The structure of the personality and the factors that determine it. Psychological structure of personality. Domestic approach to the study of personality structure

The concept of personality is one of the key in psychology. In scientific psychology, terms denoting representatives of the human species have slightly different meanings and indicate different functional features:

Man is the broadest concept denoting any member of the Homo sapiens species.

An individual refers to a specific member of the species Homo sapiens.

Personality indicates the social essence of a person, since it can be formed only in society, acquiring characteristics associated with the interaction of a person with the world of people: sociability, accentuation of character, organizational skills

Individuality is a single, unique manifestation of personality, characteristic only for this particular individual (for example, speech).

Personality is a person taken in the system of his psychological characteristics that are socially conditioned, manifested in social connections and relationships by nature, are stable, determine the moral actions of a person that are essential for himself and those around him.

Personality structure:

Abilities (understood as individually stable properties of a person that determine his success in various activities)

Temperament (includes qualities on which a person's reactions to other people and social circumstances depend)

Character (contains qualities that determine a person's actions in relation to other people)

Volitional qualities (cover several special personality traits that affect a person’s desire to achieve their goals)

Emotions (experiences)

Motivation (inducements to activity)

Social attitudes (beliefs and attitudes of people)

Orientation of personality - interests, ideals, beliefs, worldview.

Personality theory of A.N. Leontiev:

According to A.N. Leontiev, “a person’s personality is created by social relations.” Personality, in his opinion, is a psychological formation of a special type generated by a person’s life in society. The subordination of various activities creates the basis of a personality, the formation of which occurs in the process of social development ( ontogeny).

Leontiev did not refer to the concept of "personality" the genotypic conditioned features of a person - the physical constitution, type nervous system, temperament, biological needs, efficiency, natural inclinations, as well as life acquired knowledge, skills and abilities, including professional ones. The categories listed above, in his opinion, constitute the individual properties of a person. The concept of "individual", according to Leontiev, reflects - firstly, the integrity and indivisibility of a particular person as a separate individual of a given biological species and, secondly, the features of a particular representative of the species that distinguish him from other representatives of this species. In his opinion, individual properties, including genotypically determined ones, may change during of a person’s life. But from this they do not become personal, because a person is not an individual enriched with previous experience. The properties of an individual do not turn into personality properties. its formation.

Personality development appears as a process of interactions of many activities that enter into hierarchical relations with each other. Personality acts as a set of hierarchical relations of activities. “These hierarchies of activities are generated by their own development, they form the core of the personality,” notes the author.

For the psychological interpretation of the "hierarchies of activities" A.N. Leontiev uses the concepts of "need", "motive", "emotion", "meaning" and "meaning". .Leontiev as a structural element of the future framework of the personality. There are incentive motives, i.e. motivating, but devoid of a sense-forming function, and sense-forming motives or motives-goals, which also encourage activity, but at the same time give it a personal meaning. The hierarchy of these motives is motivational the sphere of personality, which is central in the structure of A.N. Leontiev’s personality, since the hierarchy of activities is carried out through an adequate hierarchy of motives-goals. lines ... form, as it were, a general "psychological" profile of the personality.

All this allows A.N. Leontiev to single out three main personality parameters:

The breadth of a person's connections with the world (through his activities);

The degree of hierarchy of these connections, transformed into a hierarchy of motives-goals;

The general structure of these connections, or rather motives-goals.

According to A.N. Leontiev, the process of becoming a personality is the process of “becoming a coherent system of personal meanings”.

5. PERSONALITY AND ITS PSYCHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. FOREIGN THEORY OF PERSONALITY .

The subject is an indication of a specific, living, animated carrier of psychological phenomenology, activity and behavior.

Personality - 1) a person who develops in society and interacts and communicates with other people using language.

2) a conscious individual who freely and responsibly plays his social role (father, mother, son, worker, etc.) and occupies a certain position / status in society.

The psychological structure of a personality is an integral system, a model of qualities and properties, which quite fully characterizes psychological features personality (person, individual, subject).

Psychological structure of personality:

1. Temperament and character

2. Abilities and inclinations

4. "I-concept" - the inner "I" in a person, on the basis of which self-esteem, self-attitude, self-government, self-education, self-education are formed

5. Features of the manifestation of all the rest mental processes and states.

6. Mental experience of the individual

The psychoanalytic theory of Z. Freud (1856-1939) is an example of a psychodynamic approach to the study of human behavior, in which it is believed that behavior is controlled by unconscious psychological conflicts.

In order to describe the degree of accessibility of mental processes to awareness, Freud singled out three levels of consciousness: consciousness, preconscious and unconscious. In Freud's theory, a person's personality includes three structural components: Id (It), Ego (I) and Super-Ego (Super-I).

The id, which is the instinctive core of the personality, is primitive, impulsive and subject to the pleasure principle. The id uses reflex reactions and primary representations in order to obtain immediate satisfaction of instinctive urges.

The ego is the rational part of the personality and is governed by the reality principle. Its task is to develop for the individual an appropriate plan of action in order to meet the requirements of the Id within the limits of the social world and the consciousness of the individual. The ego solves this problem with the help of secondary processes of representation.

The super-ego, which is the last to form in the process of personality development, is its moral side. The super-ego consists of two structures - conscience and the ego-ideal.

Defense mechanisms: denial, suppression, rationalization, reaction formation, projection, intellectualization, substitution.

Freud's theory of motivation is based on the concept of instinct, defined as an innate state of arousal that seeks release. In the theory of psychoanalysis, two categories of instinct are distinguished: the instinct of life (Eros) and the instinct of death (Thanatos). The instinct has four main parameters: source, target, object and stimulus.

Freud's explanation of the stages of psychosexual development is based on the premise that sexuality begins at birth and develops through a series of biologically defined erogenous zones until maturity. In Freud's view, the development of personality passes through the following stages: oral, anal, phallic and genital. The latent period is not a stage of psychosexual development. Freud assumed that in the process of psychosexual development, unresolved conflicts lead to the fixation and formation of certain types of character. Thus, adults with fixation in the anal-retention stage become inflexible, boring, and compulsorily tidy.

Opened the unconscious; proposed a method for its study; offered psychotherapeutic methods.

Minimized the action of the conscious; exaggerated the importance of libido.

Non-state educational institution

higher professional education

"University of Management "TISBI"

Course work

Psychological structure of personality

Performed:

student of ZP/Ar-32 group

Sibagatova E.G.

Checked:

Korotkova A.L.

Kazan 2014

Introduction

General idea of ​​personality structure

1 The concept of personality, its structure

2 Features of the psychological structure of personality

The main components of the psychological structure of personality

1 Character

2 Temperament

3 Personal abilities

4 Will and volitional qualities

Conclusion

Introduction

Relevance of the chosen topic term paper lies in the fact that the personality is the object of a number of sciences and, being a complex, multifaceted social phenomenon, requires an integrated interdisciplinary approach. The history of research about the field of personality psychology is over a hundred years old.

For more than a hundred years, scientists have been looking for answers to questions about the nature of a person, the inner world of a person, about the factors that determine the development of a person and human behavior, his individual actions and his life path as a whole. This search has by no means only theoretical value. From the very beginning, the study of personality has been closely connected with the need to solve practical problems.

Psychology studies a person from the point of view of his mental spiritual life.

In a broad sense, a person's personality is an integral integrity of biogenic, sociogenic and psychogenic elements.

The essential difficulty is that there are so many differences between us. People differ not only in their appearance. But also by actions, often extremely complex and unpredictable. Among the more than five billion people on our planet, you will not find two exactly alike. These vast differences make it difficult, if not impossible, to find the common thread that unites the members of the human race.

Personality psychology is a branch of science that allows you to understand the essence of human nature and individuality. Modern psychology cannot today offer a single, generally accepted definition of personality. The reason for this lies in the complexity and diversity of the phenomenon, which is the concept of personality.

Personalities are different, harmoniously developed and reactionary, progressive and one-sided, highly moral and vile, but at the same time, each personality is unique. Sometimes this property - originality - is called individuality, as a manifestation of the individual.

Currently, there is a strong opinion that a person is not born as a person, but becomes. Most psychologists and sociologists agree with this. However, their points of view on what laws the development of the personality is subject to differ significantly.

These differences relate to the understanding driving forces development, in particular the importance of society and various social groups for the development of the personality, patterns and stages of development, the presence, specificity and role in this process of personality development crises, opportunities for accelerating development and other issues.

The aim of the study is to give brief description psychological structure of personality, consider the main components of the psychological structures of personality.

Define the concept of "personality";

2. Analyze the psychological structure of the personality;

Describe the basic personality traits.

Highlight the main components of the psychological structure of personality.

The object of research is personality.

The subject of research is the psychological structure of personality.

The structure of the course work: the work consists of an introduction, two chapters with paragraphs, a conclusion and lists of references.

1. General idea of ​​the personality structure

1 The concept of personality, its structure

Personality is a combination of certain properties of the inner life of a given individual, which leads to the fact that, under the same conditions, the material and spiritual life of some individuals differs from the life or activity of others.

The relationship between the individual, as a product of anthropogenesis (the origin and development of all species and subspecies of the genus Homo in genetic, mental and sociocultural terms), a person who has mastered the socio-historical experience and an individual who transforms the world, can be conveyed by the formula: "The individual is born "Become a person. Individuality is defended."

The root or generic, initial concept is the concept of man. Man is a biological being belonging to the class of mammals of the species Homo sapiens. Unlike other animals, this species is endowed with consciousness, i.e., the ability to cognize the essence of both the external world and its own nature, and in accordance with this, act and act reasonably. Man like species characterized by a special bodily organization, essential features which are: upright posture, the presence of hands adapted to knowledge and work, and a highly developed brain capable of reflecting the world in concepts and transforming it in accordance with one's needs, interests and ideals.

Under the "individual" understand this particular person with all his inherent characteristics. The concept of the individual embodies the ancestral affiliation of a person. To say about a particular person that he is an individual means to say very little. In essence, it says that he is potentially human.

Individuality is usually considered as a set of physiological and mental characteristics of a particular person, characterizing his originality.

Individuality is not something super- or super-personal. Individuality is a personality in its originality. When they talk about individuality, they mean the originality of the individual. Each person is individual, but the individuality of some is manifested very brightly, convexly, while others are hardly noticeable. Individuality can manifest itself in the intellectual, emotional, volitional sphere, or in all spheres at once. mental activity.

To explain what people are, personologists have proposed a kind of mosaic made up of concepts. The most popular of which is the concept of personality traits. Traits are seen as enduring qualities or tendencies of a person to behave in a certain way in a variety of situations. Common personality traits are impulsiveness, honesty, sensitivity, timidity. G. Allport, R. Cattell and G. Eysenck believed that the structure of personality is best represented schematically in terms of hypothetical qualities that underlie behavior.

The next level of personality structure analysis can be described using the concept of personality type. In psychology, there are several generally accepted provisions regarding personality:

Personality is inherent in every person.

Personality is what distinguishes man from animals that do not have a personality.

Personality is a product historical development, i.e. arises at a certain stage in the evolution of a human being.

Personality is an individual distinctive characteristic of a person, i.e. that which distinguishes one person from another.

When communicating with people, we primarily focus on the characteristics of their personal warehouse.

The personality type is described as a combination of many different traits that form an independent category with clearly defined boundaries. Such a concept implies more permanent and more generalized behavioral characteristics. People are endowed with many traits, expressed in varying degrees, so they are usually described as belonging to one type or another. So K.G. Jung believed that people fall into two categories: introverts and extroverts.

B. Individually - unique features - temperament, combination of roles, self-awareness.

In general, the structure of personality can be represented theoretically as follows:

A. General human properties - sensations, perceptions, thinking, memory, will, emotions.

B. Socially - specific features - social attitudes, roles, value orientations.

B. Individually - unique features - temperament, combination of roles, self-awareness.

2 Features of the psychological structure of personality

"Structure is a set of stable links between many components of an object, ensuring its integrity and self-identity. The concept of structure involves considering an object as a system ...". (Dictionary of practical psychologist)

The problem of personality structure in psychology is even more confusing than the concept of "personality" itself. Within the framework of this work, it is impossible to cover all theories about the psychological structure of personality. All of them are based on various differing views of domestic and foreign psychologists. I do not consider it possible to single out something common among them and generalize all theories.

In connection with the above, I would like to quote the authors of the world-famous modern textbook on personality psychology L. Hjell and D. Ziegler: "... in order not to lose their scientific significance, personality theories must be adjusted as new empirical data are collected" (Hjell L., Ziegler D. Theories of personality.).

The psychological structure of a personality is a holistic model, a system of qualities and properties that fully characterizes the psychological characteristics of a personality (person, individual).

All mental processes are carried out in some personality, but not all act as its distinctive properties. Each of us is in some ways similar to all people, in some ways only to some, in some ways not like anyone else.

The personality structure includes - abilities, temperament, character, volitional qualities, emotions, social attitudes. Let's consider a set of features that, according to R. Meili, quite fully characterize a personality.

Self-confidence is self-doubt.

Intellectuality, analyticity - limitation, lack of developed imagination.

The maturity of the mind is inconsistency, similarity.

Discretion, restraint, steadfastness - fussiness, susceptibility to influence.

Calmness, self-control - nervousness, neuroticism.

Softness - callousness, cynicism.

Kindness, tolerance, unobtrusiveness - selfishness, self-will.

Friendliness, complaisance, flexibility - rigidity, tyranny, vindictiveness.

Kindness, gentleness - malice, callousness.

Realism is dreaminess.

Willpower is willlessness.

Conscientiousness, decency - dishonesty, dishonesty.

Consistency, discipline of the mind - inconsistency, dispersion.

Confidence - uncertainty

Adulthood is infantilism.

Tact is tactlessness.

Openness, contact - isolation, solitude.

Happiness is sadness.

Charm is disappointment.

Sociability - unsociability.

Activity - passivity.

Independence - conformity.

Expressiveness - restraint.

Variety of interests - narrowness of interests.

Sensuality - coldness.

Seriousness - windiness.

Honesty is deceit.

Aggressiveness is kindness.

Cheerfulness - lethargy.

Optimism - pessimism.

Courage is cowardice.

Generosity is stinginess.

Independence is dependence.

The psychological characteristics of a self-actualizing personality include:

Active perception of reality and the ability to navigate well in it.

Acceptance of yourself and other people for who they are.

Immediacy in actions and spontaneity in expressing one's thoughts and feelings.

Focus on what is happening outside.

Having a sense of humor.

Developed creative abilities

Rejection of conventions.

Preoccupation with the well-being of others, rather than ensuring only one's own happiness.

The ability to deeply understand life.

Establishing friendly personal interactions with other people, although not with everyone.

The ability to look at life from an objective point of view.

The ability to rely on your experience, reason and feelings, and not on the opinions of other people, traditions or conventions.

Open and honest behavior in all situations.

The ability to take responsibility, not run away from it.

The application of maximum efforts to achieve the goals.

The psychological elements of the personality structure are its psychological properties and features. There are a lot of them. Some of them can be displayed in a substructure. There are no two identical personalities on earth, each personality has its own structure. However, there is much in common, which makes it possible to single out the structure of the personality in general, which consists of four sides:

Block of mental phenomena (motivational) - orientation (stable system of motives):

attraction - one of the forms of personality orientation, expressed in an insufficiently fully conscious desire to achieve something, often biological needs are the basis of attraction;

desires - an experience, one of the forms of manifestation of the orientation of the personality, characterized by the desire of the individual to achieve some goal, but sometimes - insufficient awareness of the reasons for such a desire;

interests - one of the forms of personality orientation, which consists in its directed cognitive activity colored with positive emotions and attention to the object. Personal interest is usually socially conditioned;

ideals - an image that is the embodiment of perfection, a model, the highest goal of a person's aspirations;

worldview - a system of views on the world as a whole, on a person's attitude to society, nature, himself; the main form of personality orientation;

beliefs are a form of personality orientation, expressed in a deeply meaningful need to act in accordance with one's value orientations, which organically merges with the feelings and will of a person and has received personal meaning for him. A person's belief system reflects his worldview;

needs - an objective need experienced by the subject for something, which is also reflected subjectively, which is a source of activity, personality development, social community. Between the objective need and its subjective reflection, contradictions are not uncommon, which significantly affect the development of the individual.

Personal experience is the acquisition by a person of social experience (socialization). This experience includes the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for his life:

knowledge is a system scientific concepts about the laws of nature, society, the formation and development of man and his consciousness;

skills - the ability of a person, based on knowledge and skills, to perform work productively, efficiently and in a timely manner in new conditions;

skills are automated components of purposeful conscious activity.

The block of regulation of personality behavior (self-control system) includes forms of mental cognitive processes, in particular:

sensations are the simplest of mental processes by which we obtain information about the world around us. They arise in receptors - especially sensitive nerve cells of the human body, while the receptors of each type are responsible for sensitivity to certain stimuli;

perception - the mental process of reflecting objects and phenomena in reality in the aggregate of their various properties and parts, associated with understanding the integrity of what is reflected. Occurs as a result of the direct impact of physical stimuli on the receptor surfaces of the analyzers;

attention - a mental cognitive process, which consists in the predominant aspiration of a person's consciousness to a certain object or phenomenon, as a result of which they are reflected more fully, more distinctly, deeper;

memory is a psychophysiological process that performs the functions of consolidating, preserving and reproducing past experience. Provides accumulation of impressions about the surrounding world, serves as the basis for acquiring knowledge, skills and abilities and their subsequent use;

imagination is a mental process that consists in creating new ideas and thoughts based on existing experience. It is expressed: 1) in the construction of the image of the means and the final result of objective activity; 2) in creating a program of behavior when a problem situation is characterized by uncertainty; 3) in the production of images that do not program, but replace, simulate reality; 4) in creating images corresponding to the description of the object;

thinking - the process of indirect reflection in the human mind of complex connections and relationships between objects and phenomena of the subjective world; cognitive activity of the individual, characterized by a generalized and indirect reflection of reality. Distinguish between theoretical and practical thinking; intuitive and verbal-logical; visual-effective and visual-figurative; formal-logical and creative, etc.;

speech is a historically established form of communication between people through language, which is a system of phonetic, lexical, grammatical and stylistic means and rules of communication;

emotions - a special form of reflection by the psyche of the surrounding world, manifested mainly in biologically conditioned experiences that reflect the needs of the body and activate or inhibit activity;

feelings - a special form of reflection by the psyche of the surrounding world, the relationship of the individual to the environment, manifested in socially conditioned experiences that activate or inhibit activity.

Biologically determined properties and qualities of personality:

anthropological signs - racial, gender, age, etc.;

physical features - body dimensions and its structural and mechanical properties;

external anatomy of the body;

functional and anatomical features;

biochemical features and pathologies of isolated elements;

properties and types of temperament - a stable ratio of human characteristics that characterize various aspects of his mental activity. It is a general characteristic of the highest nervous activity person and expresses the main natural properties nervous system.

The following substructures can be distinguished as relatively independent complexes of the personality structure:

The dynamics of her mental processes is temperament.

Mental capabilities of the individual, in certain activities - abilities.

The orientation of the personality is its characteristic needs, motives, feelings, interests, assessments of likes and dislikes, ideals and worldview.

Manifestations in the corresponding generalized ways of behavior, orientation determines the nature of the individual.

2. The main components of the psychological structure of personality

1 Character

Usually, when trying to evaluate or characterize a particular person, they talk about his character. Translated from Greek, "character" is "chasing", "sign". Indeed, character is the special signs that a person acquires while living in society. Just as the individuality of a person manifests itself in the features of the course of mental processes (good memory, rich imagination, quick wit, etc.) and in temperament traits, it also reveals itself in character traits.

Character is a set of individual, stable stereotypes of behavior, a stamp of emotional reactions, a style of thinking that have developed in the process of socialization, and fixed in habits and manners, in a system of relationships with others.

The main feature of character as a mental phenomenon is that it always manifests itself in activity, in relation to a person to the surrounding reality and people.

Character is a lifetime formation and can be transformed throughout life. The formation of character is closely connected with the thoughts, feelings and motives of a person. Therefore, as a certain way of life of a person is formed, his character is also formed.

Knowing the character of a person, one can foresee how he will behave under certain circumstances, and therefore direct the behavior of a person.

Character human life always versatile. It can highlight individual traits or sides that are linked together to form a whole character structure.

Structure and character properties.

Character is a holistic education, the unity of the mental properties of the individual. But this whole consists of certain parts, links. In the character, individual traits, sides that do not exist separately from each other, can be distinguished. They are linked together, forming the structure of a whole character and manifesting themselves in such components as orientation, belief, need, inclinations, interests, and much more.

It is possible to single out the main and leading character traits. They set the general direction of the development of the whole complex of its manifestations. Secondary features are also distinguished, which in some cases are determined by the main ones, while in others they may not be in harmony with them. In life, there are more integral and more contradictory characters.

Tolstoy A.N. In the article “People should be formed in this way,” he wrote about Alexei Maksimovich Gorky: “He loved both laughter and jokes, but he treated the vocation of a writer, artist, and creator uncompromisingly, severely, passionately.

Listening to some novice gifted writer, he could burst into tears, get up and leave the table, wiping his eyes with a handkerchief, grumbling: "They write well, devils with stripes."

But if you faked, cunning, - and he felt it with a sixth sense, - stooped to a compromise, his hand begins to drum his fingers on the table, he averted his light blue eyes ... kindness fought in him, as big as everything in him , kindness with incipient irritation. And when kindness finally parted, he uttered such merciless words in a hollow voice, already looking directly into his eyes!

The character of a person is manifested in the way he relates to other people, to himself, to business, to things. It cannot be revealed and understood outside the collective, outside society. In live communication with people, such character traits as quarrelsomeness or complaisance, peacefulness or a tendency to argue clearly stand out. Some people express egocentrism, others - self-giving in the struggle for a common cause. Conscientiousness, diligence, responsibility, careerism, accuracy or negligence are also manifested.

Character formation.

The formation of character occurs in groups that are different in their characteristics and level of development. This is a family, a company of friends, a work team, etc. Depending on how the group is dominant for the individual and what values ​​\u200b\u200bsupported by this group, a person develops appropriate character traits.

In one of the chapters of Vygotsky's book L.S. the question of the formation of the character of the child under the name "endogenous and exogenous character traits" is revealed.

Here it is said that "biologists and physiologists are inclined to attach decisive importance to the innately somatic moment and to put the most complex forms of character in direct connection with one or another physiological processes". And Kretschmer is ready to "reduce groups of characters exclusively to the biological moments of the constitution."

It follows from this that heredity decisively determines the whole make-up of our personality. At the same time, the role of upbringing by parents and the social environment is equated to almost zero.

Social psychologists are of a different opinion. Their observations show that a person's personality develops under the imperative influence of the environment.

But it is impossible to consider and accept each of these points of view separately. They need to be connected together.

After all, when a child is still in the womb, he collects, accumulates the information that his mother carries to him through herself. And the environment cannot be ignored. And after the child was born, he begins to collect new information. After all, where in his subsequent life will new possibilities of movement come from. "They have nowhere to appear, just as there is nowhere for new organs to appear in his body."

If a child were born like a plant, with all those forms of behavior that would correspond to his future life, there would be no need for education.

2 Temperament

Temperament - these are the innate characteristics of a person that determine the dynamic characteristics of the intensity and speed of response, the degree of emotional excitability and balance, and the features of adaptation to the environment.

Before proceeding to the consideration of various types of temperament, we immediately emphasize that there are no better or worse temperaments - each of them has its own positive sides, therefore, the main efforts should be directed not to the alteration of temperament (which is impossible due to the innate nature of temperament), but to the reasonable use of its negative facets.

Mankind has long tried to highlight the typical features of the mental make-up of various people, to reduce them to a small number of generalized portraits - types of temperament. Such typologies were practically useful, since they could be used to predict the behavior of people with a certain temperament in specific life situations.

Temperament in translation from Latin - "mixture", "proportionality". The oldest description of temperaments belongs to the "father" of medicine, Hippocrates. He believed that a person's temperament is determined by which of the four body fluids prevails: if blood predominates ("sangvis" in Latin), then the temperament will be sanguine, i.e. energetic, fast, cheerful, sociable, easily endures life's difficulties and failures. If bile ("chole") predominates, then the person will be choleric - bilious, irritable, excitable, unrestrained, very mobile person, with a quick change of mood. If mucus ("phlegm") predominates, then the temperament is phlegmatic - a calm, slow, balanced person, slowly, with difficulty switching from one type of activity to another, poorly adapting to new conditions. If black bile predominates ("melana-chole"), then a melancholic is obtained - a somewhat painfully shy and impressionable person, prone to sadness, timidity, isolation, he quickly gets tired, overly sensitive to adversity.

Academician I.P. Pavlov studied physiological basis temperament, drawing attention to the dependence of temperament on the type of nervous system. He showed that the two main nervous processes - excitation and inhibition - reflect the activity of the brain. From birth, they are all different in strength, mutual balance, mobility. Depending on the ratio of these properties of the nervous system, Pavlov identified four main types of higher nervous activity:

"unrestrained" (strong, mobile, unbalanced type of the nervous system (n / s) - corresponds to the temperament of the choleric);

"live" (strong, mobile, balanced type of n / s corresponds to the temperament of a sanguine person);

"calm" (strong, balanced, inert type of n / s corresponds to the temperament of a phlegmatic person);

"weak" (weak, unbalanced, sedentary type of n / s determines the temperament of a melancholic).

The psychological characteristics of temperament types are determined by the following properties: sensitivity, reactivity, the ratio of reactivity and activity, the rate of reactions, plasticity - rigidity, extraversion - introversion, emotional excitability.

Consider the characteristics of four types of temperament.

A choleric is a person whose nervous system is determined by the predominance of excitation over inhibition, as a result of which he reacts very quickly, often thoughtlessly, does not have time to slow down, restrain himself, shows impatience, impulsiveness, sharpness of movements, irascibility, unbridledness, incontinence. The imbalance of his nervous system predetermines the cyclicity in the change of his activity and vivacity: being carried away by some business, he works passionately, with full dedication, but he does not have enough strength for long, and as soon as they are exhausted, he is worked out to the point that everything is unbearable for him. There is an irritated state, bad mood, loss of strength and lethargy ("everything falls out of hand"). The alternation of positive cycles of raising mood and energy with negative cycles of decline, depression causes uneven behavior and well-being, its increased susceptibility to the emergence of neurotic breakdowns and conflicts with people.

Sanguine - a person with a strong, balanced, mobile n / s, has a quick reaction rate, his actions are deliberate, cheerful, due to which he is characterized by high resistance to the difficulties of life. The mobility of his nervous system determines the variability of feelings, attachments, interests, views, high adaptability to new conditions. This is a sociable person. Easily converges with new people and therefore he has a wide circle of acquaintances, although he is not distinguished by constancy in communication and affection. He is a productive figure, but only when there are many interesting things to do, i.e. with constant excitement, otherwise he becomes dull, lethargic, distracted. In a stressful situation, it shows the "reaction of a lion", i.e. actively, deliberately defends itself, fights for the normalization of the situation.

Phlegmatic - a person with a strong, balanced, but inert n / s, as a result of which he reacts slowly, is taciturn, emotions appear slowly (it is difficult to anger, cheer); has a high capacity for work, well resists strong and prolonged stimuli, difficulties, but is not able to quickly respond to unexpected new situations. He firmly remembers everything he has learned, is not able to abandon the developed skills and stereotypes, does not like to change habits, life routines, work, new friends, it is difficult and slow to adapt to new conditions. The mood is stable, even. And in case of serious troubles, the phlegmatic remains outwardly calm.

Melancholic is a person with a weak n / s, who has increased sensitivity even to weak stimuli, and a strong stimulus can already cause a "breakdown", "stop", confusion, "rabbit stress", therefore, in stressful situations (exam, competition, danger, etc.) n.) the results of the melancholic's activities may worsen compared to a calm, familiar situation. Hypersensitivity leads to rapid fatigue and a drop in performance (a longer rest is required). An insignificant occasion can cause resentment, tears. The mood is very changeable, but usually the melancholic tries to hide, not to show his feelings outwardly, does not talk about his experiences, although he is very inclined to give himself up to experiences, often sad, depressed, insecure, anxious, he may experience neurotic disorders. However, having a high sensitivity of n / s, melancholics often have pronounced artistic and intellectual abilities.

Since each activity imposes certain requirements on the human psyche and its dynamic features, there are no temperaments that are ideally suited for all types of activities.

The role of temperament in work and study lies in the fact that the influence on the activity of various mental states caused by an unpleasant environment, emotional factors, and pedagogical influences depends on it. The influence of various factors that determine the level of neuropsychic stress depends on temperament (for example, assessment of activity, expectation of activity control, acceleration of the pace of work, disciplinary influences, etc.).

Temperament is an external manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity of a person, and therefore, as a result of education, self-education, this external manifestation can be distorted, changed, and the true temperament is "disguised". Therefore, "pure" types of temperament are rarely found, but, nevertheless, the predominance of one or another tendency is always manifested in human behavior. Temperament leaves an imprint on the ways of behavior and communication, for example, a sanguine person is almost always the initiator in communication, he feels at ease in the company of strangers, a new unusual situation only excites him, and a melancholic, on the contrary, frightens, confuses, he is lost in a new situation, among new people. The phlegmatic also finds it difficult to meet new people, shows little of his feelings and does not notice for a long time that someone is looking for a reason to get to know him. He is inclined to start love relationships with friendship and eventually falls in love, but without lightning-fast metamorphoses, since his rhythm of feelings is slowed down, and the stability of feelings makes him monogamous. In choleric, sanguine, on the contrary, love arises more often from an explosion, at first sight, but not so stable.

The productivity of a person's work is closely related to the characteristics of his temperament.

3 Personal abilities

Abilities are individual psychological characteristics of a person that ensure success in activities, in communication and ease of mastering them. Abilities cannot be reduced to the knowledge, skills and abilities that a person has, but abilities ensure their rapid acquisition, fixation and effective practical application. Abilities can be classified into:

natural (or natural) abilities, basically biologically determined, associated with innate inclinations, formed on their basis, in the presence of elementary life experience through learning mechanisms such as conditioned reflex connections;

specific human abilities that have a socio-historical origin and ensure life and development in a social environment.

Specific human abilities, in turn, are divided into:

general, which determine the success of a person in a variety of activities and communication, and special, which determine the success of a person in certain types of activity and communication, where a special kind of inclinations and their development are needed;

theoretical, which determine a person's inclination to abstract-logical thinking, and practical, which underlie the inclination to concrete-practical actions. The combination of these abilities is characteristic only of versatile gifted people.

educational, which affect the success of pedagogical influence, the assimilation of knowledge, skills, the formation of personality traits by a person, and creative, associated with success in creating works of material and spiritual culture, new ideas, discoveries, inventions. The highest degree of creative manifestations of a person is called genius, and the highest degree of a person's abilities in a certain activity is called talent;

A person capable of many various types activity and communication, has general giftedness, i.e. the unity of general abilities that determine the range of his intellectual capabilities, the level and originality of activity and communication. The inclinations are some genetic determined anatomical and physiological features of the nervous system that make up the individual natural basis for the formation and development of abilities. Individual differences are features of mental phenomena that distinguish people from each other. Individual differences, the natural prerequisite of which are the features of the nervous system, the brain, are created and developed in the course of life, in activity and communication, under the influence of education and training, in the process of human interaction with the outside world in the broadest sense of the word. Individual differences are the subject of study in differential psychology. Abilities are not static, but dynamic formations, their formation and development takes place in the process of organized activity and communication in a certain way. The development of abilities occurs in stages. An important point in the development of abilities in children is complexity - the simultaneous improvement of several complementary abilities. The following levels of abilities are distinguished: reproductive, which provides a high ability to assimilate ready-made knowledge, master the existing patterns of activity and communication, and creative, which ensures the creation of a new, original one. But it should be borne in mind that the reproductive level includes elements of the creative, and vice versa.

There are, for example, abilities on which success in learning depends. They are determined by the speed and quality of knowledge, skills and abilities acquired by a person. There are also musical, artistic and visual, literary, linguistic, mathematical, organizational and many other abilities. They are the product of a person's socio-historical practice, the result of the interaction of his biological and mental characteristics. The number of human abilities corresponds to the variety of activities in which people are involved.

Abilities and knowledge, skills, skills are interconnected, but not identical. In relation to knowledge, skills, skills, mastery, a person's abilities act as an opportunity to acquire and increase them with varying degrees of speed and efficiency. Abilities are found not in knowledge, skills, skills and mastery, but in the dynamics of their acquisition and development, the speed, ease and strength of mastering the skill and building it up. Ability is an opportunity, and this or that level of skill in a particular case is a reality.

A person's abilities are found only in activities, and only in those that cannot be carried out without the presence of appropriate abilities. Abilities are a personality in its productivity. As soon as a person begins to engage in any activity, his abilities are actualized, manifested and developed.

Abilities should not be opposed to other individual mental qualities, personality traits: qualities of the mind, features of memory, character traits, volitional preparedness, emotional characteristics of a person. If any quality or set of personality qualities meet the requirements of the activity or are formed under the influence of these requirements, then this gives grounds to consider this individual psychological feature of the personality as an ability.

Considering the specific mental characteristics of various abilities, one can single out a set of general personality traits necessary for the successful mastery of many types of activity - general abilities. These include, for example, mental abilities, subtlety and accuracy of manual and other movements, developed memory, attentiveness, memory, imagination, speech, etc. At the same time, there is also a set of special qualities necessary for a particular activity - special abilities: musical , artistic, mathematical, technical, literary, sports, etc.

There are several levels in the development of human abilities:

Giftedness is a combination of several abilities that determines the successful activity of a person in a certain area and distinguishes him from other people. Usually it manifests itself in the presence of versatile abilities;

Giftedness indicators:

pace and ease of assimilation of the material;

breadth of transfer;

manifestation time;

correlation of results with conditions.

Giftedness, according to N.S. Leites, this is, first of all, the ability to work, an irrepressible need for activity, as well as an intellect that exceeds the average level. Gifted people show great perseverance in their area of ​​interest. Therefore, one of the earliest indicators of giftedness is the time during which a 2-3-year-old child can concentrate on one lesson. Gifted children are absorbed in their work for several hours in a row and return to it within a few days, unlike a normal child of the same age.

Talent is a set of abilities that allows you to get a product of activity that is distinguished by originality and novelty, perfection and social significance. A feature of talent is a high level of creativity in the implementation of activities;

Genius is the highest degree of talent development, which allows to carry out fundamentally new in a particular field of activity:

excellence in various areas + dominant side;

ability awareness;

inclusion of ability in character.

The work of a man of genius has historical and necessarily positive significance.

Pathological decline in abilities is called oligophrenia.

4 Will and volitional qualities

personality character temperament individuality

Will - a person's conscious regulation of his behavior (activity and communication), associated with overcoming internal and external obstacles. This is the ability of a person, which manifests itself in self-determination and self-regulation of his behavior and mental phenomena.

At present, there is no unified theory of will in psychological science, although many scientists are making attempts to develop a holistic doctrine of will with its terminological certainty and unambiguity.

The following can be distinguished characteristics will:

endurance and perseverance of the will, which are characterized by the fact that vigorous activity covers long periods of a person's life, striving to achieve the goal.

fundamental consistency and constancy of the will, as opposed to inconstancy and inconsistency. The fundamental sequence lies in the fact that all actions of a person follow from a single guiding principle of his life, to which a person subordinates everything secondary and secondary.

critical will, contrasting it with easy suggestibility and a tendency to act thoughtlessly. This feature lies in the deep thoughtfulness and self-critical evaluation of all their actions. It is possible to persuade such a person to change the line of behavior taken by him only through reasonable argumentation.

decisiveness, which consists in the absence of unnecessary hesitation in the struggle of motives, in the rapid adoption of decisions and the bold implementation of them.

The will is characterized by the ability to subordinate one's personal, individual aspirations to the will of the collective, the will of the class to which the person belongs.

Volitional qualities of the personality.

In accordance with the complexity of volitional activity, various volitional qualities of a person are also complex and diverse. Among the most important of these qualities, one can, firstly, single out initiative. It is often said that "the first step is difficult." The ability to get down to business well and easily on one's own initiative, without waiting for stimulation from outside, is a valuable property of the will. A significant role in initiative is played by a certain intensity and brightness of motives; Intelligence is also important. The abundance and brilliance of new ideas and plans, the richness of the imagination that draws emotionally attractive pictures of the prospects that a new initiative can open up, combined with the intensity of motivation and activity of aspirations, make some people wander in the environment in which they find themselves. From them constantly come new beginnings and new impulses for other people.

In direct contrast to them are inert natures. Once set to work, inert people are also sometimes able to continue it, not without perseverance, but the first step is always especially difficult for them: least of all they are able to start something on their own and without stimulation from the outside, on their own initiative to do something.

Following the initiative that characterizes a person by how he accomplishes the most First stage volitional action, it is necessary to note independence, independence, as an essential feature of the will. Its direct opposite is susceptibility to other people's influences, easy suggestibility. Genuine independence of will presupposes, as the analysis of suggestibility, negativism and obstinacy shows, its conscious motivation and validity. Non-susceptibility to other people's influences and suggestions is not self-will, but a true manifestation of one's own independent will, since the person himself sees objective grounds for acting this way and not otherwise.

Decisiveness, a quality that manifests itself in the very decision-making, must be distinguished from independence and motivation of a decision. Decisiveness is expressed in the speed and, most importantly, the confidence with which a decision is made, and the firmness with which it is maintained, as opposed to those swings, like the swing of a pendulum in one direction and the other, that an indecisive person detects. Indecision can manifest itself both in long-term hesitation before making a decision, and in the instability of the decision itself.

Decisiveness itself can be different nature depending on the role that impulsiveness and deliberation play in it. The ratio of impulsiveness and deliberation, impulsiveness and prudence, affect and intellect is of fundamental importance for the volitional qualities of a person. In particular, it determines the different different people the intrinsic nature of their determination. Decisiveness is due not so much to the absolute as to the relative strength of impulses compared to the restraining strength of conscious control. It has to do with temperament.

The impulsive type is determined not by the absolute strength of the impulses, but by their dominance or predominance over the intellectual moments of weighing and deliberation. The judicious type is not necessarily distinguished by the absolute weakness of the impulses, but by the predominance or dominance of intellectual control over them. Decisiveness in some people is reduced simply to impulsivity, being due to the relative strength of impulses with the weakness of intellectual control. The highest type of decisiveness rests on the most favorable, optimal ratio between great impulsivity and the power of conscious control that nevertheless dominates it.

But just as decision does not complete an act of will, determination is not the final quality of will. In performance, very significant volitional qualities of the individual are manifested. First of all, energy plays a role here, i.e. that concentrated force that is brought into action, considering which, they speak of an energetic person, and especially perseverance in enforcing the decision taken, in the fight against all and sundry obstacles to achieve the goal.

Some people immediately bring a lot of pressure into their actions, but soon "run out of steam"; they are capable of only a short rush and give up very quickly. The value of such an energy, which is able to take on obstacles only from a raid and subsides as soon as it encounters opposition that requires prolonged efforts, is not great. It becomes a truly valuable quality only when combined with perseverance. Persistence is manifested in the unflagging of energy for a long period, despite difficulties and obstacles. Perseverance, along with decisiveness, is a particularly essential property of the will. When, without differentiating the various sides of the will, they generally speak of a strong will, they usually mean, first of all, precisely these two properties - decisiveness and perseverance, how a person makes a decision and how he executes it. And in exactly the same way, when one speaks of weakness of the will or lack of will, they mean, first of all, the inability to make a decision and the inability to fight for its implementation. Since these are essentially two different properties of the will, we can distinguish between two different types lack of will: 1) indecision, i.e. inability to make a decision, and 2) lack of perseverance, i.e. inability to fight for the implementation of the decision.

Such indecisiveness or inconsistency is usually shown by people who are not able to burn with the work they are doing, or are easily flammable, but quickly cooled. When the impulse that a person brings to the struggle to achieve the set goal is heated by passion and illuminated by feeling, it results in enthusiasm.

Since in volitional action, in order to achieve a goal, one often has to face not only external obstacles, but also internal difficulties and oppositions that arise when making and then executing a decision, the essential volitional qualities of a person are self-control, endurance, self-control. In the decision process, they ensure the dominance of higher motives over lower ones, general principles over instantaneous impulses and momentary desires, in the process of fulfillment - the necessary self-restraint, neglect of fatigue, etc. in order to achieve the goal. These qualities of the will depend very strongly on the relationship between affect and intellect, drive and conscious control.

Since human activity is carried out in a more or less long chain of actions, it is essential how everything acts of will personalities are united by a single line, how firmly the same fundamental principles are preserved and consistently carried out in successive actions. There are people who can, with a certain perseverance, strive to achieve some goal, but their goals themselves change from case to case, not uniting by any common line, not submitting to any more common goal that unites them. These are unprincipled people without clear guidelines. Consistency and adherence to principles as properties of a personality, character, by virtue of which a single line passes through all the actions of a person over long periods or even his entire conscious life, constitutes an essential trait of personality character that goes beyond the limits of proper volitional qualities. In the presence of such adherence to principles, all awakening desires from time to time, any particular goal that may arise in front of a person at any separate stage of his life path, obey a large single goal - the ultimate goal of all his life and work.

The volitional qualities of a person are among the most essential. In everything great and heroic that man did, in his greatest achievements, his volitional qualities always played a significant role.

Conclusion

Only by characterizing the main forces influencing the formation of personality, including social direction education and public upbringing, that is, by defining a person as an object of social development, we can understand the internal conditions of his formation as a subject of social development. In this sense, a person is always concrete-historical, she is a product of her era and the life of the country, a contemporary and a participant in events that make up milestones in the history of society and her own life path.

In conclusion, I would like to summarize my work, to make some general conclusion. So, the formation of personality is a very complex process that lasts our whole life. Some personality traits are already laid in us at birth, I'm talking about the biological factor in the development of personality, we develop others in the course of our life. And the environment helps us in this. After all, the environment plays a very important role in the formation of personality. However, I spoke about this above, so I will not repeat myself. Better at the end of my work, I will try to answer the question: "What is becoming a person?"

I think that to become a person means, firstly, to take a certain vital, moral position; secondly, to be sufficiently aware of it and to bear responsibility for it; thirdly, to affirm it with your actions, deeds, with your whole life. After all, the origins of the individual, his value, and finally, good or bad fame about him are ultimately determined by the social, moral value which she really is in her life.

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One of the problems of studying personality is understanding its psychological structure. In the second half of the last century, Russian psychology developed an idea of ​​personality as the epicenter of the individual and the social. More and more domestic psychologists were inclined to the idea that it is the personality that is the knot of social relations, which means that the nature of the personality is concrete and historical; personality - a measure of individual activity, self-expression, self-actualization, self-affirmation, creativity; personality is the subject of history, existing in social integrity. Activity is recognized as the main determinant of the formation of a personality in domestic psychology. Activity is always subjective. The condition for its implementation and its main product is a person who always quite definitely relates to the world around him. His consciousness is conditioned by the structure of the activity itself, aimed at meeting the needs. What a person receives as a result of labor must first exist in his mind. In the representation, however, lies that which determines the structure of his personality.

Psychological structure of personality is a holistic systemic formation, a set of socially significant properties, qualities, positions, relationships, algorithms of actions and actions of a person that have developed during his lifetime and determine his behavior and activities.

The psychological structure of the personality is made up of its mental properties (orientation, character, temperament, abilities), life experience, characteristic mental states, individual characteristics of mental processes, self-consciousness, etc. The structure of the personality develops gradually in the process of its social development and is the product of this development, the effect of the entire life path of a person. The functioning of such education is possible only through the interaction of personal properties that are components of the personality structure.

In modern psychology, there are different points of view on the internal structure of the personality (Table 4).

Table 4

The structure of personality in the view of domestic psychologists

The most famous is the dynamic functional psychological structure of the personality of K.K. Platonov (Fig. 3). Its concept is convenient in practical application (for example, when compiling a characterization of persons selected for law enforcement agencies).

Substructure elements