The education system in the UK. Education in the UK: system, features, problems The system of secondary education in England

Particularly well represented in the UK elite education system.

High-ranking families from around the world try to enroll their children in prestigious British schools or universities, as studying in them guarantees not only the acquisition of deep knowledge, but the acquisition of secular manners, the British style of behavior and wide connections in the world of business and politics.

british system sufficient flexibility. Among the many different training courses, you can always find exactly the one that suits you, and, if desired, the selected subjects can be changed.

Regardless of age, nationality and religion, anyone who successfully passes the entrance examinations can study at educational institutions in the UK (you must pass an international English exam, documents from the school, sometimes pass the test of the educational institution)

Secondary education

Modern education system in the UK consists of four stages: primary (Elementary School), secondary (Secondary School), vocational or post-school (Further Education) and higher (Higher Education).

preschool education takes place in kindergartens and preschool classes. Elementary education receive children from 5 to 11-12 years. From the age of 5, children attend two-year schools for toddlers (pre-preparatory school), from 7 to 11 years old - primary schools (primary, elementary or preparatory school). From the age of 11-12, the stage of secondary education begins for children.

The UK has public and private schools. All schools adhere to the same educational minimum. Compulsory free secondary education for schoolchildren under 16 was introduced by law.

School graduates take final exams and receive GCSE certificate of secondary education(General Certificate of Secondary Education). This certificate is sufficient to start an independent labor activity, but does not give the right to enter higher education institutions.

State Schools- free, designed for teaching English children, as well as for foreigners from 8 to 18 years old, whose parents have the right to permanent residence in the UK.

International Colleges (International Colleges)- secondary educational institutions that accept only foreign students from 14 to 18 years old. Accommodation is offered both in student dormitories (on the school grounds) and in host families.

IN international colleges education is conducted in accordance with the British secondary school system. Subjects taught: mathematics, physics, algebra and geometry, chemistry, biology, geography, human anatomy, sociology, political science, fundamentals of legislation, statistics, history, music, art, computers and programming, English language, English literature, fundamentals of religion, one or more foreign languages(French, German, Spanish, etc.).

In addition to the main subjects, each school has additional ones, such as Latin, accounting, business basics, economics, and some others.

International Colleges along with school programs offer preparatory programs (Foundation) for university applicants. After successful graduation, graduates are enrolled in universities with which there is an agreement on the recognition of the status of these courses. For foreigners who want to get higher education in the UK, this is a very convenient opportunity.

The main condition for admission to a British university is the presence international certificate for English language.

A year of study in the preparatory courses is good practice and preparation for self-study in English at the university, and, in addition, the opportunity to prepare and pass the required language exam.

Private schools (Independent Schools)- a more prestigious form of education mainly for English children (85%). The percentage of foreign students should be no more than 15%. These schools cater for children between the ages of 8 and 18.

Good private schools are independent, well-equipped educational institutions that own about several hundred hectares of land, on the territory of which there are educational buildings, sports facilities, a swimming pool, residences for living. Accommodation is mainly in residence, but some schools offer accommodation in local families.

Public and private boarding schools, as a rule, have a good reputation, a long history and traditions.

Professional education

In addition to schools in Britain, there are Tertiary Colleges that offer professional (Vocational) education and are an alternative to A Level programs.

Professional education, obtained at Tertiary College, assumes a professional activity after graduation, while A Level programs prepare for university entrance.

Educational programs are constantly changing. The qualifications that are awarded at the end of these programs are also changing. Below are the most common professional qualifications.

NVQ (National Vocational Qualification).

This qualification is for practical work. It confirms the ability of a graduate to perform a certain job in a particular area of ​​business or production. NVQ standards are based on the real requirements of employers and reflect their practical needs.

NVQ qualifications are now possible in most areas of manufacturing and commerce. There are 5 levels of NVQ from Foundation Skills (NVQ 1) to Professional (NVQ 5). In order to qualify, it is necessary to show in practice the ability to perform work in accordance with established standards.

The training takes place directly at the workplace. The training program consists of separate modules that can be mastered independently. There is no set period of study during which the program must be completed.

GNVQ (General National Vocational Qualification).

Unlike A Levels, it is suitable for those who are prone to practical activities. The GNVQ, like the NVQ, is a multi-level qualification that provides a foundation of knowledge in the chosen field that the student can use to continue their studies at colleges of further education, university entrance (GNVQ Advanced) or employment. The Advanced level requires nearly two years of study to complete.

ND (National Diploma).

This qualification is similar to the GNVQ Advanced qualification. Colleges of Further Education allow you to complete a further education program that ends with exams and the issuance of the highest national diploma (Higher National Diploma, commonly abbreviated - HND).

HND can be obtained after two years of study in almost any academic or professional specialty.

In the field of vocational education, diplomas issued by one of the three main examination committees are most highly valued and recognized: the CGLI (City & Guilds of London Institute) diploma, the RSA (Royal Society of Arts) diploma, and the BTEC (Business and Technical Education Council) diploma. Many colleges are authorized to issue degrees on behalf of one of these examination committees.

Other institutions issue either their own diplomas and certificates or diplomas from other examination committees. The HND diploma is of the greatest importance for those who are going to immediately start professional activity while receiving a bachelor's degree.

From the point of view of a professional career, this diploma allows you to move up the career ladder within the middle technical or junior management of a company, enterprise, institution.

Diploma allows you to enter the university in one of the programs leading to a bachelor's degree and receive a degree in just two years.

To enroll in HND programs, you must have a GCE / A Level, GNVQ Advanced, or National Diploma certificate of secondary education.

The definition of "Further Education" in the UK refers to professional education not leading to a degree or its equivalent. The definition of "higher education" (Higher Education) in the UK refers to programs whose purpose is to award a degree (Degree): Bachelor Degree, Master Degree or Doctoral (Doctoral or PhD Degree).

Higher education

In England and Wales, a bachelor's degree requires three years of study; in Scotland, four. In the case when obtaining a degree requires not only study, but also industrial practice (Sandwich courses), the total period will be correspondingly extended.

At some universities and colleges, from those students who intend to receive degree in some specific areas, such as art and design, you must first pass basic course, and then for three years to be engaged in the chosen area.

Training course ending with a bachelor's degree, in fields such as medicine, dentistry and architecture, usually lasts up to seven years.

Bachelor degree. There are several options for the bachelor's degree awarded in the UK. Their name depends on the specialization. The four main degrees are Bachelor of Arts BA (Bachelor of Arts), Bachelor of Science BSC (Bachelor of Science), Bachelor of Engineering BENG (Bachelor of Engineering), Bachelor of Law LLB (Bachelor of Law). There is also a Bachelor of Medicine and Dentistry.

The bachelor's degree is awarded after three or four years of specialized full-time study at a university or college. The British Bachelor's degree is recognized worldwide, which gives high chances for a successful professional career in any country. Bachelor Degree is the first stage of higher education. The second step is the Master Degree.

Postgraduate Courses. This level of education begins after a bachelor's degree and leads to a master's and doctoral degree.

Master's Degree. There are two types of programs: programs focused on research activities and programs focused on professional development in one of the specializations.

As a rule, master's programs consist of a course of lectures and seminars, exams are taken, then students make a graduation project. Based on the results of examinations and the defense of a thesis, a master's degree is awarded.

Master's research degree (Research) is called the Master of Philosophy M.Phil (Master of Philosophy). This degree is obtained after 1-2 years of independent scientific work under the guidance of a supervisor. Based on the results of this work, a master's degree is awarded.

Doctoral Degree (Doctor of Philosophy - Doctoral or PhD Degree). In the UK, most doctoral programs are purely research projects. No lectures or training seminars are usually held.

The supervisor, in whose laboratory or department the student is preparing to receive a doctoral degree, determines the topic of scientific research for the student and provides the opportunities necessary for research (workplace, equipment and materials).

It takes 2-3 years to complete a research program. By the end of this period, the student must publish the results obtained in official reports, in scientific or specialized journals and write a dissertation based on published materials. The doctoral degree is awarded after successfully defending a dissertation.

TEN- a group (association) of independent British schools with a very high reputation, operating in the educational services market for more than 30 years.

The Association was founded in 2010 to carry out joint marketing activities and exchange of experience, which improves the quality of work of school personnel with foreign students.

TEN member schools are located in ten different UK cities: London, Cambridge, Eastbourne, Brighton, Bournemouth, Torquay, Bristol, Oxford and Chester.

BEET Language Center- a small "chamber" school, founded in 1979, is located in the city of Bournemouth. Highly qualified teaching staff ensures the quality of education. A center for the training of teachers of English as a foreign language has been established on the basis of the school. www.beet.co.uk

Cambridge Academy of English- the school was founded in 1975, located on the outskirts of Cambridge, offers quality English programs for foreign students, specialized programs such as English + business, English + law, academic English (preparation for the university).

In the summer, on the basis of private boarding schools Moreton Hall and Princes Helena College, it offers interesting and high-quality programs for students from 9 to 17 years old. www.cabridgeacademy.co.uk

Eastbourne School of English- one of the oldest language schools UK, founded in 1936. Located in the heart of the resort town of Eastbourne, where there are many restaurants, cafes, three theaters, a cinema and a lot of greenery. All year round accepts foreign students over 18 years old. The school is a center for the training of teachers of English as a foreign language. www.esoe.co.uk

Excel English- the school offers quality programs for students accredited by the British Council, and the combination of professional teachers and excellent technical equipment allows students to learn the material in the shortest possible time.

Here you can see modernized classrooms, the combination of green and yellow has a positive effect on psychological condition students and the comprehensibility of the material. The school is located in one of the expensive residential areas of London, with gardens where you can relax after school. www.excelenlish.co.uk

English in Chester School founded in 1976 as a medium-sized private school, of which there are many in the UK. As a rule, this is a family business that guarantees you quality in everything from training and accommodation to interesting leisure activities. There is only one reason for this - the desire of the owners that you like it, and you would like to return.

Here is a wonderful habitat, a good national composition. At the same time, students from Italy, Switzerland, Spain, Germany, France, North Korea, the Czech Republic and Russia study here. www.english-in-chester.co.uk

Oxford English Center- the school was founded in 1979, located in an old building in the heart of Oxford, close to university colleges, well equipped (interactive whiteboards in the classroom), is an authorized TOEIC, BULATS (business) reception center. Here students can study General English and English for professional purposes. www.oxfordenglish.co.uk

The English Language Centre, Brighton- The school was founded in 1962 as an independent educational institution. 2012 marks the 50th anniversary of its founding. Located in an old building of the Victorian era in the white-stone resort of Brighton, on the coast.

Offers quality programs for adult students throughout the year, is an authorized admission center for TOEIC BULATS. www.elc-brighton.co.uk

The English Language Centre, Bristol- a small family school, located in two old buildings near Clifton University in Bristol. Beautiful bright classrooms, a well-equipped computer laboratory enable students to master the material well.

The school offers a wide range of English language programs for international students. Provides an individual approach to each student. www.elcbristol.co.uk

Torquay International School, Torquay- the school has existed for 40 years, located in the wonderful seaside town of the same name on the British Riviera in Devon. Accepts students from the age of 16. Particular attention is paid to teaching English for professional purposes, including business English, English for financial professionals.

Organizes an interesting program of active events in the afternoon. Provides an individual approach to each student. www.tisenglish.co.uk

Wimbledon School of English- a small building in one of the districts of London - Wimbledon, surrounded by a wonderful garden, a 5-minute walk from Wimbledon station.

Technical equipment (interactive whiteboards in almost every class) in combination with highly qualified teachers provides high score when moving from level to level.

Offers English for professionals, preparation for international exams in English, courses for teachers.

Great Britain (England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) is a European country where the development of education is considered a priority of the state. It is not surprising that the British educational environment characterized as one of the best among others on the planet. High educational standards are maintained here, and specialists with British diplomas do not know problems with employment. British education is the cherished goal of international students.

Features of English education

British citizens in the period of their life from 5 to 16 years old are prescribed by the legislation of the country compulsory education. You can go through the school process in one of two ways. The first is education in public schools. The second is education in private schools. If in the first case education is free, in the second, as a rule, it is required to pay for the services of the teaching staff.

In fact, British education is two different systems. One is used in the territory Northern Ireland, England, Wales. The second has found wide application in Scotland. Both systems successfully fit into the way of life of British society. The existing base of educational institutions of primary and secondary education fully meets the needs of the society. Great Britain is distinguished by a rich variety of schools by type. However, boarding schools are considered the most popular..

For the first time, boarding schools appeared in the state at the turn of the Middle Ages. As a rule, these educational institutions were part of the structure of British churches and monasteries. The main difference between such institutions and standard-type educational institutions was that the students, along with education, were provided with a full board - accommodation, meals, and personal services.

Preschool education system

The British system of preschool education, in fact, is an integral part of the full cycle educational school. Institutions before school education- nurseries, kindergartens - usually included in the network of primary school institutions. The period of pre-school education in Britain is limited to a period of 2 to 7 years. However, most of the children are in nurseries and kindergartens for no more than two years (from 2 to 4), after which they are sent to primary school (Primary School).

The content of children in nurseries and full-time kindergartens must be paid. There are also free institutions, but all of them are designed only for temporary 2-3 hour services. The cost of full kindergarten services in Britain is significantly higher than in other European countries. Therefore, in order to alleviate the financial burden of low-income parents, the state has launched a special loan program. For example, in England, under such a loan program, parents who work at least 16 hours a week can receive from 100 to 160 dollars per child, depending on the number of children they have.

The curriculum of pre-school education in the UK is built on the principles of supporting children's initiative. In the process of education, the individual characteristics of children are necessarily taken into account. At the same time, at the stage of preschool education, children are actively prepared for elementary school - they are taught to read, write, and count. As a result, the majority of preschool graduates have good primary school education skills. This is one of the factors that makes it possible to speak of the British system of early childhood education as one of the best in the world.

... It is very difficult to get into a decent kindergarten. When you decide on the place of residence, immediately register the child, select several at once and hope for good luck. Opening hours, conditions and pay are all different, so there will be no general information, unfortunately. Or rather, it is, but only for some English residents and I don't think it applies to your case. Please note that in kindergartens you can give children for half a day. For the morning or afternoon shift, or for the whole day, with or without lunch. Some kindergartens are located in rooms without a kitchen, so they do not supply children with hot meals ...

http://forum.awd.ru/viewtopic.php?f=514&t=238943#p5472072

Primary School

The policy of British primary education in England, Wales, Northern Ireland determines the enrollment of children in primary school from the age of 4 or from the age of 7. In the first case (Primary School), the course of study lasts 7 years (period from 4 to 11). For the second option (Junior School), the duration of study is 6 years (period from 7 to 13). It is worth noting: the principle of enrolling in school from the age of 7 is applied in Britain to children of immigrants.

Video: an overview of an ordinary English school

The policy of the Scottish school is a little different. In Scotland, the formation of school groups from children born between March of the current year and February of the following year is practiced. Children born in the period of March-August are enrolled in school from 5–5.5 years old. And children born in the period of September-February are enrolled for study, subject to the age bar from 4 to 4 years 11 months. The Scottish system of enrollment is considered by many experts to be more flexible.. At the primary school stage in the UK, the main subjects to study are:

• English language,
• mathematics,
• geography,
• story,
• industrial technology,
• art,
• music.

School courses Primary School and Junior School include the SATS and "11+" exam systems, respectively. The SATS exam is administered twice as part of the Primary School course. Once two years after the start of studies and the second time at the stage of completion of studies. The exam "11+" is the final training within the framework of the Junior School course. This type of examination was widely used in schools in Wales and England. Now it has been replaced by a standardized test. The results of both examinations are required for the transition to the secondary school stage.

In schools in England there are only 6 semesters, which are separated by holidays. Semesters are called terms. The academic year in private schools in England lasts from September to July.

UK secondary education

From the age of 11, British children must move to a secondary school course. In reality, the age of children can be 11-13 years. Education continues until the age of 17 (changes in the law from 2015) and, just like in primary school, is compulsory. The final stage of the high school course is obtaining a certificate of secondary education GCSE - General Certificate of Secondary Education. There are also secondary schools that issue a certificate of professional qualification GNVQ - General National Vocational Qualification upon completion of studies.

Children of foreign nationality are usually admitted to a UK secondary school between the ages of 11 and 13. The classic scheme for enrolling immigrant children is to place them in boarding schools. All secondary school students take the Common Entrance Examinations after the first two years of study. This test is also called "13+". Students are tested in the following subjects:

• mathematics (mental test, counting with a calculator, counting without a calculator),
• English (international, British),
• latin writing,
• greek writing,
• Welsh (for public schools in Wales),
• Irish language (for public schools in Northern Ireland),
• geography,
• story,
• religious studies,
• physics, chemistry or biology, or other sciences,
• foreign languages ​​to choose from (French, German, Chinese, Spanish).

The results of the exam are a pass to further education within the framework of secondary school at the stage from 14 to 17 years. During these three years, students are purposefully preparing to pass the final exams and receive a certificate of secondary education - the General Certificate of Secondary Education. Most of the subjects examined in the GCSE correspond to the subjects of the 13+ test, but several more disciplines are added to them.

... There are only 3 residences in the school: Bartlett (Juniors till Year 8), Sanderson (Years 9-11) and Sixth Form. I ended up at Sanderson. The food is excellent: breakfast, second breakfast, lunch, tea and dinner. Therefore, despite the busy schedule (the school day starts at 8:30 and ends at 18:30), there are breaks to switch and relax. The teaching scheme is very similar to teaching at the university ...

Dilara

http://www.i-l.ru/reviews/education/209/

Preparation for higher education

After receiving the GCSE certificate of secondary education, two paths open up for high school graduates. The first is labor activity. The second is to continue studying at a university or college. If you choose to study at the university, then you can not do without additional preparatory education. We are talking about two-year A-Levels preparatory courses.

A-Levels courses suggest compulsory study 4–5 disciplines during the first year and 3–4 more disciplines during the second year. Exams are completed every year. The examination process in the courses differs from generally accepted standards. There are no strictly prescribed subjects for passing the exam. Students themselves choose subjects from the total number offered for the test. Usually it is with these preparatory courses that foreign students begin their studies at British universities.

…Here I changed my attitude to education. In Russia, we most often perceive a diploma as a necessary piece of paper for some reason, a formality. Therefore, it is in the order of things to roll on exams, skip and look forward to when it will end. Perhaps because here education is paid (and, by the way, students themselves, and not parents, take a loan for it!) Or for other reasons - the attitude is completely different ...

Anna

http://www.i-l.ru/reviews/education/201/

Higher education: features and reviews

As a rule, citizens of Great Britain begin to receive higher education from the age of 18. The general scheme of higher education is complemented by a branch of vocational training. Provide young people professional specialty offer more than 600 public and private colleges in the UK. Vocational educational institutions train technical specialists within the framework of educational programs of various directions.

A typical scheme of higher education begins to line up from the bachelor's level. At this stage, training lasts 3-4 years. Moreover, if the university bachelor's program covers 4 years, the last year students receive knowledge of the first level of the master's degree. All undergraduate graduates can continue to improve their knowledge at the next two educational levels.

1. Master's degree (one year or two years in the case of research activities).
2. Postgraduate studies (standard period of study is three years).

Higher education in the UK is paid for all students, including foreigners. Local students have privileges in paying, and foreign citizens pay the entire cost of studying.

The cost of studying in the UK

Higher education institutions, except for the University of London (Regent’s University London), the University of Buckingham (University of Buckingham) and the College of Professional Education (BPP University College), are additionally funded by the state. However, the maximum amount of payment per year for students in England is 9 thousand euros. On average, for three years of a bachelor's degree, the cost of education is 26 thousand euros.

Education fees in Northern Ireland are slightly different.. There, the maximum cost is limited to 3,805 euros. For the same amount, students can apply for an educational loan if it is not possible to pay in cash. Lending is handled by Student Finance NI. The loan is repaid after graduation, when the student starts working and earning an income.

Scotland provides even more attractive conditions. There, tuition is paid by the SAAS - Student Awards Agency Scotland. The main condition is compliance with the requirements of the "Young Student":

1. Age not more than 25 years old.
2. No children.
3. Not married (including cohabitation).
4. Break in education no more than 3 years.

For all other Scottish students who are over the age of 25, the tuition fee is between €1200 and €1800 per year. The cost of postgraduate studies can reach €3,400 per year.

Video: education in Scotland

In Wales, the situation with tuition fees actually repeats the English system (up to €9,000 per year). However, grants of up to €5,100 are available to students at Welsh universities. These funds can be added to the €3,800 loan to cover tuition fees. By the way, these rules apply to Welsh students who come to study in other regions of the UK.

... About five years ago, my daughter graduated from Cambridge, about 100 thousand euros came out for a circle. At the same time, she had Overseas scholarships of 4,000 pounds a year and plus 1,500 pounds a year support from English company, in which, according to the rules for admission to the university, she had to work for a year before entering. The advantages of Cambridge are the ability to easily get a job (depending, of course, on the specialty) immediately for a good salary ...

http://pora-valit.livejournal.com/2903280.html?thread=376501232#t376501232

The most popular educational institutions

Top five colleges in the UK:

A college of international importance in London - CATS College London, is a vocational institution. The college is an integral part of the British college system - CEG. The institution offers a wide range of educational programs.

The educational institution Cambridge Tutors College, a derivative of the University of Cambridge, has been at the peak of popularity almost from the moment of its foundation. Here they give good knowledge, qualifications, specialization. This is a great platform to prepare for university education.

A cultural monument of the Victorian era is called St Clares Oxford - Oxford International College. Indeed, the educational institution, founded in 1953, occupies the area of ​​buildings, the time of which dates back to the 18th century. The neighborhood of antiquity, however, does not interfere with the educational process at all.

Bosworth Independent College is another well-known and popular international college located in England.. Relatively young educational institution provides quality education. Almost half of the college students are foreigners.

Not far from London there is a cozy town of Market Harborough. Brooke House College operates in this city. A feature of the educational institution is a highly professional teaching staff. There is the possibility of GCSE certification and training under the A-Level program.

…Studying at a college in London provides the right social circle and the right contacts for building a career in the future, the horizons and opportunities after studying in London will be wider than after graduating from an unnamed fence-building university in some small town in Germany. Graduate employment statistics are not closed…

ponaexali_tyt

http://pora-valit.livejournal.com/3123009.html?thread=402752833#t402752833

Photo gallery: the best colleges in England

The college offers quality education to international students Oxford International College is a prestigious education Cambridge Tutors College is a good knowledge, qualification, specialization CATS College London - an institution of vocational direction Вrooke House College provides high-level training from top-class teachers

Oxfordshire is home to the University of Oxford, one of the oldest universities in the world.. The same university is on the list of the best higher education institutions in the UK. The university accepts about 20 thousand students annually, thirty percent of which are foreign citizens.

Preferred Charitable Institution - University of Cambridge. The activities of the university are partly financed by a state grant, partly by donations from charitable foundations. Students are trained in 28 different areas.

Technologies for integrating related professions have made famous university Surrey (University of Surrey). The university received full international recognition for unique scientific research in the field of fundamental and applied sciences. This is one of the universities, 90% of whose graduates are successfully employed in their specialty.

The second place in Europe and the fourth in the world is occupied by the University College London (University College London). The first institution of higher education in the capital of Great Britain, among the graduates of which there are 26 Nobel laureates. The university has 10 faculties, several research centers, and a number of institutes.

The successor of the Hartley Institute - Southampton University (Southampton University), was founded in 1862. Since then, he has won and firmly holds a leading position in the UK education system. Included in the TOP-100 best educational institutions of the planet.

Photo gallery: the best universities in the UK

University College London is the first institution of higher education in the capital of Great Britain The University of Surrey is a guaranteed job for university graduates The University of Cambridge is a privileged charitable institution The University of Oxford is one of the oldest universities in the world The University of Southampton firmly holds a leading position in the UK education system

Scholarship and grants for international students

The UK opens up opportunities for foreign students to study with the help of grants and scholarships. True, in order to receive grants and scholarships, foreign students must meet stringent requirements. In addition, the lion's share of all scholarships and grants is applied only at the master's and postgraduate levels.. From what is offered today, several programs can be distinguished.

1. The Hill Foundation (Hill Foundation).
2. Scholarship Felix (Felix Scholarship).
3. Dorothy Hodgkin Postgraduate Award (Dorothy Hodgkin Award).
4. Grants from Coca-cola and Shell.
5. Special programs of a number of universities.

Every international student under the age of 35, low-income, from countries outside the European Economic Area, who successfully completed a bachelor's degree, can apply for a scholarship or count on a grant.

Accommodation for Russian students and not only

A rare British university is not ready to provide its students with a place in a hostel. Most educational institutions in the UK tend to provide rooms on student campuses. Accommodation options for students in rooms may vary. There are both single rooms and rooms for several people. Individual amenities or shared. On average, the price of accommodation on student campuses reaches 150-200 pounds per week. However, there is one caveat: students are guaranteed accommodation in a hostel only in the first year of study. Further, the situation may change.

Video: student life in Host Family conditions

Living conditions for students of Oxford, Cambridge and similar prestigious universities look more stable. There places are allocated immediately for the entire period of study. True, the cost of living is much higher - an average of 7 thousand pounds a year. The situation is approximately the same with British colleges at Oxford and Cambridge, since most of these educational institutions are part of the structure of universities. For other educational institutions - less prestigious, tariffs are reduced by almost an order of magnitude. A place in a hostel can be obtained for 70-100 pounds per week.

In addition to hostels, there are two more accommodation options. This is a service familiar to many immigrants - renting an apartment or a room, as well as living in a British family. The family version of the device is usually selected by the administration of the educational institution. This is an economical accommodation option compared to renting. Rental housing per year on average costs 7-9 thousand pounds for the central regions and 5-7 thousand pounds in the periphery.

... I lived in a family. For the first year, this family “built” me very much. It was necessary to follow all the rules on fads. At the time, I thought all British families were like that. It was only later that I learned that there are normal families, and that a family can be changed if desired. Although it is still better to live in a family than in a residence. And there is more freedom, and there is no strict release, checking things. But until the age of 16, you are strictly watched in the family ...

Michael

http://www.i-l.ru/reviews/education/155/

What are the admission requirements for foreigners?

Since 2012, the UK authorities have tightened the requirements for international students wishing to study in the UK. Now all foreign applicants (including Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Kazakhstanis) are prescribed the following guidelines:

• the age of the applicant is 16 years and older;
• knowledge of English corresponds to the level of knowledge of local citizens who have graduated from high school in the UK;
• the applicant is from countries outside the European Economic Area (EEA);
• an educational institution has been selected from the list published on the website of the British Foreign Office;
• the financial support of the applicant fully covers all the costs of studying and living in the country.

Education in the UK is generally available to international students who have high levels of previous education. In addition, every foreign student planning to study in the country must have a sponsor. Compliance with these conditions is determined by the number of control points awarded. So, if a potential applicant scores 30 points in control test on permission to enroll and 10 points on financial security, he is given access to study. Otherwise, admission will be denied.

Conditions for obtaining a visa

To apply for and obtain a visa to study in the UK, the following documents will be required:

• application and passport
• extracts from financial documents confirming solvency,
• medical certificate of tuberculosis test,
• contact details of parents or guardian (for students under 18),
• a few passport size photos,
• an invitation to study from a British university on an official letterhead,
• certificate of knowledge of English (IELTS, TOEFL).

In addition to the originals of all documents, their copies must be submitted, notarized and translated into English and Welsh. Additional information may be required. For example, the duration of training, the total cost, conditions and place of residence. Registration fee - 89 pounds for a six-month visa, 170 pounds for a visa for 11 months.

Final table: the pros and cons of English education

The British educational system has evolved over centuries of history. The acquired traditions were preserved and improved. Today the UK represents one of the best models of education. However, in recent years there have been more and more criticisms. Some experts argue that the era of the formation of Great Britain is over. Like it or not - it's easy to find out. You just need to go to study in a British college or university.

School education in England provides for education in schools of various types - private, public and grammatical. Moreover, each of these schools can be of a joint or separate type (boys and girls study separately). There are more than 1,000 private schools in the UK, many of which accept children from other countries, including Russia.

Features of the UK educational system

Children start studying in England from the age of 5, but some English people prefer to start their children's education as early as three years old. Education in school educational institutions continues until the age of 18, after which a graduate can try to enter one of them.

In public schools, children study 9 out of 10 days. Private schools are practically independent of the state educational program and teach according to their own standards. Education in them is paid. The cost of education is highly dependent on the prestige of a private school. In turn, the prestige of such a school is largely determined by the annually published rating of such schools.

Also in the UK there are summer schools designed mainly for those who want to strengthen their knowledge of the English language. Naturally, mainly children from other countries study in them.

The general scheme of school education in England is as follows:
1. Institutions for preschoolers - children from 3 to 5 years old study in them.
2. Primary schools accept students from 5 to 11 years of age.
3. Secondary schools are aimed at children from 11 to 18 years old.

Education in public schools is completely free, but it is quite difficult for foreigners to get into them - basically only if you fall under some special student exchange program, etc. Therefore, the majority of Russian children studying in England are trained in private boarding schools. The cost of training in them is usually published on the website of this educational institution. But in addition to tuition fees, there are also requirements for the level of knowledge, especially in terms of English proficiency. Usually, applicants to private schools first take summer English language courses and only then are they allowed to study at such a school.

Educational institutions of the state type

In public schools in England, mixed education prevails (boys and girls study together in groups), this is especially true for preschool education. The older the students, the greater the chances of getting into a separate type of school, but still they are much lower compared to private schools.

Some public schools in the UK may be religion-specific. For example, there are educational institutions in which only Catholics or only Anglicans study.

All state-type schools conduct education according to uniform educational standards approved by the government. When moving from pre-school to primary school and on to secondary school, all students take mandatory tests, based on the results of which a decision is made on their enrollment. Previously, in England there was even such an exam as "11+" - every 11-year-old student passed it. The result of this exam radically influenced the fate of the child - if the results were low, then the path to “good” schools and further to universities was closed for the student. All of his further education was focused on a primitive household level, and if we draw analogies with the then education in the USSR, then a student who did not pass “11+” satisfactorily could expect to study in the future only in something reminiscent of a vocational school. Fortunately, in modern England there is no longer such a strict exam for 11-year-old students.

For residents of England to arrange their child in a public school is quite simple - he only needs to pass an interview. For residents of foreign countries, everything is much more complicated - the parents of such a child stay in the UK on one of the visas with a long period (at least six months). Well, or, as already mentioned, to fall under some kind of trainee exchange program between countries. Therefore, children from other countries usually study in private English schools.

Schools in England have disciplinary measures against students (for violators of discipline) - for public schools, this is usually additional homework or a call from parents. In private schools, disciplinary action can be stricter - it is said that several of the most closed and elite boarding schools in England still have whipping.

Private boarding schools

Private schools in England operate mainly as boarding houses, providing their students not only with living conditions, but also with quality food. Therefore, they are usually called so - boarding schools. These educational institutions are not guided in their work by state educational programs– they use their own training programs. They also independently decide which tests their students should take at the end of the next reporting period. The most famous schools of this type in England include such institutions as Badminton School, Roedean School, Harrow School, Dulwich College and Winchester College.

Separate education for boys and girls is much more widespread in private boarding schools than in public schools. Also, such schools are usually distinguished by small class sizes (no more than 12 people), which intensifies the learning process of each student.

But in addition to private boarding schools in the UK, there are also private boarding schools. A five-day boarding school assumes that students study and live in it for 5 days, and go home on 2 days off.

The academic year in private schools is divided into 3 semesters. There are long holidays between each semester. Also, besides them, there are also various short holidays dedicated to the most significant holidays (Easter, Christmas, etc.). Unlike public schools, where the school year always ends at the end of July, private schools can set their own start and end times for the school year.

Primary education in public institutions

You can send your child to primary schools in England from the age of 4, the term of study is 7 years. In some parts of the country there are institutions like kindergartens, in which children study until the age of 6, as well as junior schools accepting 7-year-old children with a 4-year study period. To get into primary school, you must apply to it at least six months before the start of education.

Good primary schools are very popular in the UK, so they cannot guarantee education in them even if the child has attended pre-school classes in this school. Therefore, in order to get into them, it is necessary to specify in advance the number of vacancies in these institutions. Only children up to 11 years of age living in areas close to this school are accepted without a queue. A list of these districts is always present on the school website.

To enroll in a church school, a child must belong to a particular denomination and attend the Sunday church associated with that school. In addition, parents must attend church services regularly for 2 years prior to the date of application to a church school.

Private boarding houses for children under 11 years old

In this sector of education in England, education up to 7 years is called pre-preparatory, and then from 7 to 11 years, children study in preparatory institutions. After passing the test at the age of 11, they move on to high school. In the UK, traditional secondary schools such as, for example, Harrow or Eton, are still preserved, but there are already few of them left - they are gradually being replaced by new-style schools.

Private boarding schools, unlike state institutions with approximately the same requirements for applicants, differ in terms of admission to them, as well as curricula, the cost of education, the duration of vacations, the discipline system built in the school (encouragement and punishment of students).

Despite the fact that education in the private educational sector is paid, some parents still face a shortage of places in private educational institutions. This is especially true for private pensions with a good reputation and a certain degree of "elitism". In some such institutions, children begin to be recorded from the moment they are born.

Upon admission to "deficient" private boarding schools, children pass special exams, according to the results of which the school administration decides on the enrollment of the child.

Secondary education in public institutions in England

In secondary schools in England, children who have reached the age of 11 study. Secondary schools can be either blended (boys and girls study together), or separate - separate schools for boys and separate for girls. Church schools usually differ in the most strict orders in terms of punishing students - there are many of them in modern England.

In addition to them, there are also so-called selective secondary schools. The full classification of secondary public schools in the UK can be represented as follows:
1. Gymnasium- in them, the recruitment takes place on the basis of the points obtained on the test, which the child passes at the age of 11. The written essay is also taken into account. The greatest emphasis in teaching in gymnasiums is given to such subjects as mathematics and logic.
2. General education school- in them students are enrolled on the basis of territorial affiliation.
3. denominational institution in other words, a religious school. Admission conditions - belonging to a particular denomination and regular church attendance.
4. General education selective school. Students are enrolled partly on the basis of territorial affiliation, partly based on the specific abilities of the child - in sports, drawing, music, etc.

There are also specialized boarding schools, education in which is paid by the state. The conditions for admission to such a boarding school are usually always present on its official website.

Getting into a good publicly funded high school is much more difficult than getting into a primary school. Gymnasiums are especially popular, the competition in which can reach 15 people per place. First of all, according to the competition, especially gifted children go through them, whom future Newtons, Turings, Rutherfords, etc. can later grow up with.

Private educational sector

There are now a fairly large number of private schools in England, but it is not easy to get into the best of them - almost always only by competition. Private schools are not required to comply with all educational standards applicable to public schools, therefore, for example, some of them accept children not from the age of 11 (as is customary for secondary schools in England), but from 13 - the duration of training is from 5 to 7 years . To enter such a school, you need to seriously prepare - for admission you need to pass the exam "13+", and it is much more difficult than testing that children pass at the age of 11.

Private schools usually have a higher level of discipline than public institutions. Punishments for misbehavior can be quite severe, for example, for boys it can be a trip to school on a pink bus.

Also, private schools pay more attention to the creative and sports development of the personality of their students. Many of these institutions have compulsory golf lessons, riding clubs, tennis courts, and so on. To develop the creative skills of students, music, visual arts, vocals, and theater are taught.

Prestigious educational institutions of a separate type

The most elite schools in England for boys include such educational institutions as Eton and Winchester. The first of them was founded in the 15th century as a charitable educational institution for children from disadvantaged families.

Now Eton includes 25 buildings, which have everything necessary for study, living and recreation of pupils. The total number of students in this college reaches 1200 people, and the cost of studying is 12 thousand pounds sterling per year. But for those students who receive a royal scholarship, education is free.

British education is one of the highest quality in the world.

The legislation of this state prescribes compulsory school attendance for children from 5 to 16 years old (in Ireland - from 6 to 16).

All countries that are part of the United Kingdom dominated by public schools.

The issues of education on the territory of the Kingdom were dealt with from the day the Anglo-Saxons settled these territories, or even earlier - during the reign of the Roman Empire. In the Middle Ages, Latin and grammar were taught here in schools.

Main educational institutions were controlled by the church, and young people received practical skills through apprenticeships.

IN late XIX century in England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales, a single state education was introduced. In parallel, institutions of higher education developed.

The oldest universities in England - and have been open for more than 800 years ago.

In the 19th century, universities were opened in London, Birmingham and Manchester. In Scotland, 4 of the 6 first universities in the UK were opened - in particular, universities in Glasgow and Aberdeen.

The development of education continues to this day.

In 1988, a reform was carried out in the British educational system, as a result of which in all schools in the countries of the United Kingdom a unified state training program was introduced and in 1997 new education laws were introduced.

Early childhood education in the UK

Kindergartens, although they are called schools, are actually kindergartens.

British preschool education is not much different from Russian - children are taught to sing songs, tell fairy tales and poems, draw, develop their fine motor skills.

In kindergartens, little Britons study up to 5 years.

School education in the UK

School education in this country is divided into two stages:

• primary (from 5 to 11 years old);
• middle (from 11 to 16).

Primary education is provided in 3 types of schools:

• grammatical (in such schools, the emphasis is on academic education, focused on continuing education in universities);
• modern (here the leading role is played by the applied orientation for the purpose of subsequent professional education);
• unified (the majority of such schools, here the academic and applied areas are balanced).

The schools provide for the continuation of education at the end of the main course.

Secondary education is considered complete if an A-level is obtained.

Receiving this level certifies .

The course of study in accordance with such a program lasts 2 years and is considered standard for assessing preparation and suitability for further academic education.

Education in elite schools(in some of them only boys study) not only for a fee, but also provides for testing upon admission.

Higher education in Britain

After receiving the A-level, young people can enter universities - universities or higher colleges and get a bachelor's degree.

In England, Ireland and Wales Bachelor's degree takes 3 years, in Scotland -4.

For some specialties, training includes work practice, in which case the period of study is extended.

Specific disciplines such as art and design require a basic course to be completed before a three-year study.

Architectural and medical education in the country, provide for longer periods of study - up to 7 years.

UK education system developed over many centuries and is now subject to strict quality standards.

The UK education system, like all English, is considered the standard of quality.

At least, the educational systems of other countries are constantly compared with the British. It was formed many centuries ago, and during this time it has not undergone major changes. Distinctive features of British schools, for example, are "iron" discipline, classical teaching methods, well-established educational process, a comprehensive program to prepare students for life in the business world and society.

The system of elite education is especially well represented in the UK. High-ranking families from around the world try to enroll their children in prestigious British schools or universities, as studying in them guarantees not only the acquisition of deep knowledge, but the acquisition of secular manners, the British style of behavior and wide connections in the world of business and politics.

The British system is quite flexible. Among the many different training courses, you can always find exactly the one that suits you, and, if desired, the selected subjects can be changed. Regardless of age, nationality and religion, anyone who successfully passes the entrance examinations can study at educational institutions in the UK (you must pass an international English exam, documents from the school, sometimes pass the test of the educational institution)

There are two sectors of education: public ( free education) and private (fee-paying educational institutions, private schools). There are two systems of education in the UK that easily coexist together: one in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the other in Scotland

Diagram of the education system

In the UK (as in other English speaking countries) letter grades are used in reports.

grading scale

• A > 80% (excellent)
• B > 70% (very good)
• C > 60% (improvement needed)
• D > 50% (close fail)
• E > 40% (fail)
• F< 40% (fail)

In general, only grades A to C are a `pass`. Still, in the UK no student has to repeat a year - weak students can take extra lessons at school.

School types

There is a huge variety of schools in the UK. Different reference books, online, magazine and newspaper articles may use different criteria to classify schools. A common type of school in the UK is boarding schools, in which students both study and live at the school. The first boarding schools appeared in Britain in the early Middle Ages, mainly at monasteries. In the XII century, the Pope ordered all Benedictine monasteries to open charitable schools at the cloisters. A little later, tuition in such schools began to take a fee. Although aristocratic families preferred home schooling to monastic schools, over time the belief spread that it was more beneficial for teenagers, regardless of social background, to study together with their peers. This belief became the foundation for the organization and development of privileged boarding schools, among which there are those that nurture, educate and form the elite of modern British society for more than a thousand years. The list of the most expensive and prestigious schools in the world also includes British boarding schools.

Classification of schools by age of students:

Full cycle schools - where children of all ages from 2 to 17 years old study.

Institutions of preschool education- they are also called nurseries and kindergartens, for children from 2 to 7 years old. Here they teach to read, write, count, develop through games. Typically, these schools are organized in conjunction with schools to junior schoolchildren. - age of pupils from 2 years 9 months to 4 years.

Institutions for younger students (Junior Schools)- for children from 7 to 13 years old. Here, children go through a special initial general cycle of training in various subjects, which ends with the Common Entrance Examination. Successful surrender such an exam is a prerequisite for admission to high school. (Primary schools - the age of students is from 4 to 11 years old. SATs exams are held in 2 stages, in the second and sixth years of study. The results of the second exam are important for admission to the Secondary School.)

Institutions for high school students (Senior Schools)- for teenagers from 13 to 18 years old. Here, children first undergo a two-year training to pass the GCSE exams, followed by another two-year program: A-Level or International Baccalaureate. (Secondary school - education for children aged 11 years and over. Grammar school - education for children aged 11 years and over in an advanced program. In the same schools you can get preparation for the university (Sixth Form).

University preparation schools (Sixth Form)- for older teenagers 16-18 years old.

Classification of schools by gender of students:

mixed schools where both boys and girls study together. There are many supporters of collaborative learning, arguing their position with the following statements:

Children from an early age learn to communicate and cooperate with members of the opposite sex.

Representatives of the opposite sex stimulate ambition and increase motivation for self-development.

Schools for girls where only girls study. The arguments in favor of separate education for girls are as follows:

Girls develop physically and emotionally somewhat faster than boys, and in them they do not have to adapt to the “lagging behind” classmates.

Girls tend to be more self-organized and the best discipline, teams of girls are better organized and focused on learning.

. "Amur affairs" do not distract from studies.

Girls grow up independent and do not expect that someone else will do "unwomanly work" for them.

The competitive environment does not attract and sometimes oppresses girls, who value support and teamwork much more.

Schools for boys where only boys study. There are also many arguments in favor of separate education for boys:

Boys are naturally more mobile and active, and they need a lot of movement, sports and outdoor games for normal development.

Boys have slightly different criteria for success than girls (not obedience, but leadership, not “smoothing sharp corners", but insolence, etc.).

The competitive environment is necessary for boys for self-expression and active development.

From childhood, boys are taught to easily cope with "non-male work" and become self-sufficient and independent.

Preschool education

Pre-school education can be obtained in both public and private educational institutions. Often parents send their children to a nursery at the age of 3-4 years.

preparatory education

In private schools, preparatory (or primary) classes accept children from the age of 5. Foreign students enter school from the age of 7, and at the age of 11-13 they are immediately transferred to the middle classes of the same private school.

Primary school education

Most British children enter public primary schools at the age of 5, and then at 11 years old they move to the secondary education classes of the same school or go to college.

Secondary school education

The modern system of education in the UK consists of four levels: primary (Elementary School), secondary (Secondary School), vocational or post-school (Further Education) and higher (Higher Education). Preschool education takes place in kindergartens and preschool classes. Primary education is received by children from 5 to 11-12 years old. From the age of 5, children attend two-year schools for toddlers (pre-preparatory school), from 7 to 11 years old - primary schools (primary, elementary or preparatory school). From the age of 11-12, the stage of secondary education begins for children.

There are public and private schools in the UK. All schools adhere to the same educational minimum. Compulsory free secondary education for schoolchildren under 16 was introduced by law. School graduates take final exams and receive a certificate of secondary education GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education). This certificate is sufficient to start self-employment, but does not give the right to enter higher education institutions.

State Schools are free, designed for teaching English children, as well as for foreigners from 8 to 18 years old, whose parents have the right to permanent residence in the UK. International Colleges are secondary educational institutions that accept only foreign students from 14 to 18 years old. Accommodation is offered both in student dormitories (on the school grounds) and in host families.

In international colleges, education is conducted in accordance with the British high school system. Subjects taught: mathematics, physics, algebra and geometry, chemistry, biology, geography, human anatomy, sociology, political science, fundamentals of legislation, statistics, history, music, fine arts, computers and programming, English, English literature, fundamentals of religion, one or several foreign languages ​​(French, German, Spanish, etc.). In addition to the main subjects, each school has additional ones, such as Latin, accounting, business basics, economics, and some others.

International colleges, along with school programs, offer preparatory programs (Foundation) for university applicants. After successful graduation, graduates are enrolled in universities with which there is an agreement on the recognition of the status of these courses. For foreigners who want to get higher education in the UK, this is a very convenient opportunity.

The main condition for admission to a British university is the presence of an international certificate in English. A year of study in the preparatory courses is good practice and preparation for self-study in English at the university, and, in addition, the opportunity to prepare and pass the required language exam.

Private schools (Independent Schools) are a more prestigious form of education mainly for English children (85%). The percentage of foreign students should be no more than 15%. These schools cater for children between the ages of 8 and 18. Good private schools are independent, well-equipped educational institutions that own about several hundred hectares of land, on the territory of which there are educational buildings, sports facilities, a swimming pool, residences for living. Accommodation is mainly in residence, but some schools offer accommodation in local families.

Public and private boarding schools, as a rule, have a good reputation, a long history and traditions.

Secondary education in England for children under 16 is compulsory. All public and private schools teach children from 11 to 16 years old and prepare them to receive the GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) - a general certificate of secondary education, or GNVQ (General National Vocational Qualification) - a national certificate of professional qualification. Most foreign students enter British secondary schools (most often private boarding schools) at the age of 11-13. The formation of a creative, self-confident, independent person is one of the main tasks of the British school. Children go through a special general cycle of education in various subjects, which ends with the Common Entrance Examination. Successful passing of such an exam is a prerequisite for admission to high school. From the age of 14 to 16, students purposefully prepare for exams (usually in 7-9 subjects) for a certificate of secondary education - General Certificate of Secondary Education.

Education from the age of 16

At the age of 16, after completing the compulsory cycle of education, students can either leave school and start working, or continue their education in order to enter the university. Those wishing to enter the university are offered a two-year A-levels course. After the first year of study, AS exams are taken, and after the second - A2-levels. The first year of study involves the mandatory study of 4-5 subjects, the second 3-4. There are no compulsory subjects required for delivery - the student selects all subjects individually from 15-20 offered by the school, thereby determining his specialization, which will be devoted to the next 3-5 years of study at the university. Often foreign students, coming to study in the UK, begin their education with A-levels.

Education from the age of 18

After completing a two-year A-levels course, students can receive either professional or higher education.

Professional education (Further education - FE) includes courses vocational training and some higher education courses (bachelor's degrees). The term " professional education» is used to indicate courses for those who left school at the age of 16. There are over 600 public and private further education colleges in the UK. These institutions offer various programs of study, including English language courses, General Certificate of Secondary Education and A-levels, professional courses.

Higher education (HE) includes bachelor's degree programs, postgraduate programs (master's, doctoral degrees) and MBA. The term "tertiary education" refers to studies at universities, colleges and institutes that offer academic or doctoral degrees.

Tuition fee

Higher education is paid for both its citizens and foreigners. For the latter - more expensive. Students who are citizens of the country can study in debt, which they begin to give only after receiving a diploma and getting a job with a minimum wage of 21 thousand pounds a year. If this does not happen, there is no need to repay the debt. IN Lately in parliament, more and more deputies tend to increase the cost of education. Such initiatives are unpopular among students.

International assessment of the quality of education

In terms of higher education, the UK traditionally takes 2nd or 3rd position in international university rankings.

In England and Wales, a bachelor's degree requires three years of study; in Scotland, four. In the case when obtaining a degree requires not only study, but also industrial practice (Sandwich courses), the total period will be correspondingly extended. At some universities and colleges, those students who intend to earn a degree in some specific field, such as art and design, are required to first take a basic course, and then spend three years in their chosen field.

Bachelor's degree courses in areas such as medicine, dentistry and architecture usually last up to seven years.

Bachelor degree. There are several options for the bachelor's degree awarded in the UK. Their name depends on the specialization. The four main degrees are Bachelor of Arts BA (Bachelor of Arts), Bachelor of Science BSC (Bachelor of Science), Bachelor of Engineering BENG (Bachelor of Engineering), Bachelor of Law LLB (Bachelor of Law). There is also a Bachelor of Medicine and Dentistry. The bachelor's degree is awarded after three or four years of specialized full-time study at a university or college. The British Bachelor's degree is recognized all over the world, which gives high chances for a successful professional career in any country. Bachelor Degree is the first stage of higher education. The second step is the Master Degree.

Postgraduate Courses. This level of education begins after a bachelor's degree and leads to a master's and doctoral degree.

Master's Degree. There are two types of programs: programs focused on research activities and programs focused on professional development in one of the specializations. As a rule, master's programs consist of a course of lectures and seminars, exams are taken, then students make a graduation project. Based on the results of examinations and the defense of a thesis, a master's degree is awarded. Master's research degree (Research) is called the Master of Philosophy M.Phil (Master of Philosophy). This degree is obtained after 1-2 years of independent scientific work under the guidance of a supervisor. Based on the results of this work, a master's degree is awarded.

Doctoral degree (Doctor of Philosophy - Doctoral or PhD Degree). In the UK, most doctoral programs are purely research projects. No lectures or training seminars are usually held. The supervisor, in whose laboratory or department the student is preparing to receive a doctoral degree, determines the topic of scientific research for the student and provides the opportunities necessary for research (workplace, equipment and materials). It takes 2-3 years to complete a research program. By the end of this period, the student must publish the results obtained in official reports, in scientific or specialized journals and write a dissertation based on published materials. The doctoral degree is awarded after successfully defending a dissertation.

international students