achieve the goal. These qualities of the will depend very strongly on the relationship between affect and intellect, drive and conscious control.
Since human activity is carried out in a more or less long chain of actions, it is essential how everything acts of will personalities are united by a single line, how firmly the same fundamental principles are preserved and consistently carried out in successive actions. There are people who can, with a certain perseverance, strive to achieve some goal, but their goals themselves change from case to case, not uniting by any common line, not submitting to any more common goal that unites them. These are unprincipled people without clear guidelines. Consistency and adherence to principles as properties of a personality, character, by virtue of which a single line passes through all the actions of a person over long periods or even his entire conscious life, constitutes an essential trait of personality character that goes beyond the limits of proper volitional qualities. In the presence of such adherence to principles, all awakening desires from time to time, any particular goal that may arise in front of a person at any separate stage of his life path, obey a large single goal - the ultimate goal of all his life and work.
The volitional qualities of a person are among the most essential. In everything great and heroic that man did, in his greatest achievements, his volitional qualities always played a significant role.
Conclusion
Only by characterizing the main forces influencing the formation of personality, including social direction education and public upbringing, that is, by defining a person as an object of social development, we can understand the internal conditions of his formation as a subject of social development. In this sense, a person is always concrete-historical, she is a product of her era and the life of the country, a contemporary and a participant in events that make up milestones in the history of society and her own life path.
In conclusion, I would like to summarize my work, to make some general conclusion. So, the formation of personality is a very complex process that lasts our whole life. Some personality traits are already laid in us at birth, I'm talking about the biological factor in the development of personality, we develop others in the course of our life. And the environment helps us in this. After all, the environment plays a very important role in the formation of personality. However, I spoke about this above, so I will not repeat myself. Better at the end of my work, I will try to answer the question: "What is becoming a person?"
I think that to become a person means, firstly, to take a certain vital, moral position; secondly, to be sufficiently aware of it and to bear responsibility for it; thirdly, to affirm it with your actions, deeds, with your whole life. After all, the origins of the individual, his value, and finally, good or bad fame about him are ultimately determined by the social, moral value which she really is in her life.
List of used literature
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Ananiev B.G. The structure of personality. // Personality psychology in the works of domestic psychologists. Reader. / Comp. Kulikov A.V. - St. Petersburg: Ed. "Peter", 2000. - p. 91-95
Illusion of free will and identity. Perezhogin L.O. Independent Psychiatric Journal #1 / 1999
Kovalev A.G., Myasishchev V.N. Temperament and character. In book. Psychology individual differences/ Ed. Yu.B. Gippenreiter and V.Ya. Romanova. - M., CheRo, 2000.
Leontiev A.N. Activity, consciousness personality. M., Nauka, 1975. - 75 p.
Leontiev A.N. Activity, consciousness, personality. // Psychology of Personality. Texts / Ed. Yu.B. Gippenreiter, A.A. Bubble. M., Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1982. - 112 p.
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One of the problems of studying personality is understanding its psychological structure. In the second half of the last century, Russian psychology developed an idea of personality as the epicenter of the individual and the social. More and more domestic psychologists were inclined to the idea that it is the personality that is the knot of social relations, which means that the nature of the personality is concrete and historical; personality - a measure of individual activity, self-expression, self-actualization, self-affirmation, creativity; personality is the subject of history, existing in social integrity. Activity is recognized as the main determinant of the formation of a personality in domestic psychology. Activity is always subjective. The condition for its implementation and its main product is a person who always quite definitely relates to the world around him. His consciousness is conditioned by the structure of the activity itself, aimed at meeting the needs. What a person receives as a result of labor must first exist in his mind. In the representation, however, lies that which determines the structure of his personality.
Psychological structure of personality is a holistic systemic formation, a set of socially significant properties, qualities, positions, relationships, algorithms of actions and actions of a person that have developed during his lifetime and determine his behavior and activities.
The psychological structure of the personality is made up of its mental properties (orientation, character, temperament, abilities), life experience, characteristic mental states, individual characteristics of mental processes, self-consciousness, etc. The structure of the personality develops gradually in the process of its social development and is the product of this development, the effect of the entire life path of a person. The functioning of such education is possible only through the interaction of personal properties that are components of the personality structure.
In modern psychology, there are different points of view on the internal structure of the personality (Table 4).
Table 4
The structure of personality in the view of domestic psychologists
Components of the personality structure |
|
S.L. Rubinstein |
Orientation Knowledge, skills, skills Individual typological features |
V.N. Myasishchev |
Orientation State of the art Dynamics of neuropsychic reactivity (temperament) Motivation Attitude and personality tendencies |
A.G. Kovalev |
Orientation Character Possibilities Exercise system |
B.G. Ananiev |
A certain complex of correlated properties of an individual Dynamics of psychophysiological functions and the structure of organic needs Status and social functions-roles Motivation of behavior and value orientations Structure and Dynamics of Relationships |
A.N. Leontiev |
According to the author, the personality structure is a relatively stable configuration of the main hierarchical, motivational lines within itself. The internal relations of the main motivational lines form, as it were, a general "psychological" profile of the personality. All this allows A.N. Leontiev to identify three main personality parameters: the breadth of man's connections with the world (through his activities) the degree of hierarchization of these connections, transforming bathed in a hierarchy of meaning-forming motives (motives-goals) the general structure of these connections, more precisely, motives- The process of personality formation according to A.N. Leontiev is the process of "becoming a coherent system of personal meanings" |
The most famous is the dynamic functional psychological structure of the personality of K.K. Platonov (Fig. 3). Its concept is convenient in practical application (for example, when compiling a characterization of persons selected for law enforcement agencies).
Substructure elements
Ratio
biological
and social
Belief, worldview, personal meanings, interests
Social level (biological is practically absent)
Directional substructure
Socio-biological level (more social than biological)
Knowledge, skills, habits
Substructure of social experience
Biosocial level (more biological than social)
Features of cognitive processes (memory, attention, etc.)
Substructure of features of mental processes
Biological level (social is practically absent)
The speed of the course of nervous processes, the balance of the processes of excitation, inhibition, etc.; sex, age properties
Substructure of biopsychic properties
Rice. 3. Hierarchical structure of personality (K.K. Platonov)
Orientation. The personality traits included in this substructure do not have directly innate inclinations, but reflect the individually refracted group social consciousness. This substructure is formed through education and includes beliefs, worldviews, aspirations, interests, ideals, desires. In these forms of personality orientation, both relationships and moral qualities of the personality, and various types of needs are manifested. At the same time, one of the orientation components dominates and has a leading role, while the others play a supporting role. The dominant orientation determines the entire mental activity of the individual.
The substructure of the orientation of the personality is closely connected with legal consciousness, especially in the part that determines the attitude of the subject to the observance of the rule of law (moral principles, value orientations, worldview). The study of the orientation of an individual's personality makes it possible to determine his social views, way of thinking, leading motives, the level of his moral development and, in many respects, to predict his behavior and actions.
social experience. This substructure combines knowledge, skills, abilities, habits acquired on the basis of personal experience through training, but already with a noticeable influence of both biologically and even genetically determined personality traits (for example, the ability to quickly memorize, physical data underlying education motor skills, etc.). This substructure is sometimes called individual culture or preparedness, but it is better to call it experience briefly.
Through the substructure of experience, the personality is most clearly manifested in its development, in the choice of leading forms of activity, in the achievement of certain results. On the one hand, the success of mastering knowledge and skills is largely determined by the inclinations and abilities of a person, on the other hand, a huge role in the acquisition of knowledge and skills is played by the orientation of the personality and its motives.
Individual features of mental processes. This substructure combines individual characteristics individual mental processes, or mental functions: memory, sensations, perception, thinking, emotions, feelings, will, which are formed in the process of social life. Cognitive mental processes and other forms of reflection of reality, together with the knowledge and experience acquired by a person, largely determine such a complex integrative education of a person as intelligence, which positively correlates with mental development. The process of formation and development of individual characteristics of mental processes is carried out through exercises.
biopsychic properties. This biologically determined substructure unites the typological properties of the personality, its gender, age characteristics and pathological changes, which largely depend on the physiological and morphological features of the brain. The activity of this substructure is determined by the strength of nervous processes, and it is studied at the psychophysiological, and sometimes at the neuropsychological, down to the molecular level. The process of formation of this substructure is carried out by training.
Various traits and personality traits included in all of these substructures form the two most common substructures: character and abilities, understood as general integrative qualities of the personality (Fig. 4).
Rice. 4. Personality structure (K.K. Platonov)
Character, or the style of human behavior in a social environment is a complex synthetic formation, where the content and form of a person’s spiritual life are manifested in unity. Although the character does not express the personality as a whole, however, it represents a complex system of its properties, orientation and will, intellectual and emotional qualities, typological features, manifested in temperament. In the system of character, one can also single out the leading properties, which include primarily moral and volitional, which form its basis.
Capabilities ensure the success of the activity, they are interconnected and interact with each other. As a rule, one of the abilities dominates, others obey them. The subordinate ability strengthens the main, leading ability.
All these substructures are closely interconnected and appear as a single whole, expressing such a complex integrative concept as personality. Not only does each of these four substructures, considered as a whole, in turn have its own substructures, but each personality trait also has its own structure.
Applying in practice knowledge about the structure of personality, a lawyer masters an invaluable psychological "tool" of analysis in assessing a person, which is necessary for the right choice of methods and techniques for relationships with different categories of citizens and ways of self-improvement.
Personality structure is a set of unchanging and stable properties that are manifested by individuals in a wide variety of situations. In psychology, it is customary to divide properties into three classes: character traits, abilities, and motives. In each structure, shortcomings of temperament appear, which are compensated by the main advantages of the character of each personality. Personality is a person who has acquired a certain set of social qualities. Psychological qualities that characterize the character of a person, as well as his attitude towards people, cannot be included in the number of personal qualities.
Modern psychology characterizes personality as a socio-psychological entity formed as a result of life in society. Accordingly, before birth, each individual lacks personal qualities. Each person is individual, because he has a number of personal properties that are present only in him.
The formation of personality is a direct process of human socialization, aimed at mastering the social essence by him, manifested only in certain circumstances of the life of each person. Two different personality structures are especially clearly distinguished - social and psychological. Let's consider each of them in more detail.
Psychological personality structure.
Psychological personality structure includes temperament, volitional qualities, abilities, character, emotions, social attitudes, motivation. Psychology characterizes personality as follows:
· Intellectuality is limited.
· Discretion, steadfastness, restraint - susceptibility to influence, vanity.
Softness - callousness, cynicism.
· Friendliness, flexibility, complaisance - rigidity, vindictiveness, tyranny.
· Realism - autism.
· Conscientiousness, decency - dishonesty, dishonesty.
· Confidence - uncertainty.
· Tactlessness - tactlessness.
· Cheerfulness - sadness.
· Sociability - lack of sociability.
· Independence - conformity.
Variety of interests - narrowness of interests.
Seriousness - windiness.
· Aggressiveness - kindness.
· Optimism - pessimism.
· Generosity - stinginess.
· Self-confidence - lack of confidence.
· Maturity of mind - inconsistency, illogicality.
Calmness (self-control) - neuroticism (nervousness).
· Kindness, unobtrusiveness, tolerance - self-will, selfishness.
· Kind-heartedness, gentleness - viciousness, callousness.
Willpower - lack of will.
· Consistency, discipline of the mind - inconsistency, dispersion.
· Adulthood - infantilism.
· Openness (contact) - isolation (solitude).
· Fascination - disappointment.
· Activity - passivity.
· Expressiveness - restraint.
· Sensitivity - coldness.
· Honesty - deceit.
· Cheerfulness - cheerfulness.
Courage is cowardice.
· Independence - dependence.
A self-actualizing personality is characterized by the ability to perfectly orient itself in reality and actively perceive it; immediacy and spontaneity in actions and expression of one's own feelings and thoughts; acceptance of oneself and others in their true face; development of abilities, etc.
Social personality structure.
Conducting research on social personality structure, had to face a number of theoretical obstacles that prevented the construction of the concept of personality. The main element here is the personality, considered as a social quality. sociological personality structure consists of subjective and objective
properties of the individual, which are manifested and function in the process of his life. It can be both interaction with others, and independent activity. In sociology, it is extremely important to determine the moment of transition and transformation taking place in the structure of personality.
11.Psychoanalysis
One of the main areas of study of this section of psychology was the unconscious, as well as its connection and influence on conscious processes. Psychoanalysis preceded behaviorism at the end of the 19th century, and although the concept of the unconscious existed long before that, the first psychoanalytic essays come from the pen of Sigmund Freud, who is considered to be the founder of this method. Other major psychoanalysts worth mentioning are Alfred Adler, Carl Gustav Jung, and Dmitri Uznadze, who developed the theory of set.
Freud
So, Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis. In his writings, he talks about defense mechanisms that allow a person to resist unconscious manifestations, interprets dreams. Freud comes to the conclusion that the unconscious is the stimulus of consciousness, therefore, in order to explain human behavior, one should look for its causes in the unconscious.
According to Freud, the psyche is divided into three elements - consciousness, preconscious and unconscious. At the same time, he likens it to an iceberg, in which consciousness is only its visible part. The deeper one or another element of the unconscious, the more difficult it is to analyze. Freud also introduces the concept of preconscious processes that are not permanently conscious, but can be evoked by it if desired.
During the period when the first works on psychoanalysis appeared, the use of hypnosis in therapy was widespread. However, Freud decides to abandon this practice, because he believes that the patient or client must independently, with a little help from the psychoanalyst, bring the structures of his unconscious into consciousness. When a patient is introduced into a hypnotic state and then taken out of it, he does not remember what happened to him, so the rise of unconscious experience into consciousness becomes impossible, which means that this therapy cannot work. Therefore, Freud works through the method of free association and the interpretation of dreams.
He re-describes the personality structure, which now includes the id, ego and superego.
It- the original unconscious, inhabited by desires. Freud divides them into manifestations of Eros and Thanatos, libido and the destructive forces of the desire for death.
superego- is also an unconscious substance, but it consists of norms of behavior acquired in the course of development, taboos, prohibitions and rules. Many of them are before the formation of speech.
In turn, the ego is the resultant of two opposing energies of the unconscious - the id and the superego. According to Freud, a harmonious personality must skillfully combine these two principles. Accordingly, a bias in one of the sides leads to deviations and even pathologies.
Freud also describes several stages of development that a child goes through before becoming an adult.
oral stage- associated with obtaining pleasure through the oral cavity. In fact, deviations at this stage, which are obtained during the corresponding sensation of deficiency in childhood, are fraught with manifestations of alcoholism, smoking, and gluttony in adulthood.
anal stage- associated with the development of control over bowel movements. At this stage, there may be a desire to abuse this skill, manifested in excessive retention of feces in the body, the removal of which subsequently brings pleasure tantamount to orgasm. In adulthood, this can tell on the character in the form of manifestations of greed and on the physiological level in the form of frequent constipation.
genital stage- associated with the emergence of personal gender identity. At the same time, the model of the relationship between father and mother becomes for the child an image of how to behave with his future sexual partner. Here Freud notes such phenomena as the Oedipus complex and the Electra complex.
For example, the Oedipus complex is associated with the fact that a child, beginning to realize himself as a man, sees his mother as a representative of the opposite sex. Accordingly, in this situation, the father becomes his sexual competitor. Similarly with the Electra complex for girls who begin to perceive their mothers as sexual competitors.
The genital stage has several phases, which differ in initiatory manifestations. For example, in women it is a girl, girl, woman, mother, grandmother. All of them have different functions, values and features of perception of the surrounding world. Actually, the absence of an initiatory process also leads to deviations.
Adler
Adler was a student of Freud and his successor. He formulated his ideas in the book "Individual Psychology", thus opening a new direction in psychoanalysis of the same name. Unlike Freud and Jung, Adler does not try to isolate personality into structural elements and speaks of its holistic character. The central point in his theory is the initial feeling of imperfection, which then develops into an inferiority complex and, as a consequence, the process of compensation.
Adler emphasizes that an inferiority complex occurs in absolutely any person, regardless of objective reasons or his individual shortcomings. For example, in childhood it may occur due to wet diapers or insufficient manifestation of maternal feelings. The child is dependent and realizes his needs as a dependent, which creates a feeling of imperfection.
Compensation according to Adler can be constructive and destructive. What it will be is determined by the family climate. The style of relationships in the family forms a model for the development of the compensation process.
Structural Compensation- is associated with the development of social interest and the desire to take its harmonious place in it in a natural way. This model is associated with a sense of belonging to a common cause, which corresponds to a favorable family climate.
Destructive compensation- associated with the humiliation and destruction of other people, due to which social growth occurs.
Adler notes the two most common causes of destructive compensation:
1) Rigid hierarchy in the family, existing "according to the law of the jungle", when the younger ones are subordinate to the elders. A cult of strength and power arises, to which a person aspires in order to occupy a dominant position in the family, and then in society.
2) Spoiled and excessive respect for the needs of the child. He, in turn, gets used to such an attitude towards himself and begins to demand the same from others already outside the family. When he does not meet this, then he has an internal protest, which he expresses in pressure on the weak.
In addition to compensation, Adler introduces the concept of overcompensation. If compensation is overcoming the feeling of inferiority, then overcompensation is such compensation that leads to the complete subordination of life to this process, it becomes central. As an example, Adler cites Napoleon, who compensated for his small stature with his conquests, and Suvorov, who struggled with his frail body. Contemporaries noted that Adler often voiced these ideas, since he himself was constantly in a painful state, which led him to such overcompensation.
Carl Gustav Jung, like Adler, also makes significant changes in psychoanalysis, which leads to the emergence of the so-called "analytical psychology", on which the author writes a book of the same name. Jung's most important contribution should be considered the introduction of the term "collective unconscious", the content of which are archetypes. Archetypes are the accumulated human experience, which settles in the psyche in the form of behavior patterns, worldview thinking, and functions in a way similar to instincts.
If Freud was an atheist, then his student Jung was a deeply religious person and in his theories he rehabilitates the concept of "soul".
Jung also conducts a thorough analysis of cultures and myths, in which he finds similar motives and the corresponding specifics of behavior, the identity of which is often found, despite racial and gender differences.
At the same time, Jung also speaks of the personal unconscious, the content of which is complexes, repressed experiences and personal meanings.
One of the fundamental archetypes Jung considers the archetype of the self, God in itself. In his opinion, the soul is what God gave to man, therefore the task of each person is to find this particle in himself, without falling into the heresy of narcissism. The actual realization of this selfhood Jung calls individuation. He notes that the personality has a lot of components and each realized archetype becomes a part of the self. At the same time, it is extremely important to maintain harmony between them without distortions in one direction to the detriment of others. How the archetypes manifest can be seen in the work of dreams. It is worth noting that in Freud, the elements of sleep are images of desires.
Jung's personality structure consists of several parts:
A person- is a social mask, that is, how a person behaves in society and how he wants to be represented. It is worth noting that the person is not always who the person really is.
Shadow- combines the base manifestations of man, what Freud called "It". Often a person tries to hide the presence and content of this component both from others and from himself.
Anima and animus- male and female manifestations of the soul. In this regard, Jung singles out feminine and masculine properties. Feminine - tenderness, aestheticism, caring, masculine - strength, logic, aggressiveness.
Jung brought sociological features to psychoanalysis, made it sociotropic. Many explored traditions, myths and fairy tales are guided by his writings.
12. Humanistic psychology was created as an alternative to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Roots in existential philosophy - Jaspers, Kierkegaard, Sartre, Heidegger. Representatives: Fromm, Allport, Maslow, Rogers, Frankl.
The concept of becoming (dynamics). Maslow.
Man as a whole. Focus on individuality. The principle of irreducibility of the sum to the whole (motivation affects the person as a whole). The inappropriateness of animal experiments. The destructive force in people is the result of frustration (non-hereditary) - the opposite of Freud (human nature is good). Creativity is an integral property of human nature (it is present from birth, but is lost as a result of cultivation - official education). Creativity leads to self-expression. Criticism of Freud: the one-sidedness of the theory (the study of diseases, not health). Disease can be understood through health. Man is a desiring being, rarely reaching a state of complete satisfaction. All needs are innate (instinctoid). hierarchy of needs: physiological, security and protection, belonging and love, self-respect, self-actualization (the need for personal improvement). Decreased humanity - neurosis - reduced actualization human capabilities. Neurosis is the extinction of internal signals.
The ion complex is the lack of desire for self-actualization. It is necessary to achieve - happiness. Controlling everything is a loss of values, as they make us feel our little value. What is needed is not hostility, but reverence. Complex - fear, we need the truth, it needs to be accepted - admiration.
Creative person healthy. Important general environment(social background). Psychotherapy affects everything (dance). Most of the time is occupied by the routine (it is needed), but there is also insight, bright ideas (happiness cannot last all the time). Creative people are hard workers (one should not live with peak experiences). Deficient motives (determinants of behavior that satisfy 5 criteria: their absence - disease, presence - prevention of disease, recovery - cure of the disease, under certain conditions - preference for their satisfaction, not active, functionally absent in a healthy person) and growth motives (meta-needs - b-motives , have distant goals associated with the desire to update the potential). Metaneeds: integrity, perfection, completion, law (order), activity, wealth, simplicity, kindness, beauty, uniqueness, non-tension, play, truth, arrogance (no hierarchy, instinctive). Growth motivation is an increase in stress, and deficit motivation is a decrease. Dissatisfaction of metaneeds - metapathology (apathy, cynicism, alienation).
Rogers:
Phenomenological approach. All motives are included in the achievement of mastery (actualization trend). Moving in the direction of greater difficulty. The organic evaluative process shows whether the present experience corresponds to the trend of actualization. The only reality is the subjective world of human experience; the central place is the self-concept (includes the self-ideal). Elements that determine the development of the self-concept: the need for positive attention, conditions of value and unconditional positive attention (always love). The threat arises if there is a contradiction between the self-concept and organismic experiences. Defense mechanisms: distortions or denials of perception (rationalization). Personal characteristics of fully functioning people: openness to experiences, existential lifestyle (each experience is new), organismic trust, empirical freedom, creativity. The opposite of behaviorism (freedom of choice). changeability (constant growth), subjectivity (the world is subjective).
Allport:
dispositional direction.
Allport is the author of trait/dispositional personality theory. He talks about cardinal, central, secondary dispositions. Dispositions are synonymous with "features", it can be different levels of generalization / generalization. The cardinal ones are the most generalized (the main directions in life, the carriers are outstanding personalities, he is an example of Jeanne Dark), the central ones are our ordinary personalities. Har-ki (usually included in the recommendation of the letter, in the har-ki), secondary - situational qualities, the cat manifested itself in life situations.
Personality is the dynamic organization of the psychophysical systems of the individual, which determine his characteristic behavior and thinking. This definition captures the essential characteristics of L, emphasizing the role of psychophysiological systems, i.e. personality is considered in a holistic connection with the body. I also emphasize the integrity and dynamic character of the Personality - the Personality as a constant (organization, structure), on the other hand, it is a changing system, i.e. raises the question of volatility. It also talks about the role of the Personality in the regulation of behavior.
Everything that is observed is an expression of personality. Damn theory. A trait is a predisposition to behave in a similar way in a wide range of situations. People actively seek out social situations that promote the manifestation of traits. Personality traits are more general than habits. They are the driving force behind behavior. Personality trait - moral or social assessment. If actions are not consistent with a given personality trait, this does not mean that this trait is absent. Features - dispositions: cardinal (all actions highlight this feature), central (bright characteristics), secondary. Proprium: the principle of organizing all individual axes, the most important quality, the formation of selfhood, the uniqueness of a human being. 7 aspects of self and stage: bodily, self-identity (continued self), self-esteem, self-expansion (self covers aspects of the social and physical environment), self-image, rational self-management (abstraction and logic are applied to solve everyday problems), propritive striving (a holistic sense of self, planning for long-term goals - adolescence) is the most important thing. At the last stage of its development, the proprium realizes itself as a unique human ability for self-awareness and self-knowledge. original idea - functional autonomy(2 types - stable F.A. associated with NS; own F.A. characterizes acquired values, attitudes of a person). The main idea of F-oh.Aut. - the past is the past. What matters is not what was, but what has become. A miser who continues to live miserly after becoming rich. The original cause is gone, but the behavior persists. F.A. mechanism explains the formation of personality. Mature personality: wide boundaries of the Self (the ability to look at oneself from the outside), warm, cordial social relations; emotional non-concern, realistic perception and claim, sense of humor, whole philosophy of life.
13. Personality is most often defined as a person in the context of his social, acquired qualities. Personal characteristics do not include such features of a person that are genotypically or physiologically determined. The concept of “personality” is closely related to such properties that are more or less stable and testify to the individuality of a person, determining his actions that are significant for people. Personality is a social face, a “mask” of a person. Personality is a person taken in the system of such psychological characteristics that are socially conditioned, manifested in social connections and relationships by nature, are stable, determine the moral actions of a person that are essential for himself and those around him. The personality structure usually includes abilities, temperament, character, volitional qualities, emotions, motivation, social attitudes.
Personality is the highest integral concept, a system of human relations to the surrounding reality (V.N. Myasishchev).
Personality is a set of social relations that are realized in diverse activities (A.N. Leontiev).
Personality is a set of internal conditions through which all external influences are refracted (Rubinstein).
Personality - public individual, object and subject social relations and the historical process, manifesting itself in communication, in activity, in behavior (Hanzen).
I.S. Kon: the concept of personality means human individual as a member of society, generalizes the socially significant features integrated in it.
B.G. Ananiev: personality is the subject of social behavior and communication.
A.V. Petrovsky: a person is a person as a social individual, a subject of knowledge and objective transformation of the world, a rational being that has speech and is capable of labor activity.
K.K. Platonov: personality - a person as a carrier of consciousness.
B.D. Parygin: personality is an integral concept that characterizes a person as an object and subject of biosocial relations and combines in him the universal, socially specific and individually unique.
In psychology, personality is studied by various branches of psychological science. This is due to the diversity of personality manifestations, the inconsistency, and sometimes the mystery of human behavior. The diversity of behavior requires, in turn, a multi-level psychological analysis.
As K.K. Platonov, for the period from 1917 to the 70s in Soviet psychology, at least four dominant theories of personality can be distinguished:
· 1917-1936 - personality as a profile of psychological traits;
· 1936-1950 - personality as a person's experience;
· 1950-1962 - personality as temperament and age;
· 1962-1970 - personality as a set of relations manifested in the direction
Another famous Soviet psychologist A.V. Petrovsky also spoke about the existence in Russian psychology of different approaches to understanding the personality in different historical periods of time.
The period of the 50-60s. characterized by the so-called "collector's" approach, in which "personality acts as a set of qualities, properties, traits, characteristics, features of the human psyche."
By the end of the 70s orientation towards a structural approach to the problem of personality is replaced by a tendency to apply a systemic (or structural-systemic) approach, which requires the identification of system-forming personality traits.
Today, in Russian psychology, there is a widespread view of a person as an individual, personality and subject of activity, but there is no more or less generally accepted concept of personality.
Analyzing the views of V. N. Myasishchev on personality, at least two provisions should be emphasized that are significant for theoretical understanding of the problem of personality.
The first of these is that he was the first to openly raise the question of the structure of personality. “A structural characteristic illuminates a person from the side of his integrity or splitting, consistency or inconsistency, stability or variability, depth or surface, predominance or relative insufficiency of certain mental functions.” This fundamental position, apparently, determined the specifics of his views on the structure of the personality, where there are no separate components, but there is a psychological given - an attitude that closes on itself all other psychological characteristics of the personality. It is the attitude, according to V. N. Myasishchev, that is the integrator of these properties, which ensures the integrity, stability, depth and consistency of the behavior of the individual. In this regard, one cannot agree with K. K. Platonov, who reproaches V. N. Myasishchev for taking orientation, temperament and emotionality beyond the limits of the personality structure. As for the orientation, according to V. N. Myasishchev, it “expresses the dominant attitude, or its intergral”. Emotionality is also represented by one of the components in the structure of the relationship itself. As for temperament, the introduction of this structural, by its nature, element into a functional formation, which is a personality and with which K. K. Platonov does not argue, becomes simply illogical.
The second provision is the development and deepening of the tradition coming from A.F. Lazursky. Developing his ideas about the relationship of personality, VN Myasishchev builds his own concept of personality, the central element of which is the concept of relationship.
Relations - consciously - selective, built on experience, psychological connection with various aspects of objective reality, which is expressed in actions and experiences. According to V. N. Myasishchev, attitude is a system-forming element of personality, which appears as a system of relations. At the same time, an important point is the idea of a person as a system of relations structured according to the degree of generalization - from the subject's connections with individual aspects or phenomena of the external environment to connections with all reality as a whole. The relations of the individual themselves are formed under the influence of social relations by which the individual is connected with the surrounding world in general and society in particular.
Indeed, from the moment of birth, a person is forced to enter into social relations (first with his mother - directly emotional relations, then with those around him, peers, educators, teachers, colleagues, etc. in the form of playing, educational, social and labor activities ), which, being refracted through “internal conditions”, contribute to the formation, development and consolidation of personal, subjective relations of a person. These relationships express the personality as a whole and constitute the inner potential of a person. It is they who manifest, i.e. discover hidden, invisible possibilities for the person himself and contribute to the emergence of new ones. The author emphasizes the regulatory role of attitude in human behavior.
The concept of the dynamic structure of personality K.K. Platonov
This concept is the most striking example of the implementation of the ideas of a structural approach to understanding a person's personality. K. K. Platonov considers personality as a dynamic system, i.e. a system that develops over time, changing the composition of its constituent elements and the relationships between them, while maintaining the function.
There is a statistical and dynamic structure of personality. The first is understood as an abstract model separate from the person functioning in real life. This model characterizes the main components of the human psyche. The fundamental point in determining the parameters of personality in its statistical model is the dissimilarity of the components of the psyche. There are such components:
General properties of the psyche for all people (emotions, perception, sensations);
Features of the psyche, characteristic only for certain social groups, due to various value orientations and social attitudes;
individual properties of the psyche, they are unique, inherent only to a particular person (character, abilities, temperament).
In contrast to the statistical model of personality structure, the dynamic structure model captures the main components in the individual's psyche no longer abstracted from the everyday existence of a person, but, on the contrary, only in the immediate context of human life. At each specific moment of his life, a person appears not as a set of certain formations, but as a person who is in a certain mental state, which is somehow reflected in the momentary behavior of the individual. If we begin to consider the main components of the statistical structure of the personality in their movement, change, interaction and living circulation, then we thereby make the transition from the statistical to the dynamic structure of the personality.
The most common is the one proposed by K.K. Platonov's concept of the dynamic functional structure of the personality, which highlights the determinants that determine certain properties and characteristics of the human psyche, due to social, biological and individual life experience.
K. K. Platonov proposed his concept of the dynamic structure of personality. He distinguishes the following substructures in the dynamic structure of personality:
1. socially determined features (orientation, moral qualities);
2. experience (volume and quality of existing knowledge, skills, abilities and habits);
3. individual characteristics of various mental processes (sensations, perception, memory);
4. biologically determined features (temperament, inclinations, instincts, simple needs).
14. One of the newest integrated scientific disciplines, which took shape in the 20th century, became general systems theory. In accordance with the principles of this theory, one of the key general scientific concepts was the concept systems, and one of the methods of scientific methodology was systematic approach to reality, and the types of systems are extremely diverse. They can be static or dynamic, open or closed. An example open system. those. system closely related to environment, is Human. This means that a person cannot exist without a close relationship with the external environment surrounding him, natural and social.
This circumstance causes the presence in a person of various needs, one or another composition of which is the most important characteristic of the personality.
The satisfaction of these needs is a fundamental condition of human existence. This process expresses the close connection of a person with the environment, his belonging to the type of systems that is characterized as open system.
In psychological science need is defined as the internal state of the individual, caused by the need he experiences for the objects necessary for his existence and development and acting as the deep source of all forms of his activity.
The concept of motive is closely related to needs. A motive is an internal state of readiness associated with needs for active actions of a certain direction and form.
Needs as a mental process have some features:
§ they are associated with the subject to which a person aspires, or with any type of activity that should give a person satisfaction, for example, with a game or work;
§ more or less clear awareness of this need, accompanied by a certain emotional state of readiness for specific actions;
§ emotional-volitional state that accompanies the search for ways and means to satisfy the need and its implementation;
§ weakening of these states when needs are met.
Human needs are varied. They share intangible or natural(in food, clothing, shelter, genle) and cultural or social associated with the acquisition of knowledge, the study of science, familiarization with confessional and artistic values, as well as the need for work, communication, social recognition, etc.
Natural needs reflect the dependence of a person on the natural, material conditions necessary to maintain his life. Cultural needs reflect man's dependence on the products of human culture.
When a need is recognized, it becomes "objectified", concretized, it takes the form of a motive. A motive is a conscious need enriched with ideas about the ways to satisfy it and the goals of behavior that ensures its satisfaction.
The difficulty of identifying the motives of activity is connected with the fact. that all activity is motivated not by one, but by several motives. The totality of all motives for this activity is called motivation for the activity of this subject.
Motivation- this is a process that links together the personal and situational conditions of activity aimed at transforming the environment in accordance with human needs.
General motivation characteristic of this person, is the most important component of the characteristics of his personality.
The most well-known and developed theory of motivation is the concept of the hierarchy of motives American psychologist Abraham Maslow.
Representative humanistic psychology, one of the leading psychologists in the field of motivation research in the USA, A. Maslow, developed a “hierarchy of needs” and correlated with them the hierarchical structure of behavioral motives. His model of needs, which was widely used in management psychology, psychotherapy, business communication, was later refined and refined, but the principle of considering the needs and motives of behavior remained the same. A. Maslow identifies the following fundamental needs:
§ physiological (organic) - needs for food, sleep. sex, etc.;
§ safe - manifested in the fact that a person needs to feel protected, get rid of fear. To do this, he strives for material security, takes care of his health, takes care of his provision in old age, etc.;
§ in love and belonging - it is natural for a person to belong to a community, to be close to people, to be accepted by them. Realizing this need, a person creates his own social circle, starts a family, friends;
§ in respect - a person needs the approval and recognition of others, to achieve success. The fulfillment of the need for respect is associated with labor activity a person, his creativity, participation in public life;
§ in self-actualization - in the hierarchy of needs, the highest level associated with the realization of both one's abilities and the personality as a whole.
Needs form a hierarchy, as they are divided into lower and higher. A. Maslow revealed the following features of human motivation:
§ motives have a hierarchical structure;
§ the higher the level of motive, the less vital the corresponding needs are;
§ with the increase in needs, the readiness for greater activity increases.
Basic level needs are physiological, because without their satisfaction a person cannot live. The need for security is also basic. Higher, social needs, which include the need for belonging, have different degrees of severity in different people, but outside of human communication, not a single person (as a person) can exist. Prestige needs, or the need for respect, are associated with the social success of the individual. In fact, a full-fledged person becomes only when he satisfies his needs for self-actualization.
The process of raising needs looks like a replacement of primary (lower) by secondary (higher). According to the principle of hierarchy, the needs of each new level become relevant for the individual only after the previous requests are satisfied, therefore the principle of hierarchy is called the principle of dominance (dominant in this moment needs).
Higher needs have the following characteristics:
§ they are later;
§ the higher the level of need, the less important it is for survival, the further its satisfaction can be pushed back and the easier it is to get rid of it for a while;
§ Living at a higher level of needs means higher biological effectiveness, its greater duration, good sleep, appetite, less tendency to disease, etc.;
§ Satisfaction often results in personal development, often brings joy, happiness, enriches the inner world.
L. Maslow considered personalities only those people whose goal is to develop their abilities, self-actualization. He called everyone else subhuman. Self-actualization is personal growth in the course of productive activity, it is growth "up". He considered personal, psychological growth as a consistent satisfaction of ever higher needs. Growth is theoretically possible only because the taste of the "higher" is better than the taste of the "lower", and therefore sooner or later the satisfaction of the "lower" becomes boring. As long as lower needs dominate. the movement towards self-actualization cannot begin. Higher needs are perceived as less urgent. A person whose all efforts are aimed at earning a livelihood is not up to high matters.
When needs are not met, people complain. What people complain about, as well as the level of their complaints, is an indicator of the development of the individual and the enlightenment of society. A. Maslow believed that there would be no end to complaints and one could only hope for an increase in their level.
The main functions of motives are the functions of motivation to action and the function of meaning formation.
In psychological terms, there is a difference between the goals that a person sets in order to achieve the satisfaction of a particular need, and the motives of his activity: the goals are always conscious, and the motives, as a rule, are not actually realized. Acting under the influence of one or another impulse, a person is aware of the goals of his actions, but the situation is different with the awareness of motives, for the sake of which they are performed. Usually the motive does not coincide with the goal, lies behind it. Therefore, its detection constitutes a special task - awareness of the motive. Moreover, we are talking about the task of understanding the meaning of his actions on personal level, i.e. about the personal meaning of activity.
Needs and motives are so closely intertwined in the structure of personality that these components can only be understood in relation.
The analysis begins with needs, since the presence of needs in a person is the same fundamental condition for his existence as metabolism. The human body, like any living system, is unable to maintain its internal dynamic balance or develop if it is not in interaction with the environment.
In its primary biological forms, a need is a state of an organism that expresses an objective need for something that lies outside of it. As the personality develops, needs change and develop. As individuals, people differ from each other in the variety of needs they have and their special combination.
Any manifestation of human activity is accompanied by feelings and emotions, which largely determine the nature of this activity.
15. Temperament(lat. temperamentum - the proper ratio of features from tempero - I mix in the proper ratio) - a characteristic of the individual from the side of the dynamic features of his mental activity, i.e., the pace, speed, rhythm, intensity that make up this activity of mental processes and states.
Story
The word "temperament" was introduced by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. By temperament, he understood both the anatomical and physiological and individual psychological characteristics of a person. Hippocrates explained temperament, as a feature of behavior, by the predominance of one of the “vital juices” (four elements) in the body:
The predominance of yellow bile (Greek chole, "bile, poison") makes a person impulsive, "hot" - choleric,
the predominance of lymph (Greek phlegm, "sputum") makes a person calm and slow - phlegmatic,
the predominance of blood (lat. sangvis, “blood”) makes a person mobile and cheerful - sanguine,
The predominance of black bile (Greek melana chole, "black bile") makes a person sad and fearful - melancholic.
This concept still has a profound influence on literature, art and science. It is important, however, to note that the selection of precisely four temperaments is connected not so much with the real existence of clearly distinct groups (most people have mixed temperaments), but with the magic of numbers, characteristic of the Mediterranean civilization, in which the number four played an important role. At the same time, a five-component "world system" was developing in the East.
At present, the teaching of temperaments continues to develop in the same numerological key. For example, within the framework of socionics, 16 (4 × 4) psychotypes are distinguished. However, these studies are not taken seriously by academic psychology.
In psychology, the word "" came from common vocabulary. At the same time, as often happens, in science it has acquired a slightly different meaning. In broad usage, the word "personality" is used to characterize the "social face" of a person. Hence the origin of the word "personality" (face, mask). When they say the words "Lieutenant, it is urgent to clarify the identity of the wanted criminal", they are mostly interested in the superficial characteristics of a person: full name, appearance, nationality, age, education, profession, social contacts, biography. This includes those psychological characteristics that are evident: calm or irritable, silent or talkative, etc. In general, purely personal a person is either not interested in the speaker, or remains in question. It is rare to hear, for example, something like this: "Our director was a wonderful personality: in his spare time he thought a lot about the meaning of life, secretly from everyone he dreamed of building a house in the village..."In psychology, at least domestic, personality is often, if not most often, understood as a kind of "semantic core" or "value core" of a person. That is just deeply personal features of a person, something most important in his soul, her "motor". Accordingly, the external in a person fades into the background, it is either a consequence of personal characteristics, or in general a random factor that is not connected in any way with the personality.
From this obvious contradiction between the original meaning of the word and the prevailing in science (personality is external or internal), a lot of mutual misunderstanding and confusion arose and is arising. To date, many scientists generally avoid using the term "personality" to refer to any mental phenomena. If the word "personality" is found in their works, it is only as a synonym for "man". The same scientists who continue to study personality, by it mean precisely the "nuclear" properties of a person, the main source of his behavior.
Different scientists have developed very different personality structures. In some, the emphasis is rather on the external, visual characteristics of a person's behavior associated with his social activity. In others, the emphasis is on core features, the search for the main source of human behavior.
In broad usage, the concept of "personality" includes all the many different characteristics of a person (for example, age or nationality). In psychology, the personality structure usually includes only mental properties:
Abilities (willingness to demonstrate success in a particular area),
Temperament (dynamic characteristics of behavior),
Character (attitude to different aspects of being, for example, to friendship or work),
Volitional qualities (collection, inner freedom),
Emotional sphere (tendency to certain emotions, general emotionality),
Motivation (the predominance of certain needs, motives),
Orientation (interests and inclinations in certain areas),
Values and social attitudes (some basic principles) and others.
On the one hand, most scientists consider personality analytically, that is, they consider its structure. On the other hand, all or almost all authors note that a personality is not just a bunch of separate features, but a stable system, where each feature is closely related to others.
A. G. Kovalev considered personality as a synthesis:
Temperament (structure of natural properties),
Directions (system of needs, interests, ideals),
Abilities (a system of intellectual, volitional and emotional properties).
K. K. Platonov proposed a "dynamic personality structure":
Socially determined features (orientation, moral qualities),
Personal experience (volume and quality of existing knowledge, skills, habits),
Individual features of various mental processes (attention, memory),
Biologically determined features (temperament, inclinations, instincts, etc.).
V. A. Ganzen included in the personality structure:
Temperament (dynamic features of human behavior),
Orientation (interests and inclinations),
Character (attitude towards certain aspects of life),
Abilities (willingness to perform a particular activity).
S. L. Rubinshtein saw three interconnected plans in the personality structure:
The substructure of the orientation of the personality (attitudes, interests, needs, worldview, ideals, beliefs, interests, inclinations, self-esteem, etc.),
Inclinations and abilities (intelligence, private abilities, the level of development of mental processes (sensations and perceptions, memory, thinking and imagination, feelings and will)),
Temperament and character.
It is easy to see that in classical Russian psychology only mental phenomena, that is, what is noticeable in the behavior of another person not only to a competent specialist (for example, a psychologist or psychiatrist), but also to a simple layman. The last to understand the greatest difficulty is, obviously, temperament. However, this word was used by ancient Greek thinkers, and now many people know who choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic and sanguine people are.
A number of Western authors have a different approach, who are not at all embarrassed to include elements in the personality structure that seem fantastic to other specialists. At the same time, not only disputable elements are included in the personality structure, but these elements also line up with each other in fantastic connections.
The most famous such structure is the personality structure according to Z. Freud:
Id (it is instincts, biological features, obeys the principle of pleasure),
Ego (I am consciousness, reliance on reality, including the settlement of conflicts emanating from the id),
Superego (super-ego - morality, values, reliance on the values of society, deals with the "persuasion" of the ego in the priority of idealistic values).
Another similar personality structure was developed by C. G. Jung:
Ego (sphere of consciousness - thoughts, feelings, memories, sensations, etc.),
Personal unconscious (once aware of conflicts, but now they are suppressed and forgotten),
The collective unconscious (a repository of latent memory traces of mankind - it reflects thoughts and feelings common to all people).
In turn, the collective unconscious consists of archetypes - innate ideas or memories that predispose people to perceive, experience and respond to events in a certain way.
The personality structure according to G. Eysenck is also known:
Introversion-extroversion (the person's focus on the inner or outer world),
Neuroticism-stability.
The combination of these two dimensions gives rise to four different psychological types.
The well-known researcher of personality accentuations K. Leonhard in his works singled out character accentuations (demonstrative type, pedantic, stuck, excitable) and temperament accentuations (hyperthymic, dysthymic, anxious-fearful, cyclothymic, affective). Thus, two phenomena enter into his personality structure.